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Alia C, Terrigno M, Busti I, Cremisi F, Caleo M. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Brain Repair: Protocols and Preclinical Applications in Cortical and Hippocampal Pathologies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:684. [PMID: 31447623 PMCID: PMC6691396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries causing chronic sensory or motor deficit, such as stroke, are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization; furthermore, they carry heavy social and economic burdens due to decreased quality of life and need of assistance. Given the limited effectiveness of rehabilitation, novel therapeutic strategies are required to enhance functional recovery. Since cell-based approaches have emerged as an intriguing and promising strategy to promote brain repair, many efforts have been made to study the functional integration of neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), or fetal neurons, after grafting into the damaged host tissue. PSCs hold great promises for their clinical applications, such as cellular replacement of damaged neural tissues with autologous neurons. They also offer the possibility to create in vitro models to assess the efficacy of drugs and therapies. Notwithstanding these potential applications, PSC-derived transplanted neurons have to match the precise sub-type, positional and functional identity of the lesioned neural tissue. Thus, the requirement of highly specific and efficient differentiation protocols of PSCs in neurons with appropriate neural identity constitutes the main challenge limiting the clinical use of stem cells in the near future. In this Review, we discuss the recent advances in the derivation of telencephalic (cortical and hippocampal) neurons from PSCs, assessing specificity and efficiency of the differentiation protocols, with particular emphasis on the genetic and molecular characterization of PSC-derived neurons. Second, we address the remaining challenges for cellular replacement therapies in cortical brain injuries, focusing on electrophysiological properties, functional integration and therapeutic effects of the transplanted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Terrigno
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Busti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Biophysics Institute (IBF), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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52
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Ballout N, Rochelle T, Brot S, Bonnet ML, Francheteau M, Prestoz L, Zibara K, Gaillard A. Characterization of Inflammation in Delayed Cortical Transplantation. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:160. [PMID: 31293384 PMCID: PMC6603085 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that embryonic motor cortical neurons transplanted 1-week after lesion in the adult mouse motor cortex significantly enhances graft vascularization, survival, and proliferation of grafted cells, the density of projections developed by grafted neurons and improves functional repair and recovery. The purpose of the present study is to understand the extent to which post-traumatic inflammation following cortical lesion could influence the survival of grafted neurons and the development of their projections to target brain regions and conversely how transplanted cells can modulate host inflammation. For this, embryonic motor cortical tissue was grafted either immediately or with a 1-week delay into the lesioned motor cortex of adult mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed to determine the density and cell morphology of resident and peripheral infiltrating immune cells. Then, in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to analyze the distribution and temporal mRNA expression pattern of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines following cortical lesion. In parallel, we analyzed the protein expression of both M1- and M2-associated markers to study the M1/M2 balance switch. We have shown that 1-week after the lesion, the number of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and CD45+ cells were significantly increased along with characteristics of M2 microglia phenotype. Interestingly, the majority of microglia co-expressed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, supporting the hypothesis that microglial activation is also neuroprotective. Our results suggest that the modulation of post-traumatic inflammation 1-week after cortical lesion might be implicated in the improvement of graft vascularization, survival, and density of projections developed by grafted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Ballout
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tristan Rochelle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Sebastien Brot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Maureen Francheteau
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Laetitia Prestoz
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
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53
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Therapeutic effects of combined cell transplantation and locomotor training in rats with brain injury. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:13. [PMID: 31231547 PMCID: PMC6549150 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are attracting attention as alternative therapeutic options for brain damage. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a combined therapy of cell transplantation and locomotor training by evaluating the neuronal connectivity. We transplanted neural cells derived from the frontal cortex of E14.5 GFP-expressing mice into the frontal lobe of 3-week-old rats with brain injury, followed by treadmill training (TMT) for 14 days. In the TMT(-) group, graft-derived neurites were observed only in the striatum and internal capsule. In contrast, in the TMT(+) group, they were observed in the striatum, internal capsule, and the cerebral peduncle and spinal cord. The length of the longest neurite was significantly longer in the TMT(+) group than in the TMT(-) group. In the TMT(+) group, Synaptophysin+ vesicles on the neuronal fibers around the ipsilateral red nucleus were found, suggesting that neuronal fibers from the grafted cells formed synapses with the host neurons. A functional analysis of motor recovery using the foot fault test showed that, 1 week after the transplantation, the recovery was significantly better in the cell transplantation and TMT group than the cell transplantation only group. The percentage of cells expressing C-FOS was increased in the grafts in the TMT(+) group. In conclusion, TMT promoted neurite extensions from the grafted neural cells, and the combined therapy of cell transplantation and locomotor training might have the potential to promote the functional recovery of rats with brain injury compared to cell transplantation alone.
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54
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Pongrac IM, Radmilović MD, Ahmed LB, Mlinarić H, Regul J, Škokić S, Babič M, Horák D, Hoehn M, Gajović S. D-mannose-Coating of Maghemite Nanoparticles Improved Labeling of Neural Stem Cells and Allowed Their Visualization by ex vivo MRI after Transplantation in the Mouse Brain. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:553-567. [PMID: 31293167 PMCID: PMC7103599 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719834304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled cells can be used as a non-invasive technique to track stem cells after transplantation. The aim of this study was to (1) evaluate labeling efficiency of D-mannose-coated maghemite nanoparticles (D-mannose(γ-Fe2O3)) in neural stem cells (NSCs) in comparison to the uncoated nanoparticles, (2) assess nanoparticle utilization as MRI contrast agent to visualize NSCs transplanted into the mouse brain, and (3) test nanoparticle biocompatibility. D-mannose(γ-Fe2O3) labeled the NSCs better than the uncoated nanoparticles. The labeled cells were visualized by ex vivo MRI and their localization subsequently confirmed on histological sections. Although the progenitor properties and differentiation of the NSCs were not affected by labeling, subtle effects on stem cells could be detected depending on dose increase, including changes in cell proliferation, viability, and neurosphere diameter. D-mannose coating of maghemite nanoparticles improved NSC labeling and allowed for NSC tracking by ex vivo MRI in the mouse brain, but further analysis of the eventual side effects might be necessary before translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M. Pongrac
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Lada Brkić Ahmed
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Mlinarić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Regul
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Škokić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Babič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, In-vivo-NMR Laboratory,
Cologne, Germany
| | - Srećko Gajović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain
Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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55
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Chen HI, Jgamadze D, Lim J, Mensah-Brown K, Wolf JA, Mills JA, Smith DH. Functional Cortical Axon Tracts Generated from Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:736-745. [PMID: 30648482 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Axon regeneration is negligible in the adult mammalian brain, and thus, white matter damage often leads to permanent neurological deficits. A novel approach for axon repair is the generation of axon tracts in the laboratory setting followed by transplantation of these constructs. This article details a human substrate for this repair strategy. Using the technique of axon stretch growth, functional cortical axon tracts are generated from human pluripotent stem cells at rates of up to 1 mm/day. These results form the basis of a potential patient-specific protocol for cerebral axon transplantation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isaac Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis Jgamadze
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lim
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kobina Mensah-Brown
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John A Wolf
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason A Mills
- 3 Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas H Smith
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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56
