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Loss of interneurons and disruption of perineuronal nets in the cerebral cortex following hypoxia-ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17686. [PMID: 30523273 PMCID: PMC6283845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) in term infants is a common cause of brain injury and neurodevelopmental impairment. Development of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic circuitry in the cerebral cortex is a critical event in perinatal brain development. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialised extracellular matrix structures that surround GABAergic interneurons, and are important for their function. Herein, we hypothesised that HI would reduce survival of cortical interneurons and disrupt PNNs in a near-term fetal sheep model of global cerebral ischaemia. Fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) received sham occlusion (n = 5) or 30 min of reversible cerebral ischaemia (HI group; n = 5), and were recovered for 7 days. Expression of interneurons (glutamate decarboxylase [GAD]+; parvalbumin [PV]+) and PNNs (Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, WFA) was assessed in the parasagittal cortex by immunohistochemistry. HI was associated with marked loss of both GAD+ and PV+ cortical interneurons (all layers of the parasagittal cortex and layer 6) and PNNs (layer 6). The expression and integrity of PNNs was also reduced on surviving GAD+ interneurons. There was a trend towards a linear correlation of the proportion of GAD+ neurons that were WFA+ with seizure burden (r2 = 0.76, p = 0.0534). Overall, these data indicate that HI may cause deficits in the cortical GABAergic system involving loss of interneurons and disruption of PNNs, which may contribute to the range of adverse neurological outcomes following perinatal brain injury.
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52
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Gu B, Carstens KE, Judson MC, Dalton KA, Rougié M, Clark EP, Dudek SM, Philpot BD. Ube3a reinstatement mitigates epileptogenesis in Angelman syndrome model mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:163-168. [PMID: 30352049 DOI: 10.1172/jci120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which epilepsy is common (~90%) and often refractory to antiepileptics. AS is caused by mutation of the maternal allele encoding the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), but it is unclear how this genetic insult confers vulnerability to seizure development and progression (i.e., epileptogenesis). Here, we implemented the flurothyl kindling and retest paradigm in AS model mice to assess epileptogenesis and to gain mechanistic insights owed to loss of maternal Ube3a. AS model mice kindled similarly to wild-type mice, but they displayed a markedly increased sensitivity to flurothyl-, kainic acid-, and hyperthermia-induced seizures measured a month later during retest. Pathological characterization revealed enhanced deposition of perineuronal nets in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of AS mice in the absence of overt neuronal loss or mossy fiber sprouting. This pro-epileptogenic phenotype resulted from Ube3a deletion in GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons, and it was rescued by pancellular reinstatement of Ube3a at postnatal day 21 (P21), but not during adulthood. Our results suggest that epileptogenic susceptibility in AS patients is a consequence of the dysfunctional development of GABAergic circuits, which may be amenable to therapies leveraging juvenile reinstatement of UBE3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E Carstens
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew C Judson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities
| | | | - Marie Rougié
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen P Clark
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Serena M Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities.,UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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53
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Perineuronal nets decrease membrane capacitance of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons in a model of epilepsy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4724. [PMID: 30413686 PMCID: PMC6226462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor patients commonly present with epileptic seizures. We show that tumor-associated seizures are the consequence of impaired GABAergic inhibition due to an overall loss of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons (FSNs) concomitant with a significantly reduced firing rate of those that remain. The reduced firing is due to the degradation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround FSNs. We show that PNNs decrease specific membrane capacitance of FSNs permitting them to fire action potentials at supra-physiological frequencies. Tumor-released proteolytic enzymes degrade PNNs, resulting in increased membrane capacitance, reduced firing, and hence decreased GABA release. These studies uncovered a hitherto unknown role of PNNs as an electrostatic insulator that reduces specific membrane capacitance, functionally akin to myelin sheaths around axons, thereby permitting FSNs to exceed physiological firing rates. Disruption of PNNs may similarly account for excitation-inhibition imbalances in other forms of epilepsy and PNN protection through proteolytic inhibition may provide therapeutic benefits.
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54
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Paylor JW, Wendlandt E, Freeman TS, Greba Q, Marks WN, Howland JG, Winship IR. Impaired Cognitive Function after Perineuronal Net Degradation in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0253-18.2018. [PMID: 30627657 PMCID: PMC6325561 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0253-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are highly organized components of the extracellular matrix that surround a subset of mature neurons in the CNS. These structures play a critical role in regulating neuronal plasticity, particularly during neurodevelopment. Consistent with this role, their presence is associated with functional and structural stability of the neurons they ensheath. A loss of PNNs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been suggested to contribute to cognitive impairment in disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the direct consequences of PNN loss in medial PFC (mPFC) on cognition has not been demonstrated. Here, we examined behavior after disruption of PNNs in mPFC of Long-Evans rats following injection of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). Our data show that ChABC-treated animals were impaired on tests of object oddity perception. Performance in the cross-modal object recognition (CMOR) task was not significantly different for ChABC-treated rats, although ChABC-treated rats were not able to perform above chance levels whereas control rats were. ChABC-treated animals were not significantly different from controls on tests of prepulse inhibition (PPI), set-shifting (SS), reversal learning, or tactile and visual object recognition memory. Posthumous immunohistochemistry confirmed significantly reduced PNNs in mPFC due to ChABC treatment. Moreover, PNN density in the mPFC predicted performance on the oddity task, where higher PNN density was associated with better performance. These findings suggest that PNN loss within the mPFC impairs some aspects of object oddity perception and recognition and that PNNs contribute to cognitive function in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Paylor
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Eszter Wendlandt
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Tara S. Freeman
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - Wendie N. Marks
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - Ian R. Winship
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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55
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Marchese E, Corvino V, Di Maria V, Furno A, Giannetti S, Cesari E, Lulli P, Michetti F, Geloso MC. The Neuroprotective Effects of 17β-Estradiol Pretreatment in a Model of Neonatal Hippocampal Injury Induced by Trimethyltin. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:385. [PMID: 30416427 PMCID: PMC6213803 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal dysfunction plays a central role in neurodevelopmental disorders, resulting in severe impairment of cognitive abilities, including memory and learning. On this basis, developmental studies represent an important tool both to understanding the cellular and molecular phenomena underlying early hippocampal damage and to study possible therapeutic interventions, that may modify the progression of neuronal death. Given the modulatory role played by 17β-estradiol (E2) on hippocampal functions and its neuroprotective properties, the present study investigates the effects of pretreatment with E2 in a model of neonatal hippocampal injury obtained by trimethyltin (TMT) administration, characterized by neuronal loss in CA1 and CA3 subfields and astroglial and microglial activation. At post-natal days (P)5 and P6 animals received E2 administration (0.2 mg/kg/die i.p.) or vehicle. At P7 they received a single dose of TMT (6.5 mg/kg i.p.) and were sacrificed 72 h (P10) or 7 days after TMT treatment (P14). Our findings indicate that pretreatment with E2 exerts a protective effect against hippocampal damage induced by TMT administration early in development, reducing the extent of neuronal death in the CA1 subfield, inducing the activation of genes involved in neuroprotection, lowering the neuroinflammatory response and restoring neuropeptide Y- and parvalbumin- expression, which is impaired in the early phases of TMT-induced damage. Our data support the efficacy of estrogen-based neuroprotective approaches to counteract early occurring hippocampal damage in the developing hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Maria
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Furno
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Giannetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Lulli
- Laboratorio di Biochimica Clinica e Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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56
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Dayangac-Erden D, Gur-Dedeoglu B, Eskici FN, Oztemur-Islakoglu Y, Erdem-Ozdamar S. Do Perineuronal Net Elements Contribute to Pathophysiology of Spinal Muscular Atrophy? In Vitro and Transcriptomics Insights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22:598-606. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Dayangac-Erden
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Nazli Eskici
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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57
