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Aartsma Y, Bianchi FJJA, van der Werf W, Poelman EH, Dicke M. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles and tritrophic interactions across spatial scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1054-1063. [PMID: 28195346 PMCID: PMC6079636 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are an important cue used in herbivore location by carnivorous arthropods such as parasitoids. The effects of plant volatiles on parasitoids have been well characterised at small spatial scales, but little research has been done on their effects at larger spatial scales. The spatial matrix of volatiles ('volatile mosaic') within which parasitoids locate their hosts is dynamic and heterogeneous. It is shaped by the spatial pattern of HIPV-emitting plants, the concentration, chemical composition and breakdown of the emitted HIPV blends, and by environmental factors such as wind, turbulence and vegetation that affect transport and mixing of odour plumes. The volatile mosaic may be exploited differentially by different parasitoid species, in relation to species traits such as sensory ability to perceive volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source. Understanding how HIPVs influence parasitoids at larger spatial scales is crucial for our understanding of tritrophic interactions and sustainable pest management in agriculture. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge on how volatiles influence the process of host location by parasitoids at the landscape scale. Future studies should bridge the gap between the chemical and behavioural ecology of tritrophic interactions and landscape ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavanna Aartsma
- Farming Systems EcologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | | | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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52
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Cao X, Jiang H. An analysis of 67 RNA-seq datasets from various tissues at different stages of a model insect, Manduca sexta. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:796. [PMID: 29041902 PMCID: PMC5645894 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manduca sexta is a large lepidopteran insect widely used as a model to study biochemistry of insect physiological processes. As a part of its genome project, over 50 cDNA libraries have been analyzed to profile gene expression in different tissues and life stages. While the RNA-seq data were used to study genes related to cuticle structure, chitin metabolism and immunity, a vast amount of the information has not yet been mined for understanding the basic molecular biology of this model insect. In fact, the basic features of these data, such as composition of the RNA-seq reads and lists of library-correlated genes, are unclear. From an extended view of all insects, clear-cut tempospatial expression data are rarely seen in the largest group of animals including Drosophila and mosquitoes, mainly due to their small sizes. Results We obtained the transcriptome data, analyzed the raw reads in relation to the assembled genome, and generated heatmaps for clustered genes. Library characteristics (tissues, stages), number of mapped bases, and sequencing methods affected the observed percentages of genome transcription. While up to 40% of the reads were not mapped to the genome in the initial Cufflinks gene modeling, we identified the causes for the mapping failure and reduced the number of non-mappable reads to <8%. Similarities between libraries, measured based on library-correlated genes, clearly identified differences among tissues or life stages. We calculated gene expression levels, analyzed the most abundantly expressed genes in the libraries. Furthermore, we analyzed tissue-specific gene expression and identified 18 groups of genes with distinct expression patterns. Conclusion We performed a thorough analysis of the 67 RNA-seq datasets to characterize new genomic features of M. sexta. Integrated knowledge of gene functions and expression features will facilitate future functional studies in this biochemical model insect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article doi: (10.1186/s12864-017-4147-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Identified Serotonergic Modulatory Neurons Have Heterogeneous Synaptic Connectivity within the Olfactory System of Drosophila. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7318-7331. [PMID: 28659283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulatory neurons project widely throughout the brain, dynamically altering network processing based on an animal's physiological state. The connectivity of individual modulatory neurons can be complex, as they often receive input from a variety of sources and are diverse in their physiology, structure, and gene expression profiles. To establish basic principles about the connectivity of individual modulatory neurons, we examined a pair of identified neurons, the "contralaterally projecting, serotonin-immunoreactive deutocerebral neurons" (CSDns), within the olfactory system of Drosophila Specifically, we determined the neuronal classes providing synaptic input to the CSDns within the antennal lobe (AL), an olfactory network targeted by the CSDns, and the degree to which CSDn active zones are uniformly distributed across the AL. Using anatomical techniques, we found that the CSDns received glomerulus-specific input from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and projection neurons (PNs), and networkwide input from local interneurons (LNs). Furthermore, we quantified the number of CSDn active zones in each glomerulus and found that CSDn output is not uniform, but rather heterogeneous, across glomeruli and stereotyped from animal to animal. Finally, we demonstrate that the CSDns synapse broadly onto LNs and PNs throughout the AL but do not synapse upon ORNs. Our results demonstrate that modulatory neurons do not necessarily provide purely top-down input but rather receive neuron class-specific input from the networks that they target, and that even a two cell modulatory network has highly heterogeneous, yet stereotyped, pattern of connectivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Modulatory neurons often project broadly throughout the brain to alter processing based on physiological state. However, the connectivity of individual modulatory neurons to their target networks is not well understood, as modulatory neuron populations are heterogeneous in their physiology, morphology, and gene expression. In this study, we use a pair of identified serotonergic neurons within the Drosophila olfactory system as a model to establish a framework for modulatory neuron connectivity. We demonstrate that individual modulatory neurons can integrate neuron class-specific input from their target network, which is often nonreciprocal. Additionally, modulatory neuron output can be stereotyped, yet nonuniform, across network regions. Our results provide new insight into the synaptic relationships that underlie network function of modulatory neurons.
