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Prior R, Van Helleputte L, Benoy V, Van Den Bosch L. Defective axonal transport: A common pathological mechanism in inherited and acquired peripheral neuropathies. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:300-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Sanna MD, Ghelardini C, Galeotti N. Spinal astrocytic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation as counteracting mechanism to the amitriptyline analgesic efficacy in painful peripheral neuropathies. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 798:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Newton VL, Guck JD, Cotter MA, Cameron NE, Gardiner NJ. Neutrophils Infiltrate the Spinal Cord Parenchyma of Rats with Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4729284. [PMID: 28293643 PMCID: PMC5331287 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4729284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal glial cell activation and cytokine secretion have been implicated in the etiology of neuropathic pain in a number of experimental models, including diabetic neuropathy. In this study, streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with gabapentin (50 mg/kg/day by gavage for 2 weeks, from 6 weeks after STZ). At 8 weeks after STZ, hypersensitivity was confirmed in the untreated diabetic rats as a reduced response threshold to touch, whilst mechanical thresholds in gabapentin-treated diabetic rats were no different from controls. Diabetes-associated thermal hypersensitivity was also ameliorated by gabapentin. We performed a cytokine profiling array in lumbar spinal cord samples from control and diabetic rats. This revealed an increase in L-selectin, an adhesion molecule important for neutrophil transmigration, in the spinal cord of diabetic rats but not diabetic rats treated with gabapentin. Furthermore, we found an increase in the number of neutrophils present in the parenchyma of the spinal cord, which was again ameliorated in gabapentin-treated diabetic rats. Therefore, we suggest that dysregulated spinal L-selectin and neutrophil infiltration into the spinal cord could contribute to the pathogenesis of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Newton
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Guck
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mary A. Cotter
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Natalie J. Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- *Natalie J. Gardiner:
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Marwaha L, Bansal Y, Singh R, Saroj P, Sodhi RK, Kuhad A. Niflumic acid, a TRPV1 channel modulator, ameliorates stavudine-induced neuropathic pain. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:319-334. [PMID: 27757590 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TRP channels have been discovered as a specialized group of somatosensory neurons involved in the detection of noxious stimuli. Desensitization of TRPV1 located on dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia exhibits analgesic effect and makes it potential therapeutic target for treatment of neuropathic pain. With this background, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of niflumic acid, a TRPV1 modulator, on stavudine (STV)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Stavudine (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously via tail vein in rats to induce neuropathic pain. Various behavioral tests were performed to access neuropathic pain (hyperalgesia and allodynia) on 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Electrophysiology (motor nerve conduction velocity; MNCV) and biochemical estimations were conducted after 28th day. Niflumic acid (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally and evaluated against behavioral, electrophysiological (MNCV), and biochemical alterations in stavudine-treated rats. Pregabalin (30 mg/kg) was taken as reference standard and administered intraperitoneally. Four weeks after stavudine injection, rats developed behavioral, electrophysiological (MNCV), and biochemical (oxidative, nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, TRPV1) alterations. Niflumic acid restored core and associated symptoms of peripheral neuropathy by suppressing oxidative-nitrosative stress, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and TRPV1 level in stavudine-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Pharmacological efficacy of niflumic acid (20 mg/kg) was equivalent to pregabalin (30 mg/kg). In conclusion, niflumic acid attenuates STV-induced behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical alterations by manipulating TRP channel activity in two manners: (1) direct antagonistic action against TRPV1 channels and (2) indirect inhibition of TRP channels by blocking oxidative and inflammatory surge. Therefore, NA can be developed as a potential pharmacotherapeutic adjunct for antiretroviral drug-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovish Marwaha
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Raghunath Singh
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Priyanka Saroj
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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Wodarski R, Delaney A, Ultenius C, Morland R, Andrews N, Baastrup C, Bryden LA, Caspani O, Christoph T, Gardiner NJ, Huang W, Kennedy JD, Koyama S, Li D, Ligocki M, Lindsten A, Machin I, Pekcec A, Robens A, Rotariu SM, Voß S, Segerdahl M, Stenfors C, Svensson CI, Treede RD, Uto K, Yamamoto K, Rutten K, Rice AS. Cross-centre replication of suppressed burrowing behaviour as an ethologically relevant pain outcome measure in the rat: a prospective multicentre study. Pain 2016; 157:2350-65. [PMID: 27643836 PMCID: PMC5028161 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Burrowing, an ethologically relevant rodent behaviour, has been proposed as a novel outcome measure to assess the global impact of pain in rats. In a prospective multicentre study using male rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley), replication of suppressed burrowing behaviour in the complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced model of inflammatory pain (unilateral, 1 mg/mL in 100 µL) was evaluated in 11 studies across 8 centres. Following a standard protocol, data from participating centres were collected centrally and analysed with a restricted maximum likelihood-based mixed model for repeated measures. The total population (TP-all animals allocated to treatment; n = 249) and a selected population (SP-TP animals burrowing over 500 g at baseline; n = 200) were analysed separately, assessing the effect of excluding "poor" burrowers. Mean baseline burrowing across studies was 1113 g (95% confidence interval: 1041-1185 g) for TP and 1329 g (1271-1387 g) for SP. Burrowing was significantly suppressed in the majority of studies 24 hours (7 studies/population) and 48 hours (7 TP, 6 SP) after CFA injections. Across all centres, significantly suppressed burrowing peaked 24 hours after CFA injections, with a burrowing deficit of -374 g (-479 to -269 g) for TP and -498 g (-609 to -386 g) for SP. This unique multicentre approach first provided high-quality evidence evaluating suppressed burrowing as robust and reproducible, supporting its use as tool to infer the global effect of pain on rodents. Second, our approach provided important informative value for the use of multicentre studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Ada Delaney