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Gavin DP, Hashimoto JG, Lazar NH, Carbone L, Crabbe JC, Guizzetti M. Stable Histone Methylation Changes at Proteoglycan Network Genes Following Ethanol Exposure. Front Genet 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 30214456 PMCID: PMC6125400 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic mental illness in which patients often achieve protracted periods of abstinence prior to relapse. Epigenetic mechanisms may provide an explanation for the persisting gene expression changes that can be observed even after long periods of abstinence and may contribute to relapse. In this study, we examined two histone modifications, histone 3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) and histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3), in the prefrontal cortex of Withdrawal Seizure Resistant (WSR) mice 21 days after 72 h of ethanol vapor exposure. These histone modifications were selected because they are associated with active promoters (H3K4me3) and repressed gene expression in a euchromatic environment (H3K27me3). We performed a genome-wide analysis to identify differences in H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 levels in post-ethanol exposure vs. control mice by ChIP-seq. We detected a global reduction in H3K4me3 peaks and increase in H3K27me3 peaks in post-ethanol exposure mice compared to controls, these changes are consistent with persistent reductions in gene expression. Pathway analysis of genes displaying changes in H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 revealed enrichment for genes involved in proteoglycan and calcium signaling pathways, respectively. Microarray analysis of 7,683 genes and qPCR analysis identified eight genes displaying concordant regulation of gene expression and H3K4me3/H3K27me3. We also compared changes in H3K4me3 and/or H3K27me3 from our study with changes in gene expression in response to ethanol from published literature and we found that the expression of 52% of the genes with altered H3K4me3 binding and 40% of genes with H3K27me3 differences are altered by ethanol exposure. The chromatin changes associated with the 21-day post-exposure period suggest that this period is a unique state in the addiction cycle that differs from ethanol intoxication and acute withdrawal. These results provide insights into the enduring effects of ethanol on proteoglycan and calcium signaling genes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Gavin
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joel G. Hashimoto
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nathan H. Lazar
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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58
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Wen TH, Binder DK, Ethell IM, Razak KA. The Perineuronal 'Safety' Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 30123106 PMCID: PMC6085424 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) are extracellular matrix (ECM) assemblies that preferentially ensheath parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons. Converging evidence indicates that PV cells and PNN are impaired in a variety of neurological disorders. PNN development and maintenance is necessary for a number of processes within the CNS, including regulation of GABAergic cell function, protection of neurons from oxidative stress, and closure of developmental critical period plasticity windows. Understanding PNN functions may be essential for characterizing the mechanisms of altered cortical excitability observed in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, PNN abnormalities have been observed in post-mortem brain tissues of patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. There is impaired development of PNNs and enhanced activity of its key regulator matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Fragile X Syndrome, a common genetic cause of autism. MMP-9, a protease that cleaves ECM, is differentially regulated in a number of these disorders. Despite this, few studies have addressed the interactions between PNN expression, MMP-9 activity and neuronal excitability. In this review, we highlight the current evidence for PNN abnormalities in CNS disorders associated with altered network function and MMP-9 levels, emphasizing the need for future work targeting PNNs in pathophysiology and therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Wen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Psychology Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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59
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Kim Y, Meade SM, Chen K, Feng H, Rayyan J, Hess-Dunning A, Ereifej ES. Nano-Architectural Approaches for Improved Intracortical Interface Technologies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:456. [PMID: 30065623 PMCID: PMC6056633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes (IME) are neural devices that initially were designed to function as neuroscience tools to enable researchers to understand the nervous system. Over the years, technology that aids interfacing with the nervous system has allowed the ability to treat patients with a wide range of neurological injuries and diseases. Despite the substantial success that has been demonstrated using IME in neural interface applications, these implants eventually fail due to loss of quality recording signals. Recent strategies to improve interfacing with the nervous system have been inspired by methods that mimic the native tissue. This review focusses on one strategy in particular, nano-architecture, a term we introduce that encompasses the approach of roughening the surface of the implant. Various nano-architecture approaches have been hypothesized to improve the biocompatibility of IMEs, enhance the recording quality, and increase the longevity of the implant. This review will begin by introducing IME technology and discuss the challenges facing the clinical deployment of IME technology. The biological inspiration of nano-architecture approaches will be explained as well as leading fabrication methods used to create nano-architecture and their limitations. A review of the effects of nano-architecture surfaces on neural cells will be examined, depicting the various cellular responses to these modified surfaces in both in vitro and pre-clinical models. The proposed mechanism elucidating the ability of nano-architectures to influence cellular phenotype will be considered. Finally, the frontiers of next generation nano-architecture IMEs will be identified, with perspective given on the future impact of this interfacing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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60
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Juvenile stress induces behavioral change and affects perineuronal net formation in juvenile mice. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:41. [PMID: 30012101 PMCID: PMC6048828 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many neuropsychiatric disorders develop in early life. Although the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated, it is possible that functional abnormalities of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV neurons) are present. Several previous studies have shown that juvenile stress is implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. We aimed to clarify the effects of juvenile stress on behavior and on the central nervous system. We investigated behavioral abnormalities of chronically-stressed mice during juvenilehood and the effect of juvenile stress on PV neurons and WFA-positive perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are associated with vulnerability and plasticity in the mouse brain. Results Due to juvenile stress, mice showed neurodevelopmental disorder-like behavior. Juvenile stressed mice did not show depressive-like behaviors, but on the contrary, they showed increased activity and decreased anxiety-like behavior. In the central nervous system of juvenile stressed mice, the fluorescence intensity of WFA-positive PNNs decreased, which may signify increased vulnerability. Conclusion This study suggested that juvenile stressed mice showed behavioral abnormalities, resembling those seen in neuropsychiatric disorders, and increased brain vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan. .,Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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61
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Irvine SF, Kwok JCF. Perineuronal Nets in Spinal Motoneurones: Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan around Alpha Motoneurones. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041172. [PMID: 29649136 PMCID: PMC5979458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures surrounding neuronal sub-populations throughout the central nervous system, regulating plasticity. Enzymatically removing PNNs successfully enhances plasticity and thus functional recovery, particularly in spinal cord injury models. While PNNs within various brain regions are well studied, much of the composition and associated populations in the spinal cord is yet unknown. We aim to investigate the populations of PNN neurones involved in this functional motor recovery. Immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (labelling motoneurones), PNNs using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), including aggrecan, was performed to characterise the molecular heterogeneity of PNNs in rat spinal motoneurones (Mns). CSPG-positive PNNs surrounded ~70–80% of Mns. Using WFA, only ~60% of the CSPG-positive PNNs co-localised with WFA in the spinal Mns, while ~15–30% of Mns showed CSPG-positive but WFA-negative PNNs. Selective labelling revealed that aggrecan encircled ~90% of alpha Mns. The results indicate that (1) aggrecan labels spinal PNNs better than WFA, and (2) there are differences in PNN composition and their associated neuronal populations between the spinal cord and cortex. Insights into the role of PNNs and their molecular heterogeneity in the spinal motor pools could aid in designing targeted strategies to enhance functional recovery post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian F Irvine
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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62