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54
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Watanabe H, Nishino H, Mizunami M, Yokohari F. Two Parallel Olfactory Pathways for Processing General Odors in a Cockroach. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 28529476 PMCID: PMC5418552 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, sensory processing via parallel pathways, including the olfactory system, is a common design. However, the mechanisms that parallel pathways use to encode highly complex and dynamic odor signals remain unclear. In the current study, we examined the anatomical and physiological features of parallel olfactory pathways in an evolutionally basal insect, the cockroach Periplaneta americana. In this insect, the entire system for processing general odors, from olfactory sensory neurons to higher brain centers, is anatomically segregated into two parallel pathways. Two separate populations of secondary olfactory neurons, type1 and type2 projection neurons (PNs), with dendrites in distinct glomerular groups relay olfactory signals to segregated areas of higher brain centers. We conducted intracellular recordings, revealing olfactory properties and temporal patterns of both types of PNs. Generally, type1 PNs exhibit higher odor-specificities to nine tested odorants than type2 PNs. Cluster analyses revealed that odor-evoked responses were temporally complex and varied in type1 PNs, while type2 PNs exhibited phasic on-responses with either early or late latencies to an effective odor. The late responses are 30–40 ms later than the early responses. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from two different PNs revealed that a given odor activated both types of PNs with different temporal patterns, and latencies of early and late responses in type2 PNs might be precisely controlled. Our results suggest that the cockroach is equipped with two anatomically and physiologically segregated parallel olfactory pathways, which might employ different neural strategies to encode odor information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Watanabe
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan
| | | | - Fumio Yokohari
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka UniversityFukuoka, Japan
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55
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Paeger L, Bardos V, Kloppenburg P. Transient voltage-activated K + currents in central antennal lobe neurons: cell type-specific functional properties. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:2053-2064. [PMID: 28179480 PMCID: PMC5434483 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00685.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we analyzed transient voltage-activated K+ currents (IA) of projection neurons and local interneurons in the antennal lobe of the cockroach Periplaneta americana The antennal lobe is the first synaptic processing station for olfactory information in insects. Local interneurons are crucial for computing olfactory information and form local synaptic connections exclusively in the antennal lobe, whereas a primary task of the projection neurons is the transfer of preprocessed olfactory information from the antennal lobe to higher order centers in the protocerebrum. The different physiological tasks of these neurons require specialized physiological and morphological neuronal phenotypes. We asked if and how the different physiological phenotypes are reflected in the functional properties of IA, which is crucial for shaping intrinsic electrophysiological properties of neurons. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings from adult male P. americana showed that all their central antennal lobe neurons can generate IA The current exhibited marked cell type-specific differences in voltage dependence of steady-state activation and inactivation, and differences in inactivation kinetics during sustained depolarization. Pharmacological experiments revealed that IA in all neuron types was partially blocked by α-dendrotoxin and phrixotoxin-2, which are considered blockers with specificity for Shaker- and Shal-type channels, respectively. These findings suggest that IA in each cell type is a mixed current generated by channels of both families. The functional role of IA was analyzed in experiments under current clamp, in which portions of IA were blocked by α-dendrotoxin or phrixotoxin-2. These experiments showed that IA contributes significantly to the intrinsic electrophysiological properties, such as the action potential waveform and membrane excitability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the insect olfactory system, projection neurons and local interneurons have task-specific electrophysiological and morphological phenotypes. Voltage-activated potassium channels play a crucial role in shaping functional properties of these neurons. This study revealed marked cell type-specific differences in the biophysical properties of transient voltage-activated potassium currents in central antennal lobe neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Paeger
- Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktor Bardos
- Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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56
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Li H, Zhao L, Fu X, Song X, Wu F, Tang M, Cui H, Yu J. Physicochemical Evidence on Sublethal Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid Interacting with an Odorant-Binding Protein from the Tea Geometrid Moth, Ectropis obliqua. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3276-3284. [PMID: 28366004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the excessive usage of neonicotinoid insecticides always results in residues in Chinese tea fields. It is not clear whether the insecticide residue at the sublethal level influences the physiological processes of tea pests. Here, we provide evidence of interaction between the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and a general odorant-binding protein, EoblGOBP2, from the tea geometrid moth, Ectropis obliqua. The interacting process was demonstrated through multiple fluorescence spectra, UV absorption spectra, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, molecular docking, etc. The binding mode was determined to be static (from 300 to 310 K) and dynamic quenching (from 290 to 300 K). The binding distance was calculated to be 6.9 nm on the basis of FRET theory. According to the thermodynamic analysis, the process was mainly driven by enthalpy (ΔH < 0), and hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces in the static and dynamic binding cases, respectively. Moreover, synchronous fluorescence spectra and CD spectra analysis showed stretching of the EoblGOBP2 peptide chains with a decreasing α-helix when imidacloprid was added. Molecular docking was applied and predicted that two hydrogen bonds were formed between imidacloprid and Arg110 in the mature peptide of EoblGOBP2. Moreover, when the absolute amounts of EoblGOBP2 in the moth antennae were measured and calculated by using real-time PCR, it was estimated that imidacloprid at sublethal level (about 0.233 and 0.175 ng/male and female moth antennae, respectively) inhibited the binding of a tea volatile, E-2-hexenal, to EoblGOBP2 at about half. This study indicates that neonicotinoid insecticide at sublethal level may still affect the olfactory cognition of the tea geometrid moth to volatile compounds from tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaobin Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinmi Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingzhu Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongchun Cui
- Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jizhong Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310024, China
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57
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Mitchell RF, Hall LP, Reagel PF, McKenna DD, Baker TC, Hildebrand JG. Odorant receptors and antennal lobe morphology offer a new approach to understanding olfaction in the Asian longhorned beetle. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:99-109. [PMID: 28078425 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) is an exotic forest pest that has repeatedly invaded North America and Europe from Asia, and has the potential to kill millions of trees and cause billions of dollars in damage. Traps baited with an attractive mixture of volatile organic compounds from hosts have been of limited success in monitoring invasion sites. We propose that lures might be improved through studying the olfactory system of adult beetles, especially the gene family of odorant receptors (ORs) and the structure of the antennal lobes of the brain. Here, we report identification of 132 ORs in the genome of A. glabripennis (inclusive of one Orco gene and 11 pseudogenes), some of which are orthologous to known pheromone receptors of other cerambycid beetles. We also identified three ORs that are strongly biased toward expression in the female transcriptome, and a single OR strongly biased toward males. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the antennal lobes of adults suggested a male-specific macroglomerulus and several enlarged glomeruli in females. We predict that functional characterization of ORs and glomeruli will lead to identification of key odorants in the life history of A. glabripennis that may aid in monitoring and controlling future invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 142 Halsey Science Center, 800 Algoma Blvd., Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA.