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Ultenius
- Neuroscience CNSP iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Rosie Morland
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Andrews
- Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Baastrup
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luke A. Bryden
- CNS Disease Division Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ombretta Caspani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Christoph
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Translational Science and Strategy, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie J. Gardiner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suguru Koyama
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dominic Li
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marcin Ligocki
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Machin
- Deal, Kent, United Kingdom. L. A. Bryden is now with the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. W. Huang is now with the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom. C. Stenfors is now with the R&D CNS Research, Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anton Pekcec
- CNS Disease Division Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Angela Robens
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Translational Science and Strategy, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanziana M. Rotariu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Voß
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marta Segerdahl
- Neuroscience CNSP iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Carina Stenfors
- Neuroscience CNSP iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katsuhiro Uto
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kris Rutten
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomarker Development, Translational Science and Strategy, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Muralidharan A, Kuo A, Jacob M, Lourdesamy JS, Carvalho LMSPD, Nicholson JR, Corradini L, Smith MT. Comparison of Burrowing and Stimuli-Evoked Pain Behaviors as End-Points in Rat Models of Inflammatory Pain and Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:88. [PMID: 27242458 PMCID: PMC4862327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment and validation of ethologically-relevant, non-evoked behavioral end-points as surrogate measures of spontaneous pain in rodent pain models has been proposed as a means to improve preclinical to clinical research translation in the pain field. Here, we compared the utility of burrowing behavior with hypersensitivity to applied mechanical stimuli for pain assessment in rat models of chronic inflammatory and peripheral neuropathic pain. Briefly, groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to the burrowing environment and trained over a 5-day period. Rats that burrowed ≤ 450 g of gravel on any 2 days of the individual training phase were excluded from the study. The remaining rats received either a unilateral intraplantar injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or saline, or underwent unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve- or sham-surgery. Baseline burrowing behavior and evoked pain behaviors were assessed prior to model induction, and twice-weekly until study completion on day 14. For FCA- and CCI-rats, but not the corresponding groups of sham-rats, evoked mechanical hypersensitivity developed in a temporal manner in the ipsilateral hindpaws. Although burrowing behavior also decreased in a temporal manner for both FCA-and CCI- rats, there was considerable inter-animal variability. By contrast, mechanical hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral hindpaws of FCA- and CCI-rats respectively, exhibited minimal inter-animal variability. Our data collectively show that burrowing behavior is altered in rodent models of chronic inflammatory pain and peripheral neuropathic pain. However, large group sizes are needed to ensure studies are adequately powered due to considerable inter-animal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Muralidharan
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meera Jacob
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacintha S Lourdesamy
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Janet R Nicholson
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach, Germany
| | - Laura Corradini
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach, Germany
| | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia CampusBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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Iida T, Yi H, Liu S, Huang W, Kanda H, Lubarsky DA, Hao S. Spinal CPEB-mtROS-CBP signaling pathway contributes to perineural HIV gp120 with ddC-related neuropathic pain in rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:17-27. [PMID: 27090160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), have been known to develop neuropathic pain. While there has been a major shift away from some neurotoxic NRTIs in current antiretroviral therapy, a large number of HIV patients alive today have previously received them, and many have developed painful peripheral neuropathy. The exact mechanisms by which HIV with NRTIs contribute to the development of neuropathic pain are not known. Previous studies suggest that cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP), are involved in the neuroimmunological diseases including inflammatory/neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigated the role of CPEB, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), or CBP in neuropathic pain induced by HIV envelope protein gp120 combined with antiretroviral drug. The application of recombinant gp120 into the sciatic nerve plus systemic ddC (one of NRTIs) induced mechanical allodynia. Knockdown of CPEB or CBP using intrathecal antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) reduced mechanical allodynia. Intrathecal mitochondrial superoxide scavenger mito-tempol (Mito-T) increased mechanical withdrawal threshold. Knockdown of CPEB using intrathecal AS-ODN, reduced the up-regulated mitochondrial superoxide in the spinal dorsal horn in rats with gp120 combined with ddC. Intrathecal Mito-T lowered the increased expression of CBP in the spinal dorsal horn. Immunostaining studies showed that neuronal CPEB positive cells were co-localized with MitoSox positive profiles, and that MitoSox positive profiles were co-localized with neuronal CBP. Our studies suggest that neuronal CPEB-mtROS-CBP pathway in the spinal dorsal horn, plays an important role in the gp120/ddC-induced neuropathic pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Iida
