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Naganuma M, Saiki Y, Kanda K, Akiyama M, Adachi O, Horii A, Saiki Y. Nanobubble technology to treat spinal cord ischemic injury. JTCVS OPEN 2020; 3:1-11. [PMID: 36003872 PMCID: PMC9390594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord ischemic injury is a severe complication of aortic surgery. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxygenation with nanobubbles after reperfusion could ameliorate spinal cord ischemic injury. Methods Twenty white Japanese rabbits were categorized into 4 groups of 5 rabbits each: sham group, with balloon catheter insertion into the aorta; ischemia group, with spinal cord ischemic injury by abdominal aortic occlusion; nonoxygenated group, with nonoxygenated artificial CSF irrigation after spinal cord ischemic injury; and oxygenated group, with oxygenated artificial CSF irrigation after spinal cord ischemic injury. At 48 hours after spinal cord ischemic injury, the modified Tarlov score to reflect hind limb movement was evaluated. The spinal cord was histopathologically examined by counting anterior horn cells, and microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed. Results The oxygenated group showed improved neurologic function compared with the ischemia and nonoxygenated groups (P < .01 and P = .019, respectively). Anterior horn neuron prevention in the sham, nonoxygenated, and oxygenated groups was confirmed (mean modified Tarlov score: sham, 9.2 ± 1.9; nonoxygenated, 10.2 ± 2.2; oxygenated, 10.4 ± 2.2; ischemia, 2.7 ± 2.7). Microarray analysis identified 644 genes with twofold or greater increased signals between the ischemia and sham groups. Thirty-three genes related to inflammatory response were enriched among genes differentially expressed between the oxygenated and ischemia groups. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression levels were significantly lower in the oxygenated group compared with the ischemia group, while qRT-PCR showed lower IL-6 and TNF expression levels in the oxygenated group compared with the ischemia group (P < .05). Conclusions CSF oxygenation with nanobubbles after reperfusion can ameliorate spinal cord ischemic injury and suppress inflammatory responses in the spinal cord.
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Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for traumatic injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are largely limited to the efficiency of drug delivery. Despite the disrupted blood-CNS barrier during the early phase after injury, the drug administration faces a variety of obstacles derived from homeostatic imbalance at the injury site. In the late phase after CNS injury, the restoration of the blood-CNS barrier integrity varies depending on the injury severity resulting in inconsistent delivery of therapeutics. This review intends to characterize those different challenges of the therapeutic delivery in acute and chronic phases after injury and discuss recent advances in various approaches to explore novel strategies for the treatment of traumatic CNS injury.
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Moura RP, Pacheco C, Pêgo AP, des Rieux A, Sarmento B. Lipid nanocapsules to enhance drug bioavailability to the central nervous system. J Control Release 2020; 322:390-400. [PMID: 32247807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), namely the brain, still remains as the hardest area of the human body to achieve adequate concentration levels of most drugs, mainly due to the limiting behavior of its physical and biological defenses. Lipid nanocapsules emerge as a versatile platform to tackle those barriers, and efficiently delivery different drug payloads due to their numerous advantages. They can be produced in a fast, solvent-free and scalable-up process, and their properties can be fine-tuned for to make an optimal brain drug delivery vehicle. Moreover, lipid nanocapsule surface modification can further improve their bioavailability towards the central nervous system. Coupling these features with alternative delivery methods that stem to disrupt or fully circumvent the blood-brain barrier may fully harness the therapeutic advance that lipid nanocapsules can supply to current treatment options. Thus, this review intends to critically address the development of lipid nanocapsules, as well as to highlight the key features that can be modulated to ameliorate their properties towards the central nervous system delivery, mainly through intravenous methods, and how the pathological microenvironment of the CNS can be taken advantage of. The different routes to promote drug delivery towards the brain parenchyma are also discussed, as well as the synergetic effect that can be obtained by combining modified lipid nanocapsules with new/smart administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pedro Moura
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pacheco
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Marcó S, Haurigot V, Bosch F. In Vivo Gene Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III (Sanfilippo Syndrome): A New Treatment Horizon. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 30:1211-1221. [PMID: 31482754 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For most lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), there is no cure. Gene therapy is an attractive tool for treatment of LSDs caused by deficiencies in secretable lysosomal enzymes, in which neither full restoration of normal enzymatic activity nor transduction of all cells of the affected organ is necessary. However, some LSDs, such as mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPSIII) diseases or Sanfilippo syndrome, represent a difficult challenge because patients suffer severe neurodegeneration with mild somatic alterations. The disease's main target is the central nervous system (CNS) and enzymes do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) even if present at very high concentration in circulation. No specific treatment has been approved for MPSIII. In this study, we discuss the adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated gene transfer strategies currently being developed for MPSIII disease. These strategies rely on local delivery of AAV vectors to the CNS either through direct intraparenchymal injection at several sites or through delivery to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the whole CNS, or exploit the properties of certain AAV serotypes capable of crossing the BBB upon systemic administration. Although studies in small and large animal models of MPSIII diseases have provided evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of all these strategies, there are considerable differences between the different routes of administration in terms of procedure-associated risks, vector dose requirements, sensitivity to the effect of circulating neutralizing antibodies that block AAV transduction, and potential toxicity. Ongoing clinical studies should shed light on which gene transfer strategy leads to highest clinical benefits while minimizing risks. The development of all these strategies opens a new horizon for treatment of not only MPSIII and other LSDs but also of a wide range of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marcó
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Haurigot
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Fowler MJ, Cotter JD, Knight BE, Sevick-Muraca EM, Sandberg DI, Sirianni RW. Intrathecal drug delivery in the era of nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:77-95. [PMID: 32142739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Administration of substances directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is one approach that can circumvent the blood-brain barrier to enable drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). However, molecules that have been administered by intrathecal injection, which includes intraventricular, intracisternal, or lumbar locations, encounter new barriers within the subarachnoid space. These barriers include relatively high rates of turnover as CSF clears and potentially inadequate delivery to tissue or cellular targets. Nanomedicine could offer a solution. In contrast to the fate of freely administered drugs, nanomedicine systems can navigate the subarachnoid space to sustain delivery of therapeutic molecules, genes, and imaging agents within the CNS. Some evidence suggests that certain nanomedicine agents can reach the parenchyma following intrathecal administration. Here, we will address the preclinical and clinical use of intrathecal nanomedicine, including nanoparticles, microparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, polyplexes, and other colloidalal materials that function to alter the distribution of molecules in tissue. Our review forms a foundational understanding of drug delivery to the CSF that can be built upon to better engineer nanomedicine for intrathecal treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fowler
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - J D Cotter
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - B E Knight
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - E M Sevick-Muraca
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Imaging, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - D I Sandberg
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States of America
| | - R W Sirianni
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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Lenk L, Alsadeq A, Schewe DM. Involvement of the central nervous system in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: opinions on molecular mechanisms and clinical implications based on recent data. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:173-187. [PMID: 31970588 PMCID: PMC7098933 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. One of the major clinical challenges is adequate diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease. Intriguingly, there is little solid evidence on the mechanisms sustaining CNS disease in ALL. Here, we present and discuss recent data on this topic, which are mainly derived from preclinical model systems. We thereby highlight sites and routes of leukemic CNS infiltration, cellular features promoting infiltration and survival of leukemic cells in a presumably hostile niche, and dormancy as a potential mechanism of survival and relapse in CNS leukemia. We also focus on the impact of ALL cytogenetic subtypes on features associated with a particular CNS tropism. Finally, we speculate on new perspectives in the treatment of ALL in the CNS, including ideas on the impact of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Lenk
- Department of Pediatrics I, ALL-BFM Study Group, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ameera Alsadeq
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Denis M Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics I, ALL-BFM Study Group, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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57