| | - Loyal P Hall
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Thomas C Baker
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John G Hildebrand
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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58
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An XK, Sun L, Liu HW, Liu DF, Ding YX, Li LM, Zhang YJ, Guo YY. Identification and expression analysis of an olfactory receptor gene family in green plant bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür). Sci Rep 2016; 6:37870. [PMID: 27892490 PMCID: PMC5124970 DOI: 10.1038/srep37870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are believed to play a central role in insects host-seeking, mating, and ovipositing. On the basis of male and female antennal transcriptome of adult Apolygus lucorum, a total of 110 candidate A. lucorum odorant receptors (AlucOR) were identified in this study including five previously annotated AlucORs. All the sequences were validated by cloning and sequencing. Tissue expression profiles analysis by RT-PCR indicated most AlucORs were antennal highly expressed genes. The qPCR measurements further revealed 40 AlucORs were significantly higher in the antennae. One AlucOR was primarily expressed in the female antennae, while nine AlucORs exhibited male-biased expression patterns. Additionally, both the RPKM value and RT-qPCR analysis showed AlucOR83 and AlucOR21 were much higher abundant in male antennae than in female antennae, suggesting their different roles in chemoreception of gender. Phylogenetic analysis of ORs from several Hemipteran species demonstrated that most AlucORs had orthologous genes, and five AlucOR-specific clades were defined. In addition, a sub-clade of potential male-based sex pheromone receptors were also identified in the phylogenetic tree of AlucORs. Our results will facilitate the functional studies of AlucORs, and thereby provide a foundation for novel pest management approaches based on these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kui An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hang-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China.,College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Le-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, 100193, China
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Nolte A, Gawalek P, Koerte S, Wei H, Schumann R, Werckenthin A, Krieger J, Stengl M. No Evidence for Ionotropic Pheromone Transduction in the Hawkmoth Manduca sexta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166060. [PMID: 27829053 PMCID: PMC5102459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors (ORs) are 7-transmembrane receptors with inverse membrane topology. They associate with the conserved ion channel Orco. As chaperon, Orco maintains ORs in cilia and, as pacemaker channel, Orco controls spontaneous activity in olfactory receptor neurons. Odorant binding to ORs opens OR-Orco receptor ion channel complexes in heterologous expression systems. It is unknown, whether this also occurs in vivo. As an alternative to this ionotropic transduction, experimental evidence is accumulating for metabotropic odor transduction, implicating that insect ORs couple to G-proteins. Resulting second messengers gate various ion channels. They generate the sensillum potential that elicits phasic-tonic action potentials (APs) followed by late, long-lasting pheromone responses. Because it is still unclear how and when Orco opens after odor-OR-binding, we used tip recordings to examine in vivo the effects of the Orco antagonist OLC15 and the amilorides MIA and HMA on bombykal transduction in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. In contrast to OLC15 both amilorides decreased the pheromone-dependent sensillum potential amplitude and the frequency of the phasic AP response. Instead, OLC15 decreased spontaneous activity, increased latencies of phasic-, and decreased frequencies of late, long-lasting pheromone responses Zeitgebertime-dependently. Our results suggest no involvement for Orco in the primary transduction events, in contrast to amiloride-sensitive channels. Instead of an odor-gated ionotropic receptor, Orco rather acts as a voltage- and apparently second messenger-gated pacemaker channel controlling the membrane potential and hence threshold and kinetics of the pheromone response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nolte
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Petra Gawalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Koerte
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - HongYing Wei
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Robin Schumann
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, FB 10 Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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60
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Ian E, Zhao XC, Lande A, Berg BG. Individual Neurons Confined to Distinct Antennal-Lobe Tracts in the Heliothine Moth: Morphological Characteristics and Global Projection Patterns. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:101. [PMID: 27822181 PMCID: PMC5075568 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore fundamental principles characterizing chemosensory information processing, we have identified antennal-lobe projection neurons in the heliothine moth, including several neuron types not previously described. Generally, odor information is conveyed from the primary olfactory center of the moth brain, the antennal lobe, to higher brain centers via projection neuron axons passing along several parallel pathways, of which the medial, mediolateral, and lateral antennal-lobe tract are considered the classical ones. Recent data have revealed the projections of the individual tracts more in detail demonstrating three main target regions in the protocerebrum; the calyces are innervated mainly by the medial tract, the superior intermediate protocerebrum by the lateral tract exclusively, and the lateral horn by all tracts. In the present study, we have identified, via iontophoretic intracellular staining combined with confocal microscopy, individual projection neurons confined to the tracts mentioned above, plus two additional ones. Further, using the visualization software AMIRA, we reconstructed the stained neurons and registered the models into a standard brain atlas, which allowed us to compare the termination areas of individual projection neurons both across and within distinct tracts. The data demonstrate a morphological diversity of the projection neurons within distinct tracts. Comparison of the output areas of the neurons confined to the three main tracts in the lateral horn showed overlapping terminal regions for the medial and mediolateral tracts; the lateral tract neurons, on the contrary, targeted mostly other output areas in the protocerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ian