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Varrault A, Journot L, Bouschet T. Cerebral Cortex Generated from Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Corticogenesis and Rebuild Cortical Circuits: In Vitro Veritas? Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:361-369. [PMID: 30661489 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids and cells generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are considered to be robust models of development and a conceivable source of transplants for putative cell therapy. However, a fundamental question about organoids and cells generated from PSCs is as follows: do they faithfully reproduce the in vivo tissue they are supposed to mimic and replace? This question is particularly relevant to complex tissues such as the cerebral cortex. In this review, we have tackled this issue by comparing cerebral cortices generated in vitro from PSCs to the in vivo cortex, with a particular focus on their respective cellular composition, molecular and epigenetic signatures, and brain connectivity. In short, in vitro cortex generated from PSCs reproduces most of the cardinal features of the in vivo cortex, including temporal corticogenesis and connectivity when PSC-derived cortical cells are grafted in recipient mouse cortex. However, compared to in vivo cortex, in vitro cortex lacks microglia and blood vessels and is less mature. Recent experiments show that the brain of the transplanted host provides these missing cell types together with an environment that promotes the synaptic maturation of the cortical transplant. Taken together, these data suggest that corticogenesis is largely intrinsic and well recapitulated in vitro, while the full maturation of cortical cells requires additional environmental clues. Finally, we propose some lines of work to improve corticogenesis from PSCs as a tool to model corticogenesis and rebuild cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Varrault
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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57
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Forbes LH, Andrews MR. Grafted Human iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Express Integrins and Extend Long-Distance Axons Within the Developing Corticospinal Tract. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:26. [PMID: 30809126 PMCID: PMC6380224 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), regeneration of adult motor axons such as axons in the corticospinal tract (CST) is severely limited. Alongside the inhibitory lesion environment, most neuronal subtypes in the mature central nervous system (CNS) are intrinsically unrepairable. With age, expression of growth-promoting proteins in neurons, such as integrins, declines. Integrin receptors allow communication between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell cytoskeleton and their expression in axons facilitates growth and guidance throughout the ECM. The α9β1 integrin heterodimer binds to tenascin-C (TN-C), an ECM glycoprotein expressed during development and after injury. In the mature CST however, expression of the α9 integrin subunit is downregulated, adding to the intrinsic inability of axons to regenerate. Our previous work has shown the α9 integrin subunit is not trafficked within axons of mature CST or rubrospinal tracts (RSTs). Thus, here we have utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to increase expression of α9 integrinwithin the developing rat CST. We demonstrate that human NPCs (hNPCs) express endogenous levels of both α9 and β1 integrin subunits as well as cortical neuron markers such as chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF) interacting protein 2 (Ctip2) and T-box brain 1 (Tbr1). In addition, lentivirus-mediated α9 integrin overexpression in hNPCs resulted in increased neurite outgrowth in the presence of TN-C in vitro. Following transplantation into the sensorimotor cortex of newborn rats, both wild type (WT) and α9-expressing hNPCs extend along the endogenous CST and retain expression of α9 throughout the length of the axonal compartment for up to 8 weeks following transplantation. These data highlight the growth potential of transplanted human iPSCs which may be a future target for regenerative therapies after nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H Forbes
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa R Andrews
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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58
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Chen HI, Song H, Ming GL. Applications of Human Brain Organoids to Clinical Problems. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:53-64. [PMID: 30091290 PMCID: PMC6312736 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are an exciting new technology with the potential to significantly change how diseases of the brain are understood and treated. These three-dimensional neural tissues are derived from the self-organization of pluripotent stem cells, and they recapitulate the developmental process of the human brain, including progenitor zones and rudimentary cortical layers. Brain organoids have been valuable in investigating different aspects of developmental neurobiology and comparative biology. Several characteristics of organoids also make them attractive as models of brain disorders. Data generated from human organoids are more generalizable to patients because of the match in species background. Personalized organoids also can be generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, the three-dimensionality of brain organoids supports cellular, mechanical, and topographical cues that are lacking in planar systems. In this review, we discuss the translational potential of brain organoids, using the examples of Zika virus, autism-spectrum disorder, and glioblastoma multiforme to consider how they could contribute to disease modeling, personalized medicine, and testing of therapeutics. We then discuss areas of improvement in organoid technology that will enhance the translational potential of brain organoids, as well as the possibility of their use as substrates for repairing cerebral circuitry after injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:53-64, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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59
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Gambrill AC, Faulkner RL, McKeown CR, Cline HT. Enhanced visual experience rehabilitates the injured brain in Xenopus tadpoles in an NMDAR-dependent manner. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:306-320. [PMID: 30517041 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00664.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries introduce functional and structural circuit deficits that must be repaired for an organism to regain function. We developed an injury model in which Xenopus laevis tadpoles are given a penetrating stab wound that damages the optic tectal circuit and impairs visuomotor behavior. In tadpoles, as in other systems, injury induces neurogenesis. The newly generated neurons are thought to integrate into the existing circuit; however, whether they integrate via the same mechanisms that govern normal neuronal maturation during development is not understood. Development of the functional visuomotor circuit in Xenopus is driven by sensory activity. We hypothesized that enhanced visual experience would improve recovery from injury by facilitating integration of newly generated neurons into the tectal circuit. We labeled newly generated neurons in the injured tectum by green fluorescent protein expression and examined their circuit integration using electrophysiology and in vivo imaging. Providing animals with brief bouts of enhanced visual experience starting 24 h after injury increased synaptogenesis and circuit integration of new neurons and facilitated behavioral recovery. To investigate mechanisms of neuronal integration and behavioral recovery after injury, we interfered with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. Ifenprodil, which blocks GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, impaired dendritic arbor elaboration. GluN2B blockade inhibited functional integration of neurons generated in response to injury and prevented behavioral recovery. Furthermore, tectal GluN2B knockdown blocked the beneficial effects of enhanced visual experience on functional plasticity and behavioral recovery. We conclude that visual experience-mediated rehabilitation of the injured tectal circuit occurs by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor-dependent integration of newly generated neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recovery from brain injury is difficult in most systems. The study of regenerative animal models that are capable of injury repair can provide insight into cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying repair. Using Xenopus tadpoles, we show enhanced sensory experience rehabilitates the injured visual circuit and that this experience-dependent recovery depends on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function. Understanding the mechanisms of rehabilitation in this system may facilitate recovery in brain regions and systems where repair is currently impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Gambrill
- Department of Neuroscience, the Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Regina L Faulkner
- Department of Neuroscience, the Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Caroline R McKeown
- Department of Neuroscience, the Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, the Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
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60
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Zheng Y, Wang Z, Zhu T, Ma F, Chen L, Tang Q, Zhu J. Cell Labeling with Cy3 through DNA Hybridization for Assessing Neural Stem Cells Survival and Differentiation. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3561-3570. [PMID: 30371055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been attractive donor sources for cell therapy in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Monitoring the fate of transplanted cells, including the survival and differentiation, will provide vital information to assess the outcome during the therapy time course. However, the current labeling methods are based on the principles of cell endocytosis, demanding relatively high fluorescent probes concentration and long incubation time, which may affect the proliferation and differentiation of transplanted cells. In our study, an efficient and relatively fast labeling strategy for NSCs with Cy3 based on DNA hybridization was proposed for monitoring the fate of transplanted cells. The oligo[dA]20 conjugated with Cy3 was anchored on NSCs which had modified with oligo[dT]20 via the oligo[dT]20-oligo[dA]20 hybridization. This labeling system did not affect the viability of labeled NSCs. After implantation of labeled NSCs into the brain, immunohistology demonstrated implanted cells were able to survive and differentiate into mature neural cells as long as one month. In conclusion, the DNA hybridization system can be used as an efficient cell labeling method in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Zhifu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Tongming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Fukai Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Luping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University , Shanghai 200040 , China