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Spencer AP, Torrado M, Custódio B, Silva-Reis SC, Santos SD, Leiro V, Pêgo AP. Breaking Barriers: Bioinspired Strategies for Targeted Neuronal Delivery to the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E192. [PMID: 32102252 PMCID: PMC7076453 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders encompass a vast spectrum of pathological conditions and represent a growing concern worldwide. Despite the high social and clinical interest in trying to solve these pathologies, there are many challenges to bridge in order to achieve an effective therapy. One of the main obstacles to advancements in this field that has hampered many of the therapeutic strategies proposed to date is the presence of the CNS barriers that restrict the access to the brain. However, adequate brain biodistribution and neuronal cells specific accumulation in the targeted site also represent major hurdles to the attainment of a successful CNS treatment. Over the last few years, nanotechnology has taken a step forward towards the development of therapeutics in neurologic diseases and different approaches have been developed to surpass these obstacles. The versatility of the designed nanocarriers in terms of physical and chemical properties, and the possibility to functionalize them with specific moieties, have resulted in improved neurotargeted delivery profiles. With the concomitant progress in biology research, many of these strategies have been inspired by nature and have taken advantage of physiological processes to achieve brain delivery. Here, the different nanosystems and targeting moieties used to achieve a neuronal delivery reported in the open literature are comprehensively reviewed and critically discussed, with emphasis on the most recent bioinspired advances in the field. Finally, we express our view on the paramount challenges in targeted neuronal delivery that need to be overcome for these promising therapeutics to move from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Spencer
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marília Torrado
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Custódio
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Silva-Reis
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia D. Santos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victoria Leiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Pêgo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Li S, Wang Y, Jiang D, Ni D, Kutyreff CJ, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Cai W. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Agrin after Intrathecal Injection and Its Protective Role in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902600. [PMID: 32076591 PMCID: PMC7029627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intrathecal injection, drugs transporting along perivascular spaces, represents an important route for maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, after being directly injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of therapeutic protein drugs have remained unknown. Here, with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, the uptake of 89Zr-agrin is noninvasively and dynamically monitored. These data demonstrate the time-activity curve of drugs in the brain subregions and their spatial distribution in different organs after intrathecal administration. Furthermore, agrin treatment effectively inhibits BBB disruption by reducing the loss of tight-junctional proteins. Importantly, the infarct volume is reduced; the number of apoptotic neurons is decreased; and neurological function is improved in mouse I/R injury models. Thus, intrathecal injection of agrin provides the basis for a new strategy to research and develop protein drugs for reducing the aggravation of I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of RehabilitationSecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxi330006China
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxi330006China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxi330006China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Christopher J. Kutyreff
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
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Valdez MA, Fernandez E, Matsunaga T, Erickson RP, Trouard TP. Distribution and Diffusion of Macromolecule Delivery to the Brain via Focused Ultrasound using Magnetic Resonance and Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:122-136. [PMID: 31585767 PMCID: PMC6937597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS), in combination with microbubble contrast agents, can be used to transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow intravascular agents to cross into the brain. Often, FUS is carried out in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate BBB opening to gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents. Although MRI allows direct visualization of the distribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents in the brain parenchyma, it does not allow measurements of the distribution of other molecules crossing the BBB. Therapeutic molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) are much different in size than MRI contrast agents and have been found to have different distributions in the brain after FUS-mediated BBB opening. In the work described here, we combined in vivo MRI and ex vivo multispectral fluorescence imaging to compare the distributions of MRI contrast and dextran molecules of different molecular weights (3, 70 and 500 kDa) after FUS-mediated BBB opening through a range of ultrasound pressures (0.18-0.46 MPa) in laboratory mice. The volume of brain exposed was calculated from the MRI and fluorescence images and was significantly dependent on both molecular weight and ultrasound pressure. Diffusion coefficients of the different-molecular-weight dextran molecules in the brain parenchyma were also calculated from the fluorescence images and were negatively correlated with the molecular weight of the dextran molecules. The results of this work build on a body of knowledge that is critically important for the FUS technique to be used in clinical delivery of therapeutics to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Valdez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Terry Matsunaga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; BIO5 Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; BIO5 Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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60
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Zhu Y, Liu C, Pang Z. Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Targeting. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E790. [PMID: 31783573 PMCID: PMC6995517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding basic aspects of functional organization; it is a renowned fact that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the permeation and access of most drugs to central nervous system (CNS) and that many neurological diseases remain undertreated. Therefore, a number of nanocarriers have been designed over the past few decades to deliver drugs to the brain. Among these nanomaterials, dendrimers have procured an enormous attention from scholars because of their nanoscale uniform size, ease of multi-functionalization, and available internal cavities. As hyper-branched 3D macromolecules, dendrimers can be maneuvered to transport diverse therapeutic agents, incorporating small molecules, peptides, and genes; diminishing their cytotoxicity; and improving their efficacy. Herein, the present review will give exhaustive details of extensive researches in the field of dendrimer-based vehicles to deliver drugs through the BBB in a secure and effectual manner. It is also a souvenir in commemorating Donald A. Tomalia on his 80th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Medical Center, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chunying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
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61
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Li S, Jiang D, Ehlerding EB, Rosenkrans ZT, Engle JW, Wang Y, Liu H, Ni D, Cai W. Intrathecal Administration of Nanoclusters for Protecting Neurons against Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13382-13389. [PMID: 31603304 PMCID: PMC6881527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Antioxidants with high brain accumulation are highly desired to help prevent cerebral I/R injury. Herein, intrathecal injection of polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters as nano-antioxidants with preferential brain uptake were applied for neuronal protection in cerebral I/R injury. Using powerful positron emission tomography imaging, the uptake of nano-antioxidants in the brain was non-invasively and real-timely monitored. Our results demonstrated that POM nanoclusters rapidly reached the ischemic penumbra after intrathecal injection and effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for inhibiting oxidative stress. The infarct size was reduced, and neurological function was restored in cerebral I/R injury rat models. As a proof-of-concept, the intrathecal injection of nano-antioxidants is an excellent therapeutic strategy to ameliorate cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City 330006, China
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Emily B. Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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62
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Dusi S, Angiari S, Pietronigro EC, Lopez N, Angelini G, Zenaro E, Della Bianca V, Tosadori G, Paris F, Amoruso A, Carlucci T, Constantin G, Rossi B. LFA-1 Controls Th1 and Th17 Motility Behavior in the Inflamed Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2436. [PMID: 31681316 PMCID: PMC6813462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is a key event during autoimmune and inflammatory responses. The subarachnoid space (SAS) and cerebrospinal fluid are major routes for the migration of encephalitogenic T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis, and are sites of T cell activation before the invasion of CNS parenchyma. In particular, autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cell trafficking and reactivation in the CNS are required for the pathogenesis of EAE. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling T cell dynamics during EAE are unclear. We used two-photon laser microscopy to show that autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells display distinct motility behavior within the SAS in the spinal cords of mice immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide MOG35−55. Th1 cells showed a strong directional bias at the disease peak, moving in a straight line and covering long distances, whereas Th17 cells exhibited more constrained motility. The dynamics of both Th1 and Th17 cells were strongly affected by blocking the integrin LFA-1, which interfered with the deformability and biomechanics of Th1 but not Th17 cells. The intrathecal injection of a blocking anti-LFA-1 antibody at the onset of disease significantly inhibited EAE progression and also strongly reduced neuro-inflammation in the immunized mice. Our results show that LFA-1 plays a pivotal role in T cell motility during EAE and suggest that interfering with the molecular mechanisms controlling T cell motility can help to reduce the pathogenic potential of autoreactive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dusi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Angiari
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vittorina Della Bianca
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tosadori
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Paris
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Amoruso
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tommaso Carlucci
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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63