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Xin C Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Andreas Lande
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bente G Berg
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
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61
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Liu J, Tian Z, Zhang Y. Structure-based discovery of potentially active semiochemicals for Cydia pomonella (L.). Sci Rep 2016; 6:34600. [PMID: 27708370 PMCID: PMC5052595 DOI: 10.1038/srep34600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of physiologically active semiochemicals is largely limited by the labor-consuming searching process. How to screen active semiochemicals efficiently is of significance to the extension of behavior regulation in pest control. Here pharmacophore modeling and shape-based virtual screening were combined to predict candidate ligands for Cydia pomonella pheromone binding protein 1 (CpomPBP1). Out of the predicted compounds, ETrME displayed the highest affinity to CpomPBP1. Further studies on the interaction between CpomPBP1 and ETrME, not only depicted the binding mode, but also revealed residues providing negative and positive contributions to the ETrME binding. Moreover, key residues involved in interacting with ETrME of CpomPBP1 were determined as well. These findings were significant to providing insights for the future searching and optimization of active semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources &Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources &Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources &Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Takahashi N, Katoh K, Watanabe H, Nakayama Y, Iwasaki M, Mizunami M, Nishino H. Complete identification of four giant interneurons supplying mushroom body calyces in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:204-230. [PMID: 27573362 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Global inhibition is a fundamental physiological mechanism that has been proposed to shape odor representation in higher-order olfactory centers. A pair of mushroom bodies (MBs) in insect brains, an analog of the mammalian olfactory cortex, are implicated in multisensory integration and associative memory formation. With the use of single/multiple intracellular recording and staining in the cockroach Periplaneta americana, we succeeded in unambiguous identification of four tightly bundled GABA-immunoreactive giant interneurons that are presumably involved in global inhibitory control of the MB. These neurons, including three spiking neurons and one nonspiking neuron, possess dendrites in termination fields of MB output neurons and send axon terminals back to MB input sites, calyces, suggesting feedback roles onto the MB. The largest spiking neuron innervates almost exclusively the basal region of calyces, while the two smaller spiking neurons and the second-largest nonspiking neuron innervate more profusely the peripheral (lip) region of the calyces than the basal region. This subdivision corresponds well to the calycal zonation made by axon terminals of two populations of uniglomerular projection neurons with dendrites in distinct glomerular groups in the antennal lobe. The four giant neurons exhibited excitatory responses to every odor tested in a neuron-specific fashion, and two of the neurons also exhibited inhibitory responses in some recording sessions. Our results suggest that two parallel olfactory inputs to the MB undergo different forms of inhibitory control by the giant neurons, which may, in turn, be involved in different aspects of odor discrimination, plasticity, and state-dependent gain control. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:204-230, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Katoh
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Watanabe
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakayama
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masazumi Iwasaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Schneider ES, Römer H. "Sensory structures on the antennal flagella of two katydid species of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera, Tettigonidae)". Micron 2016; 90:43-58. [PMID: 27585249 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The typology, number and distribution pattern of antennal sensilla in two species of the genus Mecopoda were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both sexes of both species attain a length of 10cm. The antenna is made up of three basic segments: the scape, pedicel and flagellum, which is composed of more than 200 flagellomeres. We distinguished two types of sensilla chaetica, one type of sensilla trichodea, five types of sensilla basiconica and one type of sensilla coeloconica. The possible function of the sensilla was discussed. Six types of sensilla were considered as olfactory, one of which could also have a thermo- and hygrosensitive function. The remaining types of sensilla identified had a purely mechanosensory function, a dual gustatory- and mechanosensory function and a thermo- and/or hygrosensory function, respectively. Consistent sex specific differences in the types, numbers and distribution of antennal sensilla were not found. Interspecific differences were identified especially in terms of the numbers of sensilla chaetica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Schneider
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Heinrich Römer