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61
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Sukhinich KK, Aleksandrova MA. Individual Peculiarities of the Development and Differentiation of Embryonic Neocortex Transplants in Intact Adult Mouse Brain. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:141-150. [PMID: 30417295 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied individual peculiarities of the development and differentiation of allogeneic transplants of neocortical cells isolated from embryos at different stages of development in intact brain of adult mice. Despite standard transplantation technique, intraparenchymal grafts considerably varied in size, morphology, and structural organization. The cells in the transplants developing inside the brain ventricles of the recipient formed histotypical structures resembling organoids. Transplants of each age group (12.5, 14.5, and 19.5 days) demonstrated individual peculiarities of cell migration, differentiation, and fiber growth. Only from cells of 12.5-day transplants formed spiny pyramidal neurons typical of V layer of the cerebral cortex. Differentiation of catecholaminergic neurons untypical of brain cortex was observed only in 14.5-day transplants. In few transplants of each age group, extensive cell migration from the transplant was observed. In some transplants, dense astrocyte accumulation was seen. In all cases (n=52), the response of the recipient's glia to the transplant was observed, but formation of an extensive glial barrier was noted only in one case. Our findings suggest that the entire range of the results determined by individual peculiarities of the transplant growth and recipient's response should be thoroughly realized when introducing the methods of neurotransplantation into regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sukhinich
- N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M A Aleksandrova
- N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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62
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Zibara K, Ballout N, Mondello S, Karnib N, Ramadan N, Omais S, Nabbouh A, Caliz D, Clavijo A, Hu Z, Ghanem N, Gajavelli S, Kobeissy F. Combination of drug and stem cells neurotherapy: Potential interventions in neurotrauma and traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:177-198. [PMID: 30267729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognized as one of the major public health issues that leads to devastating neurological disability. As a consequence of primary and secondary injury phases, neuronal loss following brain trauma leads to pathophysiological alterations on the molecular and cellular levels that severely impact the neuropsycho-behavioral and motor outcomes. Thus, to mitigate the neuropathological sequelae post-TBI such as cerebral edema, inflammation and neural degeneration, several neurotherapeutic options have been investigated including drug intervention, stem cell use and combinational therapies. These treatments aim to ameliorate cellular degeneration, motor decline, cognitive and behavioral deficits. Recently, the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) coupled with selective drug therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment option for neural regeneration and behavioral rehabilitation post-neural injury. Given their neuroprotective abilities, NSC-based neurotherapy has been widely investigated and well-reported in numerous disease models, notably in trauma studies. In this review, we will elaborate on current updates in cell replacement therapy in the area of neurotrauma. In addition, we will discuss novel combination drug therapy treatments that have been investigated in conjunction with stem cells to overcome the limitations associated with stem cell transplantation. Understanding the regenerative capacities of stem cell and drug combination therapy will help improve functional recovery and brain repair post-TBI. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Naify Ramadan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (KBH), Division of Clinical Pediatrics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Nabbouh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Hu
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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63
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Fernández-García L, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Martinez-Murillo R, Panetsos F, Ramos M, Guinea GV, González-Nieto D. Cortical Reshaping and Functional Recovery Induced by Silk Fibroin Hydrogels-Encapsulated Stem Cells Implanted in Stroke Animals. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:296. [PMID: 30237762 PMCID: PMC6135908 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The restitution of damaged circuitry and functional remodeling of peri-injured areas constitute two main mechanisms for sustaining recovery of the brain after stroke. In this study, a silk fibroin-based biomaterial efficiently supports the survival of intracerebrally implanted mesenchymal stem cells (mSCs) and increases functional outcomes over time in a model of cortical stroke that affects the forepaw sensory and motor representations. We show that the functional mechanisms underlying recovery are related to a substantial preservation of cortical tissue in the first days after mSCs-polymer implantation, followed by delayed cortical plasticity that involved a progressive functional disconnection between the forepaw sensory (FLs1) and caudal motor (cFLm1) representations and an emergent sensory activity in peri-lesional areas belonging to cFLm1. Our results provide evidence that mSCs integrated into silk fibroin hydrogels attenuate the cerebral damage after brain infarction inducing a delayed cortical plasticity in the peri-lesional tissue, this later a functional change described during spontaneous or training rehabilitation-induced recovery. This study shows that brain remapping and sustained recovery were experimentally favored using a stem cell-biomaterial-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Instituto Cajal – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Neural Plasticity Research Group, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Ramos
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Daniel González-Nieto,
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64
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Vitrac A, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool to study brain circuits in autism-related disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:226. [PMID: 30139379 PMCID: PMC6107940 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is a very complex organ containing an estimated 200 billion cells in humans. Therefore, studying human brain development has become very challenging given all the data that are available from different approaches, notably genetic studies.Recent pluripotent stem cell methods have given rise to the possibility of modeling neurodevelopmental diseases associated with genetic defects. Fibroblasts from patients have been reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells to derive appropriate neuronal lineages. They specifically include different subtypes of cortical neurons that are at the core of human-specific cognitive abilities. The use of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has led to deciphering convergent and pleiotropic neuronal synaptic phenotypes found in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their associated syndromes. In addition to these initial studies, remarkable progress has been made in the field of stem cells, with the major objective of reproducing the in vivo maturation steps of human neurons. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the ability of human progenitors to respond to guidance cues and signals in vivo that can direct neurons to their appropriate sites of differentiation where they become fully mature neurons.We provide a brief overview on research using human iPSC in ASD and associated syndromes and on the current understanding of new theories using the re-implantation of neural precursors in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Vitrac
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cloëz-Tayarani
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
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65
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New approaches for brain repair—from rescue to reprogramming. Nature 2018; 557:329-334. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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66
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Abstract
Understanding the development of the human brain in relation with evolution is an important frontier field in developmental biology. In particular, investigating the mechanisms underlying the greatly increased relative size and complexity of the cerebral cortex, the seat of our enhanced cognitive abilities, remains a fascinating yet largely unsolved question. Though many advances in our understanding have been gained from the study of animal models, as well as human genetics and embryology, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control human cortical development. Interestingly, many aspects of corticogenesis can be recapitulated in vitro from mouse and human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), using a variety of experimental systems from 2D models to organoids to xenotransplantation. This has provided the opportunity to study these processes in an accessible and physiologically relevant setting. In this chapter, we will discuss how conserved and divergent features of primate/human corticogenesis can be modeled and studied mechanistically using PSC-based models of corticogenesis. We will also review what has been learned through these approaches about pathological defects of human corticogenesis, from early neurogenesis to late neuronal maturation and connectivity.
