51
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Trotter JH, Hao J, Maxeiner S, Tsetsenis T, Liu Z, Zhuang X, Südhof TC. Synaptic neurexin-1 assembles into dynamically regulated active zone nanoclusters. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2677-2698. [PMID: 31262725 PMCID: PMC6683742 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are well-characterized presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that engage multifarious postsynaptic ligands and organize diverse synapse properties. However, the precise synaptic localization of neurexins remains enigmatic. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that neurexin-1 forms discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses, revealing a novel organizational feature of synaptic architecture. Synapses generally contain a single nanocluster that comprises more than four neurexin-1 molecules and that also includes neurexin-2 and/or neurexin-3 isoforms. Moreover, we find that neurexin-1 is physiologically cleaved by ADAM10 similar to its ligand neuroligin-1, with ∼4-6% of neurexin-1 and ∼2-3% of neuroligin-1 present in the adult brain as soluble ectodomain proteins. Blocking ADAM10-mediated neurexin-1 cleavage dramatically increased the synaptic neurexin-1 content, thereby elevating the percentage of Homer1(+) excitatory synapses containing neurexin-1 nanoclusters from 40-50% to ∼80%, and doubling the number of neurexin-1 molecules per nanocluster. Taken together, our results reveal an unexpected nanodomain organization of synapses in which neurexin-1 is assembled into discrete presynaptic nanoclusters that are dynamically regulated via ectodomain cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Junjie Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Theodoros Tsetsenis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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52
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Beroun A, Mitra S, Michaluk P, Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kaczmarek L. MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3207-3228. [PMID: 31172215 PMCID: PMC6647627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and growth factors. By virtue of their expression and activity patterns in animal models and clinical investigations, as well as functional studies with gene knockouts and enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated to play a paramount role in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain. In particular, they have been shown to influence learning and memory processes, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, various kinds of addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, and depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either physiological or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, have been demonstrated to contribute to the structural and functional reorganization of excitatory synapses that are located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking the aforementioned pathological conditions is neuroinflammation and MMPs have also been shown to be important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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53
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Lee YJ, Ch'ng TH. RIP at the Synapse and the Role of Intracellular Domains in Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:1-24. [PMID: 31346933 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) occurs in a cell when transmembrane proteins are cleaved by intramembrane proteases such as secretases to generate soluble protein fragments in the extracellular environment and the cytosol. In the cytosol, these soluble intracellular domains (ICDs) have local functions near the site of cleavage or in many cases, translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. While the mechanism of RIP is relatively well studied, the fate and function of ICDs for most substrate proteins remain poorly characterized. In neurons, RIP occurs in various subcellular compartments including at the synapse. In this review, we summarize current research on RIP in neurons, focusing specifically on synaptic proteins where the presence and function of the ICDs have been reported. We also briefly discuss activity-driven processing of RIP substrates at the synapse and the cellular machinery that support long-distance transport of ICDs from the synapse to the nucleus. Finally, we describe future challenges in this field of research in the context of understanding the contribution of ICDs in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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54
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Letellier M, Levet F, Thoumine O, Goda Y. Differential role of pre- and postsynaptic neurons in the activity-dependent control of synaptic strengths across dendrites. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006223. [PMID: 31166943 PMCID: PMC6576792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons receive a large number of active synaptic inputs from their many presynaptic partners across their dendritic tree. However, little is known about how the strengths of individual synapses are controlled in balance with other synapses to effectively encode information while maintaining network homeostasis. This is in part due to the difficulty in assessing the activity of individual synapses with identified afferent and efferent connections for a synapse population in the brain. Here, to gain insights into the basic cellular rules that drive the activity-dependent spatial distribution of pre- and postsynaptic strengths across incoming axons and dendrites, we combine patch-clamp recordings with live-cell imaging of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in dissociated cultures and organotypic slices. Under basal conditions, both pre- and postsynaptic strengths cluster on single dendritic branches according to the identity of the presynaptic neurons, thus highlighting the ability of single dendritic branches to exhibit input specificity. Stimulating a single presynaptic neuron induces input-specific and dendritic branchwise spatial clustering of presynaptic strengths, which accompanies a widespread multiplicative scaling of postsynaptic strengths in dissociated cultures and heterosynaptic plasticity at distant synapses in organotypic slices. Our study provides evidence for a potential homeostatic mechanism by which the rapid changes in global or distant postsynaptic strengths compensate for input-specific presynaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Letellier
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (ML); (YG)
| | - Florian Levet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, CNRS UMS 3420, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, INSERM US04, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yukiko Goda
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (ML); (YG)
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55
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Kashiwagi Y, Higashi T, Obashi K, Sato Y, Komiyama NH, Grant SGN, Okabe S. Computational geometry analysis of dendritic spines by structured illumination microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1285. [PMID: 30894537 PMCID: PMC6427002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites that receive most of the excitatory synaptic inputs, and thus provide the structural basis for synaptic function. Here, we describe an accurate method for measurement and analysis of spine morphology based on structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and computational geometry in cultured neurons. Surface mesh data converted from SIM images were comparable to data reconstructed from electron microscopic images. Dimensional reduction and machine learning applied to large data sets enabled identification of spine phenotypes caused by genetic mutations in key signal transduction molecules. This method, combined with time-lapse live imaging and glutamate uncaging, could detect plasticity-related changes in spine head curvature. The results suggested that the concave surfaces of spines are important for the long-term structural stabilization of spines by synaptic adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kashiwagi
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Takahito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Obashi
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
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56
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Hannou L, Roy P, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:241-267. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hannou
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre‐Gabriel Roy
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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57
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Bemben MA, Nguyen TA, Li Y, Wang T, Nicoll RA, Roche KW. Isoform-specific cleavage of neuroligin-3 reduces synapse strength. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:145-160. [PMID: 30242227 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The assembly and maintenance of synapses are dynamic processes that require bidirectional contacts between the pre- and postsynaptic structures. A network of adhesion molecules mediate this physical interaction between neurons. How synapses are disassembled and if there are distinct mechanisms that govern the removal of specific adhesion molecules remain unclear. Here, we report isoform-specific proteolytic cleavage of neuroligin-3 in response to synaptic activity and protein kinase C signaling resulting in reduced synapse strength. Although neuroligin-1 and neuroligin-2 are not directly cleaved by this pathway, when heterodimerized with neuroligin-3, they too undergo proteolytic cleavage. Thus protein kinase C-dependent cleavage is mediated through neuroligin-3. Recent studies on glioma implicate the neuroligin-3 ectodomain as a mitogen. Here we demonstrate: (1) there are mechanisms governing specific adhesion molecule remodeling; (2) neuroligin-3 is a key regulator of neuroligin cleavage events; and (3) there are two cleavage pathways; basal and activity-dependent that produce the mitogenic form of neuroligin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bemben
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Thien A Nguyen
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., WA, 20057, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tongguang Wang
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roger A Nicoll
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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58
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Nozawa K, Hayashi A, Motohashi J, Takeo YH, Matsuda K, Yuzaki M. Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Endogenous Neuroligin-1 in the Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:709-721. [PMID: 30046996 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are precisely established, maintained, and modified throughout life by molecules called synaptic organizers, which include neurexins and neuroligins (Nlgn). Despite the importance of synaptic organizers in defining functions of neuronal circuits, the cellular and subcellular localization of many synaptic organizers has remained largely elusive because of the paucity of specific antibodies for immunohistochemical studies. In the present study, rather than raising specific antibodies, we generated knock-in mice in which a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope was inserted in the Nlgn1 gene. We have achieved high-throughput and precise gene editing by delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system into zygotes. Using HA-Nlgn1 mice, we found that HA-Nlgn1 was enriched at synapses between parallel fibers and molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) and the glomeruli, in which mossy fiber terminals synapse onto granule cell dendrites. HA immunoreactivity was colocalized with postsynaptic density 95 at these synapses, indicating that endogenous Nlgn1 is localized at excitatory postsynaptic sites. In contrast, HA-Nlgn1 signals were very weak in dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells. Interestingly, HA-immunoreactivities were also observed in the pinceau, a specialized structure formed by MLI axons and astrocytes. HA-immunoreactivities in the pinceau were significantly reduced by knockdown of Nlgn1 in MLIs, indicating that in addition to postsynaptic sites, Nlgn1 is also localized at MLI axons. Our results indicate that epitope-tagging by electroporation-based gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 is a viable and powerful method for mapping endogenous synaptic organizers with subcellular resolution, without the need for specific antibodies for each protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukari H Takeo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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59
