51
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Leighton AH, Victoria Fernández Busch M, Coppens JE, Heimel JA, Lohmann C. Lightweight, wireless LED implant for chronic manipulation in vivo of spontaneous activity in neonatal mice. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 373:109548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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52
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Montgomery DP, Hayden DJ, Chaloner FA, Cooke SF, Bear MF. Stimulus-Selective Response Plasticity in Primary Visual Cortex: Progress and Puzzles. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:815554. [PMID: 35173586 PMCID: PMC8841555 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.815554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-selective response plasticity (SRP) is a robust and lasting modification of primary visual cortex (V1) that occurs in response to exposure to novel visual stimuli. It is readily observed as a pronounced increase in the magnitude of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded in response to phase-reversing grating stimuli in neocortical layer 4. The expression of SRP at the individual neuron level is equally robust, but the qualities vary depending on the neuronal type and how activity is measured. This form of plasticity is highly selective for stimulus features such as stimulus orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast. Several key insights into the significance and underlying mechanisms of SRP have recently been made. First, it occurs concomitantly and shares core mechanisms with behavioral habituation, indicating that SRP reflects the formation of long-term familiarity that can support recognition of innocuous stimuli. Second, SRP does not manifest within a recording session but only emerges after an off-line period of several hours that includes sleep. Third, SRP requires not only canonical molecular mechanisms of Hebbian synaptic plasticity within V1, but also the opposing engagement of two key subclasses of cortical inhibitory neuron: the parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons. Fourth, pronounced shifts in the power of cortical oscillations from high frequency (gamma) to low frequency (alpha/beta) oscillations provide respective readouts of the engagement of these inhibitory neuronal subtypes following familiarization. In this article we will discuss the implications of these findings and the outstanding questions that remain to gain a deeper understanding of this striking form of experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Montgomery
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dustin J. Hayden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Francesca A. Chaloner
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel F. Cooke
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Bear
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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53
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Strettoi E, Di Marco B, Orsini N, Napoli D. Retinal Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031138. [PMID: 35163059 PMCID: PMC8835074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is a well-established concept designating the ability of central nervous system (CNS) neurons to rearrange as a result of learning, when adapting to changeable environmental conditions or else while reacting to injurious factors. As a part of the CNS, the retina has been repeatedly probed for its possible ability to respond plastically to a variably altered environment or to pathological insults. However, numerous studies support the conclusion that the retina, outside the developmental stage, is endowed with only limited plasticity, exhibiting, instead, a remarkable ability to maintain a stable architectural and functional organization. Reviewed here are representative examples of hippocampal and cortical paradigms of plasticity and of retinal structural rearrangements found in organization and circuitry following altered developmental conditions or occurrence of genetic diseases leading to neuronal degeneration. The variable rate of plastic changes found in mammalian retinal neurons in different circumstances is discussed, focusing on structural plasticity. The likely adaptive value of maintaining a low level of plasticity in an organ subserving a sensory modality that is dominant for the human species and that requires elevated fidelity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Strettoi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0503153213
| | - Beatrice Di Marco
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (D.N.)
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience, Universities of Florence, Pisa and Siena, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Orsini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (D.N.)
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience, Universities of Florence, Pisa and Siena, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Debora Napoli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (D.N.)
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience, Universities of Florence, Pisa and Siena, 50134 Florence, Italy
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54
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Steffens S, Bakker J, Glat M, Keimpema E, Pollak DD, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. 3D-print design of a stereotaxic adaptor for the precision targeting of brain structures in infant mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:725-732. [PMID: 34978111 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental investigation of early postnatal brain development in infant mice (<postnatal day 10) is challenging because of the rapid expansion of their brain volume and the fragility of cranial bones. Stereotaxic adaptors that are commercially available usually evoke significant compression forces, thus limiting the accuracy of micromanipulations. Here, we took advantage of recent progress in 3D-printing for the cost-effective production of stereotaxic adaptors for infant mice. Our designs offer gentle head positioning, tailored incisor placement and high precision, whilst also integrating evaporator and tubing components for gaseous anesthesia. Thus, post-procedural lethality is minimized even upon time-consuming surgeries. Viral microinjections through glass capillaries are shown as proof-of-principle to experimentally validate targeting accuracy in mice aged 6-10 days. The exact engineering workflow and printing protocol are disseminated for open-label use. Overall, we present technical details and experimental data on a stereotaxic device that can help neurobiologists working at a particularly complex developmental stage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steffens
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Solna, Sweden
| | - Micaela Glat
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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55