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67
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Acosta S, Fiore L, Carota IA, Oliver G. Use of two gRNAs for CRISPR/Cas9 improves bi-allelic homologous recombination efficiency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Genesis 2018; 56:e23212. [PMID: 29676032 PMCID: PMC6098704 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is a powerful resource to functionally characterize genes and regulatory elements. The use of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach has remarkably improved the time and efficiency of targeted recombination. However, the efficiency of this protocol is still far from ideal when aiming for bi-allelic homologous recombination, requiring at least two independent targeting recombination events. Here we describe an improved protocol that uses two gRNAs flanking the selected targeted region, leading to highly efficient homologous recombination in mouse ESCs. The bi-allelic recombination targeting efficiency is over 90% when using two gRNAs together with the inhibition of non-homologous end-joint repair. Moreover, this technique is compatible with the generation of knocked-in mice and the use of ESC-derived differentiation protocols, therefore facilitating and accelerating the gene targeting in mice and ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Acosta
- Center for Vascular & Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Luciano Fiore
- Center for Vascular & Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Isabel Anna Carota
- Center for Vascular & Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular & Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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68
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LaMarca EA, Powell SK, Akbarian S, Brennand KJ. Modeling Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:82. [PMID: 29666786 PMCID: PMC5891587 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have revolutionized our ability to model neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, and recent progress in the field is paving the way for improved therapeutics. In this review, we discuss major advances in generating hiPSC-derived neural cells and cutting-edge techniques that are transforming hiPSC technology, such as three-dimensional "mini-brains" and clustered, regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems. We examine specific examples of how hiPSC-derived neural cells are being used to uncover the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, and consider the future of this groundbreaking research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. LaMarca
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel K. Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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69
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Hébert JM, Vijg J. Cell Replacement to Reverse Brain Aging: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Opportunities. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:267-279. [PMID: 29548515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current antiaging strategies focusing on druggable targets have met with relatively limited success to date. Replacement of cells, tissues, and organs could provide an alternative means for targeting age-induced damage and potentially eliminating some of it. However, before this is a viable option, numerous challenges need to be addressed. Most notably, whether the brain, which defines our self-identity, is amenable to replacement therapies is unclear. Here, we consider whether progressive cell replacement is a potential approach to reverse brain aging without grossly altering function. We focus mainly on the neocortex, seat of our highest cognitive functions, because of abundant knowledge on neocortical development, plasticity, and how the neocortex can functionally incorporate new neurons. We outline the primary challenges for brain cell replacement, and key areas that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Hébert
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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70
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Wuttke TV, Markopoulos F, Padmanabhan H, Wheeler AP, Murthy VN, Macklis JD. Developmentally primed cortical neurons maintain fidelity of differentiation and establish appropriate functional connectivity after transplantation. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:517-529. [PMID: 29507412 PMCID: PMC5876138 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Repair of complex CNS circuitry requires newly incorporated neurons to become appropriately, functionally integrated. One approach is to direct differentiation of endogenous progenitors in situ, or ex vivo followed by transplantation. Prior studies find that newly incorporated neurons can establish long-distance axon projections, form synapses and functionally integrate in evolutionarily old hypothalamic energy-balance circuitry. We now demonstrate that postnatal neocortical connectivity can be reconstituted with point-to-point precision, including cellular integration of specific, molecularly identified projection neuron subtypes into correct positions, combined with development of appropriate long-distance projections and synapses. Using optogenetics-based electrophysiology, experiments demonstrate functional afferent and efferent integration of transplanted neurons into transcallosal projection neuron circuitry. Results further indicate that 'primed' early postmitotic neurons, including already fate-restricted deep-layer projection neurons and/or plastic postmitotic neuroblasts with partially fate-restricted potential, account for the predominant population of neurons capable of achieving this optimal level of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Wuttke
- Dept. of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Neurosurgery and of Neurology and Epileptology, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Foivos Markopoulos
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hari Padmanabhan
- Dept. of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron P Wheeler
- Dept. of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Dept. of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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71
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Terrigno M, Busti I, Alia C, Pietrasanta M, Arisi I, D'Onofrio M, Caleo M, Cremisi F. Neurons Generated by Mouse ESCs with Hippocampal or Cortical Identity Display Distinct Projection Patterns When Co-transplanted in the Adult Brain. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1016-1029. [PMID: 29456186 PMCID: PMC5918192 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of generating neural precursor cells with distinct types of regional identity in vitro has recently opened new opportunities for cell replacement in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. By manipulating Wnt and BMP signaling, we steered the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) toward isocortical or hippocampal molecular identity. These two types of cells showed different degrees of axonal outgrowth and targeted different regions when co-transplanted in healthy or lesioned isocortex or in hippocampus. In hippocampus, only precursor cells with hippocampal molecular identity were able to extend projections, contacting CA3. Conversely, isocortical-like cells were capable of extending long-range axonal projections only when transplanted in motor cortex, sending fibers toward both intra- and extra-cortical targets. Ischemic damage induced by photothrombosis greatly enhanced the capability of isocortical-like cells to extend far-reaching projections. Our results indicate that neural precursors generated by ESCs carry intrinsic signals specifying axonal extension in different environments. Wnt signaling induces hippocampal fate in neuralized mouse ESCs Transplanted cortical and hippocampal neurons target distinct regions in adult brain Photothrombotic lesion favors neurite elongation of cortical transplanted cells Cortical cell transplantation improves the motor performance after ischemic damage
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Busti
- Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Claudia Alia
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Pisa 56124, Italy
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72
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Dulin JN, Adler AF, Kumamaru H, Poplawski GHD, Lee-Kubli C, Strobl H, Gibbs D, Kadoya K, Fawcett JW, Lu P, Tuszynski MH. Injured adult motor and sensory axons regenerate into appropriate organotypic domains of neural progenitor grafts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29311559 PMCID: PMC5758751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation has high therapeutic potential in neurological disorders. Functional restoration may depend on the formation of reciprocal connections between host and graft. While it has been reported that axons extending out of neural grafts in the brain form contacts onto phenotypically appropriate host target regions, it is not known whether adult, injured host axons regenerating into NPC grafts also form appropriate connections. We report that spinal cord NPCs grafted into the injured adult rat spinal cord self-assemble organotypic, dorsal horn-like domains. These clusters are extensively innervated by regenerating adult host sensory axons and are avoided by corticospinal axons. Moreover, host axon regeneration into grafts increases significantly after enrichment with appropriate neuronal targets. Together, these findings demonstrate that injured adult axons retain the ability to recognize appropriate targets and avoid inappropriate targets within neural progenitor grafts, suggesting that restoration of complex circuitry after SCI may be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gunnar H D Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Corinne Lee-Kubli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hans Strobl
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Paul Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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73
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Song CG, Zhang YZ, Wu HN, Cao XL, Guo CJ, Li YQ, Zheng MH, Han H. Stem cells: a promising candidate to treat neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1294-1304. [PMID: 30028342 PMCID: PMC6065243 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic impairments are usually irreversible as a result of limited regeneration in the central nervous system. Therefore, based on the regenerative capacity of stem cells, transplantation therapies of various stem cells have been tested in basic research and preclinical trials, and some have shown great prospects. This manuscript overviews the cellular and molecular characteristics of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, retinal stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, and their derivatives in vivo and in vitro as sources for regenerative therapy. These cells have all been considered as candidates to treat several major neurological disorders and diseases, owing to their self-renewal capacity, multi-directional differentiation, neurotrophic properties, and immune modulation effects. We also review representative basic research and recent clinical trials using stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and age-related macular degeneration, as well as traumatic brain injury and glioblastoma. In spite of a few unsuccessful cases, risks of tumorigenicity, and ethical concerns, most results of animal experiments and clinical trials demonstrate efficacious therapeutic effects of stem cells in the treatment of nervous system disease. In summary, these emerging findings in regenerative medicine are likely to contribute to breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological disorders. Thus, stem cells are a promising candidate for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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74
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Jantzie LL, Scafidi J, Robinson S. Stem cells and cell-based therapies for cerebral palsy: a call for rigor. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:345-355. [PMID: 28922350 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies hold significant promise for infants at risk for cerebral palsy (CP) from perinatal brain injury (PBI). PBI leading to CP results from multifaceted damage to neural cells. Complex developing neural networks are injured by neural cell damage plus unique perturbations in cell signaling. Given that cell-based therapies can simultaneously repair multiple injured neural components during critical neurodevelopmental windows, these interventions potentially offer efficacy for patients with CP. Currently, the use of cell-based interventions in infants at risk for CP is limited by critical gaps in knowledge. In this review, we will highlight key questions facing the field, including: Who are optimal candidates for treatment? What are the goals of therapeutic interventions? What are the best strategies for agent delivery, including timing, dosage, location, and type? And, how are short- and long-term efficacy reliably tracked? Challenges unique to treating PBI with cell-based therapies, and lessons learned from cell-based therapies in closely related neurological disorders in the mature central nervous system, will be reviewed. Our goal is to update pediatric specialists who may be counseling families about the current state of the field. Finally, we will evaluate how rigor can be increased in the field to ensure the safety and best interests of this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Jantzie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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75
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Beattie R, Hippenmeyer S. Mechanisms of radial glia progenitor cell lineage progression. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3993-4008. [PMID: 29121403 PMCID: PMC5765500 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, and acquiring and processing information. The neocortex is organized into six distinct laminae, each composed of a rich diversity of cell types which assemble into highly complex cortical circuits. Radial glia progenitors (RGPs) are responsible for producing all neocortical neurons and certain glia lineages. Here, we discuss recent discoveries emerging from clonal lineage analysis at the single RGP cell level that provide us with an inaugural quantitative framework of RGP lineage progression. We further discuss the importance of the relative contribution of intrinsic gene functions and non‐cell‐autonomous or community effects in regulating RGP proliferation behavior and lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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76
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In Vivo Imaging of CNS Injury and Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10808-10816. [PMID: 29118209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1826-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo optical imaging has emerged as a powerful tool with which to study cellular responses to injury and disease in the mammalian CNS. Important new insights have emerged regarding axonal degeneration and regeneration, glial responses and neuroinflammation, changes in the neurovascular unit, and, more recently, neural transplantations. Accompanying a 2017 SfN Mini-Symposium, here, we discuss selected recent advances in understanding the neuronal, glial, and other cellular responses to CNS injury and disease with in vivo imaging of the rodent brain or spinal cord. We anticipate that in vivo optical imaging will continue to be at the forefront of breakthrough discoveries of fundamental mechanisms and therapies for CNS injury and disease.