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Kilinc D. The Emerging Role of Mechanics in Synapse Formation and Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:483. [PMID: 30574071 PMCID: PMC6291423 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of synaptic strength forms the basis of learning and memory, and is a key factor in understanding neuropathological processes that lead to cognitive decline and dementia. While the mechanical aspects of neuronal development, particularly during axon growth and guidance, have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the mechanical aspects of synapse formation and plasticity. It is established that a filamentous actin network with complex spatiotemporal behavior controls the dendritic spine shape and size, which is thought to be crucial for activity-dependent synapse plasticity. Accordingly, a number of actin binding proteins have been identified as regulators of synapse plasticity. On the other hand, a number of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are found in synapses, some of which form transsynaptic bonds to align the presynaptic active zone (PAZ) with the postsynaptic density (PSD). Considering that these CAMs are key components of cellular mechanotransduction, two critical questions emerge: (i) are synapses mechanically regulated? and (ii) does disrupting the transsynaptic force balance lead to (or exacerbate) synaptic failure? In this mini review article, I will highlight the mechanical aspects of synaptic structures-focusing mainly on cytoskeletal dynamics and CAMs-and discuss potential mechanoregulation of synapses and its relevance to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kilinc
- INSERM U1167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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60
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Lina JM, O’Callaghan EK, Mongrain V. Scale-Free Dynamics of the Mouse Wakefulness and Sleep Electroencephalogram Quantified Using Wavelet-Leaders. Clocks Sleep 2018; 1:50-64. [PMID: 33089154 PMCID: PMC7509677 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scale-free analysis of brain activity reveals a complexity of synchronous neuronal firing which is different from that assessed using classic rhythmic quantifications such as spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG). In humans, scale-free activity of the EEG depends on the behavioral state and reflects cognitive processes. We aimed to verify if fractal patterns of the mouse EEG also show variations with behavioral states and topography, and to identify molecular determinants of brain scale-free activity using the ‘multifractal formalism’ (Wavelet-Leaders). We found that scale-free activity was more anti-persistent (i.e., more different between time scales) during wakefulness, less anti-persistent (i.e., less different between time scales) during non-rapid eye movement sleep, and generally intermediate during rapid eye movement sleep. The scale-invariance of the frontal/motor cerebral cortex was generally more anti-persistent than that of the posterior cortex, and scale-invariance during wakefulness was strongly modulated by time of day and the absence of the synaptic protein Neuroligin-1. Our results expose that the complexity of the scale-free pattern of organized neuronal firing depends on behavioral state in mice, and that patterns expressed during wakefulness are modulated by one synaptic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Lina
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), 5400 Gouin West blvd., Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Emma Kate O’Callaghan
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), 5400 Gouin West blvd., Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), 5400 Gouin West blvd., Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-338-2222 (ext. 3323)
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61
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Letellier M, Szíber Z, Chamma I, Saphy C, Papasideri I, Tessier B, Sainlos M, Czöndör K, Thoumine O. A unique intracellular tyrosine in neuroligin-1 regulates AMPA receptor recruitment during synapse differentiation and potentiation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3979. [PMID: 30266896 PMCID: PMC6162332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which early neuronal connections mature into synapses, we examined the impact of neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) phosphorylation on synapse differentiation, focusing on a unique intracellular tyrosine (Y782), which differentially regulates Nlg1 binding to PSD-95 and gephyrin. By expressing Nlg1 point mutants (Y782A/F) in hippocampal neurons, we show using imaging and electrophysiology that Y782 modulates the recruitment of functional AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Nlg1-Y782F impaired both dendritic spine formation and AMPAR diffusional trapping, but not NMDA receptor recruitment, revealing the assembly of silent synapses. Furthermore, replacing endogenous Nlg1 with either Nlg1-Y782A or -Y782F in CA1 hippocampal neurons impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), demonstrating a critical role of AMPAR synaptic retention. Screening of tyrosine kinases combined with pharmacological inhibitors point to Trk family members as major regulators of endogenous Nlg1 phosphorylation and synaptogenic function. Thus, Nlg1 tyrosine phosphorylation signaling is a critical event in excitatory synapse differentiation and LTP. Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules thought to play roles in synaptic development and function. Here, authors show that phosphorylation of Y782 in neuroligin-1 modulates its role in differentiation and ability to recruit AMPARs including during long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Letellier
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Zsófia Szíber
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ingrid Chamma
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Saphy
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ioanna Papasideri
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Tessier
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katalin Czöndör
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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62
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Gorlewicz A, Kaczmarek L. Pathophysiology of Trans-Synaptic Adhesion Molecules: Implications for Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:119. [PMID: 30298130 PMCID: PMC6160742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are specialized interfaces between neurons in the brain that transmit and modulate information, thereby integrating cells into multiplicity of interacting neural circuits. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) might form trans-synaptic complexes that are crucial for the appropriate identification of synaptic partners and further for the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses. When affected, trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms play a role in synaptopathies in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy. This review recapitulates current understanding of trans-synaptic interactions in pathophysiology of interneuronal connections. In particular, we discuss here the possible implications of trans-synaptic adhesion dysfunction for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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63
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Dynamics, nanoscale organization, and function of synaptic adhesion molecules. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:95-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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64
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Wong CT, Bestard-Lorigados I, Crawford DA. Autism-related behaviors in the cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mouse model. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12506. [PMID: 30027581 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an endogenous lipid molecule involved in normal brain development. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is the main regulator of PGE2 synthesis. Emerging clinical and molecular research provides compelling evidence that abnormal COX2/PGE2 signaling is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously found that COX2 knockout mice had dysregulated expression of many ASD genes belonging to important biological pathways for neurodevelopment. The present study is the first to show the connection between irregular COX2/PGE2 signaling and autism-related behaviors in male and female COX2-deficient knockin, (COX)-2- , mice at young (4-6 weeks) or adult (8-11 weeks) ages. Autism-related behaviors were prominent in male (COX)-2- mice for most behavioral tests. In the open field test, (COX)-2- mice traveled more than controls and adult male (COX)-2- mice spent less time in the center indicating elevated hyperactive and anxiety-linked behaviors. (COX)-2- mice also buried more marbles, with males burying more than females, suggesting increased anxiety and repetitive behaviors. Young male (COX)-2- mice fell more frequently in the inverted screen test revealing motor deficits. The three-chamber sociability test found that adult female (COX)-2- mice spent less time in the novel mouse chamber indicative of social abnormalities. In addition, male (COX)-2- mice showed altered expression of several autism-linked genes: Wnt2, Glo1, Grm5 and Mmp9. Overall, our findings offer new insight into the involvement of disrupted COX2/PGE2 signaling in ASD pathology with age-related differences and greater impact on males. We propose that (COX)-2- mice might serve as a novel model system to study specific types of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabel Bestard-Lorigados
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dorota A Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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65
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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66
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Chen H, Tang AH, Blanpied TA. Subsynaptic spatial organization as a regulator of synaptic strength and plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 51:147-153. [PMID: 29902592 PMCID: PMC6295321 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synapses differ markedly in their performance, even amongst those on a single neuron. The mechanisms that drive this functional diversification are of great interest because they enable adaptive behaviors and are targets of pathology. Considerable effort has focused on elucidating mechanisms of plasticity that involve changes to presynaptic release probability and the number of postsynaptic receptors. However, recent work is clarifying that nanoscale organization of the proteins within glutamatergic synapses impacts synapse function. Specifically, active zone scaffold proteins form nanoclusters that define sites of neurotransmitter release, and these sites align transsynaptically with clustered postsynaptic receptors. These nanostructural characteristics raise numerous possibilities for how synaptic plasticity could be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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67
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Neuroligin 1, 2, and 3 Regulation at the Synapse: FMRP-Dependent Translation and Activity-Induced Proteolytic Cleavage. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2741-2759. [PMID: 30056576 PMCID: PMC6459971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLGNs) are cell adhesion molecules located on the postsynaptic side of the synapse that interact with their presynaptic partners neurexins to maintain trans-synaptic connection. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common neurodevelopmental disease that often co-occurs with autism and is caused by the lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. To gain an insight into the molecular interactions between the autism-related genes, we sought to determine whether FMRP controls the synaptic levels of NLGNs. We show evidences that FMRP associates with Nlgn1, Nlgn2, and Nlgn3 mRNAs in vitro in both synaptoneurosomes and neuronal cultures. Next, we confirm local translation of Nlgn1, Nlgn2, and Nlgn3 mRNAs to be synaptically regulated by FMRP. As a consequence of elevated Nlgns mRNA translation Fmr1 KO mice exhibit increased incorporation of NLGN1 and NLGN3 into the postsynaptic membrane. Finally, we show that neuroligins synaptic level is precisely and dynamically regulated by their rapid proteolytic cleavage upon NMDA receptor stimulation in both wild type and Fmr1 KO mice. In aggregate, our study provides a novel approach to understand the molecular basis of FXS by linking the dysregulated synaptic expression of NLGNs with FMRP.
