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Statins and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. Rev Port Cardiol 2016; 35:41-57. [PMID: 26763895 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia. They are also recommended in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition to decreasing cholesterol synthesis, statins interfere with the synthesis of isoprenoid intermediates, which may explain many of their pleiotropic properties, including their antioxidant effects. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the synthesis of reactive oxygen species and their elimination by antioxidant defense systems, with a prevailing pro-oxidant status that results in macromolecular damage and disruption of cellular redox signaling. Reactive oxygen species interfere with various processes that affect cardiac structure and function, contributing to the contractile dysfunction, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis observed in the pathophysiology of heart failure. By regulating several molecular pathways that control nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, statins help restore redox homeostasis. These drugs also contribute to the control of inflammation and appear to have a protective role in various diseases. The results of observational studies and clinical trials with statins in heart failure have not been consensual. This review aims to analyze the role of oxidative stress in heart failure and the molecular mechanisms underlying statins' antioxidant properties. It also examines current scientific evidence on the use of these drugs as a specific treatment for heart failure.
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Norata GD, Caligiuri G, Chavakis T, Matarese G, Netea MG, Nicoletti A, O'Neill LAJ, Marelli-Berg FM. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Translational Immunometabolism. Immunity 2016; 43:421-34. [PMID: 26377896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune response requires major changes to metabolic processes, and indeed, energy metabolism and functional activation are fully integrated in immune cells to determine their ability to divide, differentiate, and carry out effector functions. Immune cell metabolism has therefore become an attractive target area for therapeutic purposes. A neglected aspect in the translation of immunometabolism is the critical connection between systemic and cellular metabolism. Here, we discuss the importance of understanding and manipulating the integration of systemic and immune cell metabolism through in-depth analysis of immune cell phenotype and function in human metabolic diseases and, in parallel, of the effects of conventional metabolic drugs on immune cell differentiation and function. We examine how the recent identification of selective metabolic programs operating in distinct immune cell subsets and functions has the potential to deliver tools for cell- and function-specific immunometabolic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Unité 1148, INSERM, Hôpital X Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire "FIRE," 75018 Paris, France
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Gheorge Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Statins and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Cook DN, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Regulatory Functions in Immunity, Development, Circadian Rhythm, and Metabolism. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26878025 PMCID: PMC4750502 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we provide an update on recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease of retinoic acid related orphan receptors (RORs). We are particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity, brain function, retinal development, cancer, glucose and lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, metabolic and inflammatory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize the current status of ROR agonists and inverse agonists, including their regulation of ROR activity and their therapeutic potential for management of various diseases in which RORs have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Ogata F, Fujiu K, Matsumoto S, Nakayama Y, Shibata M, Oike Y, Koshima I, Watabe T, Nagai R, Manabe I. Excess Lymphangiogenesis Cooperatively Induced by Macrophages and CD4(+) T Cells Drives the Pathogenesis of Lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 136:706-714. [PMID: 27015456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a debilitating progressive condition that severely restricts quality of life and is frequently observed after cancer surgery. The mechanism underlying lymphedema development remains poorly understood, and no effective pharmacological means to prevent or alleviate the ailment is currently available. Using a mouse model of lymphedema, we show here that excessive generation of immature lymphatic vessels is essential for initial edema development and that this early process is also important for later development of lymphedema pathology. We found that CD4(+) T cells interact with macrophages to promote lymphangiogenesis, and that both lymphangiogenesis and edema were greatly reduced in macrophage-depleted mice, lymphocyte-deficient Rag2(?/?) mice or CD4(+) T-cell-deficient mice. Mechanistically, T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cells activate lesional macrophages to produce vascular endothelial growth factor-C, which promotes lymphangiogenesis, and inhibition of this mechanism suppressed not only early lymphangiogenesis, but also later development of lymphedema. Finally, we show that atorvastatin suppresses excessive lymphangiogenesis and lymphedema by inhibiting T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cell activation. These results demonstrate that the interaction between CD4(+) T cells and macrophages is a potential therapeutic target for prevention of lymphedema after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusa Ogata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahohime Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiteru Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehiko Shibata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Isao Koshima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Bio-matrix, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Aging Research, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Maneechotesuwan K, Wongkajornsilp A, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Simvastatin Suppresses