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77
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Varrault A, Eckardt S, Girard B, Le Digarcher A, Sassetti I, Meusnier C, Ripoll C, Badalyan A, Bertaso F, McLaughlin KJ, Journot L, Bouschet T. Mouse Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells with Biparental-Like Expression of Imprinted Genes Generate Cortical-Like Neurons That Integrate into the Injured Adult Cerebral Cortex. Stem Cells 2017; 36:192-205. [PMID: 29044892 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One strategy for stem cell-based therapy of the cerebral cortex involves the generation and transplantation of functional, histocompatible cortical-like neurons from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Diploid parthenogenetic Pg-ESCs have recently emerged as a promising source of histocompatible ESC derivatives for organ regeneration but their utility for cerebral cortex therapy is unknown. A major concern with Pg-ESCs is genomic imprinting. In contrast with biparental Bp-ESCs derived from fertilized oocytes, Pg-ESCs harbor two maternal genomes but no sperm-derived genome. Pg-ESCs are therefore expected to have aberrant expression levels of maternally expressed (MEGs) and paternally expressed (PEGs) imprinted genes. Given the roles of imprinted genes in brain development, tissue homeostasis and cancer, their deregulation in Pg-ESCs might be incompatible with therapy. Here, we report that, unexpectedly, only one gene out of 7 MEGs and 12 PEGs was differentially expressed between Pg-ESCs and Bp-ESCs while 13 were differentially expressed between androgenetic Ag-ESCs and Bp-ESCs, indicating that Pg-ESCs but not Ag-ESCs, have a Bp-like imprinting compatible with therapy. In vitro, Pg-ESCs generated cortical-like progenitors and electrophysiologically active glutamatergic neurons that maintained the Bp-like expression levels for most imprinted genes. In vivo, Pg-ESCs participated to the cortical lineage in fetal chimeras. Finally, transplanted Pg-ESC derivatives integrated into the injured adult cortex and sent axonal projections in the host brain. In conclusion, mouse Pg-ESCs generate functional cortical-like neurons with Bp-like imprinting and their derivatives properly integrate into both the embryonic cortex and the injured adult cortex. Collectively, our data support the utility of Pg-ESCs for cortical therapy. Stem Cells 2018;36:192-205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Varrault
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sigrid Eckardt
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Benoît Girard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Le Digarcher
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Sassetti
- Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Céline Meusnier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Armen Badalyan
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Bertaso
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - K John McLaughlin
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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78
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Davoust C, Plas B, Béduer A, Demain B, Salabert AS, Sol JC, Vieu C, Vaysse L, Loubinoux I. Regenerative potential of primary adult human neural stem cells on micropatterned bio-implants boosts motor recovery. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:253. [PMID: 29116017 PMCID: PMC5688800 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The adult brain is unable to regenerate itself sufficiently after large injuries. Therefore, hopes rely on therapies using neural stem cell or biomaterial transplantation to sustain brain reconstruction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the improvement in sensorimotor recovery brought about by human primary adult neural stem cells (hNSCs) in combination with bio-implants. Methods hNSCs were pre-seeded on implants micropatterned for neurite guidance and inserted intracerebrally 2 weeks after a primary motor cortex lesion in rats. Long-term behaviour was significantly improved after hNSC implants versus cell engraftment in the grip strength test. MRI and immunohistological studies were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of neuro-implant integration. Results hNSC implants promoted tissue reconstruction and limited hemispheric atrophy and glial scar expansion. After 3 months, grafted hNSCs were detected on implants and expressed mature neuronal markers (NeuN, MAP2, SMI312). They also migrated over a short distance to the reconstructed tissues and to the peri-lesional tissues, where 26% integrated as mature neurons. Newly formed host neural progenitors (nestin, DCX) colonized the implants, notably in the presence of hNSCs, and participated in tissue reconstruction. The microstructured bio-implants sustained the guided maturation of both grafted hNSCs and endogenous progenitors. Conclusions These immunohistological results are coherent with and could explain the late improvement observed in sensorimotor recovery. These findings provide novel insights into the regenerative potential of primary adult hNSCs combined with microstructured implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Davoust
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Plas
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Pôle Neurosciences, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amélie Béduer
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Boris Demain
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Pôle Neurosciences, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Christophe Sol
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Pôle Neurosciences, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France. .,UMR1214-Inserm/UPS-ToNIC, CHU PURPAN, Pavillon Baudot, Place du Dr Baylac, 31024, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
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79
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Grade S, Götz M. Neuronal replacement therapy: previous achievements and challenges ahead. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:29. [PMID: 29302363 PMCID: PMC5677983 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong neurogenesis and incorporation of newborn neurons into mature neuronal circuits operates in specialized niches of the mammalian brain and serves as role model for neuronal replacement strategies. However, to which extent can the remaining brain parenchyma, which never incorporates new neurons during the adulthood, be as plastic and readily accommodate neurons in networks that suffered neuronal loss due to injury or neurological disease? Which microenvironment is permissive for neuronal replacement and synaptic integration and which cells perform best? Can lost function be restored and how adequate is the participation in the pre-existing circuitry? Could aberrant connections cause malfunction especially in networks dominated by excitatory neurons, such as the cerebral cortex? These questions show how important connectivity and circuitry aspects are for regenerative medicine, which is the focus of this review. We will discuss the impressive advances in neuronal replacement strategies and success from exogenous as well as endogenous cell sources. Both have seen key novel technologies, like the groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct neuronal reprogramming, offering alternatives to the transplantation of fetal neurons, and both herald great expectations. For these to become reality, neuronal circuitry analysis is key now. As our understanding of neuronal circuits increases, neuronal replacement therapy should fulfill those prerequisites in network structure and function, in brain-wide input and output. Now is the time to incorporate neural circuitry research into regenerative medicine if we ever want to truly repair brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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80
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Stem Cell Tracking Technologies for Neurological Regenerative Medicine Purposes. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2934149. [PMID: 29138636 PMCID: PMC5613625 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2934149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing field of stem cell therapy is moving toward clinical trials in a variety of applications, particularly for neurological diseases. However, this translation of cell therapies into humans has prompted a need to create innovative and breakthrough methods for stem cell tracing, to explore the migration routes and its reciprocity with microenvironment targets in the body, to monitor and track the outcome after stem cell transplantation therapy, and to track the distribution and cell viability of transplanted cells noninvasively and longitudinally. Recently, a larger number of cell tracking methods in vivo were developed and applied in animals and humans, including magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine imaging, and optical imaging. This review has been intended to summarize the current use of those imaging tools in tracking stem cells, detailing their main features and drawbacks, including image resolution, tissue penetrating depth, and biosafety aspects. Finally, we address that multimodality imaging method will be a more potential tracking tool in the future clinical application.