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Jenks KR, Tsimring K, Ip JPK, Zepeda JC, Sur M. Heterosynaptic Plasticity and the Experience-Dependent Refinement of Developing Neuronal Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:803401. [PMID: 34949992 PMCID: PMC8689143 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.803401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons remodel the structure and strength of their synapses during critical periods of development in order to optimize both perception and cognition. Many of these developmental synaptic changes are thought to occur through synapse-specific homosynaptic forms of experience-dependent plasticity. However, homosynaptic plasticity can also induce or contribute to the plasticity of neighboring synapses through heterosynaptic interactions. Decades of research in vitro have uncovered many of the molecular mechanisms of heterosynaptic plasticity that mediate local compensation for homosynaptic plasticity, facilitation of further bouts of plasticity in nearby synapses, and cooperative induction of plasticity by neighboring synapses acting in concert. These discoveries greatly benefited from new tools and technologies that permitted single synapse imaging and manipulation of structure, function, and protein dynamics in living neurons. With the recent advent and application of similar tools for in vivo research, it is now feasible to explore how heterosynaptic plasticity contribute to critical periods and the development of neuronal circuits. In this review, we will first define the forms heterosynaptic plasticity can take and describe our current understanding of their molecular mechanisms. Then, we will outline how heterosynaptic plasticity may lead to meaningful refinement of neuronal responses and observations that suggest such mechanisms are indeed at work in vivo. Finally, we will use a well-studied model of cortical plasticity—ocular dominance plasticity during a critical period of visual cortex development—to highlight the molecular overlap between heterosynaptic and developmental forms of plasticity, and suggest potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Jenks
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katya Tsimring
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jacque Pak Kan Ip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jose C Zepeda
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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56
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Inhibition of Cdk5 in PV Neurons Reactivates Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Adult Visual Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010186. [PMID: 35008611 PMCID: PMC8745415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been shown to play a critical role in brain development, learning, memory and neural processing in general. Cdk5 is widely distributed in many neuron types in the central nervous system, while its cell-specific role is largely unknown. Our previous study showed that Cdk5 inhibition restored ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in adulthood. In this study, we specifically knocked down Cdk5 in different types of neurons in the visual cortex and examined OD plasticity by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Downregulation of Cdk5 in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons, but not other neurons, reactivated adult mouse visual cortical plasticity. Cdk5 knockdown in PV neurons reduced the evoked firing rate, which was accompanied by an increment in the threshold current for the generation of a single action potential (AP) and hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Moreover, chemogenetic activation of PV neurons in the visual cortex can attenuate the restoration of OD plasticity by Cdk5 inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdk5 in PV interneurons may play a role in modulating the excitation and inhibition balance to control the plasticity of the visual cortex.
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57
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Duménieu M, Marquèze-Pouey B, Russier M, Debanne D. Mechanisms of Plasticity in Subcortical Visual Areas. Cells 2021; 10:3162. [PMID: 34831385 PMCID: PMC8621502 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual plasticity is classically considered to occur essentially in the primary and secondary cortical areas. Subcortical visual areas such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) or the superior colliculus (SC) have long been held as basic structures responsible for a stable and defined function. In this model, the dLGN was considered as a relay of visual information travelling from the retina to cortical areas and the SC as a sensory integrator orienting body movements towards visual targets. However, recent findings suggest that both dLGN and SC neurons express functional plasticity, adding unexplored layers of complexity to their previously attributed functions. The existence of neuronal plasticity at the level of visual subcortical areas redefines our approach of the visual system. The aim of this paper is therefore to review the cellular and molecular mechanisms for activity-dependent plasticity of both synaptic transmission and cellular properties in subcortical visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominique Debanne
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, UNIS, 13015 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
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58
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Ibrahim LA, Huang S, Fernandez-Otero M, Sherer M, Qiu Y, Vemuri S, Xu Q, Machold R, Pouchelon G, Rudy B, Fishell G. Bottom-up inputs are required for establishment of top-down connectivity onto cortical layer 1 neurogliaform cells. Neuron 2021; 109:3473-3485.e5. [PMID: 34478630 PMCID: PMC9316418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Higher-order projections to sensory cortical areas converge on layer 1 (L1), the primary site for integration of top-down information via the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons and L1 GABAergic interneurons. Here we investigated the contribution of early thalamic inputs onto L1 interneurons for establishment of top-down connectivity in the primary visual cortex. We find that bottom-up thalamic inputs predominate during L1 development and preferentially target neurogliaform cells. We show that these projections are critical for the subsequent strengthening of top-down inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex onto L1 neurogliaform cells. Sensory deprivation or selective removal of thalamic afferents blocked this phenomenon. Although early activation of the anterior cingulate cortex resulted in premature strengthening of these top-down afferents, this was dependent on thalamic inputs. Our results demonstrate that proper establishment of top-down connectivity in the visual cortex depends critically on bottom-up inputs from the thalamus during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ali Ibrahim
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shuhan Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Fernandez-Otero
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mia Sherer
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanjie Qiu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Robert Machold
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pouchelon
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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59