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Kielbinski M, Gzielo K, Soltys Z. Review: Roles for astrocytes in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 42:593-606. [PMID: 27257021 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs), such as cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex, are common causes of intractable epilepsy, especially in paediatric patients. Recently, mounting evidence points to a common pathology of these disorders. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been proposed as a central mechanism in most, if not all, MCDs. The transition from mTOR hyperactivation and cellular abnormalities to large-scale functional changes and seizure is, however, not fully understood. In this article we set out to review currently available information regarding MCD pathology, focusing on glial cells - especially astrocytes - and their interactions with the brain vascular system. A large body of evidence points to these elements as potential targets in MCD. Here, we attempt to provide a review of this evidence and propose some hypotheses regarding the possible chain of events linking primary glial dysfunction and epilepsy. We focus on extracellular matrix remodelling, blood-brain barrier leakage and failure of astrocyte-dependent removal of extracellular debris. We posit that the failure of these systems results in a chronically pro-inflammatory environment, maintaining local astrocytes in a state of gliosis, with increased susceptibility to seizures as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kielbinski
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Gzielo
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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63
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Keck M, van Dijk RM, Deeg CA, Kistler K, Walker A, von Rüden EL, Russmann V, Hauck SM, Potschka H. Proteomic profiling of epileptogenesis in a rat model: Focus on cell stress, extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:119-135. [PMID: 29413716 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about epileptogenesis-associated changes in protein expression patterns is of particular interest for future selection of target and biomarker candidates. Bioinformatic analysis of proteomic data sets can increase our knowledge about molecular alterations characterizing the different phases of epilepsy development following an initial epileptogenic insult. Here, we report findings from a focused analysis of proteomic data obtained for the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex samples collected during the early post-insult phase, latency phase, and chronic phase of a rat model of epileptogenesis. The study focused on proteins functionally associated with cell stress, cell death, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell-ECM interaction, cell-cell interaction, angiogenesis, and blood-brain barrier function. The analysis revealed prominent pathway enrichment providing information about the complex expression alterations of the respective protein groups. In the hippocampus, the number of differentially expressed proteins declined over time during the course of epileptogenesis. In contrast, a peak in the regulation of proteins linked with cell stress and death as well as ECM and cell-cell interaction became evident at later phases during epileptogenesis in the parahippocampal cortex. The data sets provide valuable information about the time course of protein expression patterns during epileptogenesis for a series of proteins. Moreover, the findings provide comprehensive novel information about expression alterations of proteins that have not been discussed yet in the context of epileptogenesis. These for instance include different members of the lamin protein family as well as the fermitin family member 2 (FERMT2). Induction of FERMT2 and other selected proteins, CD18 (ITGB2), CD44 and Nucleolin were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, focused bioinformatic analysis of the proteomic data sets completes our knowledge about molecular alterations linked with cell death and cellular plasticity during epileptogenesis. The analysis provided can guide future selection of target and biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Roelof Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kistler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Walker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Russmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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64
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Su W, Matsumoto S, Sorg B, Sherman LS. Distinct roles for hyaluronan in neural stem cell niches and perineuronal nets. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:272-283. [PMID: 29408010 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is a tightly regulated process where neural stem cells (NSCs), especially in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, proliferate and differentiate into new neurons that form new circuits or integrate into old circuits involved in episodic memory, pattern discrimination, and emotional responses. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the hyaluronan (HA)-based extracellular matrix of the SGZ may regulate neurogenesis by controlling NSC proliferation and early steps in neuronal differentiation. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that perturbations in this matrix, including HA accumulation with aging, could impact adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and that alterations to this matrix could be beneficial following insults to the central nervous system that impact hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Integrative Biosciences Department, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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65
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder lacking an effective treatment option for the pervasive and debilitating cognitive impairments experienced by patients. Working memory is a core cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia that depends upon activation of distributed neural network, including the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Accordingly, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia show reduced DLPFC activation while performing working-memory tasks. This lower DLPFC activation appears to be an integral part of the disease pathophysiology, and not simply a reflection of poor performance. Thus, the cellular and circuitry alterations that underlie lower DLPFC neuronal activity in schizophrenia must be determined in order to identify appropriate therapeutic targets. Studies using human postmortem brain tissue provide a robust way to investigate and characterize these cellular and circuitry alterations at multiple levels of resolution, and such studies provide essential information that cannot be obtained either through in vivo studies in humans or through experimental animal models. Studies examining neuronal morphology, protein expression and localization, and transcript levels indicate that a microcircuit composed of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin is altered in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia and likely contributes to DLPFC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Glausier
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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66
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Perkins KL, Arranz AM, Yamaguchi Y, Hrabetova S. Brain extracellular space, hyaluronan, and the prevention of epileptic seizures. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:869-892. [PMID: 28779572 PMCID: PMC5705429 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutant mice deficient in hyaluronan (HA) have an epileptic phenotype. HA is one of the major constituents of the brain extracellular matrix. HA has a remarkable hydration capacity, and a lack of HA causes reduced extracellular space (ECS) volume in the brain. Reducing ECS volume can initiate or exacerbate epileptiform activity in many in vitro models of epilepsy. There is both in vitro and in vivo evidence of a positive feedback loop between reduced ECS volume and synchronous neuronal activity. Reduced ECS volume promotes epileptiform activity primarily via enhanced ephaptic interactions and increased extracellular potassium concentration; however, the epileptiform activity in many models, including the brain slices from HA synthase-3 knockout mice, may still require glutamate-mediated synaptic activity. In brain slice epilepsy models, hyperosmotic solution can effectively shrink cells and thus increase ECS volume and block epileptiform activity. However, in vivo, the intravenous administration of hyperosmotic solution shrinks both brain cells and brain ECS volume. Instead, manipulations that increase the synthesis of high-molecular-weight HA or decrease its breakdown may be used in the future to increase brain ECS volume and prevent seizures in patients with epilepsy. The prevention of epileptogenesis is also a future target of HA manipulation. Head trauma, ischemic stroke, and other brain insults that initiate epileptogenesis are known to be associated with an early decrease in high-molecular-weight HA, and preventing that decrease in HA may prevent the epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Perkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Amaia M. Arranz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and KU Leuven Department for Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND) and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sabina Hrabetova
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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67
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Postnatal development of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 63:27-37. [PMID: 28859888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human neuropsychiatric disorders, there are functional and anatomical abnormalities of GABAergic interneurons in each temporal cortex subregion. Furthermore, accumulation of amyloid-β is observed in the temporal cortex in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Each subregion of the temporal cortex has an important role in coordinating the input and output of the hippocampus. When subregions of the temporal cortex are impaired, memory and learning ability decrease. GABAergic interneurons control excitatory neurons, forming the cortico-cortical and cortico-hippocampal networks. However, in temporal cortex subregions, details of the distribution and developmental processes of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) have not been elucidated. Here we examined the development of GABAergic interneurons and PNNs in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Results indicate that temporal cortex GABAergic interneurons have developmental stages different to those of the primary sensory cortex. In addition, the density of PNNs in the temporal cortex is lower than that in the sensory cortex. Furthermore, we found that the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-reactive extracellular matrix molecule is present in the upper level of layer 1 of the temporal cortex. These results support the idea that mouse temporal cortex subregions develop differently from other cortical regions and have region-specific characteristics after maturation. The present study results suggested that the structure of the temporal cortex is significantly different from the sensory cortex and that temporal cortex may be highly vulnerable to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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68