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68
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Zhao JY, Duan XL, Yang L, Liu JP, He YT, Guo Z, Hu XD, Suo ZW. Activity-dependent Synaptic Recruitment of Neuroligin 1 in Spinal Dorsal Horn Contributed to Inflammatory Pain. Neuroscience 2018; 388:1-10. [PMID: 30049666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), a cell adhesion molecule present at excitatory glutamatergic synapses, has been shown to be critical for synaptic specialization and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype glutamate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. Whether and how NLGN1 is engaged in nociceptive behavioral sensitization remains largely unknown. In this study, we found an activity-dependent regulation of NLGN1 synaptic expression in pain-related spinal cord dorsal horns of mice. The enhancement of neuronal activity by pharmacological activation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) or removal of GABAergic inhibition in intact mice significantly increased NLGN1 concentration at synaptosomal membrane fraction. Intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) also increased the NLGN1 expression at synapses. NMDAR might act through Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Src-family protein tyrosine kinase member Fyn to induce the synaptic redistribution of NLGN1. We also found that one of the important roles of NLGN1 was to facilitate the clustering of NMDAR at synapses. The NLGN1-targeting siRNA suppressed the synaptic expression of GluN2B-containing NMDAR in CFA-injected mice and meanwhile, attenuated the inflammatory mechanical allodynia and thermal hypersensitivity. These data suggested that tissue injury-induced synaptic redistribution of NLGN1 was involved in the development of pain hypersensitivity through facilitating the synaptic incorporation of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xing-Lian Duan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Jiang-Ping Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yong-Tao He
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
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69
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Wall MJ, Collins DR, Chery SL, Allen ZD, Pastuzyn ED, George AJ, Nikolova VD, Moy SS, Philpot BD, Shepherd JD, Müller J, Ehlers MD, Mabb AM, Corrêa SAL. The Temporal Dynamics of Arc Expression Regulate Cognitive Flexibility. Neuron 2018; 98:1124-1132.e7. [PMID: 29861284 PMCID: PMC6030446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity regulates the transcription and translation of the immediate-early gene Arc/Arg3.1, a key mediator of synaptic plasticity. Proteasome-dependent degradation of Arc tightly limits its temporal expression, yet the significance of this regulation remains unknown. We disrupted the temporal control of Arc degradation by creating an Arc knockin mouse (ArcKR) where the predominant Arc ubiquitination sites were mutated. ArcKR mice had intact spatial learning but showed specific deficits in selecting an optimal strategy during reversal learning. This cognitive inflexibility was coupled to changes in Arc mRNA and protein expression resulting in a reduced threshold to induce mGluR-LTD and enhanced mGluR-LTD amplitude. These findings show that the abnormal persistence of Arc protein limits the dynamic range of Arc signaling pathways specifically during reversal learning. Our work illuminates how the precise temporal control of activity-dependent molecules, such as Arc, regulates synaptic plasticity and is crucial for cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Dawn R Collins
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Samantha L Chery
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zachary D Allen
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Elissa D Pastuzyn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Arlene J George
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Viktoriya D Nikolova
- Department of Psychiatry and the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, and the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason D Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jürgen Müller
- Bradford School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | | | - Angela M Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Bradford School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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70
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Nagappan-Chettiar S, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Umemori H. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the transmembrane protein SIRPα: Sensing synaptic activity and regulating ectodomain cleavage for synapse maturation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12026-12042. [PMID: 29914984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse maturation is a neural activity-dependent process during brain development, in which active synapses preferentially undergo maturation to establish efficient neural circuits in the brain. Defects in this process are implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We have previously reported that a postsynaptic transmembrane protein, signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα), plays an important role in activity-dependently directing synapse maturation. In the presence of synaptic activity, the ectodomain of SIRPα is cleaved and released and then acts as a retrograde signal to induce presynaptic maturation. However, how SIRPα detects synaptic activity to promote its ectodomain cleavage and synapse maturation is unknown. Here, we show that activity-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPα is critical for SIRPα cleavage and synapse maturation. We found that during synapse maturation and in response to neural activity, SIRPα is highly phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues in the hippocampus, a structure critical for learning and memory. Tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPα was necessary for SIRPα cleavage and presynaptic maturation, as indicated by the fact that a phosphorylation-deficient SIRPα variant underwent much less cleavage and could not drive presynaptic maturation. However, SIRPα phosphorylation did not affect its synaptic localization. Finally, we show that inhibitors of the Src and JAK kinase family suppress neural activity-dependent SIRPα phosphorylation and cleavage. Together, our results indicate that SIRPα phosphorylation serves as a mechanism for detecting synaptic activity and linking it to the ectodomain cleavage of SIRPα, which in turn drives synapse maturation in an activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapratha Nagappan-Chettiar
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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71
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Cooper JM, Halter KA, Prosser RA. Circadian rhythm and sleep-wake systems share the dynamic extracellular synaptic milieu. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:15-36. [PMID: 31236509 PMCID: PMC6584685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian and sleep-wake systems are closely aligned through their coordinated regulation of daily activity patterns. Although they differ in their anatomical organization and physiological processes, they utilize overlapping regulatory mechanisms that include an assortment of proteins and molecules interacting within the extracellular space. These extracellular factors include proteases that interact with soluble proteins, membrane-attached receptors and the extracellular matrix; and cell adhesion molecules that can form complex scaffolds connecting adjacent neurons, astrocytes and their respective intracellular cytoskeletal elements. Astrocytes also participate in the dynamic regulation of both systems through modulating neuronal appositions, the extracellular space and/or through release of gliotransmitters that can further contribute to the extracellular signaling processes. Together, these extracellular elements create a system that integrates rapid neurotransmitter signaling across longer time scales and thereby adjust neuronal signaling to reflect the daily fluctuations fundamental to both systems. Here we review what is known about these extracellular processes, focusing specifically on areas of overlap between the two systems. We also highlight questions that still need to be addressed. Although we know many of the extracellular players, far more research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which they modulate the circadian and sleep-wake systems.