Airway IL-17 and Upregulates IL-10 in Patients With Stable COPD. Chest 2015; 148:1164-76. [PMID: 26043025 PMCID: PMC4631035 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have immunomodulatory properties that may provide beneficial effects in the treatment of COPD. We investigated whether a statin improves the IL-17/IL-10 imbalance in patients with COPD, as has previously been demonstrated in patients with asthma. METHODS Thirty patients with stable COPD were recruited to a double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial comparing the effect of simvastatin, 20 mg po daily, with that of a matched placebo on sputum inflammatory markers and airway inflammation. Each treatment was administered for 4 weeks separated by a 4-week washout period. The primary outcome was the presence of T-helper 17 cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in induced sputum. Secondary outcomes included sputum inflammatory cells, FEV1, and symptoms using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT). RESULTS At 4 weeks, there was a significant reduction in sputum IL-17A, IL-22, IL-6, and CXCL8 concentrations (mean difference, -16.4 pg/mL, P = .01; -48.6 pg/mL, P < .001; -45.3 pg/mL, P = .002; and -190.9 pg/mL, P = .007, respectively), whereas IL-10 concentrations, IDO messenger RNA expression (fold change), and IDO activity (kynurenine to tryptophan ratio) were markedly increased during simvastatin treatment compared with placebo treatment periods (mean difference, 24.7 pg/mL, P < .001; 1.02, P < .001; and 0.47, P < .001, respectively). The absolute sputum macrophage count, proportion of macrophages, and CAT score were reduced after simvastatin compared with placebo (mean difference, -0.16 × 106, P = .004; -14.1%, P < .001; and -3.2, P = .02, respectively). Values for other clinical outcomes were similar between the simvastatin and placebo treatments. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin reversed the IL-17A/IL-10 imbalance in the airways and reduced sputum macrophage but not neutrophil counts in patients with COPD. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01944176; www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Regulation of Adaptive Immunity in Health and Disease by Cholesterol Metabolism. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:48. [PMID: 26149587 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Four decades ago, it was observed that stimulation of T cells induces rapid changes in cellular cholesterol that are required before proliferation can commence. Investigators returning to this phenomenon have finally revealed its molecular underpinnings. Cholesterol trafficking and its dysregulation are now also recognized to strongly influence dendritic cell function, T cell polarization, and antibody responses. In this review, the state of the literature is reviewed on how cholesterol and its trafficking regulate the cells of the adaptive immune response and in vivo disease phenotypes of dysregulated adaptive immunity, including allergy, asthma, and autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence supporting a potential role for statins and other lipid-targeted therapies in the treatment of these diseases is presented. Just as vascular biologists have embraced immunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis, so should basic and clinical immunologists in allergy, pulmonology, and other disciplines seek to encompass a basic understanding of lipid science.
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Ma BX, Li H, Li JS, Wu SS. Effect of statins on preventing infectious complications after surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2015; 43:610-8. [PMID: 26194776 DOI: 10.1177/0300060515583708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE *These authors contributed equally to this work.A meta-analysis to investigate the association between preoperative statin use and the risk of postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing surgery. METHODS PubMed(®) and Embase(®) databases were searched for relevant studies. Data were extracted using a standardized data collection form. The primary effect measure was the odds ratio (OR) of postoperative infectious complications. Summary OR were calculated. RESULTS The analysis included 10 cohort studies with a total of 147 263 participants. Statin use was associated with a lower incidence of postoperative infectious complications in all studies (summary OR 0.917, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.862, 0.975, fixed-effects model; summary OR 0.731, 95% CI 0.584, 0.870, random-effects model); cardiac surgery (summary OR 0.673; 95% CI 0.535, 0.847); treatment in the USA (summary OR 0.678; 95% CI 0.597, 0.770); retrospective cohort studies (summary OR 0.664; 95% CI 0.521, 0.846). CONCLUSION Preoperative statin use is associated with a reduced risk of postoperative infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xin Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing-Sen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Sui-Sheng Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Khor B, Gagnon JD, Goel G, Roche MI, Conway KL, Tran K, Aldrich LN, Sundberg TB, Paterson AM, Mordecai S, Dombkowski D, Schirmer M, Tan PH, Bhan AK, Roychoudhuri R, Restifo NP, O'Shea JJ, Medoff BD, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL, Sharpe AH, Shaw SY, Xavier RJ. The kinase DYRK1A reciprocally regulates the differentiation of Th17 and regulatory T cells. eLife 2015; 4:e05920. [PMID: 25998054 PMCID: PMC4441007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells critically modulates immune homeostasis, with an inadequate Treg response contributing to inflammatory disease. Using an unbiased chemical biology approach, we identified a novel role for the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A in regulating this balance. Inhibition of DYRK1A enhances Treg differentiation and impairs Th17 differentiation without affecting known pathways of Treg/Th17 differentiation. Thus, DYRK1A represents a novel mechanistic node at the branch point between commitment to either Treg or Th17 lineages. Importantly, both Treg cells generated using the DYRK1A inhibitor harmine and direct administration of harmine itself potently attenuate inflammation in multiple experimental models of systemic autoimmunity and mucosal inflammation. Our results identify DYRK1A as a physiologically relevant regulator of Treg cell differentiation and suggest a broader role for other DYRK family members in immune homeostasis. These results are discussed in the context of human diseases associated with dysregulated DYRK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - John D Gagnon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gautam Goel