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hyun Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Wan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Hirotsugu Kanda
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - David A Lubarsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Morland RH, Novejarque A, Spicer C, Pheby T, Rice ASC. Enhanced c-Fos expression in the central amygdala correlates with increased thigmotaxis in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1140-54. [PMID: 27030378 PMCID: PMC4950342 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Pain is associated with affective, cognitive and sensory dysfunction. Animal models can be used to observe ethologically relevant behaviours such as thigmotaxis, giving insight into how ongoing sensory abnormalities influence natural rodent behaviours. The amygdala is a complex group of nuclei implicated in the integration and generation of emotional behavioural responses, including those associated with pain, and a region known as the central amygdala is particularly associated with generation of behavioural responses, due to its links to the descending pain modulation pathways; as such, study of amygdalar c‐Fos immunoreactivity can help identify the neuronal circuits involved. Method This study investigated changes in both nociceptive evoked responses and open field behaviour following spinal nerve transection (SNT) in male Wistar rats, and attempted to correlate these with changes in central amygdala c‐Fos immunoreactivity. Results Fourteen days after SNT, mechanical hypersensitivity was present in the hind paw ipsilateral to site of injury. Thigmotactic behaviour was significantly increased in both SNT and sham surgery animals, with c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the central amygdala significantly greater in SNT animals compared to both sham and naive groups. Activation was greatest in the capsular and lateral subnuclei of the central amygdala, and in the caudal‐most regions. There was a strong correlation between thigmotactic behaviour and central amygdala activation following SNT surgery not seen in sham animals suggesting a role for the amygdala in behavioural responses to peripheral nerve injury. Conclusions This study provides evidence to support the role of the amygdala in thigmotactic open field behaviour following SNT. What does this study add? Thigmotaxis and amygdala activation are positively correlated in rats following spinal nerve transection. Behavioural changes seen in sham animals did not correlate with amygdala activation, suggesting amygdala activation is related to nociceptive input. Evoked measures, such as hindpaw withdrawal, are not correlated with either thigmotaxis or amygdala activation, emphasizing the importance of complex behaviours when studying pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Morland
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - A Novejarque
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C Spicer
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - T Pheby
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - A S C Rice
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, Imperial College London, UK
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Whiteside GT, Pomonis JD, Kennedy JD. Preclinical Pharmacological Approaches in Drug Discovery for Chronic Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:303-23. [PMID: 26920017 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, animal behavioral models, particularly those used in pain research, have been increasingly scrutinized and criticized for their role in the poor translation of novel pharmacotherapies for chronic pain. This chapter addresses the use of animal models of pain used in drug discovery research. It highlights how, when, and why animal models of pain are used as one of the many experimental tools used to gain better understanding of target mechanisms and rank-order compounds in the iterative process of establishing structure-activity relationship. Together, these models help create an "analgesic signature" for a compound and inform the indications most likely to yield success in clinical trials. In addition, the authors discuss some often underappreciated aspects of currently used (traditional) animal models of pain, including simply applying basic pharmacological principles to study design and data interpretation as well as consideration of efficacy alongside side effect measures as part of the overall conclusion of efficacy. This is provided to add perspective regarding current efforts to develop new models and endpoints both in rodents and in larger animal species as well as assess cognitive and/or affective aspects of pain. Finally, the authors suggest ways in which efficacy evaluation in animal models of pain, whether traditional or new, might better align with clinical standards of analysis, citing examples where applying effect size and number needed to treat estimations to animal model data suggest that the efficacy bar often may be set too low preclinically to allow successful translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Pomonis
- American Preclinical Services, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Pharmacological characterization of intraplantar Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced burrowing deficits. Behav Brain Res 2015; 301:142-51. [PMID: 26704218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been suggested that non-reflex behavioral readouts, such as burrowing, may be used to evaluate the efficacy of analgesics in rodent models of pain. OBJECTIVE To confirm whether intraplantar Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced pain reliably results in burrowing deficits which can be ameliorated by clinically efficacious analgesics as previously suggested. METHODS Uni- or bilateral intraplantar CFA injections were performed in male Wistar Han rats. The time- and concentration-response of burrowing deficits and the ability of various analgesics to reinstate burrowing performance were studied. An anxiolytic was also tested to evaluate the motivational cue that drives this behavior. RESULTS Burrowing deficits were dependent on the concentration of CFA injected, most pronounced 24h after CFA injections and even more pronounced after bilateral compared with unilateral injections. Celecoxib and ibuprofen reversed CFA-induced burrowing deficits whereas indomethacin failed to significantly reinstate burrowing performance. Morphine and tramadol failed to reinstate burrowing performance, but sedation was observed in control rats at doses thought to be efficacious. An antibody directed against the nerve growth factor significantly improved CFA-induced burrowing deficits. Neither gabapentin nor the anxiolytic diazepam reinstated burrowing performance and the opportunity to find shelter did not modify burrowing performance. CONCLUSION Burrowing is an innate behavior reliably exhibited by rats. It is suppressed in a model of inflammatory pain and differently reinstated by clinically efficacious analgesics that lack motor impairing side effects, but not an anxiolytic, suggesting that this assay is suitable for the assessment of analgesic efficacy of novel drugs.