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81
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Grealish S, Parmar M. Plug and Play Brain: Understanding Integration of Transplanted Neurons for Brain Repair. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 19:679-680. [PMID: 27912087 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Nature,Falkner et al. (2016) use chronic two-photon imaging, virus-based transsynaptic tracing, and dynamic calcium indicators to elegantly demonstrate extensive in vivo functional maturation and target-specific functional integration of transplanted embryonic mouse cortical progenitors into adult lesioned visual cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Grealish
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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82
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Tom CM, Younesi S, Meer E, Bresee C, Godoy M, Mattis VB. Survival of iPSC-derived grafts within the striatum of immunodeficient mice: Importance of developmental stage of both transplant and host recipient. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:118-128. [PMID: 28760579 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the striatum can occur in multiple disorders with devastating consequences for the patients. Infantile infections with streptococcus, measles, or herpes can cause striatal necrosis associated with dystonia or dyskinesia; and in patients with Huntington's disease the striatum undergoes massive degeneration, leading to behavioral, psychological and movement issues, ultimately resulting in death. Currently, only supportive therapies are available for striatal degeneration. Clinical trials have shown some efficacy using transplantation of fetal-derived primary striatal progenitors. Large banks of fetal progenitors that give rise to medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the primary neuron of the striatum, are needed to make transplantation therapy a reality. However, fetal tissue is of limited supply, has ethical concerns, and is at risk of graft immunorejection. An alternative potential source of MSNs is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult somatic tissues reprogrammed back to a stem cell fate. Multiple publications have demonstrated the ability to differentiate striatal MSNs from iPSCs. Previous publications have demonstrated that the efficacy of fetal progenitor transplants is critically dependent upon the age of the donor embryo/fetus as well as the age of the transplant recipient. With the advent of iPSC technology, a question that remains unanswered concerns the graft's "age," which is crucial since transplanting pluripotent cells has an inherent risk of over proliferation and teratoma formation. Therefore, in order to also determine the effect of transplant recipient age on the graft, iPSCs were differentiated to three stages along a striatal differentiation paradigm and transplanted into the striatum of both neonatal and adult immunodeficient mice. This study demonstrated that increased murine transplant-recipient age (adult vs neonate) resulted in decreased graft survival and volume/rostro-caudal spread after six weeks in vivo, regardless of "age" of the cells transplanted. Importantly, this study implicates that the in vivo setting may provide a better neurogenic niche for iPSC-based modeling as compared to the in vitro setting. Together, these results recapitulate findings from fetal striatal progenitor transplantation studies and further demonstrate the influence of the host environment on cellular survival and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton M Tom
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shahab Younesi
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Elana Meer
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Marlesa Godoy
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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83
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Delayed Heterochronic Transplantation following Focal Cortical Lesion Improves Outcome. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6391-6393. [PMID: 28679798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1021-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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84
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Jabaudon D. Fate and freedom in developing neocortical circuits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16042. [PMID: 28671189 PMCID: PMC5500875 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of neuronal circuits of the neocortex underlies our ability to perceive the world and interact with our environment. During development, these circuits emerge from dynamic interactions between cell-intrinsic, genetically determined programs and input/activity-dependent signals, which together shape these circuits into adulthood. Building on a large body of experimental work, several recent technological developments now allow us to interrogate these nature–nurture interactions with single gene/single input/single-cell resolution. Focusing on excitatory glutamatergic neurons, this review discusses the genetic and input-dependent mechanisms controlling how individual cortical neurons differentiate into specialized cells to assemble into stereotypical local circuits within global, large-scale networks.
Proper functioning of the neocortex – the center of higher-order brain functions – depends on the correct assembly of neocortical neural circuits during development. Here the author discusses how cell-intrinsic developmental programs and activity-dependent signals together shape the formation of neocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva University, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Neurocenter, Geneva University, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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85
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Tornero D, Tsupykov O, Granmo M, Rodriguez C, Grønning-Hansen M, Thelin J, Smozhanik E, Laterza C, Wattananit S, Ge R, Tatarishvili J, Grealish S, Brüstle O, Skibo G, Parmar M, Schouenborg J, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Synaptic inputs from stroke-injured brain to grafted human stem cell-derived neurons activated by sensory stimuli. Brain 2017; 140:692-706. [PMID: 28115364 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted neurons derived from stem cells have been proposed to improve function in animal models of human disease by various mechanisms such as neuronal replacement. However, whether the grafted neurons receive functional synaptic inputs from the recipient's brain and integrate into host neural circuitry is unknown. Here we studied the synaptic inputs from the host brain to grafted cortical neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells after transplantation into stroke-injured rat cerebral cortex. Using the rabies virus-based trans-synaptic tracing method and immunoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that the grafted neurons receive direct synaptic inputs from neurons in different host brain areas located in a pattern similar to that of neurons projecting to the corresponding endogenous cortical neurons in the intact brain. Electrophysiological in vivo recordings from the cortical implants show that physiological sensory stimuli, i.e. cutaneous stimulation of nose and paw, can activate or inhibit spontaneous activity in grafted neurons, indicating that at least some of the afferent inputs are functional. In agreement, we find using patch-clamp recordings that a portion of grafted neurons respond to photostimulation of virally transfected, channelrhodopsin-2-expressing thalamo-cortical axons in acute brain slices. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that the host brain regulates the activity of grafted neurons, providing strong evidence that transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons can become incorporated into injured cortical circuitry. Our findings support the idea that these neurons could contribute to functional recovery in stroke and other conditions causing neuronal loss in cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oleg Tsupykov
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, and State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marcus Granmo
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marita Grønning-Hansen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Thelin
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Smozhanik
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, and State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Somsak Wattananit
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jemal Tatarishvili
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shane Grealish
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Galina Skibo
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, and State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
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86
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Bouschet T, Dubois E, Reynès C, Kota SK, Rialle S, Maupetit-Méhouas S, Pezet M, Le Digarcher A, Nidelet S, Demolombe V, Cavelier P, Meusnier C, Maurizy C, Sabatier R, Feil R, Arnaud P, Journot L, Varrault A. In Vitro Corticogenesis from Embryonic Stem Cells Recapitulates the In Vivo Epigenetic Control of Imprinted Gene Expression. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2418-2433. [PMID: 27095822 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro corticogenesis from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is an attractive model of cortical development and a promising tool for cortical therapy. It is unknown to which extent epigenetic mechanisms crucial for cortex development and function, such as parental genomic imprinting, are recapitulated by in vitro corticogenesis. Here, using genome-wide transcriptomic and methylation analyses on hybrid mouse tissues and cells, we find a high concordance of imprinting status between in vivo and ESC-derived cortices. Notably, in vitro corticogenesis strictly reproduced the in vivo parent-of-origin-dependent expression of 41 imprinted genes (IGs), including Mest and Cdkn1c known to control corticogenesis. Parent-of-origin-dependent DNA methylation was also conserved at 14 of 18 imprinted differentially methylated regions. The least concordant imprinted locus was Gpr1-Zdbf2, where the aberrant bi-allelic expression of Zdbf2 and Adam23 was concomitant with a gain of methylation on the maternal allele in vitro. Combined, our data argue for a broad conservation of the epigenetic mechanisms at imprinted loci in cortical cells derived from ESCs. We propose that in vitro corticogenesis helps to define the still poorly understood mechanisms that regulate imprinting in the brain and the roles of IGs in cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Reynès