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marly I Roche
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Khoa Tran
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Leslie N Aldrich
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Alison M Paterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Scott Mordecai
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - David Dombkowski
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Pauline H Tan
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stanley Y Shaw
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
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Tsikas D, Pham VV, Suchy MT, van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Frölich JC, Princen HM. No effects of atorvastatin (10mg/d or 80mg/d) on nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thromboxane and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of the DALI study. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Presse Med 2015; 44:e113-20. [PMID: 25744944 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is recognized as a disorder involving the immune system, the interplay of environmental factors and individual genetic susceptibility seems to influence MS onset and clinical expression, as well as therapeutic responsiveness. Multiple human epidemiological and animal model studies have evaluated the effect of different environmental factors, such as viral infections, vitamin intake, sun exposure, or still dietary and life habits on MS prevalence. Previous Epstein-Barr virus infection, especially if this infection occurs in late childhood, and lack of vitamin D (VitD) currently appear to be the most robust environmental factors for the risk of MS, at least from an epidemiological standpoint. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) activates VitD production but there are also some elements supporting the fact that insufficient UVR exposure during childhood may represent a VitD-independent risk factor of MS development, as well as negative effect on the clinical and radiological course of MS. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional neuro-hormonal communication system between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, components of the intestinal microbiota may be pro-inflammatory, promote the migration of immune cells into the CNS, and thus be a key parameter for the development of autoimmune disorders such as MS. Interestingly most environmental factors seem to play a role during childhood. Thus, if childhood is the most fragile period to develop MS later in life, preventive measures should be applied early in life. For example, adopting a diet enriched in VitD, playing outdoor and avoiding passive smoking would be extremely simple measures of primary prevention for public health strategies. However, these hypotheses need to be confirmed by prospective evaluations, which are obviously difficult to conduct. In addition, it remains to be determined whether and how VitD supplementation in adult life would be useful in alleviating the course of MS, once this disease has already started. A better knowledge of the influence of various environmental stimuli on MS risk and course would certainly allow the development of add-on therapies or measures in parallel to the immunotherapies currently used in MS.
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Metformin enhances the anti-adipogenic effects of atorvastatin via modulation of STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:173-8. [PMID: 25462562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte accumulation is associated with the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Interactions of master transcription factors and signaling cascades are required for adipogenesis. Regulation of excessive adipogenic processes may be an attractive therapeutic for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. In this study, we found that atorvastatin exerts an anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and that this activity is elevated in combination with metformin. Expression of the adipogenic master regulators PPARγ and C/EBPα, and their target gene aP2, was suppressed by atorvastatin. Furthermore, atorvastatin treatment resulted in increased activation of the key master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, AMPK. These biological activities of atorvastatin were elevated in combination with metformin. These anti-adipogenic activities were associated with regulation of the STAT3 and TGF-β signaling cascades, resulting in the regulation of the expression of STAT3 target genes, such as KLF5, p53, and cyclin D1, and TGF-β signaling inhibitory genes, such as SMAD7. Our results suggest that combination therapy with atorvastatin and metformin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases caused by excessive adipogenesis.
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Immunogenicity of meningococcal quadrivalent (serogroup A, C, W135 and Y) tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2014; 92:31-9. [PMID: 25447792 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis represents one of the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in developed countries. Among the thirteen described serogroups, only five are usually responsible of invasive infections making immunisation against multiple serogroups the best strategy to protect individuals from this disease. Herein we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, of the recently EU-licensed meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT). We included 15 randomised clinical trials, comparing MenACWY-TT and Men-PS (ten studies), MenACWY-TT and MenC-CRM197 (four studies) and MenACWY-TT and MenACWY-DT (one study). All studies included in the meta-analysis showed high immunogenicity for MenACWY-TT vaccines in all tested serogroups. Our results suggest that the MenACWY-TT vaccine is as immunogenic as the other commercial available meningococcal vaccines.
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65
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Pokrovskaya O, Wallace D, O’Brien C. The Emerging Role of Statins in Glaucoma Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojoph.2014.44021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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