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Behavioral and electrophysiological abnormalities in two rat models of antiretroviral drug-induced neuropathy. Pain 2015; 156:1729-1736. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Deficits in spontaneous burrowing behavior in the rat bilateral monosodium iodoacetate model of osteoarthritis: an objective measure of pain-related behavior and analgesic efficacy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1605-12. [PMID: 25966657 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize deficits in burrowing behavior - an ethologically-relevant rodent behavior - in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) rat model of osteoarthritis (OA), and the sensitivity of these deficits to reversal by analgesic drugs of both prototypical and novel mechanisms of action. A second objective was to compare the burrowing assay to a spontaneous locomotor activity (sLA) assay. METHOD Male Wistar Han rats (200-220 g) received intrarticular (i.a.) injections of MIA or saline for sham animals. A deficit in the amount of sand burrowed from steel tubes filled with 2.5 kg of sand was used as a measure of pain-related behavior, and sensitivity to reversal of these deficits by analgesic drugs was assessed in bilaterally MIA-injected rats. RESULTS Bilateral MIA injections induced a significant impairment of burrowing behavior, which was concentration-dependent. The temporal pattern of the deficits was biphasic: a large deficit at 3 days post-injection, resolving by day 14 and returning at the 21 and 28 day time points. At the 3 day time point ibuprofen, celecoxib and an anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody (mAb) were able to significantly reinstate burrowing behavior, whereas the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor PF-04457845 and morphine displayed no reversal effect. Morphine impaired burrowing behavior at 3 mg/kg in sham animals. Deficits in rearing frequency in the locomotor activity assay proved irreversible by analgesics. CONCLUSION Burrowing behavior provides an objective, non-reflexive read-out for pain-related behavior in the MIA model that has predictive validity in detecting analgesic efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an anti-NGF mAb.
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Morland RH, Novejarque A, Huang W, Wodarski R, Denk F, Dawes JD, Pheby T, McMahon SB, Rice AS. Short-term effect of acute and repeated urinary bladder inflammation on thigmotactic behaviour in the laboratory rat. F1000Res 2015; 4:109. [PMID: 27158443 PMCID: PMC4850861 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the non-sensory components of the pain experience is crucial to developing effective treatments for pain conditions. Chronic pain is associated with increased incidence of anxio-depressive disorders, and patients often report feelings of vulnerability which can decrease quality of life. In animal models of pain, observation of behaviours such as thigmotaxis can be used to detect such affective disturbances by exploiting the influence of nociceptive stimuli on the innate behavioural conflict between exploration of a novel space and predator avoidance behaviour. This study investigates whether acute and repeated bladder inflammation in adult female Wistar rats increases thigmotactic behaviour in the open field paradigm, and aims to determine whether this correlates with activation in the central amygdala, as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Additionally, up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in the urinary bladder was measured using RT-qPCR array featuring 92 transcripts to examine how local mediators change under experimental conditions. We found acute but not repeated turpentine inflammation of the bladder increased thigmotactic behaviour (decreased frequency of entry to the inner zone) in the open field paradigm, a result that was also observed in the catheter-only instrumentation group. Decreases in locomotor activity were also observed in both models in turpentine and instrumentation groups. No differences were observed in c-Fos activation, although a general increased in activation along the rostro-caudal axis was seen. Inflammatory mediator up-regulation was greatest following acute inflammation, with CCL12, CCL7, and IL-1β significantly up-regulated in both conditions when compared to naïve tissue. These results suggest that acute catheterisation, with or without turpentine inflammation, induces affective alterations detectable in the open field paradigm accompanied by up-regulation of multiple inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary H Morland
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Amparo Novejarque
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John D Dawes
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Pheby
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Sc Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
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Su J, Gao T, Shi T, Xiang Q, Xu X, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hökfelt T, Svensson CI. Phenotypic changes in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis mouse model. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1505-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Tianle Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Tiejun Shi
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | | | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
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Understanding the etiology and management of HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015; 11:195-201. [PMID: 24969360 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV may cause several forms of peripheral neuropathy, the most common of which is distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) characterized by pain and sensory deficits in a stocking-glove distribution. The pathophysiology of DSP remains largely unknown but is thought to be related both to the neurotoxicity of HIV-through indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms-and to the neurotoxic effects of anti-retroviral therapies, most notably the dideoxynucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors or so-called d-drugs. Determining whether symptoms arise from the virus or the treatment poses a challenge to the clinician who must decide if a patient's HAART regimen should be altered. Treatment of symptoms related to HIV-DSP is a difficult task and there is no evidence that the traditional agents used in chronic neuropathic pain are efficacious in the HIV-DSP population. Indeed few pharmacologic agents have proven efficacy in HIV-DSP - these include cannabis and the capsaicin 8 % dermal patch. As such, alternative, non-pharmacologic therapies are being investigated. More research is needed to further elucidate the complex pathophysiology of HIV-DSP which may yield additional therapies for these patients.