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Aronica E, Bauer S, Bozzi Y, Caleo M, Dingledine R, Gorter JA, Henshall DC, Kaufer D, Koh S, Löscher W, Louboutin JP, Mishto M, Norwood BA, Palma E, Poulter MO, Terrone G, Vezzani A, Kaminski RM. Neuroinflammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 3:27-38. [PMID: 28675563 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence that has accumulated over the past decade strongly supports the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of human epilepsy. Specific inflammatory molecules and pathways have been identified that influence various pathologic outcomes in different experimental models of epilepsy. Most importantly, the same inflammatory pathways have also been found in surgically resected brain tissue from patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. New antiseizure therapies may be derived from these novel potential targets. An essential and crucial question is whether targeting these molecules and pathways may result in anti-ictogenesis, antiepileptogenesis, and/or disease-modification effects. Therefore, preclinical testing in models mimicking relevant aspects of epileptogenesis is needed to guide integrated experimental and clinical trial designs. We discuss the most recent preclinical proof-of-concept studies validating a number of therapeutic approaches against inflammatory mechanisms in animal models that could represent novel avenues for drug development in epilepsy. Finally, we suggest future directions to accelerate preclinical to clinical translation of these recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,SEIN-Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.,Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michele Mishto
- Charite University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Braxton A Norwood
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Neuroscience Division, Expesicor LLC, Kalispell, Montana, U.S.A
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael O Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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69
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Casting a Wide Net: Role of Perineuronal Nets in Neural Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11459-11468. [PMID: 27911749 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2351-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique extracellular matrix structures that wrap around certain neurons in the CNS during development and control plasticity in the adult CNS. They appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain, are involved in recovery from spinal cord injury, and are altered during aging, learning and memory, and after exposure to drugs of abuse. Here the focus is on how a major component of PNNs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, control plasticity, and on the role of PNNs in memory in normal aging, in a tauopathy model of Alzheimer's disease, and in drug addiction. Also discussed is how altered extracellular matrix/PNN formation during development may produce synaptic pathology associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of how PNNs are altered in normal physiology and disease will offer insights into new treatment approaches for these diseases.
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70
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Okamoto M, Matsumoto Y, Ishihara T. Sensory experience-dependent formation of perineuronal nets and expression of Cat-315 immunoreactive components in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 355:161-174. [PMID: 28495333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are structures of extracellular matrix molecules surrounding the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of certain neurons. While PNNs are present throughout the mouse cerebral cortex, recent studies have shown that the components differ among cortical sub-regions and layers, suggesting region-specific functions. Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV neurons) may be important regulators of cortical plasticity during the early "critical period" that is sensitive to sensory input. Here we examined the distribution and developmental functions of PNN components associated with PV neurons in the somatosensory cortex during the critical period. Aggrecan, brevican, neurocan, phosphacan, and tenascin-R were identified as PNN components in the mouse somatosensory cortex. High-magnification analysis revealed that some lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-reactive molecules did not co-localize with monoclonal antibody Cat-315 recognition molecules around the cell body. During postnatal development, Cat-315-positive (Cat-315+) PNNs appeared later than PNNs binding to the lectin WFA (WFA+ PNNs). These WFA+ PNNs changed from granular-like to reticular-like structures during normal cortical development, while this transition was delayed by sensory deprivation. This study indicates that the formation of reticular-like WFA+ PNNs is dependent on sensory experience in the mouse somatosensory cortex. We suggest that Cat-315+ molecules and WFA expression in PNNs are involved in the early critical period of input-dependent cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions, Okayama 701-0194, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
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71
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De Luca C, Papa M. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Neural Extracellular Matrix, and Central Nervous System Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:167-202. [PMID: 28662822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of the central nervous system (CNS) pabulum, called neural extracellular matrix (nECM), is paramount for the maintenance of a healthy network. The loosening or the damage of the scaffold disrupts synaptic transmission with the consequent imbalance of the neurotransmitters, reactive cells invasion, astrocytosis, new matrix deposition, digestion of the previous structure and ultimately, maladaptive plasticity with the loss of neuronal viability. nECM is constantly affected by CNS disorders, particularly in chronic modifying such as neurodegenerative disease, or in acute/subacute with chronic sequelae, like cerebrovascular and inflammatory pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main interfering agent of nECM, guiding the balance of degradation and new deposition of proteins such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins, or glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Activation of these enzymes is modulated by their physiologic inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs or via other proteases inhibitors, as well as genetic or epigenetic up- or downregulation through molecular interaction or receptor activation. The appropriate understanding of the pathways underlying nECM modifications in CNS pathology is probably one of the pivotal future directions to identify the healthy brain network and subsequently design new therapies to interfere with the progression of the CNS disease and eventually find appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre for Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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72
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Morikawa S, Ikegaya Y, Narita M, Tamura H. Activation of perineuronal net-expressing excitatory neurons during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46024. [PMID: 28378772 PMCID: PMC5380958 DOI: 10.1038/srep46024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs), proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix structures, are thought to be expressed around inhibitory neurons and contribute to critical periods of brain function and synaptic plasticity. However, in some specific brain regions such as the amygdala, PNNs were predominantly expressed around excitatory neurons. These neurons were recruited during auditory fear conditioning and memory retrieval. Indeed, the activation of PNN-expressing excitatory neurons predicted cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Morikawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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73
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Khaspekov LG, Frumkina LE. Molecular mechanisms mediating involvement of glial cells in brain plastic remodeling in epilepsy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:380-391. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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74
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Dubey D, McRae PA, Rankin-Gee EK, Baranov E, Wandrey L, Rogers S, Porter BE. Increased metalloproteinase activity in the hippocampus following status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2017; 132:50-58. [PMID: 28292736 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased neuronal plasticity and neuronal cell loss has been implicated in the development of epilepsy following injury. Parvalbumin fast spiking inhibitory interneurons have a robust extracellular matrix coating their cell bodies and the proximal dendrites called the perineuronal net (PNN). The role of the PNN is not clear but it has been implicated in closing of the critical period, altering seizure thresholds and providing neuronal protection from oxidative stress. The PNN is susceptible to degradation following a prolonged seizure and there is an increase in proteolytic-fragments of the PNN enriched proteoglycan aggrecan (Dzwonek et al., 2004). Here we demonstrate an increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the hippocampus following status epilepticus (SE). We further assessed MMP3 and 13, two of 24 identified MMPs, both MMP3 and 13 mRNA increase in the hippocampus after SE and MMP13 activity increases by functional assay as well as it co-localizes with PNN in rat brain. In contrast, two of the brain expressed ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs) also implicated in aggrecan degradation, did not consistently increase following SE though ADAMTS4 is highly expressed in glia and ADAMTS5 in neuronal cell bodies and their processes. The increase in MMP activity following SE suggests that in the future studies, MMP inhibitors are candidates for blocking PNN degradation and assessing the role of the PNN loss in epileptogenesis and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dubey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States
| | - Paulette A McRae
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Elyse K Rankin-Gee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States
| | - Esther Baranov
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Luke Wandrey
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Stephanie Rogers
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Brenda E Porter
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States.