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Satya K Kota
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Maupetit-Méhouas
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mikael Pezet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Le Digarcher
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Meusnier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Maurizy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Sabatier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annie Varrault
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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87
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Dunnett SB, Björklund A. Mechanisms and use of neural transplants for brain repair. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:1-51. [PMID: 28552225 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under appropriate conditions, neural tissues transplanted into the adult mammalian brain can survive, integrate, and function so as to influence the behavior of the host, opening the prospect of repairing neuronal damage, and alleviating symptoms associated with neuronal injury or neurodegenerative disease. Alternative mechanisms of action have been postulated: nonspecific effects of surgery; neurotrophic and neuroprotective influences on disease progression and host plasticity; diffuse or locally regulated pharmacological delivery of deficient neurochemicals, neurotransmitters, or neurohormones; restitution of the neuronal and glial environment necessary for proper host neuronal support and processing; promoting local and long-distance host and graft axon growth; formation of reciprocal connections and reconstruction of local circuits within the host brain; and up to full integration and reconstruction of fully functional host neuronal networks. Analysis of neural transplants in a broad range of anatomical systems and disease models, on simple and complex classes of behavioral function and information processing, have indicated that all of these alternative mechanisms are likely to contribute in different circumstances. Thus, there is not a single or typical mode of graft function; rather grafts can and do function in multiple ways, specific to each particular context. Consequently, to develop an effective cell-based therapy, multiple dimensions must be considered: the target disease pathogenesis; the neurodegenerative basis of each type of physiological dysfunction or behavioral symptom; the nature of the repair required to alleviate or remediate the functional impairments of particular clinical relevance; and identification of a suitable cell source or delivery system, along with the site and method of implantation, that can achieve the sought for repair and recovery.
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88
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Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease in Stem-Cell-Derived Human Neurons Transplanted into Mouse Brain. Neuron 2017; 93:1066-1081.e8. [PMID: 28238547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a unique entry to study species-specific aspects of human disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in vitro culture of neurons deprives them of their natural environment. Here we transplanted human PSC-derived cortical neuronal precursors into the brain of a murine AD model. Human neurons differentiate and integrate into the brain, express 3R/4R Tau splice forms, show abnormal phosphorylation and conformational Tau changes, and undergo neurodegeneration. Remarkably, cell death was dissociated from tangle formation in this natural 3D model of AD. Using genome-wide expression analysis, we observed upregulation of genes involved in myelination and downregulation of genes related to memory and cognition, synaptic transmission, and neuron projection. This novel chimeric model for AD displays human-specific pathological features and allows the analysis of different genetic backgrounds and mutations during the course of the disease.
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89
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Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates the derivation of functional cortical neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:154-163. [PMID: 28112759 PMCID: PMC5516899 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in converting human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional neurons. However, the protracted timing of human neuron specification and functional maturation remains a key challenge that hampers the routine application of hPSC-derived lineages in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Using a combinatorial small-molecule screen, we previously identified conditions to rapidly differentiate hPSCs into peripheral sensory neurons. Here we generalize the approach to central nervous system (CNS) fates by developing a small-molecule approach for accelerated induction of early-born cortical neurons. Combinatorial application of six pathway inhibitors induces post-mitotic cortical neurons with functional electrophysiological properties by day 16 of differentiation, in the absence of glial cell co-culture. The resulting neurons, transplanted at 8 d of differentiation into the postnatal mouse cortex, are functional and establish long-distance projections, as shown using iDISCO whole-brain imaging. Accelerated differentiation into cortical neuron fates should facilitate hPSC-based strategies for disease modeling and cell therapy in CNS disorders.
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90
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A Delay between Motor Cortex Lesions and Neuronal Transplantation Enhances Graft Integration and Improves Repair and Recovery. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1820-1834. [PMID: 28087762 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2936-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that embryonic motor cortical neurons transplanted immediately after lesions in the adult mouse motor cortex restored damaged motor cortical pathways. A critical barrier hindering the application of transplantation strategies for a wide range of traumatic injuries is the determination of a suitable time window for therapeutic intervention. Here, we report that a 1 week delay between the lesion and transplantation significantly enhances graft vascularization, survival, and proliferation of grafted cells. More importantly, the delay dramatically increases the density of projections developed by grafted neurons and improves functional repair and recovery as assessed by intravital dynamic imaging and behavioral tests. These findings open new avenues in cell transplantation strategies as they indicate successful brain repair may occur following delayed transplantation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cell transplantation represents a promising therapy for cortical trauma. We previously reported that embryonic motor cortical neurons transplanted immediately after lesions in the adult mouse motor cortex restored damaged cortical pathways. A critical barrier hindering the application of transplantation strategies for a wide range of traumatic injuries is the determination of a suitable time window for therapeutic intervention. We demonstrate that a 1 week delay between the lesion and transplantation significantly enhances graft vascularization, survival, proliferation, and the density of the projections developed by grafted neurons. More importantly, the delay has a beneficial impact on functional repair and recovery. These results impact the effectiveness of transplantation strategies in a wide range of traumatic injuries for which therapeutic intervention is not immediately feasible.
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91
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Sailor KA, Schinder AF, Lledo PM. Adult neurogenesis beyond the niche: its potential for driving brain plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:111-117. [PMID: 28040643 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis emerges as a tremendous form of plasticity with the continuous addition and loss of neurons in the adult brain. It is unclear how preexisting adult circuits generated during development are capable of modifying existing connections to accommodate the thousands of new synapses formed and exchanged each day. Here we first make parallels with sensory deprivation studies and its ability to induce preexisting non-neurogenic adult circuits to undergo massive reorganization. We then review recent studies that show high structural and synaptic plasticity in circuits directly connected to adult-born neurons. Finally, we propose future directions in the field to decipher how host circuits can accommodate new neuron integration and to determine the impact of adult neurogenesis on global brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Sailor
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Pasteur Institute, F-75015 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche Associée (UMR3571), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alejandro F Schinder
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA - CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Pasteur Institute, F-75015 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche Associée (UMR3571), F-75015 Paris, France.