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Flatters SJ. The Contribution of Mitochondria to Sensory Processing and Pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:119-46. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lu L, Dong H, Liu G, Yuan B, Li Y, Liu H. The Protective Effects of IGF-1 on Different Subpopulations of DRG Neurons with Neurotoxicity Induced by gp120 and Dideoxycytidine In Vitro. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:532-9. [PMID: 25489421 PMCID: PMC4256033 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy is not only difficult to distinguish in clinical practice, but also difficult to relieve the pain symptoms by analgesics because of the severity of the disease at the later stage. Hence, to explore the mechanisms of HIV-related neuropathy and find new therapeutic options are particularly important for relieving neuropathic pain symptoms of the patients. In the present study, primary cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were used to determine the neurotoxic effects of HIV-gp120 protein and/or antiretroviral drug dideoxycytidine (ddC) and the therapeutic actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on gp120- or ddC-induced neurotoxicity. DRG neurons were exposed to gp120 (500 pmol/L), ddC (50 μmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC (50 μmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), ddC (50 μmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC (50 μmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), respectively, for 72 hours. The results showed that gp120 and/or ddC caused neurotoxicity of primary cultured DRG neurons. Interestingly, the severity of neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and ddC was different in different subpopulation of DRG neurons. gp120 mainly affected large diameter DRG neurons (>25 μm), whereas ddC mainly affected small diameter DRG neurons (≤25 μm). IGF-1 could reverse the neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and/or ddC on small, but not large, DRG neurons. These data provide new insights in elucidating the pathogenesis of HIV infection- or antiretroviral therapy-related peripheral neuropathy and facilitating the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021
| | - Haixia Dong
- Department of Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Weifang Medical College Affiliated Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500
| | - Guixiang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou 256603
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heze Boai Hospital, Heze 274000
| | - Yizhao Li
- Jinan e-Join Science and Technology, Co., Ltd, Jinan 250100
| | - Huaxiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and open-label extension study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with human immunodeficiency virus neuropathy. Pain 2014; 155:1943-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Moss PJ, Huang W, Dawes J, Okuse K, McMahon SB, Rice ASC. Macrophage-sensory neuronal interaction in HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity‡. Br J Anaesth 2014; 114:499-508. [PMID: 25227937 PMCID: PMC4332570 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated sensory neuropathy (SN) is the most frequent neurological complication of HIV disease. Among the probable mechanisms underlying HIV-SN are neurotoxicity induced by the HIV glycoprotein gp120 and antiretroviral therapies (ART). Since HIV-SN prevalence remains high in patients who have not been exposed to toxic ART drugs, here we focused on gp120-mediated mechanisms underlying HIV-SN. Methods We hypothesized that a direct gp120–sensory neurone interaction is not the cause of neurite degeneration; rather, an indirect interaction of gp120 with sensory neurones involving macrophages underlies axonal degeneration. Rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures were used to assess gp120 neurotoxicity. Rat bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) cultures and qPCR array were used to assess gp120-associated gene expression changes. Results gp120 induced significant, but latent onset, neurite degeneration until 24 h after application. gp120–neurone interaction occurred within 1 h of application in <10% of DRG neurones, despite neurite degeneration having a global effect. Application of culture media from gp120-exposed BMDMs induced a significant reduction in DRG neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, gp120 significantly increased the expression of 25 cytokine-related genes in primary BMDMs, some of which have been implicated in other painful polyneuropathies. The C–C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist, maraviroc, concentration-dependently inhibited gp120-induced tumour necrosis factor-α gene expression, indicating that these effects occurred via gp120 activation of CCR5. Conclusions Our findings highlight macrophages in the pathogenesis of HIV-SN and upstream modulation of macrophage response as a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Moss
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - W Huang
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Current address: Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - J Dawes
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK Current address: The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Okuse
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S B McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A S C Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yalcin I, Barthas F, Barrot M. Emotional consequences of neuropathic pain: insight from preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:154-64. [PMID: 25148733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients suffering from chronic pain, including neuropathic pain. While this comorbidity is clinically well established, the underlying mechanism(s) remained unclear. The recent development of animal models now allows addressing the consequences of neuropathic pain. In this review, we report the preclinical evidences from anatomical, neuroimaging, behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical studies that address the anxiodepressive consequences of neuropathic pain. We present an overview of rodent models of these consequences and we discuss the challenges and parameters to consider for generating these models. We then discuss the possible mechanism(s) underlying anxiodepressive consequences by describing morphological and functional changes. Information is provided concerning neuroanatomical changes and plasticity, including LTP and LTD, in the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula, the hippocampus, the amygdala and the mesolimbic system, neuroendocrine parameters concerning the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroimmune response including the role of glial cells and cytokines, monoamine systems and changes in locus coeruleus noradrenergic system, and neurotrophic factors such as BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yalcin
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florent Barthas
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Barrot
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Boateng EK, Novejarque A, Pheby T, Rice ASC, Huang W. Heterogeneous responses of dorsal root ganglion neurons in neuropathies induced by peripheral nerve trauma and the antiretroviral drug stavudine. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:236-45. [PMID: 25070481 PMCID: PMC4312904 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Heterogeneity is increasingly recognized in clinical presentation of neuropathic pain (NP), but less often recognized in animal models. Neurochemical dysregulation in rodent dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is associated with peripheral nerve trauma, but poorly studied in non-traumatic NP conditions. Methods This study aimed to investigate the temporal expressions of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin in traumatic and non-traumatic rat models of neuropathies associated with NP. Expressions of these markers were examined in the DRG at different time points following tibial nerve transection (TNT) injury and antiretroviral drug stavudine (d4T) administration using immunohistochemistry. The development of sensory gain following these insults was assessed by measuring limb withdrawal to a punctate mechanical stimulus. Results Both TNT-injured and d4T-treated rats developed hindpaw mechanical hypersensitivity. Robust expressions of ATF-3, GAP-43, NPY and galanin in both small- and large-sized L5 DRG neurons were observed in the DRG from TNT-injured rats. In contrast, d4T-treated rats did not exhibit any significant neurochemical changes in the DRG. Conclusions Taken together, the results suggest that ATF-3, GAP-43, NPY and galanin are likely indicators of nerve trauma-associated processes and not generic markers for NP. These experiments also demonstrate distinct expression patterns of neurochemical markers in the DRG and emphasize the mechanistic difference between nerve trauma and antiretroviral drug-associated NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Boateng
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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Preclinical assessment of pain: improving models in discovery research. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 20:101-20. [PMID: 25012511 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, animal models have not sufficiently "filtered" targets for new analgesics, increasing the failure rate and cost of drug development. Preclinical assessment of "pain" has historically relied on measures of evoked behavioral responses to sensory stimuli in animals. Such measures can often be observed in decerebrated animals and therefore may not sufficiently capture affective and motivational aspects of pain, potentially diminishing translation from preclinical studies to the clinical setting. Further, evidence indicates that there are important mechanistic differences between evoked behavioral responses of hypersensitivity and ongoing pain, limiting evaluation of mechanisms that could mediate aspects of clinically relevant pain. The mechanisms underlying ongoing pain in preclinical models are currently being explored and may serve to inform decisions towards the transition from drug discovery to drug development for a given target.