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Brewer MK, Uittenbogaard A, Austin GL, Segvich DM, DePaoli-Roach A, Roach PJ, McCarthy JJ, Simmons ZR, Brandon JA, Zhou Z, Zeller J, Young LEA, Sun RC, Pauly JR, Aziz NM, Hodges BL, McKnight TR, Armstrong DD, Gentry MS. Targeting Pathogenic Lafora Bodies in Lafora Disease Using an Antibody-Enzyme Fusion. Cell Metab 2019; 30:689-705.e6. [PMID: 31353261 PMCID: PMC6774808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal childhood epilepsy caused by recessive mutations in either the EPM2A or EPM2B gene. A hallmark of LD is the intracellular accumulation of insoluble polysaccharide deposits known as Lafora bodies (LBs) in the brain and other tissues. In LD mouse models, genetic reduction of glycogen synthesis eliminates LB formation and rescues the neurological phenotype. Therefore, LBs have become a therapeutic target for ameliorating LD. Herein, we demonstrate that human pancreatic α-amylase degrades LBs. We fused this amylase to a cell-penetrating antibody fragment, and this antibody-enzyme fusion (VAL-0417) degrades LBs in vitro and dramatically reduces LB loads in vivo in Epm2a-/- mice. Using metabolomics and multivariate analysis, we demonstrate that VAL-0417 treatment of Epm2a-/- mice reverses the metabolic phenotype to a wild-type profile. VAL-0417 is a promising drug for the treatment of LD and a putative precision therapy platform for intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Annette Uittenbogaard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Grant L Austin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Dyann M Segvich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anna DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter J Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zoe R Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jason A Brandon
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jill Zeller
- Northern Biomedical Research, Spring Lake, MI 49456, USA
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky Epilepsy & Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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64
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Safary A, Akbarzadeh Khiavi M, Omidi Y, Rafi MA. Targeted enzyme delivery systems in lysosomal disorders: an innovative form of therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3363-3381. [PMID: 31101939 PMCID: PMC11105648 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), which are inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by the accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans, can affect the central nervous system (CNS) and elicit cognitive and behavioral issues. Currently used enzyme replacement therapy methodologies often fail to adequately treat the manifestations of the disease in the CNS and other organs such as bone, cartilage, cornea, and heart. Targeted enzyme delivery systems (EDSs) can efficiently cross biological barriers such as blood-brain barrier and provide maximal therapeutic effects with minimal side effects, and hence, offer great clinical benefits over the currently used conventional enzyme replacement therapies. In this review, we provide comprehensive insights into MPSs and explore the clinical impacts of multimodal targeted EDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Safary
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbarzadeh Khiavi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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65
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Calias P. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins and the Blood-Brain Barrier: Considerations for Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:6231-6238. [PMID: 29065825 PMCID: PMC5824462 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666171019164220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rare, chronic, autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is characterized by progressively debilitating and ultimately fatal neurological manifestations. There is an urgent need for disease-modifying therapies that address NPC1 neurological pathophysiology, and passage through the blood-brain barrier represents an important consideration for novel NPC1 drugs. Animal investigations of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (HPβCD) in NPC1 in mice demonstrated that HPβCD does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant amounts but suggested a potential for these complex oligosaccharides to moderately impact CNS manifestations when administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally at very high doses; however, safety concerns regarding pulmonary toxicity were raised. Subsequent NPC1 investigations in cats demonstrated far greater HPβCD efficacy at much lower doses when the drug was administered directly to the CNS. Based on this, a phase 1/2a clinical trial was initiated with intrathecal administration of a specific, wellcharacterized mixture of HPβCD, with a tightly controlled molar substitution specification and a defined molecular "fingerprint" of the different species. The findings were very encouraging and a phase 2b/3 clinical trial has completed enrollment and is underway. In addition, phase 1 clinical studies utilizing high-dose intravenous administration of a different HPβCD are currently recruiting. Independent studies are needed for each product to satisfactorily address questions of safety, efficacy, dosing, and route of administration. The outcomes cannot be assumed to be translatable between HPβCD products and/or routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pericles Calias
- Co-Founder and Pharmaceutical Development Consultant, Educational Trainers and Consultants, 39 Swains Pond Ave, Melrose, MA 02176, United States
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66
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Wang Z, Yang X, He J, Du J, Liu S, Jia X. Intracerebroventricular Administration of Neural Stem Cells after Cardiac Arrest. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:4213-4216. [PMID: 31946798 PMCID: PMC6986274 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is a serious disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide. Currently, neither pharmacological intervention nor therapeutic hypothermia can reverse the neural injury caused by CA. Neural stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for brain injury. We investigated the effects of the intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) on global brain ischemia injury after CA. Twelve Long-Evans rats (4 Male and 8 female) subjected to 8-min asphyxia-CA were randomly assigned to hNSC treatment (n=7) or control group (n=5). The hNSCs were slowly infused into the left lateral ventricular 3 hours after resuscitation. An additional two rats subjected to 8-min asphyxia-CA were euthanized at 4 weeks after resuscitation to confirm the survival and function of transplanted PKH26 pre-labeled hNSCs by brain slides and whole cell patch clamp. Electrophysiological monitoring, quantitative EEG value (qEEG-IQ) and neurological deficit score (NDS) were used to evaluate the functional outcome. Immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the survival of neurons and track migration of hNSCs. There was a significant improvement on the behavior tests evaluated as a subgroup of NDS (p <; 0.05) in the NSCs group than the control group. Immunofluorescent co-staining of PKH26 and NeuN verified the neuronal differentiation from transplanted PKH26+ hNSCs in the hippocampus CA1 and cortex 4 weeks after CA. The whole-cell patch clamp technique confirmed the spontaneous firing activity that was recorded in cell-attached mode from the functional mature neurons derived from transplanted cells. Transplanted hNSCs via ICV administration markedly improved neurologic outcomes after CA. Further studies are needed to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism.
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67
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Amelioration of obsessive-compulsive disorder in three mouse models treated with one epigenetic drug: unraveling the underlying mechanism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8741. [PMID: 31217515 PMCID: PMC6584622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health disorders are manifested in families, yet cannot be fully explained by classical Mendelian genetics. Changes in gene expression via epigenetics present a plausible mechanism. Anxiety often leads to avoidant behaviors which upon repetition may become habitual, maladaptive and resistant to extinction as observed in obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD). Psychophysical models of OCD propose that anxiety (amygdala) and habits (dorsolateral striatum, DLS) may be causally linked. The amygdala activates spiny projection neurons in the DLS. Repetitive amygdala terminal stimulation in the DLS elicits long term OCD-like behavior in mice associated with circuitry changes and gene methylation-mediated decrease in the activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Treatment of OCD-like grooming behavior in Slitrk5, SAPAP3, and laser-stimulated mice with one dose of RG108 (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor), lead to marked symptom improvement lasting for at least one week as well as complete reversal of anomalous changes in circuitry and PP1 gene methylation.
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68
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Han L, Liu C, Qi H, Zhou J, Wen J, Wu D, Xu D, Qin M, Ren J, Wang Q, Long L, Liu Y, Chen I, Yuan X, Lu Y, Kang C. Systemic Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Central Nervous System for Brain Tumor Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805697. [PMID: 30773720 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a class of powerful therapeutics for treatment of a broad range of diseases. For central nervous system (CNS) diseases, however, the efficacy remains limited due to their inability to enter the CNS. A platform technology is reported here that enables effective delivery of mAbs to the CNS for brain tumor therapy. This is achieved by encapsulating the mAbs within nanocapsules that contain choline and acetylcholine analogues; such analogues facilitate the penetration of the nanocapsules through the brain-blood barrier and the delivery of mAbs to tumor sites. This platform technology uncages the therapeutic power of mAbs for various CNS diseases that remain poorly treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongzhao Qi
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qixue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Lixia Long
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Irvin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xubo Yuan
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignancies of the brain and have a mean survival of 12 months with only 5-10% of the patients surviving for more than 5 years, independent of treatment after diagnosis. Conventional treatment modalities have found the modest success in reducing tumor burden and metastases. Presence of different biological barriers and drug-resistance efflux transporters are crucial for tumor recurrence and treatment failure. Nanotechnology may amend these circumstances by targeting residual infiltrating malignant cells with minimal damage to normal cells, on-demand release and an improved cellular uptake by tumor cells. This review highlights the current status and advances in nanotechnology for treatment of gliomas.