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75
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Fucà E, Guglielmotto M, Boda E, Rossi F, Leto K, Buffo A. Preventive motor training but not progenitor grafting ameliorates cerebellar ataxia and deregulated autophagy in tambaleante mice. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 102:49-59. [PMID: 28237314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for degenerative cerebellar ataxias are currently very limited. A large fraction of such disorders is represented by hereditary cerebellar ataxias, whose familiar transmission facilitates an early diagnosis and may possibly allow to start preventive treatments before the onset of the neurodegeneration and appearance of first symptoms. In spite of the heterogeneous aetiology, histological alterations of ataxias often include the primary degeneration of the cerebellar cortex caused by Purkinje cells (PCs) loss. Thus, approaches aimed at replacing or preserving PCs could represent promising ways of disease management. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of two different preventive strategies, namely cell replacement and motor training. We used tambaleante (tbl) mice as a model for progressive ataxia caused by selective loss of PCs and evaluated the effectiveness of the preventive transplantation of healthy PCs into early postnatal tbl cerebella, in terms of PC replacement and functional preservation. On the other hand, we investigated the effects of motor training on PC survival, cerebellar circuitry and their behavioral correlates. Our results demonstrate that, despite a good survival rate and integration of grafted PCs, the adopted grafting protocol could not alleviate the ataxic symptoms in tbl mice. Conversely, preventive motor training increases PCs survival with a moderate positive impact on the motor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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76
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Fasulo L, Brandi R, Arisi I, La Regina F, Berretta N, Capsoni S, D'Onofrio M, Cattaneo A. ProNGF Drives Localized and Cell Selective Parvalbumin Interneuron and Perineuronal Net Depletion in the Dentate Gyrus of Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:20. [PMID: 28232789 PMCID: PMC5299926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ProNGF, the precursor of mature Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), is the most abundant NGF form in the brain and increases markedly in the cortex in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), relative to mature NGF. A large body of evidence shows that the actions of ProNGF and mature NGF are often conflicting, depending on the receptors expressed in target cells. TgproNGF#3 mice, expressing furin-cleavage resistant proNGF in CNS neurons, directly reveal consequences of increased proNGF levels on brain homeostasis. Their phenotype clearly indicates that proNGF can be a driver of neurodegeneration, including severe learning and memory behavioral deficits, cholinergic deficits, and diffuse immunoreactivity for A-beta and A-beta-oligomers. In aged TgproNGF#3 mice spontaneous epileptic-like events are detected in entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slices, suggesting occurrence of excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance. In this paper, we investigate the molecular events linking increased proNGF levels to the epileptiform activity detected in hippocampal slices. The occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform discharges in the hippocampal network in TgproNGF#3 mice suggests an impaired inhibitory interneuron homeostasis. In the present study, we detect the onset of hippocampal epileptiform events at 1-month of age. Later, we observe a regional- and cellular-selective Parvalbumin interneuron and perineuronal net (PNN) depletion in the dentate gyrus (DG), but not in other hippocampal regions of TgproNGF#3 mice. These results demonstrate that, in the hippocampus, the DG is selectively vulnerable to altered proNGF/NGF signaling. Parvalbumin interneuron depletion is also observed in the amygdala, a region strongly connected to the hippocampus and likewise receiving cholinergic afferences. Transcriptome analysis of TgproNGF#3 hippocampus reveals a proNGF signature with broad down-regulation of transcription. The most affected mRNAs modulated at early times belong to synaptic transmission and plasticity and extracellular matrix (ECM) gene families. Moreover, alterations in the expression of selected BDNF splice variants were observed. Our results provide further mechanistic insights into the vicious negative cycle linking proNGF and neurodegeneration, confirming the regulation of E/I homeostasis as a crucial mediating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fasulo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy; European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi-MontalciniRome, Italy
| | - Rossella Brandi
- European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi-Montalcini Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi-Montalcini Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi-Montalcini Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy; European Brain Research Institute Rita Levi-MontalciniRome, Italy
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77
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Belujon P. Structural Integrity in the Sustained Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:359-361. [PMID: 28165131 PMCID: PMC5409126 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- INSERM, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France
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78
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Soares da Costa D, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans and Its Implications in Human Health and Disorders. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:1-26. [PMID: 28226217 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation is a dynamic and complex posttranslational modification process. It can occur at various positions within the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) backbone and modulates extracellular signals such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions; different sulfation patterns have been identified for the same organs and cells during their development. Because of their high specificity in relation to function, GAG sulfation patterns are referred to as the sulfation code. This review explores the role of GAG sulfation in different biological processes at the cell, tissue, and organism levels. We address the connection between the sulfation patterns of GAGs and several physiological processes and discuss the misregulation of GAG sulfation and its involvement in several genetic and metabolic disorders. Finally, we present the therapeutic potential of GAGs and their synthetic mimics in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Soares da Costa
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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79
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Okamoto M, Matsumoto Y, Ishihara T. Parvalbumin neurons and perineuronal nets in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2016; 343:115-127. [PMID: 27923740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in cognitive functions, memory, and attention. Alterations in parvalbumin interneurons (PV neurons) and perineuronal nets (PNNs) within the PFC have been implicated in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder pathology. However, it remains unclear why PV neurons and PNNs in the PFC are selectively impaired. Here we aimed to clarify if PV neurons and PNNs in the PFC have region-specific features. We found that PV neurons and PNNs were increased in a region-specific manner in the PFC during postnatal development. In the mature PFC, the expression of PV protein is lower than in other parts of the cortex. Furthermore, PNNs in the mature PFC are not typical lattice-like structures and do not have the major components of PNNs and tenascin-R. The present study indicates that PV neurons and PNNs have region-specific features, and our results suggest that PV neurons and PNNs have structural vulnerability within the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions, Okayama 701-0194, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
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80
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Slaker ML, Harkness JH, Sorg BA. A standardized and automated method of perineuronal net analysis using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin staining intensity. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:54-60. [PMID: 28713865 PMCID: PMC5507617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are aggregations of extracellular matrix molecules that are critical for plasticity. Their altered development or changes during adulthood appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain. An increasing number of studies examining the contribution of PNN to various behaviors and types of plasticity have analyzed the fluorescence intensity of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) as an indirect measure of the maturity of PNNs, with brighter WFA staining corresponding to a more mature PNN and dim WFA staining corresponding to an immature PNN. However, a clearly-defined and unified method for assessing the intensity of PNNs is critical to allow us to make comparisons across studies and to advance our understanding of how PNN plasticity contributes to normal brain function and brain disease states. Here we examined methods of PNN intensity quantification and demonstrate that creating a region of interest around each PNN and subtracting appropriate background is a viable method for PNN intensity quantification that can be automated. This method produces less variability and bias across experiments compared to other published analyses, and this method increases reproducibility and reliability of PNN intensity measures, which is critical for comparisons across studies in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Slaker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - John H Harkness
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
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81