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Phillips TJ, Brown M, Ramirez JD, Perkins J, Woldeamanuel YW, Williams ACDC, Orengo C, Bennett DL, Bodi I, Cox S, Maier C, Krumova EK, Rice AS. Sensory, psychological, and metabolic dysfunction in HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy: A cross-sectional deep profiling study. Pain 2014; 155:1846-1860. [PMID: 24973717 PMCID: PMC4165602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a frequent complication of HIV infection and a major source of morbidity. A cross-sectional deep profiling study examining HIV-SN was conducted in people living with HIV in a high resource setting using a battery of measures which included the following: parameters of pain and sensory symptoms (7day pain diary, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory [NPSI] and Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]), sensory innervation (structured neurological examination, quantitative sensory testing [QST] and intraepidermal nerve fibre density [IENFD]), psychological state (Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 [PASS-20], Depression Anxiety and Positive Outlook Scale [DAPOS], and Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS], insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]), and quality of life (Short Form (36) Health Survey [SF-36]). The diagnostic utility of the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS), Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) were evaluated. Thirty-six healthy volunteers and 66 HIV infected participants were recruited. A novel triumvirate case definition for HIV-SN was used that required 2 out of 3 of the following: 2 or more abnormal QST findings, reduced IENFD, and signs of a peripheral neuropathy on a structured neurological examination. Of those with HIV, 42% fulfilled the case definition for HIV-SN (n=28), of whom 75% (n=21) reported pain. The most frequent QST abnormalities in HIV-SN were loss of function in mechanical and vibration detection. Structured clinical examination was superior to QST or IENFD in HIV-SN diagnosis. HIV-SN participants had higher plasma triglyceride, concentrations depression, anxiety and catastrophizing scores, and prevalence of insomnia than HIV participants without HIV-SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor J.C. Phillips
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Matthew Brown
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Juan D. Ramirez
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, UK
| | - James Perkins
- Department of Bioinformatics, University College London, UK
| | - Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amanda C. de C. Williams
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Istvan Bodi
- Department of Neuropathology, Kings College London, UK
| | - Sarah Cox
- Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Pain Management, BG University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena K. Krumova
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Corresponding author at: Pain Research Group, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 2087468816.
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Percie du Sert N, Rice ASC. Improving the translation of analgesic drugs to the clinic: animal models of neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2951-63. [PMID: 24527763 PMCID: PMC4055199 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains an area of considerable unmet clinical need. Research based on preclinical animal models has failed to deliver truly novel treatment options, questioning the predictive value of these models. This review addresses the shortcomings of rodent in vivo models commonly used in the field and highlights approaches which could increase their predictivity, including more clinically relevant assays, outcome measures and animal characteristics. The methodological quality of animal studies also needs to be improved. Low internal validity and incomplete reporting lead to a waste of valuable research resources and animal lives, and ultimately prevent an objective assessment of the true predictivity of in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Percie du Sert
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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76
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Tappe-Theodor A, Kuner R. Studying ongoing and spontaneous pain in rodents - challenges and opportunities. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Institute of Pharmacology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Abstract
Chronic distal symmetrical sensory peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological complication of cancer chemotherapy, HIV treatment and diabetes. Although aetiology-specific differences in presentation are evident, the clinical signs and symptoms of these neuropathies are clearly similar. Data from animal models of neuropathic pain suggest that the similarities have a common cause: mitochondrial dysfunction in primary afferent sensory neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by mitotoxic effects of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs of several chemical classes, HIV-associated viral proteins, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment, as well as the (possibly both direct and indirect) effects of excess glucose. The mitochondrial injury results in a chronic neuronal energy deficit, which gives rise to spontaneous nerve impulses and a compartmental neuronal degeneration that is first apparent in the terminal receptor arbor--that is, intraepidermal nerve fibres--of cutaneous afferent neurons. Preliminary data suggest that drugs that prevent mitochondrial injury or improve mitochondrial function could be useful in the treatment of these conditions.