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70
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Lundy DJ, Lee KJ, Peng IC, Hsu CH, Lin JH, Chen KH, Tien YW, Hsieh PCH. Inducing a Transient Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability for Improved Liposomal Drug Therapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS NANO 2019; 13:97-113. [PMID: 30532951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) selectively controls the passage of endogenous and exogenous molecules between systemic circulation and the brain parenchyma. Nanocarrier-based drugs such as liposomes and nanoparticles are an attractive prospect for cancer therapy since they can carry a drug payload and be modified to improve targeting and retention at the desired site. However, the BBB prevents most therapeutic drugs from entering the brain, including physically restricting the passage of liposomes and nanoparticles. In this paper, we show that a low dose of systemically injected recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor induces a short period of increased BBB permeability. We have shown increased delivery of a range of nanomedicines to the brain including contrast agents for imaging, varying sizes of nanoparticles, small molecule chemotherapeutics, tracer dyes, and liposomal chemotherapeutics. However, this effect was not uniform across all brain regions, and permeability varied depending on the drug or molecule measured. We have found that this window of BBB permeability effect is transient, with normal BBB integrity restored within 4 h. This strategy, combined with liposomal doxorubicin, was able to significantly extend survival in a mouse model of human glioblastoma. We have found no evidence of systemic toxicity, and the technique was replicated in pigs, demonstrating that this technique could be scaled up and potentially be translated to the clinic, thus allowing the use of nanocarrier-based therapies for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lundy
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering , Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110 , Taiwan
| | - Keng-Jung Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - I-Chia Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tien
- Department of Surgery , National Taiwan University and Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
- Department of Surgery , National Taiwan University and Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
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71
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Kumar NN, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Wilken-Resman B, Boroumand S, Thorne RG. Passive Immunotherapies for Central Nervous System Disorders: Current Delivery Challenges and New Approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3937-3966. [PMID: 30265523 PMCID: PMC7234797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy, i.e., the administration of exogenous antibodies that recognize a specific target antigen, has gained significant momentum as a potential treatment strategy for several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and brain cancer, among others. Advances in antibody engineering to create therapeutic antibody fragments or antibody conjugates have introduced new strategies that may also be applied to treat CNS disorders. However, drug delivery to the CNS for antibodies and other macromolecules has thus far proven challenging, due in large part to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers that greatly restrict transport of peripherally administered molecules from the systemic circulation into the CNS. Here, we summarize the various passive immunotherapy approaches under study for the treatment of CNS disorders, with a primary focus on disease-specific and target site-specific challenges to drug delivery and new, cutting edge methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N. Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Michelle E. Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program & Center for
Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United
States
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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72
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Njan AA, Fatigun CO, Alli-Oluwafuyi AM, Olorundare OE, Afolabi OS, Akinola O, Amin A. Effect of intranasal insulin on peripheral glucose profile in dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in Wistar rats. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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73
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Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal multisystemic, chronic, and progressive diseases characterized by the storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that may affect the central nervous system. Neuronopathic MPS such as MPS IH, MPS II, MPS IIIA–D, and MPS VII are characterized by neurocognitive regression. In severe MPS I (MPS IH, or Hurler syndrome) initial developmental trajectory is usually unremarkable but cognitive development shows a plateau by 2 to 4 years of age and then progressively regresses with aging. Patients with neuronopathic MPS II have a plateau of cognitive and adaptive development on average by 4 to 4.5 years of age, although there is significant variability, followed by progressive neurocognitive decline. In patients with classic MPS III, developmental trajectory reaches a plateau around 3 years of age, followed by regression. Sleep disturbances and behavioral problems occur early in MPS II and III with features of externalizing disorders. Acquired autism-like behavior is often observed in children with MPS III after 4–6 years of age. Impaired social and communication abilities do occur, but MPS III children do not have restricted and repetitive interests such as in autism spectrum disorder. MPS type VII is an ultra-rare neuronopathic MPS with a wide clinical spectrum from very severe with early mortality to milder phenotypes with longer survival into adolescence and adulthood. Most patients with MPS VII have intellectual disability and severely delayed speech development, usually associated with hearing impairment. Cognitive regression in neuronopathic MPS runs parallel to a significant decrease in brain tissue volume. Assessment of the developmental profile is challenging because of low cognitive abilities, physical impairment, and behavioral disturbances. Early diagnosis is crucial as different promising treatment approaches have been extensively studied in animal MPS models and are currently being applied in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barone
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy. .,Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Policlinico, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pellico
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Annarita Pittalà
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per le malattie metaboliche congenite, Policlinico, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Gasperini
- UOS Malattie Metaboliche Rare, Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione MBBM, ATS Monza, Monza, Italy
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Plog BA, Mestre H, Olveda GE, Sweeney AM, Kenney HM, Cove A, Dholakia KY, Tithof J, Nevins TD, Lundgaard I, Du T, Kelley DH, Nedergaard M. Transcranial optical imaging reveals a pathway for optimizing the delivery of immunotherapeutics to the brain. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120922. [PMID: 30333324 PMCID: PMC6237481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial promise of immunotherapy for CNS disease, multiple recent clinical trials have failed. This may be due in part to characteristically low penetration of antibodies to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma, resulting in poor target engagement. We here utilized transcranial macroscopic imaging to noninvasively evaluate in vivo delivery pathways of CSF fluorescent tracers. Tracers in CSF proved to be distributed through a brain-wide network of periarterial spaces, previously denoted as the glymphatic system. CSF tracer entry was enhanced approximately 3-fold by increasing plasma osmolality without disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Further, plasma hyperosmolality overrode the inhibition of glymphatic transport that characterizes the awake state and reversed glymphatic suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Plasma hyperosmolality enhanced the delivery of an amyloid-β (Aβ) antibody, obtaining a 5-fold increase in antibody binding to Aβ plaques. Thus, manipulation of glymphatic activity may represent a novel strategy for improving penetration of therapeutic antibodies to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Plog
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Genaro E. Olveda
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | | | - H. Mark Kenney
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Alexander Cove
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | | | | | - Thomas D. Nevins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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75
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Wright T, Li A, Lotterhand J, Graham AR, Huang Y, Avila N, Pan J. Nonclinical comparability studies of recombinant human arylsulfatase A addressing manufacturing process changes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195186. [PMID: 29672630 PMCID: PMC5908175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human arylsulfatase A (rhASA) is in clinical development for the treatment of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Manufacturing process changes were introduced to improve robustness and efficiency, resulting in higher levels of mannose-6-phosphate and sialic acid in post-change (process B) compared with pre-change (process A) rhASA. A nonclinical comparability program was conducted to compare process A and process B rhASA. All doses were administered intrathecally. Pharmacodynamic comparability was evaluated in immunotolerant MLD mice, using immunohistochemical staining of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1). Pharmacokinetic comparability was assessed in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys dosed once with 6.0 mg (equivalent to 100 mg/kg of brain weight) process A or process B rhASA. Biodistribution was compared by quantitative whole-body autoradiography in rats. Potential toxicity of process B rhASA was evaluated by repeated rhASA administration at doses of 18.6 mg in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys. The specific activities for process A and process B rhASA were 89 U/mg and 106 U/mg, respectively, which were both well within the target range for the assay. Pharmacodynamic assessments showed no statistically significant differences in LAMP-1 immunohistochemical staining in the spinal cord and in most of the brain areas assessed between process A and B rhASA-dosed mice. LAMP-1 staining was reduced with both process A and B rhASA compared with vehicle, supporting its activity. Concentration–time curves in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of cynomolgus monkeys were similar with process A and B rhASA. Process A and B rhASA were similar in terms of their pharmacokinetic parameters and biodistribution data. No process B rhASA-related toxicity was detected. In conclusion, manufacturing process changes did not affect the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic or safety profiles of process B rhASA relative to process A rhASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wright
- Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aiqun Li
- Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yan Huang
- Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy Avila
- Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Pan
- Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
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76
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Pizzo ME, Wolak DJ, Kumar NN, Brunette E, Brunnquell CL, Hannocks M, Abbott NJ, Meyerand ME, Sorokin L, Stanimirovic DB, Thorne RG. Intrathecal antibody distribution in the rat brain: surface diffusion, perivascular transport and osmotic enhancement of delivery. J Physiol 2018; 596:445-475. [PMID: 29023798 PMCID: PMC5792566 DOI: 10.1113/jp275105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It is unclear precisely how macromolecules (e.g. endogenous proteins and exogenous immunotherapeutics) access brain tissue from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We show that transport at the brain-CSF interface involves a balance between Fickian diffusion in the extracellular spaces at the brain surface and convective transport in perivascular spaces of cerebral blood vessels. Intrathecally-infused antibodies exhibited size-dependent access to the perivascular spaces and tunica media basement membranes of leptomeningeal arteries. Perivascular access and distribution of full-length IgG could be enhanced by intrathecal co-infusion of hyperosmolar mannitol. Pores or stomata present on CSF-facing leptomeningeal cells ensheathing blood vessels in the subarachnoid space may provide unique entry sites into the perivascular spaces from the CSF. These results illuminate new mechanisms likely to govern antibody trafficking at the brain-CSF interface with relevance for immune surveillance in the healthy brain and insights into the distribution of therapeutic antibodies. ABSTRACT The precise mechanisms governing the central distribution of macromolecules from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the brain and spinal cord remain poorly understood, despite their importance for physiological processes such as antibody trafficking for central immune surveillance, as well as several ongoing intrathecal clinical trials. In the present study, we clarify how IgG and smaller single-domain antibodies (sdAb) distribute throughout the whole brain in a size-dependent manner after intrathecal infusion in rats using ex vivo fluorescence and in vivo three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Antibody distribution was characterized by diffusion at the brain surface and widespread distribution to deep brain regions along the perivascular spaces of all vessel types, with sdAb accessing a four- to seven-fold greater brain area than IgG. Perivascular transport involved blood vessels of all caliber and putative smooth muscle and astroglial basement membrane compartments. Perivascular access to smooth muscle basement membrane compartments also exhibited size-dependence. Electron microscopy was used to show stomata on leptomeningeal coverings of blood vessels in the subarachnoid space as potential access points allowing substances in the CSF to enter the perivascular space. Osmolyte co-infusion significantly enhanced perivascular access of the larger antibody from the CSF, with intrathecal 0.75 m mannitol increasing the number of perivascular profiles per slice area accessed by IgG by ∼50%. The results of the present study reveal potential distribution mechanisms for endogenous IgG, which is one of the most abundant proteins in the CSF, as well as provide new insights with respect to understanding and improving the drug delivery of macromolecules to the central nervous system via the intrathecal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Pizzo
- School of PharmacyDivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Daniel J. Wolak
- School of PharmacyDivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Niyanta N. Kumar
- School of PharmacyDivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research CentreNational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada
| | | | - Melanie‐Jane Hannocks
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and PathobiochemistryMuenster UniversityMuensterGermany
- Cells‐in‐Motion Cluster of ExcellenceMuenster UniversityMuensterGermany
| | - N. Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Elizabeth Meyerand
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and PathobiochemistryMuenster UniversityMuensterGermany
- Cells‐in‐Motion Cluster of ExcellenceMuenster UniversityMuensterGermany
| | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research CentreNational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- School of PharmacyDivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Neuroscience Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWIUSA
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77
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Barten DM, Cadelina GW, Weed MR. Dosing, collection, and quality control issues in cerebrospinal fluid research using animal models. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:47-64. [PMID: 29110779 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex fluid filling the ventricular system and surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Although the bulk of CSF is created by the choroid plexus, a significant fraction derives from the interstitial fluid in the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. For this reason, CSF can often be used as a source of pharmacodynamic and prognostic biomarkers to reflect biochemical changes occurring within the brain. For instance, CSF biomarkers can be used to diagnose and track progression of disease as well as understand pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships in clinical trials. To facilitate the use of these biomarkers in humans, studies in preclinical species are often valuable. This review summarizes methods for preclinical CSF collection for biomarkers from mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. In addition, dosing directly into CSF is increasingly being used to improve drug levels in the brain. Therefore, this review also summarizes the state of the art in CSF dosing in these preclinical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States
| | - Gregory W Cadelina
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States
| | - Michael R Weed
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States; RxGen, Inc, New Haven, CT, United States.