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Tan L, Ringach DL, Zipursky SL, Trachtenberg JT. Vision is required for the formation of binocular neurons prior to the classical critical period. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4305-4313.e5. [PMID: 34411526 PMCID: PMC8511080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depth perception emerges from the development of binocular neurons in primary visual cortex. Vision is required for these neurons to acquire their mature responses to visual stimuli. The prevailing view is that vision does not influence binocular circuitry until the onset of the critical period, about a week after eye opening, and that plasticity of visual responses is triggered by increased inhibition. Here, we show that vision is required to form binocular neurons and to improve binocular tuning and matching from eye opening until critical period closure. Enhancing inhibition does not accelerate this process. Vision soon after eye opening improves the tuning properties of binocular neurons by strengthening and sharpening ipsilateral eye cortical responses. This progressively changes the population of neurons in the binocular pool, and this plasticity is sensitive to interocular differences prior to critical period onset. Thus, vision establishes binocular circuitry and guides binocular plasticity from eye opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Dario L Ringach
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Joshua T Trachtenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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60
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Zhang Z, Gibson JR, Huber KM. Experience-dependent weakening of callosal synaptic connections in the absence of postsynaptic FMRP. eLife 2021; 10:71555. [PMID: 34617509 PMCID: PMC8526058 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced structural and functional interhemispheric connectivity correlates with the severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) behaviors in humans. Little is known of how ASD-risk genes regulate callosal connectivity. Here, we show that Fmr1, whose loss-of-function leads to Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), cell autonomously promotes maturation of callosal excitatory synapses between somatosensory barrel cortices in mice. Postnatal, cell-autonomous deletion of Fmr1 in postsynaptic Layer (L) 2/3 or L5 neurons results in a selective weakening of AMPA receptor- (R), but not NMDA receptor-, mediated callosal synaptic function, indicative of immature synapses. Sensory deprivation by contralateral whisker trimming normalizes callosal input strength, suggesting that experience-driven activity of postsynaptic Fmr1 KO L2/3 neurons weakens callosal synapses. In contrast to callosal inputs, synapses originating from local L4 and L2/3 circuits are normal, revealing an input-specific role for postsynaptic Fmr1 in regulation of synaptic connectivity within local and callosal neocortical circuits. These results suggest direct cell autonomous and postnatal roles for FMRP in development of specific cortical circuits and suggest a synaptic basis for long-range functional underconnectivity observed in FXS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jay R Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- Department of Neuroscience, O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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61
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Farhy-Tselnicker I, Boisvert MM, Liu H, Dowling C, Erikson GA, Blanco-Suarez E, Farhy C, Shokhirev MN, Ecker JR, Allen NJ. Activity-dependent modulation of synapse-regulating genes in astrocytes. eLife 2021; 10:70514. [PMID: 34494546 PMCID: PMC8497060 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate the formation and function of neuronal synapses via multiple signals; however, what controls regional and temporal expression of these signals during development is unknown. We determined the expression profile of astrocyte synapse-regulating genes in the developing mouse visual cortex, identifying astrocyte signals that show differential temporal and layer-enriched expression. These patterns are not intrinsic to astrocytes, but regulated by visually evoked neuronal activity, as they are absent in mice lacking glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals. Consequently, synapses remain immature. Expression of synapse-regulating genes and synaptic development is also altered when astrocyte signaling is blunted by diminishing calcium release from astrocyte stores. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identified groups of astrocytic genes regulated by neuronal and astrocyte activity, and a cassette of genes that show layer-specific enrichment. Thus, the development of cortical circuits requires coordinated signaling between astrocytes and neurons, highlighting astrocytes as a target to manipulate in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Farhy-Tselnicker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthew M Boisvert
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Cari Dowling
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Galina A Erikson
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Elena Blanco-Suarez
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Chen Farhy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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62
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Abstract
Astrocytes regulate the experience-dependent remodeling of brain circuits during development
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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63
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Ferro A, Auguste YSS, Cheadle L. Microglia, Cytokines, and Neural Activity: Unexpected Interactions in Brain Development and Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703527. [PMID: 34276699 PMCID: PMC8281303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular signaling molecules such as cytokines and their receptors enable immune cells to communicate with one another and their surrounding microenvironments. Emerging evidence suggests that the same signaling pathways that regulate inflammatory responses to injury and disease outside of the brain also play powerful roles in brain development, plasticity, and function. These observations raise the question of how the same signaling molecules can play such distinct roles in peripheral tissues compared to the central nervous system, a system previously thought to be largely protected from inflammatory signaling. Here, we review evidence that the specialized roles of immune signaling molecules such as cytokines in the brain are to a large extent shaped by neural activity, a key feature of the brain that reflects active communication between neurons at synapses. We discuss the known mechanisms through which microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond to increases and decreases in activity by engaging classical inflammatory signaling cascades to assemble, remodel, and eliminate synapses across the lifespan. We integrate evidence from (1) in vivo imaging studies of microglia-neuron interactions, (2) developmental studies across multiple neural circuits, and (3) molecular studies of activity-dependent gene expression in microglia and neurons to highlight the specific roles of activity in defining immune pathway function in the brain. Given that the repurposing of signaling pathways across different tissues may be an important evolutionary strategy to overcome the limited size of the genome, understanding how cytokine function is established and maintained in the brain could lead to key insights into neurological health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Cheadle