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Abstract
The use of animal models in the study of HIV and AIDS has advanced our understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of infection. Of the multitude of HIV disease manifestations, peripheral neuropathy remains one of the most common long-term side effects. Several of the most important causes of peripheral neuropathy in AIDS patients include direct association with HIV infection with or without antiretroviral medication and infection with opportunistic agents. Because the pathogeneses of these diseases are difficult to study in human patients, animal models have allowed for significant advancement in the understanding of the role of viral infection and the immune system in disease genesis. This review focuses on rodent, rabbit, feline and rhesus models used to study HIV-associated peripheral neuropathies, focusing specifically on sensory neuropathy and antiretroviral-associated neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Liu MG, Chen J. Preclinical research on pain comorbidity with affective disorders and cognitive deficits: Challenges and perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:13-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Melero MJ, Mazzei ME, Bergroth B, Cantardo DM, Duarte JM, Corti M. Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in an HIV patient: Second reported case and literature review. Lung India 2014; 31:149-51. [PMID: 24778479 PMCID: PMC3999676 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is widespread all over the world, and the neurological and respiratory complications have been described previously. Peripheral neuropathy is one of the commonest neurological complications of the HIV infection. In this report we describe a HIV positive male smoker who was admitted to the hospital because of community acquired pneumonia. Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis was diagnosed for which no other cause was found and was attributed to the HIV infection. Isolated phrenic neuropathy and diaphragmatic paralysis in an HIV positive patient is extremely rare and only a single such association has been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J Melero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E Mazzei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bemardo Bergroth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian M Cantardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Duarte
- Neuromuscle Diseases Center, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Corti
- Department of HIV/AIDS, Francisco Javier Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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81
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PKC-mediated HuD–GAP43 pathway activation in a mouse model of antiretroviral painful neuropathy. Pharmacol Res 2014; 81:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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82
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Jirkof P. Burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:139-46. [PMID: 24525328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of pain, distress and suffering, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of stress-reduction strategies, is crucial in animal experimentation but can be challenging in laboratory mice. Nest building and burrowing performance, observed in the home cage, have proved to be valuable and easy-to-use tools to assess brain damage or malfunction as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Both behaviors are used as parameters in models of psychiatric disorders or to monitor sickness behavior following infection. Their use has been proposed in more realistic and clinically relevant preclinical models of disease, and reduction of these behaviors seems to be especially useful as an early sign of dysfunction and to monitor disease progression. Finally, both behaviors are reduced by pain and stress. Therefore, in combination with specific disease markers, changes in nest building and burrowing performance may help provide a global picture of a mouse's state, and thus aid monitoring to ensure well-being in animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstr. 6, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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83
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Hao S. The Molecular and Pharmacological Mechanisms of HIV-Related Neuropathic Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:499-512. [PMID: 24403874 PMCID: PMC3763758 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the nervous system with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can lead to cognitive, motor and sensory disorders. HIV-related sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) mainly contains the HIV infection-related distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and antiretroviral toxic neuropathies (ATN). The main pathological features that characterize DSP and ATN include retrograde ("dying back") axonal degeneration of long axons in distal regions of legs or arms, loss of unmyelinated fibers, and variable degree of macrophage infiltration in peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). One of the most common complaints of HIV-DSP is pain. Unfortunately, many conventional agents utilized as pharmacologic therapy for neuropathic pain are not effective for providing satisfactory analgesia in painful HIV-related distal sensory polyneuropathy, because the molecular mechanisms of the painful HIV-SDP are not clear in detail. The HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, appears to contribute to this painful neuropathy. Recently, preclinical studies have shown that glia activation in the spinal cord and DRG has become an attractive target for attenuating chronic pain. Cytokines/chemokines have been implicated in a variety of painful neurological diseases and in animal models of HIV-related neuropathic pain. Mitochondria injured by ATN and/or gp120 may be also involved in the development of HIV-neuropathic pain. This review discusses the neurochemical and pharmacological mechanisms of HIV-related neuropathic pain based on the recent advance in the preclinical studies, providing insights into novel pharmacological targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136
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84
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Schumacher M, Pasvankas G. Topical capsaicin formulations in the management of neuropathic pain. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 68:105-128. [PMID: 24941666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0828-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the scientific and clinical evidence supporting the use of topical formulations containing the pungent principle of chili peppers--capsaicin, for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain. Given the limitations of current oral and parenteral therapies for the management of pain arising from various forms of nerve injury, alternate therapeutic approaches that are not associated with systemic adverse events that limit quality of life, impair function, or threaten respiratory depression are critically needed. Moreover, neuropathic conditions can be complicated by progressive changes in the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to persistent reorganization of pain pathways and chronic neuropathic pain. Recent advances in the use of high-dose topical capsaicin preparations hold promise in managing a wide range of painful conditions associated with peripheral neuropathies and may in fact help reduce suffering by reversing progressive changes in the nervous system associated with chronic neuropathic pain conditions.
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85
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Abstract
Behavioral methods are extensively used in pain research. Rodent modeling tends to rely on evoked responses but there is a growing interest in behavioral readouts that may capture elements of ongoing pain and disability, reflecting the major clinical signs and symptoms. Clinically, analgesics show greater efficacy in acute pain after standard surgery than in chronic conditions but are never completely effective on a population basis. In contrast, experimental pharmacological studies in rodents often demonstrate full efficacy, but there is variability in sensitivity between models and readouts. Full efficacy is rarely seen when more complex or multiple readouts are used to quantify behavior, especially after acute surgery or in studies of clinical pain in animals. Models with excellent sensitivity for a particular drug class exist and are suitable for screening mechanistically similar drugs. However, if used to compare drugs with different modes of action or to predict magnitude of clinical efficacy, these models will be misleading. Effective use of behavioral pharmacology in pain research is thus dependent on selection and validation of the best models for the purpose.