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Scuruchi M, D'Ascola A, Avenoso A, Campana S, Abusamra YA, Spina E, Calatroni A, Campo GM, Campo S. 6-Mer Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Modulate Neuroinflammation and α-Synuclein Expression in Neuron-Like SH-SY5Y Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2835-2843. [PMID: 27167053 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the degradation of the extracellular matrix at the site of neuroinflammation and increased release of degradation products of glycosaminoglycans. Among these, low molecular weight fragments of hyaluronan (HA) may play a key role in the events leading to neuroinflammation and/or neuronal degeneration. Small HA fragments are able to induce inflammation by stimulating both TLR-2 and TLR-4 as well as CD44 receptors. This stimulation culminates in the nuclear translocation of NF-kB that in turn induces the production of pro-inflammatory intermediates such as TNF-α and IL-1β. The potential of HA fragments, as mediators of inflammation, it has been poorly investigated in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells so the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroinflammatory effects of very small HA oligosaccharides, the involvement of TLR-2, TLR-4, and CD44 and the production of α-synuclein in such cells. The addition of HA fragments to cell cultures up-regulated TLR-2, TLR-4, and CD44 levels, induced NF-kB activity and increased both TNF-α and IL-β as well as α-synuclein production. On blocking the activity of TLR-2, TLR-4, and CD44 the levels of inflammatory parameters and of α-synuclein were significantly reduced. Since several data have shown as α-synuclein, produced from neurons, is able to initiate ex novo or to maintain an existing neuroinflammatory response, which has been suggested as one of the principal components involved in neurodegenerative pathologies, as PD, we suggest that HA pathways should be given careful consideration when devising future anti-neuroinflammatory strategies to defend against the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2835-2843, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angela D'Ascola
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Campana
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Yousef A Abusamra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Calatroni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125, Messina, Italy
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82
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Yamada J, Jinno S. Molecular heterogeneity of aggrecan-based perineuronal nets around five subclasses of parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1234-1249. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
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83
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Reduced Labeling of Parvalbumin Neurons and Perineuronal Nets in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2206-14. [PMID: 26868058 PMCID: PMC4946056 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cortical parvalbumin (PV)-containing neurons, including a reduced density of detectable neurons and lower PV levels, have frequently been reported in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia subjects. Most PV neurons are surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNNs) and the density of PNNs, as detected by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labeling, has been reported to be lower in schizophrenia. However, the nature of these PNN alterations, and their relationship to disease-related changes in PV neurons, has not been assessed. Using confocal microscopy, we quantified the densities and fluorescence intensities of PV neurons and PNNs labeled with WFA or immunoreactive for the major PNN protein, aggrecan, in the DLPFC from schizophrenia and matched comparison subjects. In schizophrenia, the densities of PV cells and of PNNs were not altered; however, the fluorescence intensities of PV immunoreactivity in cell bodies and of WFA labeling and aggrecan immunoreactivity in individual PNNs around PV cells were lower. These findings indicate that the normal complements of PV cells and PNNs are preserved in schizophrenia, but the levels of PV protein and of individual PNN components, especially the carbohydrate moieties on proteoglycans to which WFA binds, are lower. Given the roles of PV neurons in regulating DLPFC microcircuits and of PNNs in regulating PV cellular physiology, the identified alterations in PV neurons and their PNNs could contribute to DLPFC dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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84
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Demir S, Bulut M, Atli A, Kaplan İ, Kaya MC, Bez Y, Özdemir PG, Sır A. Decreased Prolidase Activity in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:420-6. [PMID: 27482243 PMCID: PMC4965652 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many neurochemical systems have been implicated in the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The prolidase enzyme is a cytosolic exopeptidase that detaches proline or hydroxyproline from the carboxyl terminal position of dipeptides. Prolidase has important biological effects, and to date, its role in the etiology of PTSD has not been studied. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate prolidase activity in patients with PTSD. METHODS The study group consisted of patients who were diagnosed with PTSD after the earthquake that occurred in the province of Van in Turkey in 2011 (n=25); the first control group consisted of patients who experienced the earthquake but did not show PTSD symptoms (n=26) and the second control group consisted of patients who have never been exposed to a traumatic event (n=25). Prolidase activities in the patients and the control groups were determined by the ELISA method using commercial kits. RESULTS Prolidase activity in the patient group was significantly lower when compared to the control groups. Prolidase activity was also significantly lower in the traumatized healthy subjects compared to the other healthy group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that the decrease in prolidase activity may have neuroprotective effects in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Demir
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bulut
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Atli
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | | | - Yasin Bez
- Department of Psychiatry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Aytekin Sır
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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85
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Kim SY, Porter BE, Friedman A, Kaufer D. A potential role for glia-derived extracellular matrix remodeling in postinjury epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:794-803. [PMID: 27265805 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Head trauma and vascular injuries are known risk factors for acquired epilepsy. The sequence of events that lead from the initial injury to the development of epilepsy involves complex plastic changes and circuit rewiring. In-depth, comprehensive understanding of the epileptogenic process is critical for the identification of disease-modifying targets. Here we review the complex interactions of cellular and extracellular components that may promote epileptogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of astrocytes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that astrocytes promptly respond to brain damage and play a critical role in the development of postinjury epilepsy. Astrocytes have been shown to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which can affect plasticity and stability of synapses and, in turn, contribute to the epileptogenic process. From these separate lines of evidence, we present a hypothesis suggesting a possible role for astrocyte-regulated remodeling of ECM and perineuronal nets, a specialized ECM structure around fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, in the development and progression of posttraumatic epilepsies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Brenda E Porter
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Program in Child and Brain Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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86
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Looking Inside the Matrix: Perineuronal Nets in Plasticity, Maladaptive Plasticity and Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1507-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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87
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Synaptic Sweet Talk: How Do Perineuronal Nets Contribute to Epileptogenesis and Neuroplasticity? Epilepsy Curr 2016; 16:29-30. [DOI: 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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88
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In Sickness and in Health: Perineuronal Nets and Synaptic Plasticity in Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9847696. [PMID: 26839720 PMCID: PMC4709762 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9847696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly emerging evidence implicates perineuronal nets (PNNs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that compose or interact with PNNs, in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. Studies on schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy point to the involvement of ECM molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, Reelin, and matrix metalloproteases, as well as their cell surface receptors. In many of these disorders, PNN abnormalities have also been reported. In the context of the “quadripartite” synapse concept, that is, the functional unit composed of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, glial processes, and ECM, and of the role that PNNs and ECM molecules play in regulating synaptic functions and plasticity, these findings resonate with one of the most well-replicated aspects of the pathology of psychiatric disorders, that is, synaptic abnormalities. Here we review the evidence for PNN/ECM-related pathology in these disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia, and discuss the hypothesis that such pathology may significantly contribute to synaptic dysfunction.