- Neuroscience Department, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
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64
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Zeiger WA, Marosi M, Saggi S, Noble N, Samad I, Portera-Cailliau C. Barrel cortex plasticity after photothrombotic stroke involves potentiating responses of pre-existing circuits but not functional remapping to new circuits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3972. [PMID: 34172735 PMCID: PMC8233353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery after stroke is thought to be mediated by adaptive circuit plasticity, whereby surviving neurons assume the roles of those that died. However, definitive longitudinal evidence of neurons changing their response selectivity after stroke is lacking. We sought to directly test whether such functional “remapping” occurs within mouse primary somatosensory cortex after a stroke that destroys the C1 barrel. Using in vivo calcium imaging to longitudinally record sensory-evoked activity under light anesthesia, we did not find any increase in the number of C1 whisker-responsive neurons in the adjacent, spared D3 barrel after stroke. To promote plasticity after stroke, we also plucked all whiskers except C1 (forced use therapy). This led to an increase in the reliability of sensory-evoked responses in C1 whisker-responsive neurons but did not increase the number of C1 whisker-responsive neurons in spared surround barrels over baseline levels. Our results argue against remapping of functionality after barrel cortex stroke, but support a circuit-based mechanism for how rehabilitation may improve recovery. Definitive evidence for functional remapping after stroke remains lacking. Here, the authors performed in vivo intrinsic signal imaging and two-photon calcium imaging of sensory-evoked responses before and after photothrombotic stroke and found no evidence of remapping of lost functionalities to new circuits in peri-infarct cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Zeiger
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Máté Marosi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Satvir Saggi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Noble
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isa Samad
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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65
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Ewall G, Parkins S, Lin A, Jaoui Y, Lee HK. Cortical and Subcortical Circuits for Cross-Modal Plasticity Induced by Loss of Vision. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:665009. [PMID: 34113240 PMCID: PMC8185208 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.665009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical areas are highly interconnected both via cortical and subcortical pathways, and primary sensory cortices are not isolated from this general structure. In primary sensory cortical areas, these pre-existing functional connections serve to provide contextual information for sensory processing and can mediate adaptation when a sensory modality is lost. Cross-modal plasticity in broad terms refers to widespread plasticity across the brain in response to losing a sensory modality, and largely involves two distinct changes: cross-modal recruitment and compensatory plasticity. The former involves recruitment of the deprived sensory area, which includes the deprived primary sensory cortex, for processing the remaining senses. Compensatory plasticity refers to plasticity in the remaining sensory areas, including the spared primary sensory cortices, to enhance the processing of its own sensory inputs. Here, we will summarize potential cellular plasticity mechanisms involved in cross-modal recruitment and compensatory plasticity, and review cortical and subcortical circuits to the primary sensory cortices which can mediate cross-modal plasticity upon loss of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ewall
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Samuel Parkins
- Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Biophysics (CMDB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Lin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yanis Jaoui
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Biophysics (CMDB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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66
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Perceptual Learning beyond Perception: Mnemonic Representation in Early Visual Cortex and Intraparietal Sulcus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4476-4486. [PMID: 33811151 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2780-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to discriminate between stimuli relies on a chain of neural operations associated with perception, memory and decision-making. Accumulating studies show learning-dependent plasticity in perception or decision-making, yet whether perceptual learning modifies mnemonic processing remains unclear. Here, we trained human participants of both sexes in an orientation discrimination task, while using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to separately examine training-induced changes in working memory (WM) representation. fMRI decoding revealed orientation-specific neural patterns during the delay period in primary visual cortex (V1) before, but not after, training, whereas neurodisruption of V1 during the delay period led to behavioral deficits in both phases. In contrast, both fMRI decoding and disruptive effect of TMS showed that intraparietal sulcus (IPS) represented WM content after, but not before, training. These results suggest that training does not affect the necessity of sensory area in representing WM information, consistent with the sensory recruitment hypothesis in WM, but likely alters the coding format of the stored stimulus in this region. On the other hand, training can render WM content to be maintained in higher-order parietal areas, complementing sensory area to support more robust maintenance of information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There has been accumulating progresses regarding experience-dependent plasticity in perception or decision-making, yet how perceptual experience moulds mnemonic processing of visual information remains less explored. Here, we provide novel findings that learning-dependent improvement of discriminability accompanies altered WM representation at different cortical levels. Critically, we suggest a role of training in modulating cortical locus of WM representation, providing a plausible explanation to reconcile the discrepant findings between human and animal studies regarding the recruitment of sensory or higher-order areas in WM.