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Key Words
- ADAM, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- AMPAR, AMPA receptor
- Astrocytes
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMAL1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 protein
- Bmal1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 gene
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CRY, cryptochrome protein
- Cell adhesion molecules
- Circadian rhythms
- Cry, cryptochrome gene
- DD, dark-dark
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECS, extracellular space
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- Endo N, endoneuraminidase N
- Extracellular proteases
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LD, light-dark
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- LRP-1, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule protein
- NMDAR, NMDA receptor
- NO, nitric oxide
- NST, nucleus of the solitary tract
- Ncam, neural cell adhesion molecule gene
- Nrl, neuroligin gene
- Nrx, neurexin gene
- P2, purine type 2 receptor
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PER, period protein
- PPT, peduculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PSA, polysialic acid
- Per, period gene
- REMS, rapid eye movement sleep
- RSD, REM sleep disruption
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- Sleep-wake system
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TTFL, transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic
- VP, vasopressin
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- dNlg4, drosophila neuroligin-4 gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- uPAR, uPA receptor
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Ribeiro LF, Verpoort B, de Wit J. Trafficking mechanisms of synaptogenic cell adhesion molecules. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:34-47. [PMID: 29631018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly every aspect of neuronal function, from wiring to information processing, critically depends on the highly polarized architecture of neurons. Establishing and maintaining the distinct molecular composition of axonal and dendritic compartments requires precise control over the trafficking of the proteins that make up these cellular domains. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), membrane proteins with a critical role in the formation, differentiation and plasticity of synapses, require targeting to the correct pre- or postsynaptic compartment for proper functioning of neural circuits. However, the mechanisms that control the polarized trafficking, synaptic targeting, and synaptic abundance of CAMs are poorly understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the sequential trafficking events along the secretory pathway that control the polarized surface distribution of synaptic CAMs, and discuss how their synaptic targeting and abundance is additionally influenced by post-secretory determinants. The identification of trafficking-impairing mutations in CAMs associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders underscores the importance of correct protein trafficking for normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Verpoort
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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73
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Tu R, Qian J, Rui M, Tao N, Sun M, Zhuang Y, Lv H, Han J, Li M, Xie W. Proteolytic cleavage is required for functional neuroligin 2 maturation and trafficking in Drosophila. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:231-242. [PMID: 28498949 PMCID: PMC5907836 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins (Nlgs) are transmembrane cell adhesion molecules playing essential roles in synapse development and function. Genetic mutations in neuroligin genes have been linked with some neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. These mutated Nlgs are mostly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the mechanisms underlying normal Nlg maturation and trafficking have remained largely unknown. Here, we found that Drosophila neuroligin 2 (DNlg2) undergoes proteolytic cleavage in the ER in a variety of Drosophila tissues throughout developmental stages. A region encompassing Y642-T698 is required for this process. The immature non-cleavable DNlg2 is retained in the ER and non-functional. The C-terminal fragment of DNlg2 instead of the full-length or non-cleavable DNlg2 is able to rescue neuromuscular junction defects and GluRIIB reduction induced by dnlg2 deletion. Intriguingly, the autism-associated R598C mutation in DNlg2 leads to similar marked defects in DNlg2 proteolytic process and ER export, revealing a potential role of the improper Nlg cleavage in autism pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings uncover a specific mechanism that controls DNlg2 maturation and trafficking via proteolytic cleavage in the ER, suggesting that the perturbed proteolytic cleavage of Nlgs likely contributes to autism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Tu
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Menglong Rui
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Nana Tao
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mingkuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Moyi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
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74
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Proteolytic Processing of Neurexins by Presenilins Sustains Synaptic Vesicle Release. J Neurosci 2017; 38:901-917. [PMID: 29229705 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1357-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of synaptic adhesion components can accommodate the function of synapses to activity-dependent changes. The adhesion system formed by neurexins (Nrxns) and neuroligins (Nlgns) bidirectionally orchestrate the function of presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals. Previous studies have shown that presenilins (PS), components of the gamma-secretase complex frequently mutated in familial Alzheimer's disease, clear from glutamatergic terminals the accumulation of Nrxn C-terminal fragments (Nrxn-CTF) generated by ectodomain shedding. Here, we characterized the synaptic consequences of the proteolytic processing of Nrxns in cultured hippocampal neurons from mice and rats of both sexes. We show that activation of presynaptic Nrxns with postsynaptic Nlgn1 or inhibition of ectodomain shedding in axonal Nrxn1-β increases presynaptic release at individual terminals, likely reflecting an increase in the number of functional release sites. Importantly, inactivation of PS inhibits presynaptic release downstream of Nrxn activation, leaving synaptic vesicle recruitment unaltered. Glutamate-receptor signaling initiates the activity-dependent generation of Nrxn-CTF, which accumulate at presynaptic terminals lacking PS function. The sole expression of Nrxn-CTF decreases presynaptic release and calcium flux, recapitulating the deficits due to loss of PS function. Our data indicate that inhibition of Nrxn processing by PS is deleterious to glutamatergic function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To gain insight into the role of presenilins (PS) in excitatory synaptic function, we address the relevance of the proteolytic processing of presynaptic neurexins (Nrxns) in glutamatergic differentiation. Using synaptic fluorescence probes in cultured hippocampal neurons, we report that trans-synaptic activation of Nrxns produces a robust increase in presynaptic calcium levels and neurotransmitter release at individual glutamatergic terminals by a mechanism that depends on normal PS activity. Abnormal accumulation of Nrxn C-terminal fragments resulting from impaired PS activity inhibits presynaptic calcium signal and neurotransmitter release, assigning synaptic defects to Nrxns as a specific PS substrate. These data may provide links into how loss of PS activity inhibits glutamatergic synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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75
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MT3-MMP Promotes Excitatory Synapse Formation by Promoting Nogo-66 Receptor Ectodomain Shedding. J Neurosci 2017; 38:518-529. [PMID: 29196321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0962-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface molecules are dynamically regulated at the synapse to assemble and disassemble adhesive contacts that are important for synaptogenesis and for tuning synaptic transmission. Metalloproteinases dynamically regulate cellular behaviors through the processing of cell surface molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the role of membrane-type metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) in excitatory synaptogenesis. We find that MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP are broadly expressed in the mouse cerebral cortex and that MT3-MMP loss-of-function interferes with excitatory synapse development in dissociated cortical neurons and in vivo We identify Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) as an MT3-MMP substrate that is required for MT3-MMP-dependent synapse formation. Introduction of the shed ectodomain of NgR1 is sufficient to accelerate excitatory synapse formation in dissociated cortical neurons and in vivo Together, our findings support a role for MT3-MMP-dependent shedding of NgR1 in regulating excitatory synapse development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we identify MT3-MMP, a membrane-bound zinc protease, to be necessary for the development of excitatory synapses in cortical neurons. We identify Nogo-66 receptors (NgR1) as a downstream target of MT3-MMP proteolytic activity. Furthermore, processing of surface NgR1 by MT3-MMP generates a soluble ectodomain fragment that accelerates the formation of excitatory synapses. We propose that MT3-MMP activity and NgR1 shedding could stimulate circuitry remodeling in the adult brain and enhance functional connectivity after brain injury.