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86
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Liu H, Lu J, He Y, Yuan B, Li Y, Li X. Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents dorsal root ganglion neuronal tyrosine kinase receptor expression alterations induced by dideoxycytidine in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:183-94. [PMID: 24198040 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine, ddC) produces neurotoxic effects. It is particularly important to understand the toxic effects of ddC on different subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons which express distinct tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) and to find therapeutic factors for prevention and therapy for ddC-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to have neurotrophic effects on DRG sensory neurons. However, little is known about the effects of ddC on distinct Trk (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) expression in DRG neurons and the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 on ddC-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we have tested the extent to which the expression of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors in primary cultured DRG neurons is affected by ddC in the presence or absence of IGF-1. In this experiment, we found that exposure of 5, 25, and 50 μmol/L ddC caused a dose-dependent decrease of the mRNA, protein, and the proportion of TrkA-, TrkB-, and TrkC-expressing neurons. IGF-1 (20 nmol/L) could partially reverse the decrease of TrkA and TrkB, but not TrkC, expression with ddC exposure. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (10 μmol/L) blocked the effects of IGF-1. These results suggested that the subpopulations of DRG neurons which express distinct TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors were affected by ddC exposure. IGF-1 might relieve the ddC-induced toxicity of TrkA- and TrkB-, but not TrkC-expressing DRG neurons. These data offer new clues for a better understanding of the association of ddC with distinct Trk receptor expression and provide new evidence of the potential therapeutic role of IGF-1 on ddC-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China,
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87
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Whiteside GT, Pomonis JD, Kennedy JD. An industry perspective on the role and utility of animal models of pain in drug discovery. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt A:65-72. [PMID: 23994390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, animal behavioral models, particularly those used in pain research, have been increasingly scrutinized and criticized for their role in the poor translation of novel pharmacotherapies for chronic pain. This article addresses the use of animal models of pain from the perspective of industrial drug discovery research. It highlights how, when, and why animal models of pain are used as one of the many experimental tools used to gain better understanding of target mechanisms and rank-order compounds in the iterative process of establishing structure-activity relationships (SAR). Together, these models help create an 'analgesic signature' for a compound and inform the indications most likely to yield success in clinical trials. In addition, the authors discuss some often under-appreciated aspects of currently used (traditional) animal models of pain, including how industry balances efficacy with side effect measures as part of the overall conclusion of efficacy. This is provided to add perspective regarding current efforts to develop new models and endpoints both in rodents and larger animal species as well as assess cognitive and/or affective aspects of pain. Finally, the authors suggest ways in which efficacy evaluation in animal models of pain, whether traditional or new, might better align with clinical standards of analysis, citing examples where applying effect size and NNT estimations to animal model data suggest that the efficacy bar often may be set too low preclinically to allow successful translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth T Whiteside
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, United States
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88
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Abstract
Inflammation is the process by which an organism responds to tissue injury involving both immune cell recruitment and mediator release. Diverse causes of neuropathic pain are associated with excessive inflammation in both the peripheral and central nervous system which may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of persistent pain. Chemical mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, released during an inflammatory response have the undesired effect of sensitizing and stimulating nociceptors, their central synaptic targets or both. These changes can promote long-term maladaptive plasticity resulting in persistent neuropathic pain. This review aims to provide an overview of inflammatory mechanisms at differing levels of the sensory neuroaxis with a focus on neuropathic pain. We will compare and contrast neuropathic pain states such as traumatic nerve injury which is associated with a vigorous inflammatory response and chemotherapy induced pain in which the inflammatory response is much more modest. Targeting excessive inflammation in neuropathic pain provides potential therapeutic opportunities and we will discuss some of the opportunities but also the clinical challenges in such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ellis
- King's College London, Wolfson Wing, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Di Cesare Mannelli L, Zanardelli M, Ghelardini C. Nicotine is a pain reliever in trauma- and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy models. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 711:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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90
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HDAC inhibitors attenuate the development of hypersensitivity in models of neuropathic pain. Pain 2013; 154:1668-1679. [PMID: 23693161 PMCID: PMC3763368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) interfere with the epigenetic process of histone acetylation and are known to have analgesic properties in models of chronic inflammatory pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether these compounds could also affect neuropathic pain. Different class I HDACIs were delivered intrathecally into rat spinal cord in models of traumatic nerve injury and antiretroviral drug–induced peripheral neuropathy (stavudine, d4T). Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was attenuated by 40% to 50% as a result of HDACI treatment, but only if started before any insult. The drugs globally increased histone acetylation in the spinal cord, but appeared to have no measurable effects in relevant dorsal root ganglia in this treatment paradigm, suggesting that any potential mechanism should be sought in the central nervous system. Microarray analysis of dorsal cord RNA revealed the signature of the specific compound used (MS-275) and suggested that its main effect was mediated through HDAC1. Taken together, these data support a role for histone acetylation in the emergence of neuropathic pain.
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