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67
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Distinct functional developments of surviving and eliminated presynaptic terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022423118. [PMID: 33688051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022423118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For neuronal circuits in the brain to mature, necessary synapses must be maintained and redundant synapses eliminated through experience-dependent mechanisms. However, the functional differentiation of these synapse types during the refinement process remains elusive. Here, we addressed this issue by distinct labeling and direct recordings of presynaptic terminals fated for survival and for elimination in the somatosensory thalamus. At surviving terminals, the number of total releasable vesicles was first enlarged, and then calcium channels and fast-releasing synaptic vesicles were tightly coupled in an experience-dependent manner. By contrast, transmitter release mechanisms did not mature at terminals fated for elimination, irrespective of sensory experience. Nonetheless, terminals fated for survival and for elimination both exhibited developmental shortening of action potential waveforms that was experience independent. Thus, we dissected experience-dependent and -independent developmental maturation processes of surviving and eliminated presynaptic terminals during neuronal circuit refinement.
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68
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Sipe GO, Petravicz J, Rikhye RV, Garcia R, Mellios N, Sur M. Astrocyte glutamate uptake coordinates experience-dependent, eye-specific refinement in developing visual cortex. Glia 2021; 69:1723-1735. [PMID: 33675674 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of glutamate by astrocytes actively shapes synaptic transmission, however its role in the development and plasticity of neuronal circuits remains poorly understood. The astrocytic glutamate transporter, GLT1 is the predominant source of glutamate clearance in the adult mouse cortex. Here, we examined the structural and functional development of the visual cortex in GLT1 heterozygous (HET) mice using two-photon microscopy, immunohistochemistry and slice electrophysiology. We find that though eye-specific thalamic axonal segregation is intact, binocular refinement in the primary visual cortex is disrupted. Eye-specific responses to visual stimuli in GLT1 HET mice show altered binocular matching, with abnormally high responses to ipsilateral compared to contralateral eye stimulation and a greater mismatch between preferred orientation selectivity of ipsilateral and contralateral eye responses. Furthermore, we observe an increase in dendritic spine density in the basal dendrites of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons suggesting aberrant spine pruning. Monocular deprivation induces atypical ocular dominance plasticity in GLT1 HET mice, with an unusual depression of ipsilateral open eye responses; however, this change in ipsilateral responses correlates well with an upregulation of GLT1 protein following monocular deprivation. These results demonstrate that a key function of astrocytic GLT1 function during development is the experience-dependent refinement of ipsilateral eye inputs relative to contralateral eye inputs in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson O Sipe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy Petravicz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajeev V Rikhye
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rodrigo Garcia
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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69
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Schroeder KM, Remage-Healey L. Adult-like neural representation of species-specific songs in the auditory forebrain of zebra finch nestlings. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:123-138. [PMID: 33369121 PMCID: PMC7969438 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Encoding of conspecific signals during development can reinforce species barriers as well as set the stage for learning and production of species-typical vocalizations. In altricial songbirds, the development of the auditory system is not complete at hatching, so it is unknown the degree to which recently hatched young can process auditory signals like birdsong. We measured in vivo extracellular responses to song stimuli in a zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) secondary auditory forebrain region, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM). We recorded from three age groups between 13 days post-hatch and adult to identify possible shifts in stimulus encoding that occur before the opening of the sensitive period of song motor learning. We did not find differences in putative cell type composition, firing rate, response strength, and selectivity across ages. Across ages narrow-spiking units had higher firing rates, response strength, accuracy, and trial-by-trial reliability along with lower selectivity than broad-spiking units. In addition, we showed that stimulus-specific adaptation, a characteristic of adult NCM, was also present in nestlings and fledglings. These results indicate that most features of secondary auditory processing are already adult-like shortly after hatching. Furthermore, we showed that selectivity for species-specific stimuli is similar across all ages, with the greatest fidelity in temporal coding in response to conspecific song and domesticated Bengalese finch song, and reduced fidelity in response to owl finch song, a more ecologically relevant heterospecific, and white noise. Our study provides the first evidence that the electrophysiological properties of higher-order auditory neurons are already mature in nestling songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Schroeder
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Luke Remage-Healey
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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70
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Yang SM, Michel K, Jokhi V, Nedivi E, Arlotta P. Neuron class-specific responses govern adaptive myelin remodeling in the neocortex. Science 2021; 370:370/6523/eabd2109. [PMID: 33335032 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myelin plasticity is critical for neurological function, including learning and memory. However, it is unknown whether this plasticity reflects uniform changes across all neuronal subtypes, or whether myelin dynamics vary between neuronal classes to enable fine-tuning of adaptive circuit responses. We performed in vivo two-photon imaging of myelin sheaths along single axons of excitatory callosal neurons and inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in adult mouse visual cortex. We found that both neuron types show homeostatic myelin remodeling under normal vision. However, monocular deprivation results in adaptive myelin remodeling only in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. An initial increase in elongation of myelin segments is followed by contraction of a separate cohort of segments. This data indicates that distinct classes of neurons individualize remodeling of their myelination profiles to diversify circuit tuning in response to sensory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Katrin Michel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vahbiz Jokhi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elly Nedivi
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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71
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Tohmi M, Tanabe S, Cang J. Motion Streak Neurons in the Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108617. [PMID: 33440151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion streaks are smeared representation of fast-moving objects due to temporal integration. Here, we test for motion streak signals in mice with two-photon calcium imaging. For small dots moving at low speeds, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) encode the component motion, with preferred direction along the axis perpendicular to their preferred orientation. At high speeds, V1 neurons prefer the direction along the axis parallel to their preferred orientation, as expected for encoding motion streaks. Whereas some V1 neurons (∼20%) display a switch of preferred motion axis with increasing speed, others (>40%) respond specifically to high speeds at the parallel axis. Motion streak neurons are also seen in higher visual lateromedial (LM), anterolateral (AL), and rostrolateral (RL) areas, but with higher transition speeds, and many still prefer the perpendicular axis even with fast motion. Our results thus indicate that diverse motion encoding exists in mouse visual cortex, with intriguing differences among visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manavu Tohmi