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76
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Folci A, Steinberger A, Lee B, Stanika R, Scheruebel S, Campiglio M, Ramprecht C, Pelzmann B, Hell JW, Obermair GJ, Heine M, Di Biase V. Molecular mimicking of C-terminal phosphorylation tunes the surface dynamics of Ca V1.2 calcium channels in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1040-1053. [PMID: 29180451 PMCID: PMC5777246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type voltage-gated CaV1.2 calcium channels (CaV1.2) are key regulators of neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and excitation-transcription coupling. Surface-exposed CaV1.2 distributes in clusters along the dendrites of hippocampal neurons. A permanent exchange between stably clustered and laterally diffusive extra-clustered channels maintains steady-state levels of CaV1.2 at dendritic signaling domains. A dynamic equilibrium between anchored and diffusive receptors is a common feature among ion channels and is crucial to modulate signaling transduction. Despite the importance of this fine regulatory system, the molecular mechanisms underlying the surface dynamics of CaV1.2 are completely unexplored. Here, we examined the dynamic states of CaV1.2 depending on phosphorylation on Ser-1700 and Ser-1928 at the channel C terminus. Phosphorylation at these sites is strongly involved in CaV1.2-mediated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling, long-term potentiation, and responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. We engineered CaV1.2 constructs mimicking phosphorylation at Ser-1700 and Ser-1928 and analyzed their behavior at the membrane by immunolabeling protocols, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and single particle tracking. We found that the phosphomimetic S1928E variant increases the mobility of CaV1.2 without altering the steady-state maintenance of cluster in young neurons and favors channel stabilization later in differentiation. Instead, mimicking phosphorylation at Ser-1700 promoted the diffusive state of CaV1.2 irrespective of the differentiation stage. Together, these results reveal that phosphorylation could contribute to the establishment of channel anchoring mechanisms depending on the neuronal differentiation state. Finally, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which phosphorylation at the C terminus regulates calcium signaling by tuning the content of CaV1.2 at signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Folci
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Steinberger
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Boram Lee
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ruslan Stanika
- the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and
| | - Susanne Scheruebel
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Campiglio
- the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and
| | - Claudia Ramprecht
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte Pelzmann
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes W Hell
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Gerald J Obermair
- the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and
| | - Martin Heine
- the Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Di Biase
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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77
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Wu J, Tao N, Tian Y, Xing G, Lv H, Han J, Lin C, Xie W. Proteolytic maturation of Drosophila Neuroligin 3 by tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme in the nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:440-450. [PMID: 29107812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functions of autism-associated Neuroligins (Nlgs) are modulated by their post-translational modifications, such as proteolytic cleavage. A previous study has shown that there are different endogenous forms of DNlg3 in Drosophila, indicating it may undergo proteolytic processing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying DNlg3 proteolytic processing is unknown. Here, we report a novel proteolytic mechanism that is essential for DNlg3 maturation and function in the nervous system. METHODS Molecular cloning, cell culture, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and genetic studies were employed to map the DNlg3 cleavage region, identify the protease and characterize the cleavage manner. Behavior analysis, immunohistochemistry and genetic manipulations were employed to study the functions of different DNlg3 forms in the nervous system and neuromuscular junction (NMJs). RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme (TACE) cleaved DNlg3 exclusively at its extracellular acetylcholinesterase-like domain to generate the N-terminal fragment and the short membrane-anchored fragment (sDNlg3). DNlg3 was constitutively processed in an activity-independent manner. Interestingly, DNlg3 was cleaved intracellularly in the Golgi apparatus before it arrived at the cell surface, a unique cleavage mechanism that is distinct from 'conventional' ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins, including rodent Nlg1. Genetic studies showed that sDNlg3 was essential for maintaining proper locomotor activity in Drosophila. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed a unique cleavage mechanism of DNlg3 and a neuron-specific role for DNlg3 maturation which is important in locomotor activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides a new insight into a cleavage mechanism of Nlgs maturation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, China
| | - Nana Tao
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, China
| | - Yao Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guanglin Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, China; The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chengqi Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, China; The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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78
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Abstract
At each of the brain's vast number of synapses, the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic specialization form a transcellular unit to enable efficient transmission of information between neurons. While we know much about the molecular machinery within each compartment, we are only beginning to understand how these compartments are structurally registered and functionally integrated with one another. This review will describe the organization of each compartment and then discuss their alignment across pre- and postsynaptic cells at a nanometer scale. We propose that this architecture may allow for precise synaptic information exchange and may be modulated to contribute to the remarkable plasticity of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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79
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Biederer T, Kaeser PS, Blanpied TA. Transcellular Nanoalignment of Synaptic Function. Neuron 2017; 96:680-696. [PMID: 29096080 PMCID: PMC5777221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At each of the brain's vast number of synapses, the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic specialization form a transcellular unit to enable efficient transmission of information between neurons. While we know much about the molecular machinery within each compartment, we are only beginning to understand how these compartments are structurally registered and functionally integrated with one another. This review will describe the organization of each compartment and then discuss their alignment across pre- and postsynaptic cells at a nanometer scale. We propose that this architecture may allow for precise synaptic information exchange and may be modulated to contribute to the remarkable plasticity of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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80
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Targeting neuronal activity-regulated neuroligin-3 dependency in high-grade glioma. Nature 2017; 549:533-537. [PMID: 28959975 PMCID: PMC5891832 DOI: 10.1038/nature24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) are a devastating group of cancers, representing the leading cause of brain tumor-related death in both children and adults. Therapies aimed at mechanisms intrinsic to the glioma cell have translated to only limited success; effective therapeutic strategies will need to also target elements of the tumor microenvironment that promote glioma progression. We recently demonstrated that neuronal activity robustly promotes the growth of a range of molecularly and clinically distinct HGG types, including adult glioblastoma (GBM), anaplastic oligodendroglioma, pediatric GBM, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)1. An important mechanism mediating this neural regulation of brain cancer is activity-dependent cleavage and secretion of the synaptic molecule neuroligin-3 (NLGN3), which promotes glioma proliferation through the PI3K-mTOR pathway1. However, neuroligin-3 necessity to glioma growth, proteolytic mechanism of secretion and further molecular consequences in glioma remain to be clarified. Here, we demonstrate a striking dependence of HGG growth on microenvironmental neuroligin-3, elucidate signaling cascades downstream of neuroligin-3 binding in glioma and determine a therapeutically targetable mechanism of secretion. Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts of pediatric GBM, DIPG and adult GBM fail to grow in Nlgn3 knockout mice. Neuroligin-3 stimulates numerous oncogenic pathways, including early focal adhesion kinase activation upstream of PI3K-mTOR, and induces transcriptional changes including upregulation of numerous synapse-related genes in glioma cells. Neuroligin-3 is cleaved from both neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the ADAM10 sheddase. ADAM10 inhibitors prevent release of neuroligin-3 into the tumor microenvironment and robustly block HGG xenograft growth. This work defines a promising strategy for targeting neuroligin-3 secretion, which could prove transformative for HGG therapy.
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81
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Murase S, Lantz CL, Quinlan EM. Light reintroduction after dark exposure reactivates plasticity in adults via perisynaptic activation of MMP-9. eLife 2017; 6:27345. [PMID: 28875930 PMCID: PMC5630258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of ocular dominance to regulation by monocular deprivation is the canonical model of plasticity confined to a critical period. However, we have previously shown that visual deprivation through dark exposure (DE) reactivates critical period plasticity in adults. Previous work assumed that the elimination of visual input was sufficient to enhance plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex. In contrast, here we show that light reintroduction (LRx) after DE is responsible for the reactivation of plasticity. LRx triggers degradation of the ECM, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). LRx induces an increase in MMP-9 activity that is perisynaptic and enriched at thalamo-cortical synapses. The reactivation of plasticity by LRx is absent in Mmp9−/− mice, and is rescued by hyaluronidase, an enzyme that degrades core ECM components. Thus, the LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 removes constraints on structural and functional plasticity in the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Crystal L Lantz
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Quinlan
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
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82
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Functional significance of rare neuroligin 1 variants found in autism. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006940. [PMID: 28841651 PMCID: PMC5571902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations contribute to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a common, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior. Since neuroligin3 (NLGN3), a cell adhesion molecule at the neuronal synapse, was first identified as a risk gene for ASD, several additional variants in NLGN3 and NLGN4 were found in ASD patients. Moreover, synaptopathies are now known to cause several neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD. In humans, NLGNs consist of five family members, and neuroligin1 (NLGN1) is a major component forming a complex on excitatory glutamatergic synapses. However, the significance of NLGN1 in neuropsychiatric disorders remains unknown. Here, we systematically examine five missense variants of NLGN1 that were detected in ASD patients, and show molecular and cellular alterations caused by these variants. We show that a novel NLGN1 Pro89Leu (P89L) missense variant found in two ASD siblings leads to changes in cellular localization, protein degradation, and to the impairment of spine formation. Furthermore, we generated the knock-in P89L mice, and we show that the P89L heterozygote mice display abnormal social behavior, a core feature of ASD. These results, for the first time, implicate rare variants in NLGN1 as functionally significant and support that the NLGN synaptic pathway is of importance in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a childhood disorder manifested by abnormal social behavior, interests, and activities. The genetic contribution to ASD is higher than in other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. Here, we found a novel mutation in NLGN1, a gene encoding a synaptic protein, in patients with ASD. We also developed a mouse model with this mutation, and showed that the model mouse exhibits abnormal social behavior. These results suggest that a rare variant in NLGN1 is functionally significant and support that the NLGN synaptic pathway may be important in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. This humanized mouse model recapitulates some of the symptoms of patients with ASD and will serve as a valuable tool for therapeutic development.