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89
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Yutsudo N, Kitagawa H. Involvement of chondroitin 6-sulfation in temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:126-33. [PMID: 26231575 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are predominant components of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we found an increase in the 4-sulfation/6-sulfation (4S/6S) ratio of CSPGs is required for perineuronal net (PNN) formation and results in functional maturation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV cells) and termination of the critical period in the visual cortex. Here, we report that chondroitin 6-sulfation and chondroitin 6-sulfation-enriched PNNs increased in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus after kainic acid (KA) treatment; simultaneously, chondroitin 4-sulfation-enriched PNNs and the 4S/6S ratio decreased. Furthermore, chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) transgenic (TG) mice, which overexpress chondroitin 6-sulfated chains and have a decreased 4S/6S ratio, were more susceptible to KA-induced seizures than wild-type mice. These results suggested that chondroitin 6-sulfation is relevant to epilepsy most probably because of dysregulated PNN formation and PV cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yutsudo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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90
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Berretta S, Pantazopoulos H, Markota M, Brown C, Batzianouli ET. Losing the sugar coating: potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:18-27. [PMID: 25601362 PMCID: PMC4504843 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) were shown to be markedly altered in subjects with schizophrenia. In particular, decreases of PNNs have been detected in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex. The formation of these specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) aggregates during postnatal development, their functions, and association with distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons, bear great relevance to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PNNs gradually mature in an experience-dependent manner during late stages of postnatal development, overlapping with the prodromal period/age of onset of schizophrenia. Throughout adulthood, PNNs regulate neuronal properties, including synaptic remodeling, cell membrane compartmentalization and subsequent regulation of glutamate receptors and calcium channels, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. With the present paper, we discuss evidence for PNN abnormalities in schizophrenia, the potential functional impact of such abnormalities on inhibitory circuits and, in turn, cognitive and emotion processing. We integrate these considerations with results from recent genetic studies showing genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia associated with genes encoding for PNN components, matrix-regulating molecules and immune system factors. Notably, the composition of PNNs is regulated dynamically in response to factors such as fear, reward, stress, and immune response. This regulation occurs through families of matrix metalloproteinases that cleave ECM components, altering their functions and affecting plasticity. Several metalloproteinases have been proposed as vulnerability factors for schizophrenia. We speculate that the physiological process of PNN remodeling may be disrupted in schizophrenia as a result of interactions between matrix remodeling processes and immune system dysregulation. In turn, these mechanisms may contribute to the dysfunction of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matej Markota
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eleni T Batzianouli
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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91
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Rankin-Gee EK, McRae PA, Baranov E, Rogers S, Wandrey L, Porter BE. Perineuronal net degradation in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1124-33. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse K. Rankin-Gee
- Department of Neurology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto California U.S.A
| | - Paulette A. McRae
- Department of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA U.S.A
| | - Esther Baranov
- Department of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Rogers
- Department of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA U.S.A
| | - Luke Wandrey
- Department of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA U.S.A
| | - Brenda E. Porter
- Department of Neurology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto California U.S.A
- Department of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA U.S.A
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92
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Khaing ZZ, Seidlits SK. Hyaluronic acid and neural stem cells: implications for biomaterial design. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7850-7866. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While in the past hyaluronic acid (HA) was considered a passive structural component, research over the past few decades has revealed its diverse and complex biological functions resulting in a major ideological shift. This review describes recent advances in biological interactions of HA with neural stem cells, with a focus on leveraging these interactions to develop advanced biomaterials that aid regeneration of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine
- University of Washington
- USA
| | - Stephanie K. Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering
- Brain Research Institute
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
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93
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Insolia V, Piccolini VM. Brain morphological defects in prolidase deficient mice: first report. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2417. [PMID: 25308848 PMCID: PMC4194396 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolidase gene (PEPD) encodes prolidase enzyme, which is responsible for hydrolysis of dipeptides containing proline or hydroxyproline at their C-terminal end. Mutations in PEPD gene cause, in human, prolidase deficiency (PD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder. PD patients show reduced or absent prolidase activity and a broad spectrum of phenotypic traits including various degrees of mental retardation. This is the first report correlating PD and brain damages using as a model system prolidase deficient mice, the so called dark-like (dal) mutant mice. We focused our attention on dal postnatal brain development, revealing a panel of different morphological defects in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, such as undulations of the cerebral cortex, cell rarefaction, defects in cerebellar cortex lobulation, and blood vessels overgrowth. These anomalies might be ascribed to altered angiogenic process and loss of pial basement membrane integrity. Further studies will be directed to find a correlation between neuroarchitecture alterations and functional consequences.