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78
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de Zafra CLZ, Markgraf CG, Compton DR, Hudzik TJ. Abuse liability assessment for biologic drugs - All molecules are not created equal. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:165-172. [PMID: 29199066 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel drug candidates involves the thorough evaluation of potential efficacy and safety. To facilitate the safety assessment in light of global increases in prescription drug misuse/abuse, health authorities have developed guidance documents which provide a framework for evaluating the abuse liability of candidate therapeutics. The guidances do not distinguish between small molecules and biologics/biotherapeutics; however, there are key differences between these classes of therapeutics which are important drivers of concern for abuse. An analysis of these properties, including ability to distribute to the central nervous system, pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., half-life and metabolism), potential for off-target binding, and the physiochemical characteristics of biologic drug products suggests that the potential for abuse of a biologic is limited. Many marketed antibodies and recombinant proteins have been associated with adverse effects such as headache and dizziness. However, biologics have not historically engendered the rapid-onset psychoactive effects typically present for drugs of abuse, thus further underscoring their low risk for abuse potential. The factors to be taken into consideration before conducting nonclinical abuse liability studies with biologics are described herein; importantly, the aggregate assessment of these factors leads to the conclusion that abuse liability studies are unlikely to be necessary for this class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie G Markgraf
- Preclinical Safety, Discovery Sciences Support, Merck & Co., Ltd., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Whole Body and CNS Biodistribution of rhHNS in Cynomolgus Monkeys after Intrathecal Lumbar Administration: Treatment Implications for Patients with MPS IIIA. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122594. [PMID: 29194406 PMCID: PMC5751197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis III type A (MPS IIIA; Sanfilippo syndrome), a genetic lysosomal disorder causing a deficiency of heparan N-sulfatase (HNS), leads to progressive cognitive decline from an early age. An effective enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for MPS IIIA requires central nervous system (CNS) biodistribution. Recombinant human heparan N-sulfatase (rhHNS), an investigatory ERT for MPS IIIA, has been formulated for intrathecal (IT) administration since intravenous (IV) administration cannot cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in sufficient amounts to have a therapeutic effect. In this study, systemic and CNS distribution of rhHNS in cynomolgus monkeys following IV and IT administration was evaluated by quantitation of rhHNS in serum, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and various tissues, and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of live animals. Following IV administration, rhHNS levels were low to non-detectable in the CSF, and systemic clearance was rapid (≤2 h). With IT administration, rhHNS was observable in CNS tissues in ≤1 h, with varying Tmax (1-24 h). Appreciable systemic distribution was observed up to 7 days. This provides evidence that in this animal model, intrathecal administration of rhHNS delivers the replacement enzyme to therapeutically relevant tissues for the treatment of Sanfilippo Syndrome type A. Penetration into grey matter and cortex was 3-4 times greater than concentrations in white matter and deeper parenchymal regions, suggesting some limitations of this ERT strategy.
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80
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Scarpa M, Orchard PJ, Schulz A, Dickson PI, Haskins ME, Escolar ML, Giugliani R. Treatment of brain disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122S:25-34. [PMID: 29153844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by lysosomal enzyme deficits that lead to glycosaminoglycan accumulation, affecting various tissues throughout the body based on the specific enzyme deficiency. These disorders are characterized by their progressive nature and a variety of somatic manifestations and neurological symptoms. There are established treatments for some MPS disorders, but these mostly alleviate somatic and non-neurological symptoms and do not cure the disease. Patients with MPS I, II, III, and VII can present with neurological manifestations such as neurocognitive decline and behavioral problems. Treatment of these neurological manifestations remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). New therapies that circumvent this barrier and target brain disease in MPS are currently under development. They primarily focus on facilitating penetration of drugs through the BBB, delivery of recombinant enzyme to the brain by gene therapy, or direct CNS administration. This review summarizes existing and potential future treatment approaches that target brain disease in MPS. The information in this review is based on current literature and presentations and discussions during a closed meeting by an international group of experts with extensive experience in managing and treating MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Scarpa
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Center for Rare Diseases, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angela Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria L Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Program for Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS & Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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81
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Aptamers and Glioblastoma: Their Potential Use for Imaging and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122576. [PMID: 29189740 PMCID: PMC5751179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive primary brain tumour, renowned for its infiltrative growth and varied genetic profiles. The current treatment options are insufficient, and their off-target effects greatly reduce patient quality of life. The major challenge in improving glioblastoma diagnosis and treatment involves the development of a targeted imaging and drug delivery platform, capable of circumventing the blood brain barrier and specifically targeting glioblastoma tumours. The unique properties of aptamers demonstrate their capability of bridging the gap to the development of successful diagnosis and treatment options, where antibodies have previously failed. Aptamers possess many characteristics that make them an ideal novel imaging and therapeutic agent for the treatment of glioblastoma and other brain malignancies, and are likely to provide patients with a better standard of care and improved quality of life. Their target sensitivity, selective nature, ease of modification and low immunogenicity make them an ideal drug-delivery platform. This review article summarises the aptamers previously generated against glioblastoma cells or its identified biomarkers, and their potential application in diagnosis and therapeutic targeting of glioblastoma tumours.