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83
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Schaefer N, Rotermund C, Blumrich EM, Lourenco MV, Joshi P, Hegemann RU, Jamwal S, Ali N, García Romero EM, Sharma S, Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Loke H, Jain V, Lepeta K, Salamian A, Sharma M, Golpich M, Nawrotek K, Paidi RK, Shahidzadeh SM, Piermartiri T, Amini E, Pastor V, Wilson Y, Adeniyi PA, Datusalia AK, Vafadari B, Saini V, Suárez-Pozos E, Kushwah N, Fontanet P, Turner AJ. The malleable brain: plasticity of neural circuits and behavior - a review from students to students. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28632905 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of the brain is its ability to be malleable, allowing it to adapt continually to changes in the environment. Specific neuronal activity patterns drive long-lasting increases or decreases in the strength of synaptic connections, referred to as long-term potentiation and long-term depression, respectively. Such phenomena have been described in a variety of model organisms, which are used to study molecular, structural, and functional aspects of synaptic plasticity. This review originated from the first International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and Journal of Neurochemistry (JNC) Flagship School held in Alpbach, Austria (Sep 2016), and will use its curriculum and discussions as a framework to review some of the current knowledge in the field of synaptic plasticity. First, we describe the role of plasticity during development and the persistent changes of neural circuitry occurring when sensory input is altered during critical developmental stages. We then outline the signaling cascades resulting in the synthesis of new plasticity-related proteins, which ultimately enable sustained changes in synaptic strength. Going beyond the traditional understanding of synaptic plasticity conceptualized by long-term potentiation and long-term depression, we discuss system-wide modifications and recently unveiled homeostatic mechanisms, such as synaptic scaling. Finally, we describe the neural circuits and synaptic plasticity mechanisms driving associative memory and motor learning. Evidence summarized in this review provides a current view of synaptic plasticity in its various forms, offers new insights into the underlying mechanisms and behavioral relevance, and provides directions for future research in the field of synaptic plasticity. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 788. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Rotermund
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Inserm UMR 1141, Robert Debre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Regina U Hegemann
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Nilufar Ali
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jitendra K Sinha
- National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hannah Loke
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vishal Jain
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mahima Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Katarzyna Nawrotek
- Department of Process Thermodynamics, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ramesh K Paidi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sheila M Shahidzadeh
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veronica Pastor
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. Eduardo De Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yvette Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip A Adeniyi
- Cell Biology and Neurotoxicity Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Benham Vafadari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Toxicología, México
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Paula Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN), CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anthony J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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84
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Brzdak P, Nowak D, Wiera G, Mozrzymas JW. Multifaceted Roles of Metzincins in CNS Physiology and Pathology: From Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:178. [PMID: 28713245 PMCID: PMC5491558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and membrane proteolysis play a key role in structural and functional synaptic plasticity associated with development and learning. A growing body of evidence underscores the multifaceted role of members of the metzincin superfamily, including metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTSs) and astacins in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The expression and activity of metzincins are strictly controlled at different levels (e.g., through the regulation of translation, limited activation in the extracellular space, the binding of endogenous inhibitors and interactions with other proteins). Thus, unsurprising is that the dysregulation of proteolytic activity, especially the greater expression and activation of metzincins, is associated with neurodegenerative disorders that are considered synaptopathies, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). We review current knowledge of the functions of metzincins in the development of AD, mainly the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein, the degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide and several pathways for Aβ clearance across brain barriers (i.e., blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB)) that contain specific receptors that mediate the uptake of Aβ peptide. Controlling the proteolytic activity of metzincins in Aβ-induced pathological changes in AD patients' brains may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Brzdak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
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85
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Tong XJ, López-Soto EJ, Li L, Liu H, Nedelcu D, Lipscombe D, Hu Z, Kaplan JM. Retrograde Synaptic Inhibition Is Mediated by α-Neurexin Binding to the α2δ Subunits of N-Type Calcium Channels. Neuron 2017; 95:326-340.e5. [PMID: 28669545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic adhesion molecules Neurexin and Neuroligin alter the development and function of synapses and are linked to autism in humans. In C. elegans, post-synaptic Neurexin (NRX-1) and pre-synaptic Neuroligin (NLG-1) mediate a retrograde synaptic signal that inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release at neuromuscular junctions. Here, we show that the retrograde signal decreases ACh release by inhibiting the function of pre-synaptic UNC-2/CaV2 calcium channels. Post-synaptic NRX-1 binds to an auxiliary subunit of pre-synaptic UNC-2/CaV2 channels (UNC-36/α2δ), decreasing UNC-36 abundance at pre-synaptic elements. Retrograde inhibition is mediated by a soluble form of NRX-1's ectodomain, which is released from the post-synaptic membrane by the SUP-17/ADAM10 protease. Mammalian Neurexin-1α binds α2δ-3 and decreases CaV2.2 current in transfected cells, whereas Neurexin-1α has no effect on CaV2.2 reconstituted with α2δ-1 and α2δ-2. Collectively, these results suggest that α-Neurexin binding to α2δ is a conserved mechanism for regulating synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Jing Tong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eduardo Javier López-Soto
- Department of Neuroscience and Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Haowen Liu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Nedelcu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience and Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua M Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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86
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Jeong J, Paskus JD, Roche KW. Posttranslational modifications of neuroligins regulate neuronal and glial signaling. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:130-138. [PMID: 28577430 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the dynamic regulation of neuroligin isoforms, focusing on posttranslational events including phosphorylation, glycosylation and activity-dependent cleavage. There is a growing literature on how phosphorylation confers an isoform-specific level of modulation affecting a variety of protein interactions. In addition, recent studies describe activity-dependent proteolytic cleavage of neuroligins, revealing a broader role for neuroligins than just synaptic 'glue'. Interesting new research implicates the cleaved extracellular fragments of neuroligins in promoting glioma. These reports on cell signaling mediated by the cleavage products of neuroligins suggest novel and important roles for neuroligins in neuro-glial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jeong
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Paskus
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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87
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Gjørlund MD, Carlsen EMM, Kønig AB, Dmytrieva O, Petersen AV, Jacobsen J, Berezin V, Perrier JF, Owczarek S. Soluble Ectodomain of Neuroligin 1 Decreases Synaptic Activity by Activating Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:116. [PMID: 28515678 PMCID: PMC5413576 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules represent important targets for neuronal activity-dependent proteolysis. Postsynaptic neuroligins (NLs) form trans-synaptic complexes with presynaptic neurexins (NXs). Both NXs and NLs are cleaved from the cell surface by metalloproteases in an activity-dependent manner, releasing a soluble extracellular fragment and membrane-tethered C-terminal fragment. The cleavage of NL1 depresses synaptic transmission, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) are located primarily at the periphery of presynaptic terminals, where they inhibit the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and consequently suppress the release of glutamate and decrease synaptic transmission. In the present study, we found that the soluble ectodomain of NL1 binds to and activates mGluR2 in both neurons and heterologous cells, resulting in a decrease in cAMP formation. In a slice preparation from the hippocampus of mice, NL1 inhibited the release of glutamate from mossy fibers that project to CA3 pyramidal neurons. The presynaptic effect of NL1 was abolished in the presence of a selective antagonist for mGluR2. Thus, our data suggest that the soluble extracellular domain of NL1 functionally interacts with mGluR2 and thereby decreases synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Gjørlund
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark.,Neuronal Signaling Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva M M Carlsen
- Neuronal Signaling Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Kønig
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytrieva
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders V Petersen
- Neuronal Signaling Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHelsingør, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Berezin
- Neuronal Signaling Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Perrier
- Neuronal Signaling Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylwia Owczarek
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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88
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Nagappan-Chettiar S, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Umemori H. Activity-dependent proteolytic cleavage of cell adhesion molecules regulates excitatory synaptic development and function. Neurosci Res 2017; 116:60-69. [PMID: 27965136 PMCID: PMC5376514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent remodeling of neuronal connections is critical to nervous system development and function. These processes rely on the ability of synapses to detect neuronal activity and translate it into the appropriate molecular signals. One way to convert neuronal activity into downstream signaling is the proteolytic cleavage of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Here we review studies demonstrating the mechanisms by which proteolytic processing of CAMs direct the structural and functional remodeling of excitatory glutamatergic synapses during development and plasticity. Specifically, we examine how extracellular proteolytic cleavage of CAMs switches on or off molecular signals to 1) permit, drive, or restrict synaptic maturation during development and 2) strengthen or weaken synapses during adult plasticity. We will also examine emerging studies linking improper activity-dependent proteolytic processing of CAMs to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, and Alzheimer's disease. Together these findings suggest that the regulation of activity-dependent proteolytic cleavage of CAMs is vital to proper brain development and lifelong function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapratha Nagappan-Chettiar
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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89
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Dynamic Control of Synaptic Adhesion and Organizing Molecules in Synaptic Plasticity. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6526151. [PMID: 28255461 PMCID: PMC5307005 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6526151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses play a critical role in establishing and maintaining neural circuits, permitting targeted information transfer throughout the brain. A large portfolio of synaptic adhesion/organizing molecules (SAMs) exists in the mammalian brain involved in synapse development and maintenance. SAMs bind protein partners, forming trans-complexes spanning the synaptic cleft or cis-complexes attached to the same synaptic membrane. SAMs play key roles in cell adhesion and in organizing protein interaction networks; they can also provide mechanisms of recognition, generate scaffolds onto which partners can dock, and likely take part in signaling processes as well. SAMs are regulated through a portfolio of different mechanisms that affect their protein levels, precise localization, stability, and the availability of their partners at synapses. Interaction of SAMs with their partners can further be strengthened or weakened through alternative splicing, competing protein partners, ectodomain shedding, or astrocytically secreted factors. Given that numerous SAMs appear altered by synaptic activity, in vivo, these molecules may be used to dynamically scale up or scale down synaptic communication. Many SAMs, including neurexins, neuroligins, cadherins, and contactins, are now implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder and studying their molecular mechanisms holds promise for developing novel therapeutics.