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Seiji Tanabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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72
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Aponte-Santiago NA, Littleton JT. Synaptic Properties and Plasticity Mechanisms of Invertebrate Tonic and Phasic Neurons. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611982. [PMID: 33391026 PMCID: PMC7772194 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining neuronal cell types and their associated biophysical and synaptic diversity has become an important goal in neuroscience as a mechanism to create comprehensive brain cell atlases in the post-genomic age. Beyond broad classification such as neurotransmitter expression, interneuron vs. pyramidal, sensory or motor, the field is still in the early stages of understanding closely related cell types. In both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, one well-described distinction related to firing characteristics and synaptic release properties are tonic and phasic neuronal subtypes. In vertebrates, these classes were defined based on sustained firing responses during stimulation (tonic) vs. transient responses that rapidly adapt (phasic). In crustaceans, the distinction expanded to include synaptic release properties, with tonic motoneurons displaying sustained firing and weaker synapses that undergo short-term facilitation to maintain muscle contraction and posture. In contrast, phasic motoneurons with stronger synapses showed rapid depression and were recruited for short bursts during fast locomotion. Tonic and phasic motoneurons with similarities to those in crustaceans have been characterized in Drosophila, allowing the genetic toolkit associated with this model to be used for dissecting the unique properties and plasticity mechanisms for these neuronal subtypes. This review outlines general properties of invertebrate tonic and phasic motoneurons and highlights recent advances that characterize distinct synaptic and plasticity pathways associated with two closely related glutamatergic neuronal cell types that drive invertebrate locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Aponte-Santiago
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J. Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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73
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Spiegel I. Experience-regulated molecular mechanisms in cortical GABAergic interneurons: from cellular functions to control over circuit plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:145-154. [PMID: 33316573 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experience-induced changes in GABAergic interneurons (INs) are thought to control the plasticity of neural circuits in the developing and adult cortex. However, it remains poorly understood how experience and the ensuing neuronal activity alter the properties and connectivity of specific IN subtypes and how these cellular changes, in turn, control the plasticity of cortical circuits. Here, I discuss recent experimental and theoretical studies that point to specific experience-induced changes in select IN subtypes as central regulators of plasticity in the cortex. In particular, I focus on the recent identification of several experience-regulated secreted molecules that modulate specific sets of synapses in IN subtypes. I argue that elucidating these molecular mechanisms will allow us to test experimentally the predictions made by theoretical models about the plasticity functions of specific IN subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Spiegel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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74
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Neural Polyamory: One Cell Forms Meaningful Connections with Hundreds of Partners. Cell Syst 2020; 10:381-383. [PMID: 32437682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of one thalamic neuron, mapping hundreds of presynaptic inputs and postsynaptic outputs, reveals diverse types of interaction in a neural microcircuit.
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75
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Kowalewski NN, Kauttonen J, Stan PL, Jeon BB, Fuchs T, Chase SM, Lee TS, Kuhlman SJ. Development of Natural Scene Representation in Primary Visual Cortex Requires Early Postnatal Experience. Curr Biol 2020; 31:369-380.e5. [PMID: 33220181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the visual system is known to be shaped by early-life experience. To identify response properties that contribute to enhanced natural scene representation, we performed calcium imaging of excitatory neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice raised in three different conditions (standard-reared, dark-reared, and delayed-visual experience) and compared neuronal responses to natural scene features in relation to simpler grating stimuli that varied in orientation and spatial frequency. We assessed population selectivity in the V1 by using decoding methods and found that natural scene discriminability increased by 75% between the ages of 4 and 6 weeks. Both natural scene and grating discriminability were higher in standard-reared animals than in those raised in the dark. This increase in discriminability was accompanied by a reduction in the number of neurons that responded to low-spatial-frequency gratings. At the same time, there was an increase in neuronal preference for natural scenes. Light exposure restricted to a 2- to 4-week window during adulthood did not induce improvements in natural scene or in grating stimulus discriminability. Our results demonstrate that experience reduces the number of neurons needed to effectively encode grating stimuli and that early visual experience enhances natural scene discriminability by directly increasing responsiveness to natural scene features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N Kowalewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Janne Kauttonen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Patricia L Stan
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; University of Pittsburgh Center for Neuroscience, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian B Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steven M Chase
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tai Sing Lee
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sandra J Kuhlman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; University of Pittsburgh Center for Neuroscience, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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76
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Johnson KO, Triplett JW. Wiring subcortical image-forming centers: Topography, laminar targeting, and map alignment. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 142:283-317. [PMID: 33706920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sensory processing is a complex and important function for species survival. As such, sensory circuits are highly organized to facilitate rapid detection of salient stimuli and initiate motor responses. For decades, the retina's projections to image-forming centers have served as useful models to elucidate the mechanisms by which such exquisite circuitry is wired. In this chapter, we review the roles of molecular cues, neuronal activity, and axon-axon competition in the development of topographically ordered retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Further, we discuss our current state of understanding regarding the laminar-specific targeting of subclasses of RGCs in the SC and its homolog, the optic tectum (OT). Finally, we cover recent studies examining the alignment of projections from primary visual cortex with RGCs that monitor the same region of space in the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jason W Triplett
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.