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82
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Airan RD, Foss CA, Ellens NPK, Wang Y, Mease RC, Farahani K, Pomper MG. MR-Guided Delivery of Hydrophilic Molecular Imaging Agents Across the Blood-Brain Barrier Through Focused Ultrasound. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:24-30. [PMID: 27481359 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A wide variety of hydrophilic imaging and therapeutic agents are unable to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In particular, unless a particular transporter exists that may transport the agent across the BBB, most agents that are larger than 500 Da or that are hydrophilic will be excluded by the BBB. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the periphery, has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric conditions. As all agents that target GCPII are hydrophilic and thereby excluded from the CNS, we used GCPII as a platform for demonstrating our MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) technique for delivery of GCPII/PSMA-specific imaging agents to the brain. PROCEDURES Female rats underwent MRgFUS-mediated opening of the BBB. After opening of the BBB, either a radio- or fluorescently labeled ureido-based ligand for GCPII/PSMA was administered intravenously. Brain uptake was assessed for 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid ([18F]DCFPyL) and YC-27, two compounds known to bind GCPII/PSMA with high affinity, using positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, respectively. Specificity of ligand binding to GCPII/PSMA in the brain was determined with co-administration of a molar excess of ZJ-43, a compound of the same chemical class but different structure from either [18F]DCFPyL or YC-27, which competes for GCPII/PSMA binding. RESULTS Dynamic PET imaging using [18F]DCFPyL demonstrated that target uptake reached a plateau by ∼1 h after radiotracer administration, with target/background ratios continuing to increase throughout the course of imaging, from a ratio of ∼4:1 at 45 min to ∼7:1 by 80 min. NIRF imaging likewise demonstrated delivery of YC-27 to the brain, with clear visualization of tracer in the brain at 24 h. Tissue uptake of both ligands was greatly diminished by ZJ-43 co-administration, establishing specificity of binding of each to GCPII/PSMA. On gross and histological examination, animals showed no evidence for hemorrhage or other deleterious consequences of MRgFUS. CONCLUSIONS MRgFUS provided safe opening of the BBB to enable specific delivery of two hydrophilic agents to target tissues within the brain. This platform might facilitate imaging and therapy using a variety of agents that have heretofore been excluded from the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raag D Airan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P K Ellens
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keyvan Farahani
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yadav DB, Maloney JA, Wildsmith KR, Fuji RN, Meilandt WJ, Solanoy H, Lu Y, Peng K, Wilson B, Chan P, Gadkar K, Kosky A, Goo M, Daugherty A, Couch JA, Keene T, Hayes K, Nikolas LJ, Lane D, Switzer R, Adams E, Watts RJ, Scearce-Levie K, Prabhu S, Shafer L, Thakker DR, Hildebrand K, Atwal JK. Widespread brain distribution and activity following i.c.v. infusion of anti-β-secretase (BACE1) in nonhuman primates. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4173-4185. [PMID: 28859225 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potential for therapeutic antibody treatment of neurological diseases is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier. I.c.v. delivery is a promising route to the brain; however, it is unclear how efficiently antibodies delivered i.c.v. penetrate the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF)-brain barrier and distribute throughout the brain parenchyma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against β-secretase 1 (anti-BACE1) following continuous infusion into the left lateral ventricle of healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. KEY RESULTS Animals infused with anti-BACE1 i.c.v. showed a robust and sustained reduction (~70%) of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Antibody distribution was near uniform across the brain parenchyma, ranging from 20 to 40 nM, resulting in a ~50% reduction of Aβ in the cortical parenchyma. In contrast, animals administered anti-BACE1 i.v. showed no significant change in CSF or cortical Aβ levels and had a low (~0.6 nM) antibody concentration in the brain. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS I.c.v. administration of anti-BACE1 resulted in enhanced BACE1 target engagement and inhibition, with a corresponding dramatic reduction in CNS Aβ concentrations, due to enhanced brain exposure to antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice A Maloney
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reina N Fuji
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanmei Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Blair Wilson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Gadkar
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann Daugherty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Adams
- Northern Biomedical Research, Norton Shores, MI, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Saileta Prabhu
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jasvinder K Atwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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84
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Beilhartz GL, Sugiman-Marangos SN, Melnyk RA. Repurposing bacterial toxins for intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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85
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Tangen KM, Leval R, Mehta AI, Linninger AA. Computational and In Vitro Experimental Investigation of Intrathecal Drug Distribution: Parametric Study of the Effect of Injection Volume, Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulsatility, and Drug Uptake. Anesth Analg 2017; 124:1686-1696. [PMID: 28431428 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal drug delivery is an attractive option to circumvent the blood-brain barrier for pain management through its increased efficacy of pain relief, reduction in adverse side effects, and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, there are limited guidelines for physicians to choose infusion or drug pump settings to administer therapeutic doses to specific regions of the spine or the brain. Although empiric trialing of intrathecal drugs is critical to determine the sustained side effects, currently there is no inexpensive in vitro method to guide the selection of spinal drug delivery parameters. The goal of this study is to demonstrate current computational capabilities to predict drug biodistribution while varying 3 parameters: (1) infusion settings, (2) drug chemistry, and (3) subject-specific anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. We will discuss strategies to systematically optimize these 3 parameters to administer drug molecules to targeted tissue locations in the central nervous system. METHODS We acquired anatomical data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and velocity measurements in the spinal cerebrospinal fluid with CINE-MRI for 2 subjects. A bench-top surrogate of the subject-specific central nervous system was constructed to match measured anatomical dimensions and volumes. We generated a computational mesh for the bench-top model. Idealized simulations of tracer distribution were compared with bench-top measurements for validation. Using reconstructions from MRI data, we also introduced a subject-specific computer model for predicting drug spread for the human volunteer. RESULTS MRI velocity measurements at 3 spinal regions of interest reasonably matched the simulated flow fields in a subject-specific computer mesh. Comparison between the idealized spine computations and bench-top tracer distribution experiments demonstrate agreement of our drug transport predictions to this physical model. Simulated multibolus drug infusion theoretically localizes drug to the cervical and thoracic region. Continuous drug pump and single bolus injection were successful to target the lumbar spine in the simulations. The parenchyma might be targeted suitably by multiple boluses followed by a flush infusion. We present potential guidelines that take into account drug specific kinetics for tissue uptake, which influence the speed of drug dispersion in the model and potentially influence tissue targeting. CONCLUSIONS We present potential guidelines considering drug-specific kinetics of tissue uptake, which determine the speed of drug dispersion and influence tissue targeting. However, there are limitations to this analysis in that the parameters were obtained from an idealized healthy patient in a supine position. The proposed methodology could assist physicians to select clinical infusion parameters for their patients and provide guidance to optimize treatment algorithms. In silico optimization of intrathecal drug delivery therapies presents the first steps toward a possible care paradigm in the future that is specific to personalized patient anatomy and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tangen
- From the Departments of *Bioengineering; and †Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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86
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Aoyagi-Scharber M, Crippen-Harmon D, Lawrence R, Vincelette J, Yogalingam G, Prill H, Yip BK, Baridon B, Vitelli C, Lee A, Gorostiza O, Adintori EG, Minto WC, Van Vleet JL, Yates B, Rigney S, Christianson TM, Tiger PMN, Lo MJ, Holtzinger J, Fitzpatrick PA, LeBowitz JH, Bullens S, Crawford BE, Bunting S. Clearance of Heparan Sulfate and Attenuation of CNS Pathology by Intracerebroventricular BMN 250 in Sanfilippo Type B Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:43-53. [PMID: 28664165 PMCID: PMC5480280 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome type B (mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB), caused by inherited deficiency of α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), required for lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate (HS), is a pediatric neurodegenerative disorder with no approved treatment. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) delivery of a modified recombinant NAGLU, consisting of human NAGLU fused with insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) for enhanced lysosomal targeting, was previously shown to result in marked enzyme uptake and clearance of HS storage in the Naglu−/− mouse brain. To further evaluate regional, cell type-specific, and dose-dependent biodistribution of NAGLU-IGF2 (BMN 250) and its effects on biochemical and histological pathology, Naglu−/− mice were treated with 1–100 μg ICV doses (four times over 2 weeks). 1 day after the last dose, BMN 250 (100 μg doses) resulted in above-normal NAGLU activity levels, broad biodistribution, and uptake in all cell types, with NAGLU predominantly localized to neurons in the Naglu−/− mouse brain. This led to complete clearance of disease-specific HS and reduction of secondary lysosomal defects and neuropathology across various brain regions lasting for at least 28 days after the last dose. The substantial brain uptake of NAGLU attainable by this highest ICV dosage was required for nearly complete attenuation of disease-driven storage accumulations and neuropathology throughout the Naglu−/− mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Aoyagi-Scharber
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | | | - Roger Lawrence
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Jon Vincelette
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Gouri Yogalingam
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Heather Prill
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Bryan K Yip
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Brian Baridon
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Catherine Vitelli
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Amanda Lee
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Olivia Gorostiza
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Evan G Adintori
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Wesley C Minto
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Jeremy L Van Vleet
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Bridget Yates
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Sara Rigney
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Terri M Christianson
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Pascale M N Tiger
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Melanie J Lo
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - John Holtzinger
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Paul A Fitzpatrick
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Jonathan H LeBowitz
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Sherry Bullens
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Brett E Crawford
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Stuart Bunting
- Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Ehrhart J, Sanberg PR. Cord blood as a potential therapeutic for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:837-851. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1323862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jared Ehrhart
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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88