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90
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Mechanisms of NMDA Receptor- and Voltage-Gated L-Type Calcium Channel-Dependent Hippocampal LTP Critically Rely on Proteolysis That Is Mediated by Distinct Metalloproteinases. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1240-1256. [PMID: 28069922 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2170-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is widely perceived as a memory substrate and in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway, distinct forms of LTP depend on NMDA receptors (nmdaLTP) or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (vdccLTP). LTP is also known to be effectively regulated by extracellular proteolysis that is mediated by various enzymes. Herein, we investigated whether in mice hippocampal slices these distinct forms of LTP are specifically regulated by different metalloproteinases (MMPs). We found that MMP-3 inhibition or knock-out impaired late-phase LTP in the CA3-CA1 pathway. Interestingly, late-phase LTP was also decreased by MMP-9 blockade. When both MMP-3 and MMP-9 were inhibited, both early- and late-phase LTP was impaired. Using immunoblotting, in situ zymography, and immunofluorescence, we found that LTP induction was associated with an increase in MMP-3 expression and activity in CA1 stratum radiatum. MMP-3 inhibition and knock-out prevented the induction of vdccLTP, with no effect on nmdaLTP. L-type channel-dependent LTP is known to be impaired by hyaluronic acid digestion. We found that slice treatment with hyaluronidase occluded the effect of MMP-3 blockade on LTP, further confirming a critical role for MMP-3 in this form of LTP. In contrast to the CA3-CA1 pathway, LTP in the mossy fiber-CA3 projection did not depend on MMP-3, indicating the pathway specificity of the actions of MMPs. Overall, our study indicates that the activation of perisynaptic MMP-3 supports L-type channel-dependent LTP in the CA1 region, whereas nmdaLTP depends solely on MMP-9. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Various types of long-term potentiation (LTP) are correlated with distinct phases of memory formation and retrieval, but the underlying molecular signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Extracellular proteases have emerged as key players in neuroplasticity phenomena. The present study found that L-type calcium channel-dependent LTP in the CA3-CA1 hippocampal projection is critically regulated by the activity of matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP-3), in contrast to NMDAR-dependent LTP regulated by MMP-9. Moreover, the induction of LTP was associated with an increase in MMP-3 expression and activity. Finally, we found that the digestion of hyaluronan, a principal extracellular matrix component, disrupted the MMP-3-dependent component of LTP. These results indicate that distinct MMPs might act as molecular switches for specific types of LTP.
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91
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Chen S, Cui J, Jiang T, Olson ES, Cai QY, Yang M, Wu W, Guthrie JM, Robertson JD, Lipton SA, Ma L, Tsien RY, Gu Z. Gelatinase activity imaged by activatable cell-penetrating peptides in cell-based and in vivo models of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:188-200. [PMID: 26681768 PMCID: PMC5363737 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15621573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly gelatinases (MMP-2/-9), are involved in neurovascular impairment after stroke. Detection of gelatinase activity in vivo can provide insight into blood-brain barrier disruption, hemorrhage, and nerve cell injury or death. We applied gelatinase-activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPP) with a cleavable l-amino acid linker to examine gelatinase activity in primary neurons in culture and ischemic mouse brain in vivo We found uptake of Cy5-conjugated ACPP (ACPP-Cy5) due to gelatinase activation both in cultured neurons exposed to n-methyl-d-aspartate and in mice after cerebral ischemia. Fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced when cells or mice were treated with MMP inhibitors or when a cleavage-resistant ACPP-Cy5 was substituted. We also applied an ACPP dendrimer (ACPPD) conjugated with multiple Cy5 and/or gadolinium moieties for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in intact animals. Fluorescence analysis showed that ACPPD was detected in sub-femtomole range in ischemic tissues. Moreover, MRI and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that ACPPD produced quantitative measures of gelatinase activity in the ischemic region. The resulting spatial pattern of gelatinase activity and neurodegeneration were very similar. We conclude that ACPPs are capable of tracing spatiotemporal gelatinase activity in vivo, and will therefore be useful in elucidating mechanisms of gelatinase-mediated neurodegeneration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Emilia S Olson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Quan-Yu Cai
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - James M Guthrie
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - J D Robertson
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA.,Scintillon Institute Neurodegenerative Disease Center, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA .,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri at Columbia, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service
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92
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Epilepsy: The Role of Neuroinflammation in Seizure Development. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7369020. [PMID: 28104930 PMCID: PMC5220508 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7369020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a proteolytic enzyme which is recently one of the more often studied biomarkers. Its possible use as a biomarker of neuronal damage in stroke, heart diseases, tumors, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy is being widely indicated. In epilepsy, MMP-9 is suggested to play a role in epileptic focus formation and in the stimulation of seizures. The increase of MMP-9 activity in the epileptic focus was observed both in animal models and in clinical studies. MMP-9 contributes to formation of epileptic focus, for example, by remodeling of synapses. Its proteolytic action on the elements of blood-brain barrier and activation of chemotactic processes facilitates accumulation of inflammatory cells and induces seizures. Also modification of glutamatergic transmission by MMP-9 is associated with seizures. In this review we will try to recapitulate the results of previous studies about MMP-9 in terms of its association with epilepsy. We will discuss the mechanisms of its actions and present the results revealed in animal models and clinical studies. We will also provide a comparison of the results of various studies on MMP-9 levels in the context of its possible use as a biomarker of the activity of epilepsy.
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93
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Shedding of neurexin 3β ectodomain by ADAM10 releases a soluble fragment that affects the development of newborn neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39310. [PMID: 27991559 PMCID: PMC5171655 DOI: 10.1038/srep39310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are transmembrane synaptic cell adhesion molecules involved in the development and maturation of neuronal synapses. In the present study, we report that Nrxn3β is processed by the metalloproteases ADAM10, ADAM17, and by the intramembrane-cleaving protease γ-secretase, producing secreted neurexin3β (sNrxn3β) and a single intracellular domain (Nrxn3β-ICD). We further completed the full characterization of the sites at which Nrxn3β is processed by these proteases. Supporting the physiological relevance of the Nrxn3β processing, we demonstrate in vivo a significant effect of the secreted shedding product sNrxn3β on the morphological development of adult newborn neurons in the mouse hippocampus. We show that sNrxn3β produced by the cells of the dentate gyrus increases the spine density of newborn neurons whereas sNrxn3β produced by the newborn neuron itself affects the number of its mossy fiber terminal extensions. These results support a pivotal role of sNrxn3β in plasticity and network remodeling during neuronal development.
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94
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O'Callaghan EK, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Cell adhesion molecules and sleep. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:29-38. [PMID: 27884699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play essential roles in the central nervous system, where some families are involved in synaptic development and function. These synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neuronal networks. Recent findings from studies examining the consequences of sleep loss suggest that these molecules are candidates to act in sleep regulation. This review highlights the experimental data that lead to the identification of SAMs as potential sleep regulators, and discusses results supporting that specific SAMs are involved in different aspects of sleep regulation. Further, some potential mechanisms by which SAMs may act to regulate sleep are outlined, and the proposition that these molecules may serve as molecular machinery in the two sleep regulatory processes, the circadian and homeostatic components, is presented. Together, the data argue that SAMs regulate the neuronal plasticity that underlies sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kate O'Callaghan
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Neurophysiology of Sleep and Biology Rhythms Laboratory, IDISPA (Health Research Foundation Illes Balears), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada,.