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77
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Tan L, Tring E, Ringach DL, Zipursky SL, Trachtenberg JT. Vision Changes the Cellular Composition of Binocular Circuitry during the Critical Period. Neuron 2020; 108:735-747.e6. [PMID: 33091339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High acuity stereopsis emerges during an early postnatal critical period when binocular neurons in the primary visual cortex sharpen their receptive field tuning properties. We find that this sharpening is achieved by dismantling the binocular circuit present at critical period onset and building it anew. Longitudinal imaging of receptive field tuning (e.g., orientation selectivity) of thousands of neurons reveals that most binocular neurons present in layer 2/3 at critical period onset are poorly tuned and are rendered monocular. In parallel, new binocular neurons are established by conversion of well-tuned monocular neurons as they gain matched input from the other eye. These improvements in binocular tuning in layer 2/3 are not inherited from layer 4 but are driven by the experience-dependent sharpening of ipsilateral eye responses. Thus, vision builds a new and more sharply tuned binocular circuit in layer 2/3 by cellular exchange and not by refining the original circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Elaine Tring
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dario L Ringach
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Joshua T Trachtenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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78
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Cheadle L, Rivera SA, Phelps JS, Ennis KA, Stevens B, Burkly LC, Lee WCA, Greenberg ME. Sensory Experience Engages Microglia to Shape Neural Connectivity through a Non-Phagocytic Mechanism. Neuron 2020; 108:451-468.e9. [PMID: 32931754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory experience remodels neural circuits in the early postnatal brain through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Applying a new method of ultrastructural analysis to the retinogeniculate circuit, we find that visual experience alters the number and structure of synapses between the retina and the thalamus. These changes require vision-dependent transcription of the receptor Fn14 in thalamic relay neurons and the induction of its ligand TWEAK in microglia. Fn14 functions to increase the number of bulbous spine-associated synapses at retinogeniculate connections, likely contributing to the strengthening of the circuit that occurs in response to visual experience. However, at retinogeniculate connections near TWEAK-expressing microglia, TWEAK signals via Fn14 to restrict the number of bulbous spines on relay neurons, leading to the elimination of a subset of connections. Thus, TWEAK and Fn14 represent an intercellular signaling axis through which microglia shape retinogeniculate connectivity in response to sensory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cheadle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel A Rivera
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasper S Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelin A Ennis
- Research and Early Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 04142, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda C Burkly
- Research and Early Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 04142, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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79
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Dehorter N, Del Pino I. Shifting Developmental Trajectories During Critical Periods of Brain Formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:283. [PMID: 33132842 PMCID: PMC7513795 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical periods of brain development are epochs of heightened plasticity driven by environmental influence necessary for normal brain function. Recent studies are beginning to shed light on the possibility that timely interventions during critical periods hold potential to reorient abnormal developmental trajectories in animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we re-examine the criteria defining critical periods, highlighting the recently discovered mechanisms of developmental plasticity in health and disease. In addition, we touch upon technological improvements for modeling critical periods in human-derived neural networks in vitro. These scientific advances associated with the use of developmental manipulations in the immature brain of animal models are the basic preclinical systems that will allow the future translatability of timely interventions into clinical applications for neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dehorter
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Isabel Del Pino
- Principe Felipe Research Center (Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, CIPF), Valencia, Spain
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80
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Jia K, Zamboni E, Kemper V, Rua C, Goncalves NR, Ng AKT, Rodgers CT, Williams G, Goebel R, Kourtzi Z. Recurrent Processing Drives Perceptual Plasticity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4177-4187.e4. [PMID: 32888488 PMCID: PMC7658806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Learning and experience are critical for translating ambiguous sensory information from our environments to perceptual decisions. Yet evidence on how training molds the adult human brain remains controversial, as fMRI at standard resolution does not allow us to discern the finer scale mechanisms that underlie sensory plasticity. Here, we combine ultra-high-field (7T) functional imaging at sub-millimeter resolution with orientation discrimination training to interrogate experience-dependent plasticity across cortical depths that are known to support dissociable brain computations. We demonstrate that learning alters orientation-specific representations in superficial rather than middle or deeper V1 layers, consistent with recurrent plasticity mechanisms via horizontal connections. Further, learning increases feedforward rather than feedback layer-to-layer connectivity in occipito-parietal regions, suggesting that sensory plasticity gates perceptual decisions. Our findings reveal finer scale plasticity mechanisms that re-weight sensory signals to inform improved decisions, bridging the gap between micro- and macro-circuits of experience-dependent plasticity. Discrimination training alters orientation representations in superficial V1 layers Orientation-specific V1 plasticity is independent of task context Discrimination training alters orientation representations in middle IPS layers Learning enhances feedforward connectivity from visual to parietal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jia