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94
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Kang Y, Ge Y, Cassidy RM, Lam V, Luo L, Moon KM, Lewis R, Molday RS, Wong ROL, Foster LJ, Craig AM. A combined transgenic proteomic analysis and regulated trafficking of neuroligin-2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29350-64. [PMID: 25190809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses, the basic units of communication in the brain, require complex molecular machinery for neurotransmitter release and reception. Whereas numerous components of excitatory postsynaptic sites have been identified, relatively few proteins are known that function at inhibitory postsynaptic sites. One such component is neuroligin-2 (NL2), an inhibitory synapse-specific cell surface protein that functions in cell adhesion and synaptic organization via binding to neurexins. In this study, we used a transgenic tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry strategy to isolate and characterize NL2-associated complexes. Complexes purified from brains of transgenic His6-FLAG-YFP-NL2 mice showed enrichment in the Gene Ontology terms cell-cell signaling and synaptic transmission relative to complexes purified from wild type mice as a negative control. In addition to expected components including GABA receptor subunits and gephyrin, several novel proteins were isolated in association with NL2. Based on the presence of multiple components involved in trafficking and endocytosis, we showed that NL2 undergoes dynamin-dependent endocytosis in response to soluble ligand and colocalizes with VPS35 retromer in endosomes. Inhibitory synapses in brain also present a particular challenge for imaging. Whereas excitatory synapses on spines can be imaged with a fluorescent cell fill, inhibitory synapses require a molecular tag. We find the His6-FLAG-YFP-NL2 to be a suitable tag, with the unamplified YFP signal localizing appropriately to inhibitory synapses in multiple brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Altogether, we characterize NL2-associated complexes, demonstrate regulated trafficking of NL2, and provide tools for further proteomic and imaging studies of inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Kang
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Yuan Ge
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Robert M Cassidy
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Lin Luo
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for High-throughput Biology and
| | - Renate Lewis
- the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Robert S Molday
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Macular Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- the Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Leonard J Foster
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for High-throughput Biology and
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada,
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95
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Mix A, Hoppenrath K, Funke K. Reduction in cortical parvalbumin expression due to intermittent theta-burst stimulation correlates with maturation of the perineuronal nets in young rats. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:1-11. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mix
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
| | - Kathrin Hoppenrath
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
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96
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Pollock E, Everest M, Brown A, Poulter MO. Metalloproteinase inhibition prevents inhibitory synapse reorganization and seizure genesis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:21-31. [PMID: 24946277 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity and stability of interneurons in a cortical network are essential for proper network function. Loss of interneuron synaptic stability and precise organization can lead to disruptions in the excitation/inhibition balance, a characteristic of epilepsy. This study aimed to identify alterations to the GABAergic interneuron network in the piriform cortex (PC: a cortical area believed to be involved in the development of seizures) after kindling-induced seizures. Immunohistochemistry was used to mark perineuronal nets (PNNs: structures in the extracellular matrix that provide synaptic stability and restrict reorganization of inhibitory interneurons) and interneuron nerve terminals in control and kindled tissues. We found that PNNs were significantly decreased around parvalbumin-positive interneurons after the induction of experimental epilepsy. Additionally, we found layer-specific increases in GABA release sites originating from calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin interneurons, implying that there is a re-wiring of the interneuronal network. This increase in release sites was matched by an increase in GABAergic post-synaptic densities. We hypothesized that the breakdown of the PNN could be due to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and that the prevention of PNN breakdown may reduce the rewiring of interneuronal circuits and suppress seizures. To test this hypothesis we employed doxycycline, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, to stabilize PNNs in kindled rats. We found that doxycycline prevented PNN breakdown, re-organization of the inhibitory innervation, and seizure genesis. Our observations indicate that PNN degradation may be necessary for the development of seizures by facilitating interneuron plasticity and increased GABAergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pollock
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Everest
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur Brown
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael O Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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97
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Woo TUW. Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: the importance of neuronal coatings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:85-99. [PMID: 24709070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder associated with deficits in synaptic connectivity. The insidious onset of this illness during late adolescence and early adulthood has been reported to be dependent on several key processes of brain development including synaptic refinement, myelination and the physiological maturation of inhibitory neural networks. Interestingly, these events coincide with the appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs), reticular structures composed of components of the extracellular matrix that coat a variety of cells in the mammalian brain. Until recently, the functions of the PNN had remained enigmatic, but are now considered to be important in development of the central nervous system, neuronal protection and synaptic plasticity, all elements which have been associated with schizophrenia. Here, we review the emerging evidence linking PNNs to schizophrenia. Future studies aimed at further elucidating the functions of PNNs will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets with the potential to restore normal synaptic integrity in the brain of patients afflicted by this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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98
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Yu CY, Gui W, He HY, Wang XS, Zuo J, Huang L, Zhou N, Wang K, Wang Y. Neuronal and astroglial TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:457-72. [PMID: 24519742 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the role of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-Smad3 signaling pathway in dendrite growth and associated synaptogenesis, we used small inhibitory RNA to knockdown the Smad3 gene in either cultured neurons and or primary astrocytes. We found that TGFβ1 treatment of primary neurons increased dendrite extensions and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses. When Smad3 was knockdown in primary neurons, dendrite growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses reduced even with TGFβ1 treatment. When astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), collected from TGFβ1-treated astrocytes (TGFβ1-stimulated ACM), was added to cultured neurons, dendritic growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta reduced. When TGFβ1-stimulated ACM was collected from astrocytes with Smad3 knocked down, this conditioned media promoted the growth of dendrites and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta in cultured neurons. We further found that TGFβ1 signaling through Smad3 increased the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan, and phosphacan in ACM. Application of chondroitinase ABC to the TGFβ1-stimulated ACM reversed its inhibitory effects on the dendrite growth and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta. On the other hand, we found that TGFβ1 treatment caused a facilitation of Smad3 phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus induced by status epilepticus (SE) in wild-type (Smad3(+/+)) mice, and this treatment also caused a promotion of γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic synaptogenesis impaired by SE in Smad3(+/+) as well as in Smad3(-/-) mice, but more dramatic promotion in Smad3(+/+) mice. Thus, we provide evidence for the first time that TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways within neuron and astrocyte differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis, and this pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of some central nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yong Yu
- Epilepsy and Headache Group, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, China
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99
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a prominent role in brain development, maturation of neural circuits, and adult neuroplasticity. This multifactorial role of the ECM suggests that processes that affect composition or turnover of ECM in the brain could lead to altered brain function, possibly underlying conditions of impaired mental health, such as neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disease. In support of this, in the last two decades, clinical and preclinical research provided evidence of correlations and to some degree causal links, between aberrant ECM function and neuropsychiatric disorders, the most prominent being addiction and schizophrenia. Based on these initial observations of involvement of different classes of ECM molecules (laminin, reelin, and their integrin receptors, as well as tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), ECM targets have been suggested as a novel entry point in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, understanding how ECM molecules contribute to proper neuronal functioning and how this is dysregulated in conditions of mental illness is of pivotal importance. In this chapter, we will review available literature that implicates the different classes of brain ECM molecules in psychiatric disorders, with a primary focus on addiction (opiates, psychostimulants, and alcohol), and we will compare these ECM adaptations with those implicated in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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100
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Pitkänen A, Ndode-Ekane XE, Łukasiuk K, Wilczynski GM, Dityatev A, Walker MC, Chabrol E, Dedeurwaerdere S, Vazquez N, Powell EM. Neural ECM and epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:229-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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