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95
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Roszkowska M, Skupien A, Wójtowicz T, Konopka A, Gorlewicz A, Kisiel M, Bekisz M, Ruszczycki B, Dolezyczek H, Rejmak E, Knapska E, Mozrzymas JW, Wlodarczyk J, Wilczynski GM, Dzwonek J. CD44: a novel synaptic cell adhesion molecule regulating structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:4055-4066. [PMID: 27798233 PMCID: PMC5156546 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a novel molecular player that regulates structure and function of the synapse. It affects excitatory synaptic transmission, dendritic spine shape, number of functional synapses, and activity-dependent neuronal plasticity. These functions are exerted via the regulation of small Rho GTPases. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules regulate signal transduction, synaptic function, and plasticity. However, their role in neuronal interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) is not well understood. Here we report that the CD44, a transmembrane receptor for hyaluronan, modulates synaptic plasticity. High-resolution ultrastructural analysis showed that CD44 was localized at mature synapses in the adult brain. The reduced expression of CD44 affected the synaptic excitatory transmission of primary hippocampal neurons, simultaneously modifying dendritic spine shape. The frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents decreased, accompanied by dendritic spine elongation and thinning. These structural and functional alterations went along with a decrease in the number of presynaptic Bassoon puncta, together with a reduction of PSD-95 levels at dendritic spines, suggesting a reduced number of functional synapses. Lack of CD44 also abrogated spine head enlargement upon neuronal stimulation. Moreover, our results indicate that CD44 contributes to proper dendritic spine shape and function by modulating the activity of actin cytoskeleton regulators, that is, Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42). Thus CD44 appears to be a novel molecular player regulating functional and structural plasticity of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Roszkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skupien
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Konopka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kisiel
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bekisz
- Laboratory of Visual System, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Blazej Ruszczycki
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Dolezyczek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Rejmak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Knapska
- Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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96
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Baig DN, Yanagawa T, Tabuchi K. Distortion of the normal function of synaptic cell adhesion molecules by genetic variants as a risk for autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res Bull 2016; 129:82-90. [PMID: 27743928 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SCAMs) are a functional category of cell adhesion molecules that connect pre- and postsynapses by the protein-protein interaction via their extracellular cell adhesion domains. Countless numbers of common genetic variants and rare mutations in SCAMs have been identified in the patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Among these, NRXN and NLGN family proteins cooperatively function at synaptic terminals both of which genes are strongly implicated as risk genes for ASDs. Knock-in mice carrying a single rare point mutation of NLGN3 (NLGN3 R451C) discovered in the patients with ASDs display a deficit in social interaction and an enhancement of spatial learning and memory ability reminiscent of the clinical phenotype of ASDs. NLGN4 knockout (KO) and NRXN2α KO mice also show a deficit in sociability as well as some specific neuropsychiatric behaviors. In this review, we selected NRXNs/NLGNs, CNTNAP2/CNTNAP4, CNTN4, ITGB3, and KIRREL3 as strong ASD risk genes based on SFARI score and summarize the protein structures, functions at synapses, representative discoveries in human genetic studies, and phenotypes of the mutant model mice in light of the pathophysiology of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeba Noreen Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Zahoor Elahi Rd, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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97
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Chamma I, Levet F, Sibarita JB, Sainlos M, Thoumine O. Nanoscale organization of synaptic adhesion proteins revealed by single-molecule localization microscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:041810. [PMID: 27872870 PMCID: PMC5093229 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.4.041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of superresolution imaging has created a strong need for both optimized labeling strategies and analysis methods to probe the nanoscale organization of complex biological structures. We present a thorough description of the distribution of synaptic adhesion proteins at the nanoscopic scale, namely presynaptic neurexin-[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), and its two postsynaptic binding partners neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) and leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane protein 2 (LRRTM2). We monitored these proteins in the membrane of neurons by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, after live surface labeling with Alexa647-conjugated monomeric streptavidin. The small probe ([Formula: see text]) efficiently penetrates into crowded synaptic junctions and reduces the distance to target. We quantified the organization of the single-molecule localization data using a tesselation-based analysis technique. We show that Nlg1 exhibits a fairly disperse organization within dendritic spines, while LRRTM2 is organized in compact domains, and [Formula: see text] in presynaptic terminals displays a dual-organization pattern intermediate between that of Nlg1 and LRRTM2. These results suggest that part of [Formula: see text] interacts transsynaptically with Nlg1 and the other part with LRRTM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Chamma
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
| | - Florian Levet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, 147 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France
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98
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The multifaceted role of metalloproteinases in physiological and pathological conditions in embryonic and adult brains. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:36-56. [PMID: 27530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of ubiquitous extracellular endopeptidases, which play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, from the embryonic stages throughout adult life. Their extraordinary physiological "success" is due to concomitant broad substrate specificities and strict regulation of their expression, activation and inhibition levels. In recent years, MMPs have gained increasing attention as significant effectors in various aspects of central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Most importantly, they have been recognized as main players in a variety of brain disorders having different etiologies and evolution. A common aspect of these pathologies is the development of acute or chronic neuroinflammation. MMPs play an integral part in determining the result of neuroinflammation, in some cases turning its beneficial outcome into a harmful one. This review summarizes the most relevant studies concerning the physiology of MMPs, highlighting their involvement in both the developing and mature CNS, in long-lasting and acute brain diseases and, finally, in nervous system repair. Recently, a concerted effort has been made in identifying therapeutic strategies for major brain diseases by targeting MMP activities. However, from this revision of the literature appears clear that MMPs have multifaceted functional characteristics, which modulate physiological processes in multiple ways and with multiple consequences. Therefore, when choosing MMPs as possible targets, great care must be taken to evaluate the delicate balance between their activation and inhibition and to determine at which stage of the disease and at what level they become active in order maximize chances of success.
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99
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Liu A, Zhou Z, Dang R, Zhu Y, Qi J, He G, Leung C, Pak D, Jia Z, Xie W. Neuroligin 1 regulates spines and synaptic plasticity via LIMK1/cofilin-mediated actin reorganization. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:449-63. [PMID: 26880202 PMCID: PMC4754719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201509023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain of NLG1 is sufficient to enhance spine and synapse number and to modulate synaptic plasticity, and it exerts these effects via its interaction with SPAR and the subsequent activation of LIMK1/cofilin-mediated actin reorganization. Neuroligin (NLG) 1 is important for synapse development and function, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. It is known that at least some aspects of NLG1 function are independent of the presynaptic neurexin, suggesting that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of NLG1 may be sufficient for synaptic regulation. In addition, NLG1 is subjected to activity-dependent proteolytic cleavage, generating a cytosolic CTD fragment, but the significance of this process remains unknown. In this study, we show that the CTD of NLG1 is sufficient to (a) enhance spine and synapse number, (b) modulate synaptic plasticity, and (c) exert these effects via its interaction with spine-associated Rap guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein and subsequent activation of LIM-domain protein kinase 1/cofilin–mediated actin reorganization. Our results provide a novel postsynaptic mechanism by which NLG1 regulates synapse development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zikai Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rui Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuehua Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junxia Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guiqin He
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Celeste Leung
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel Pak
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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100
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Su J, Chen J, Lippold K, Monavarfeshani A, Carrillo GL, Jenkins R, Fox MA. Collagen-derived matricryptins promote inhibitory nerve terminal formation in the developing neocortex. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:721-36. [PMID: 26975851 PMCID: PMC4792079 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201509085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory synapses comprise only ∼20% of the total synapses in the mammalian brain but play essential roles in controlling neuronal activity. In fact, perturbing inhibitory synapses is associated with complex brain disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Although many types of inhibitory synapses exist, these disorders have been strongly linked to defects in inhibitory synapses formed by Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel role for an unconventional collagen-collagen XIX-in the formation of Parvalbumin(+) inhibitory synapses. Loss of this collagen results not only in decreased inhibitory synapse number, but also in the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Mechanistically, these studies reveal that a proteolytically released fragment of this collagen, termed a matricryptin, promotes the assembly of inhibitory nerve terminals through integrin receptors. Collectively, these studies not only identify roles for collagen-derived matricryptins in cortical circuit formation, but they also reveal a novel paracrine mechanism that regulates the assembly of these synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Jiang Chen
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Kumiko Lippold
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Rachel Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Michael A Fox
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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