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Jaremko WJ, Huang Z, Wen W, Wu A, Karl N, Niu L. Identification and characterization of RNA aptamers: A long aptamer blocks the AMPA receptor and a short aptamer blocks both AMPA and kainate receptors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7338-7347. [PMID: 28325839 PMCID: PMC5418036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA and kainate receptors, along with NMDA receptors, represent different subtypes of glutamate ion channels. AMPA and kainate receptors share a high degree of sequence and structural similarities, and excessive activity of these receptors has been implicated in neurological diseases such as epilepsy. Therefore, blocking detrimental activity of both receptor types could be therapeutically beneficial. Here, we report the use of an in vitro evolution approach involving systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment with a single AMPA receptor target (i.e. GluA1/2R) to isolate RNA aptamers that can potentially inhibit both AMPA and kainate receptors. A full-length or 101-nucleotide (nt) aptamer selectively inhibited GluA1/2R with a KI of ∼5 μm, along with GluA1 and GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits. Of note, its shorter version (55 nt) inhibited both AMPA and kainate receptors. In particular, this shorter aptamer blocked equally potently the activity of both the GluK1 and GluK2 kainate receptors. Using homologous binding and whole-cell recording assays, we found that an RNA aptamer most likely binds to the receptor's regulatory site and inhibits it noncompetitively. Our results suggest the potential of using a single receptor target to develop RNA aptamers with dual activity for effectively blocking both AMPA and kainate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jaremko
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Zhen Huang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Wei Wen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Andrew Wu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Nicholas Karl
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Li Niu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222
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89
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Hesterman JY, Kost SD, Holt RW, Dobson H, Verma A, Mozley PD. Three-Dimensional Dosimetry for Radiation Safety Estimates from Intrathecal Administration. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1672-1678. [PMID: 28336783 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.190611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal administration is of growing interest for drug delivery, and its utility is being increasingly investigated through imaging. In this work, the 3-dimensional Voxel-Based Internal Dosimetry Application (VIDA) and 4D Extended Cardiac Torso Phantom (XCAT) were extended to provide radiation safety estimates specific to intrathecal administration. Methods: The 3-dimensional VIDA dosimetry application Monte Carlo simulation was run using a modified XCAT phantom with additional and edited cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) regions to produce voxel-level absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity maps for 9 selected source regions. Simulation validation was performed to compare absorbed dose estimates for common organs in a preexisting dosimetry tool (OLINDA/EXM). Dynamic planar imaging data were acquired in 6 healthy subjects using administered volumes of 5 or 15 mL (n = 3 each) of 185 MBq of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Absorbed dose was estimated for each subject using the intrathecal-specific dosimetry application. Results: Simulation results were within 6% of OLINDA estimates for common organs. Absorbed dose estimates were highest (0.3-0.8 mGy/MBq) in the lumbar CSF space. A whole-body effective dose estimate of 0.003 mSv/MBq was observed. An administered volume dependency was observed with a 15-mL volume, resulting in lower absorbed dose estimates for several intrathecal and nonintrathecal regions. Conclusion: The intrathecal-specific VIDA implementation enables tailored dosimetry estimation for regions most relevant in intrathecal administration. Absorbed doses are highly localized to CSF and spinal regions and should be taken into consideration when designing intrathecal imaging studies. A potentially interesting relationship was observed between absorbed dose and administered volume, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - P David Mozley
- Weill Cornell Graduate College of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
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90
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Hajimashhadi Z, Aboutaleb N, Nasirinezhad F. Chronic administration of [Pyr 1] apelin-13 attenuates neuropathic pain after compression spinal cord injury in rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:15-22. [PMID: 27686494 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for apelin receptor (APJ) with analgesic effect on visceral, analgesic and proanalgesic influences on acute pains in animal models. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible analgesic effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on chronic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Animals were randomly divided into three major groups as intact, sham and SCI. The SCI group randomly allocated to four subgroups as no treatment, vehicle-treatment (normal saline: 10μl, intrathecally) and two subgroups with intrathecal injection (i.t) of 1μg and 5μg of [Pyr1] apelin-13. After laminectomy at T6-T8 level, spinal cord compression injury was induced using an aneurysm clip. Vehicle or [Pyr1] apelin-13 injected from day1 post SCI and continued for a week on a daily basis. Pain behaviors and locomotor activity were monitored up to 8weeks. At the end of the experiments, intracardial paraformaldehyde perfusion was made under deep anesthesia in some animals for histological and immunohistochemistry evaluations. Western blot technique was also done to detect caspase-3 in fresh spinal cord tissues. SCI decreased nociceptive thresholds and locomotor scores. Administration of [Pyr1] apelin-13 (1μg and 5μg) improved locomotor activity and reduced pain symptoms, cavity size and caspase-3 levels. Results showed long-term beneficial effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on neuropathic pain and locomotion. Therefore, we may suggest [Pyr1] apelin-13 as a new option for further neuropathic pain research and a suitable candidate for ensuing clinical trials in spinal cord injury arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajimashhadi
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Aboutaleb
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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91
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Marianecci C, Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Di Marzio L, Paolino D, Carafa M. Drug delivery in overcoming the blood-brain barrier: role of nasal mucosal grafting. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:325-335. [PMID: 28184152 PMCID: PMC5291459 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a fundamental role in protecting and maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. For this reason, drug delivery to the brain is much more difficult than that to other compartments of the body. In order to bypass or cross the BBB, many strategies have been developed: invasive techniques, such as temporary disruption of the BBB or direct intraventricular and intracerebral administration of the drug, as well as noninvasive techniques. Preliminary results, reported in the large number of studies on the potential strategies for brain delivery, are encouraging, but it is far too early to draw any conclusion about the actual use of these therapeutic approaches. Among the most recent, but still pioneering, approaches related to the nasal mucosa properties, the permeabilization of the BBB via nasal mucosal engrafting can offer new potential opportunities. It should be emphasized that this surgical procedure is quite invasive, but the implication for patient outcome needs to be compared to the gold standard of direct intracranial injection, and evaluated whilst keeping in mind that central nervous system diseases and lysosomal storage diseases are chronic and severely debilitating and that up to now no therapy seems to be completely successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Marianecci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- Center for Life Nano Science@ Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nadia Hanieh
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- IRC FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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92
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Lever SZ, Fan KH, Lever JR. Tactics for preclinical validation of receptor-binding radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 44:4-30. [PMID: 27755986 PMCID: PMC5161541 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspects of radiopharmaceutical development are illustrated through preclinical studies of [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE), a radioligand for sigma-1 (σ1) receptors, coupled with examples from the recent literature. Findings are compared to those previously observed for [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dimethoxy-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE). METHODS Syntheses of E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE and [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE were accomplished by standard methods. In vitro receptor binding studies and autoradiography were performed, and binding potential was predicted. Measurements of lipophilicity and protein binding were obtained. In vivo studies were conducted in mice to evaluate radioligand stability, as well as specific binding to σ1 sites in brain, brain regions and peripheral organs in the presence and absence of potential blockers. RESULTS E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE exhibited high affinity and selectivity for σ1 receptors (Ki = 0.43 ± 0.03 nM, σ2/σ1 = 173). [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE was prepared in good yield and purity, with high specific activity. Radioligand binding provided dissociation (koff) and association (kon) rate constants, along with a measured Kd of 0.24 ± 0.01 nM and Bmax of 472 ± 13 fmol/mg protein. The radioligand proved suitable for quantitative autoradiography in vitro using brain sections. Moderate lipophilicity, Log D7.4 2.69 ± 0.28, was determined, and protein binding was 71 ± 0.3%. In vivo, high initial whole brain uptake, >6% injected dose/g, cleared slowly over 24 h. Specific binding represented 75% to 93% of total binding from 15 min to 24 h. Findings were confirmed and extended by regional brain biodistribution. Radiometabolites were not observed in brain (1%). CONCLUSIONS Substitution of dihydrobenzofuranylethyl for dimethoxyphenethyl increased radioligand affinity for σ1 receptors by 16-fold. While high specific binding to σ1 receptors was observed for both radioligands in vivo, [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE displayed much slower clearance kinetics than [125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE. Thus, minor structural modifications of σ1 receptor radioligands lead to major differences in binding properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Z Lever
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsien Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Lever
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Current Strategies for the Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Enzymes to Treat Brain Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 137:1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Biodistribution of Idursulfase Formulated for Intrathecal Use (Idursulfase-IT) in Cynomolgus Monkeys after Intrathecal Lumbar Administration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164765. [PMID: 27764180 PMCID: PMC5072681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy with intravenous idursulfase (recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase) is approved for the treatment of Hunter syndrome. Intravenous administration does not, however, treat the neurological manifestations, due to its low central nervous system bioavailability. Using intrathecal-lumbar administration, iduronate-2-sulfatase is delivered directly to the central nervous system. This study investigates the central nervous system biodistribution of intrathecal-lumbar administered iduronate-2-sulfatase in cynomolgus monkeys. Twelve monkeys were administered iduronate-2-sulfatase in one 30 mg intrathecal-lumbar injection. Brain, spinal cord, liver, and kidneys were collected for iduronate-2-sulfatase concentration (measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and enzyme activity measurement (via a method utilizing 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-iduronate-2-sulfate) at 1, 2, 5, 12, 24, and 48 hours following administration. The tissue enzyme linked immunosorbent assay confirmed iduronate-2-sulfatase uptake to the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, and liver in a time-dependent manner. In spinal cord and brain, iduronate-2-sulfatase appeared as early as 1 hour following administration, and peak concentrations were observed at ~2 and ~5 hours. Iduronate-2-sulfatase appeared in liver and kidneys 1 hour post intrathecal-lumbar dose with peak concentrations between 5 and 24 hours. Liver iduronate-2-sulfatase concentration was approximately 10-fold higher than kidney. The iduronate-2-sulfatase localization and enzyme activity in the central nervous system, following intrathecal administration, demonstrates that intrathecal-lumbar treatment with iduronate-2-sulfatase may be considered for further investigation as a treatment for Hunter syndrome patients with neurocognitive impairment.