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Elisa Zamboni
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Valentin Kemper
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina Rua
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Adrian Ka Tsun Ng
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christopher T Rodgers
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guy Williams
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Zoe Kourtzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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81
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Grieco SF, Qiao X, Zheng X, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang H, Yu Z, Gavornik JP, Lai C, Gandhi SP, Holmes TC, Xu X. Subanesthetic Ketamine Reactivates Adult Cortical Plasticity to Restore Vision from Amblyopia. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3591-3603.e8. [PMID: 32822611 PMCID: PMC7925140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Subanesthetic ketamine evokes rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in human patients. The mechanism for ketamine's effects remains elusive, but ketamine may broadly modulate brain plasticity processes. We show that single-dose ketamine reactivates adult mouse visual cortical plasticity and promotes functional recovery of visual acuity defects from amblyopia. Ketamine specifically induces downregulation of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) expression in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons in mouse visual cortex. NRG1 downregulation in PV neurons co-tracks both the fast onset and sustained decreases in synaptic inhibition to excitatory neurons, along with reduced synaptic excitation to PV neurons in vitro and in vivo following a single ketamine treatment. These effects are blocked by exogenous NRG1 as well as PV targeted receptor knockout. Thus, ketamine reactivation of adult visual cortical plasticity is mediated through rapid and sustained cortical disinhibition via downregulation of PV-specific NRG1 signaling. Our findings reveal the neural plasticity-based mechanism for ketamine-mediated functional recovery from adult amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Grieco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1250, USA
| | | | - Cary Lai
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7000, USA
| | - Sunil P Gandhi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697- 4560, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA.
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82
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Park WJ, Fine I. New insights into cortical development and plasticity: from molecules to behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 16:50-60. [PMID: 32923755 PMCID: PMC7480792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human brain contains 100 billion neurons, and each neuron can have up to 200,000 connections to other neurons. Recent advancements in neuroscience-ranging from molecular studies in animal models to behavioral studies in humans-have given us deeper insights into the development of this extraordinarily intricate system. Studies show a complex interaction between biological predispositions and environment; while the gross neuroanatomy and low-level functions develop early prior to receiving environmental inputs, functional selectivity is shaped through experience, governed by the maturation of local excitatory and inhibitory circuits and synaptic plasticity during sensitive periods early in development. Plasticity does not end with the closing of the early sensitive period - the environment continues to play an important role in learning throughout the lifespan. Recent work delineating the cascade of events that initiates, controls and ends sensitive periods, offers new hope of eventually being able to remediate various clinical conditions by selectively reopening plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Ju Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ione Fine
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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83
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Bornia N, Taboada A, Dapueto A, Rossi FM. Identification of cofilin 1 as a candidate protein associated to mouse visual cortex plasticity. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135056. [PMID: 32446773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the mechanisms controlling plasticity in the mouse visual cortex, we used, for the first time on brain samples, an unconventional proteomic approach to separate acid-extracted proteins by bi-dimensional electrophoresis (AUT/SDS or AUT/AU gels). The analysis was performed on high plasticity critical period young vs. low plasticity adult, and on fluoxetine-induced high plasticity vs. low plasticity untreated adult mice. Mass spectrometry allowed for the identification of 11 proteins that are differentially expressed between critical period and adult mice, and 5 between fluoxetine-treated and control adult mice. We then focused on cofilin 1, as the intensity level of the corresponding spot on 2D gels was higher in both high plasticity conditions. Western blot showed that cofilin 1 expression is dynamically regulated during postnatal life, reaching a peak at the critical period, and decreasing at adult stage, and that it increases in fluoxetine-treated vs. untreated adult mice. In summary, by using a 2D gel electrophoresis differential approach on basic proteins followed by mass spectrometry and immunoblot analysis, we identified cofilin 1 as a potential candidate controlling plasticity levels of the mouse visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bornia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias "Neuroplasticity Unit", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alfonso Taboada
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias "Neuroplasticity Unit", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Agustina Dapueto
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias "Neuroplasticity Unit", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Francesco Mattia Rossi
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias "Neuroplasticity Unit", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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