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92
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Transplanted embryonic neurons integrate into adult neocortical circuits. Nature 2016; 539:248-253. [DOI: 10.1038/nature20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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D'Orazi FD, Zhao XF, Wong RO, Yoshimatsu T. Mismatch of Synaptic Patterns between Neurons Produced in Regeneration and during Development of the Vertebrate Retina. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2268-79. [PMID: 27524481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stereotypic patterns of synaptic connections between neurons underlie the ability of the CNS to perform complex but circuit-specific information processing. Tremendous progress has been made toward advancing our understanding of how circuits are assembled during development, but whether the precision of this process can be recaptured after regeneration of neurons in the damaged CNS remains unclear. Here, we harnessed the endogenous regenerative capacity of the zebrafish retina to reconstruct the circuitry of neurons produced after damage. We tracked the input connectivity of identified bipolar cell (BC) types across stages of retinal development and after BC regeneration. We found that BCs of each type generate a unique and stereotypic wiring pattern with cone photoreceptors by gaining synapses with specific photoreceptor types over time. After selective ablation, the targeted BC types are rapidly reproduced and largely re-establish their characteristic morphological features. The regenerated population connects with appropriate photoreceptor types and establishes the original number of synaptic contacts. However, BC types that normally bias their connectivity in favor of red cones fail to precisely recapture this synaptic partner preference upon regeneration. Furthermore, regenerated BCs succeed in forming synaptic specializations at their axon terminals, but in excess of the usual number. Altogether, we find that regenerated BCs reinstate some, but not all, major features of their stereotypic wiring, suggesting that circuit patterns may be unable to regenerate with the same fidelity as in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence D D'Orazi
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel O Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Takeshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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94
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Mason JO, Price DJ. Building brains in a dish: Prospects for growing cerebral organoids from stem cells. Neuroscience 2016; 334:105-118. [PMID: 27506142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of organoid techniques, in which embryonic brain-like tissue can be grown from human or mouse stem cells in vitro offers the potential to transform the way in which brain development is studied. In this review, we summarize key aspects of the embryonic development of mammalian forebrains, focussing in particular on the cerebral cortex and highlight significant differences between mouse and primates, including human. We discuss recent work using cerebral organoids that has revealed key similarities and differences between their development and that of the brain in vivo. Finally, we outline the ways in which cerebral organoids can be used in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to unravel genetic mechanisms that control embryonic development of the cerebral cortex, how this can help us understand the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and some of the key challenges which will have to be resolved before organoids can become a mainstream tool to study brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Mason
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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95
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Ballout N, Frappé I, Péron S, Jaber M, Zibara K, Gaillard A. Development and Maturation of Embryonic Cortical Neurons Grafted into the Damaged Adult Motor Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:55. [PMID: 27536221 PMCID: PMC4971105 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the human central nervous system can lead to devastating consequences due to its poor ability to self-repair. Neural transplantation aimed at replacing lost neurons and restore functional circuitry has proven to be a promising therapeutical avenue. We previously reported in adult rodent animal models with cortical lesions that grafted fetal cortical neurons could effectively re-establish specific patterns of projections and synapses. The current study was designed to provide a detailed characterization of the spatio-temporal in vivo development of fetal cortical transplanted cells within the lesioned adult motor cortex and their corresponding axonal projections. We show here that as early as 2 weeks after grafting, cortical neuroblasts transplanted into damaged adult motor cortex developed appropriate projections to cortical and subcortical targets. Grafted cells initially exhibited characteristics of immature neurons, which then differentiated into mature neurons with appropriate cortical phenotypes where most were glutamatergic and few were GABAergic. All cortical subtypes identified with the specific markers CTIP2, Cux1, FOXP2, and Tbr1 were generated after grafting as evidenced with BrdU co-labeling. The set of data provided here is of interest as it sets biological standards for future studies aimed at replacing fetal cells with embryonic stem cells as a source of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Ballout
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France; Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon; ER045 - Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSSTBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Frappé
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
| | - Sophie Péron
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon; ER045 - Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSSTBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
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96
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Chang EH, Adorjan I, Mundim MV, Sun B, Dizon MLV, Szele FG. Traumatic Brain Injury Activation of the Adult Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:332. [PMID: 27531972 PMCID: PMC4969304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in both civilian and military life, placing a large burden on survivors and society. However, with the recognition of neural stem cells in adult mammals, including humans, came the possibility to harness these cells for repair of damaged brain, whereas previously this was thought to be impossible. In this review, we focus on the rodent adult subventricular zone (SVZ), an important neurogenic niche within the mature brain in which neural stem cells continue to reside. We review how the SVZ is perturbed following various animal TBI models with regards to cell proliferation, emigration, survival, and differentiation, and we review specific molecules involved in these processes. Together, this information suggests next steps in attempting to translate knowledge from TBI animal models into human therapies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyuk Chang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Seoul, South Korea
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Mayara V Mundim
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Maria L V Dizon
- Department of Pediatrics, Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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97
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Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
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98
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Efficient Generation of Corticofugal Projection Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28572. [PMID: 27346302 PMCID: PMC4921908 DOI: 10.1038/srep28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to study development and function of corticofugal projection neurons (CfuPNs) in the human cerebral cortex for health and disease have been limited by the unavailability of highly enriched CfuPNs. Here, we develop a robust, two-step process for generating CfuPNs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs): directed induction of neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) from hESCs and efficient differentiation of NESCs to about 80% of CfuPNs. NESCs or a NESC faithfully maintain unlimitedly self-renewal and self-organized abilities to develop into miniature neural tube-like structures. NESCs retain a stable propensity toward neuronal differentiation over culture as fate-restricted progenitors of CfuPNs and interneurons. When grafted into mouse brains, NESCs successfully integrate into the host brains, differentiate into CfuPNs and effectively reestablish specific patterns of subcortical projections and synapse structures. Efficient generation of CfuPNs in vitro and in vivo will facilitate human cortex development and offer sufficient CfuPNs for cell therapy.
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99
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Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9745315. [PMID: 27069486 PMCID: PMC4812498 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9745315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is essential for our higher cognitive functions and emotional reasoning. Arguably, this brain structure is the distinguishing feature of our species, and yet our remarkable cognitive capacity has seemingly come at a cost to the regenerative capacity of the human brain. Indeed, the capacity for regeneration and neurogenesis of the brains of vertebrates has declined over the course of evolution, from fish to rodents to primates. Nevertheless, recent evidence supporting the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain raises new questions about the biological significance of adult neurogenesis in relation to ageing and the possibility that such endogenous sources of NSCs might provide therapeutic options for the treatment of brain injury and disease. Here, we highlight recent insights and perspectives on NSCs within both the developing and adult cerebral cortex. Our review of NSCs during development focuses upon the diversity and therapeutic potential of these cells for use in cellular transplantation and in the modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we describe the cellular and molecular characteristics of NSCs within the adult brain and strategies to harness the therapeutic potential of these cell populations in the treatment of brain injury and disease.
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100
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Presynaptic partner selection during retinal circuit reassembly varies with timing of neuronal regeneration in vivo. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10590. [PMID: 26838932 PMCID: PMC4742908 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether neurons can restore their original connectivity patterns during circuit repair is unclear. Taking advantage of the regenerative capacity of zebrafish retina, we show here the remarkable specificity by which surviving neurons reassemble their connectivity upon regeneration of their major input. H3 horizontal cells (HCs) normally avoid red and green cones, and prefer ultraviolet over blue cones. Upon ablation of the major (ultraviolet) input, H3 HCs do not immediately increase connectivity with other cone types. Instead, H3 dendrites retract and re-extend to contact new ultraviolet cones. But, if regeneration is delayed or absent, blue-cone synaptogenesis increases and ectopic synapses are made with red and green cones. Thus, cues directing synapse specificity can be maintained following input loss, but only within a limited time period. Further, we postulate that signals from the major input that shape the H3 HC's wiring pattern during development persist to restrict miswiring after damage. Neurons in the zebrafish retina regenerate. Here, Yoshimatsu and colleagues show that retinal horizontal cells maintain their synaptic preferences for a limited period before circuit remodeling is triggered after photoreceptor loss.
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