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Shao W, Wang S, Liu H, Wu J, Huang M, Ma W, Huang C. Rheological and mechanical study of regenerated cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:395707. [PMID: 27574002 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/39/395707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Regenerated cellulose (RC)-based composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by a facile casting method. The morphology and microstructure of the fabricated composites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetric analysis were conducted to investigate the effect of MWCNTs on the thermal behaviors of the RC. The results showed that the introduction of MWCNTs enhanced the thermal stability of the RC. Moreover, the effect of the dispersion state of MWCNTs in microcrystalline cellulose/ZnCl2 solutions with varying MWCNT loadings was studied by rheological tests. The mechanical properties of composite films were remarkably improved compared to those of pure RC film. Specifically, the composite film containing 3 wt% of MWCNTs exhibits a 123% enhancement in tensile strength and a 163% enhancement in the Young's modulus compared with the pure RC film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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Park SE, Jung NY, Lee NK, Lee J, Hyung B, Myeong SH, Kim HS, Suh YL, Lee JI, Cho KR, Kim DH, Choi SJ, Chang JW, Na DL. Distribution of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) in canines after intracerebroventricular injection. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:192-200. [PMID: 27614113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the distribution of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) administered via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection in a canine model. Ten beagles (11-13 kg per beagle) each received an injection of 1 × 106 cells into the right lateral ventricle and were sacrificed 7 days after administration. Based on immunohistochemical analysis, hUCB-MSCs were observed in the brain parenchyma, especially along the lateral ventricular walls. Detected as far as 3.5 mm from the cortical surface, these cells migrated from the lateral ventricle toward the cortex. We also observed hUCB-MSCs in the hippocampus and the cervical spinal cord. According to real-time polymerase chain reaction results, most of the hUCB-MSCs were found distributed in the brain and the cervical spinal cord but not in the lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, and liver. ICV administered hUCB-MSCs also enhanced the endogenous neural stem cell population in the subventricular zone. These results highlighted the ICV delivery route as an optimal route to be performed in stem cell-based clinical therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eon Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Shanghai Cuvcell Biosciences Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyung Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su Hyeon Myeong
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seop Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Lim Suh
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rae Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Korea Animal Medical Science Institute, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co, Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duk L Na
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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97
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Havens MA, Hastings ML. Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6549-63. [PMID: 27288447 PMCID: PMC5001604 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) are short, synthetic, antisense, modified nucleic acids that base-pair with a pre-mRNA and disrupt the normal splicing repertoire of the transcript by blocking the RNA–RNA base-pairing or protein–RNA binding interactions that occur between components of the splicing machinery and the pre-mRNA. Splicing of pre-mRNA is required for the proper expression of the vast majority of protein-coding genes, and thus, targeting the process offers a means to manipulate protein production from a gene. Splicing modulation is particularly valuable in cases of disease caused by mutations that lead to disruption of normal splicing or when interfering with the normal splicing process of a gene transcript may be therapeutic. SSOs offer an effective and specific way to target and alter splicing in a therapeutic manner. Here, we discuss the different approaches used to target and alter pre-mRNA splicing with SSOs. We detail the modifications to the nucleic acids that make them promising therapeutics and discuss the challenges to creating effective SSO drugs. We highlight the development of SSOs designed to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, which are currently being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A Havens
- Department of Biology, Lewis University, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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98
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Kim DG, Kim KH, Seo YJ, Yang H, Marcusson EG, Son E, Lee K, Sa JK, Lee HW, Nam DH. Anti-miR delivery strategies to bypass the blood-brain barrier in glioblastoma therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:29400-11. [PMID: 27102443 PMCID: PMC5045404 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs called miRNAs are key regulators in various biological processes, including tumor initiation, propagation, and metastasis in glioblastoma as well as other cancers. Recent studies have shown the potential for oncogenic miRNAs as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. However, the application of antisense oligomers, or anti-miRs, to the brain is limited due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), when administered in the traditional systemic manner. To induce a therapeutic effect in glioblastoma, anti-miR therapy requires a robust and effective delivery system to overcome this obstacle. To bypass the BBB, different delivery administration methods for anti-miRs were evaluated. Stereotaxic surgery was performed to administer anti-Let-7 through intratumoral (ITu), intrathecal (ITh), and intraventricular (ICV) routes, and each method's efficacy was determined by changes in the expression of anti-Let-7 target genes as well as by immunohistochemical analysis. ITu administration of anti-miRs led to a high rate of anti-miR delivery to tumors in the brain by both bolus and continuous administration. In addition, ICV administration, compared with ITu administration, showed a greater distribution of the miR across entire brain tissues. This study suggests that local administration methods are a promising strategy for anti-miR treatment and may overcome current limitations in the treatment of glioblastoma in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Geon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jee Seo
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heekyoung Yang
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Eunju Son
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoungmin Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason K. Sa
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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99
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Brandhonneur N, Noury F, Bruyère A, Saint-Jalmes H, Le Corre P. PBPK model of methotrexate in cerebrospinal fluid ventricles using a combined microdialysis and MRI acquisition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 104:117-30. [PMID: 27142258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the distribution of methotrexate (MTX) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lateral ventricles and in cisterna magna after 3rd intraventricular CSF administration in a rabbit model. MTX or gadolinium chelate (Gd-DOTA) was administered in the 3rd ventricle with a local microdialysis to study the pharmacokinetics at the site of administration and with a simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition in the 3rd ventricle, the lateral ventricles and in the cisterna magna. A specific CSF Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was then extrapolated for MTX from Gd-DOTA data. The relative contribution of elimination and distribution processes to the overall disposition of MTX and Gd-DOTA in the 3rd ventricle was similar (i.e., around 60% for CLE and 40% for CLI) suggesting that Gd-DOTA was a suitable surrogate marker for MTX disposition in ventricular CSF. The PBPK predictions for MTX both in CSF of the 3rd ventricle and in plasma were in accordance with the in vivo results. The present study showed that the combination of local CSF microdialysis with MRI acquisition of the brain ventricles and a PBPK model could be a useful methodology to estimate the drug diffusion within CSF ventricles after direct brain CSF administration. Such a methodology would be of interest to clinicians for a rationale determination and optimization of drug dosing parameters in the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Brandhonneur
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, IRSET U1085, Rennes, France
| | - Fanny Noury
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; LTSI, INSERM, UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, IRSET U1085, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Saint-Jalmes
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; LTSI, INSERM, UMR 1099, Rennes, France; CRLCC, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Le Corre
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, IRSET U1085, Rennes, France; Pôle Pharmacie, CHU de Rennes, France.
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100
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Choonara YE, Kumar P, Modi G, Pillay V. Improving drug delivery technology for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1029-43. [PMID: 26967508 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1162152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent intricate challenges for efficient uptake and transport of drugs to the brain mainly due to the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB). NDs are characterized by the loss of neuronal subtypes as sporadic and/or familial and several mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been identified. AREAS COVERED This review attempts to recap, organize and concisely evaluate the advanced drug delivery systems designed for treating common NDs. It highlights key research gaps and opinionates on new neurotherapies to overcome the BBB as an addition to the current treatments of countering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION Current treatments do not fully address the biological, drug and therapeutic factors faced. This has led to the development of vogue treatments such as nose-to-brain technologies, bio-engineered systems, fusion protein chaperones, stem cells, gene therapy, use of natural compounds, neuroprotectants and even vaccines. However, failure of these treatments is mainly due to the BBB and non-specific delivery in the brain. In order to increase neuroavailability various advanced drug delivery systems provide promising alternatives that are able to augment the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, much work is still required in this field beyond the preclinical testing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya E Choonara
- a Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- a Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Girish Modi
- b Division of Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- a Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa
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