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kanost MR, Arrese EL, Cao X, Chen YR, Chellapilla S, Goldsmith MR, Grosse-Wilde E, Heckel DG, Herndon N, Jiang H, Papanicolaou A, Qu J, Soulages JL, Vogel H, Walters J, Waterhouse RM, Ahn SJ, Almeida FC, An C, Aqrawi P, Bretschneider A, Bryant WB, Bucks S, Chao H, Chevignon G, Christen JM, Clarke DF, Dittmer NT, Ferguson LCF, Garavelou S, Gordon KHJ, Gunaratna RT, Han Y, Hauser F, He Y, Heidel-Fischer H, Hirsh A, Hu Y, Jiang H, Kalra D, Klinner C, König C, Kovar C, Kroll AR, Kuwar SS, Lee SL, Lehman R, Li K, Li Z, Liang H, Lovelace S, Lu Z, Mansfield JH, McCulloch KJ, Mathew T, Morton B, Muzny DM, Neunemann D, Ongeri F, Pauchet Y, Pu LL, Pyrousis I, Rao XJ, Redding A, Roesel C, Sanchez-Gracia A, Schaack S, Shukla A, Tetreau G, Wang Y, Xiong GH, Traut W, Walsh TK, Worley KC, Wu D, Wu W, Wu YQ, Zhang X, Zou Z, Zucker H, Briscoe AD, Burmester T, Clem RJ, Feyereisen R, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Hamodrakas SJ, Hansson BS, Huguet E, Jermiin LS, Lan Q, Lehman HK, Lorenzen M, Merzendorfer H, Michalopoulos I, Morton DB, Muthukrishnan S, Oakeshott JG, Palmer W, Park Y, Passarelli AL, Rozas J, Schwartz LM, Smith W, Southgate A, Vilcinskas A, Vogt R, Wang P, Werren J, Yu XQ, Zhou JJ, Brown SJ, Scherer SE, Richards S, Blissard GW. Multifaceted biological insights from a draft genome sequence of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:118-147. [PMID: 27522922 PMCID: PMC5010457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Manduca sexta, known as the tobacco hornworm or Carolina sphinx moth, is a lepidopteran insect that is used extensively as a model system for research in insect biochemistry, physiology, neurobiology, development, and immunity. One important benefit of this species as an experimental model is its extremely large size, reaching more than 10 g in the larval stage. M. sexta larvae feed on solanaceous plants and thus must tolerate a substantial challenge from plant allelochemicals, including nicotine. We report the sequence and annotation of the M. sexta genome, and a survey of gene expression in various tissues and developmental stages. The Msex_1.0 genome assembly resulted in a total genome size of 419.4 Mbp. Repetitive sequences accounted for 25.8% of the assembled genome. The official gene set is comprised of 15,451 protein-coding genes, of which 2498 were manually curated. Extensive RNA-seq data from many tissues and developmental stages were used to improve gene models and for insights into gene expression patterns. Genome wide synteny analysis indicated a high level of macrosynteny in the Lepidoptera. Annotation and analyses were carried out for gene families involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, including apoptosis, vacuole sorting, growth and development, structures of exoskeleton, egg shells, and muscle, vision, chemosensation, ion channels, signal transduction, neuropeptide signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and transport, nicotine tolerance, lipid metabolism, and immunity. This genome sequence, annotation, and analysis provide an important new resource from a well-studied model insect species and will facilitate further biochemical and mechanistic experimental studies of many biological systems in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Estela L Arrese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sanjay Chellapilla
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marian R Goldsmith
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolae Herndon
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jose L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - James Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 415 Main Street, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Francisca C Almeida
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peshtewani Aqrawi
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anne Bretschneider
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - William B Bryant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sascha Bucks
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Jayne M Christen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David F Clarke
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Spyridoula Garavelou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karl H J Gordon
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank Hauser
- Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-21oo, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hanna Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Divya Kalra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christian Klinner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher König
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christie Kovar
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ashley R Kroll
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Suyog S Kuwar
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandy L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rüdiger Lehman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhaofei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hanquan Liang
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shanna Lovelace
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, 04104, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jennifer H Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kyle J McCulloch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tittu Mathew
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brian Morton
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Neunemann
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Fiona Ongeri
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ling-Ling Pu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ioannis Pyrousis
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Amanda Redding
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Charles Roesel
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Aditi Shukla
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Guang-Hua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut fuer Biologie, Universitaet Luebeck, D-23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tom K Walsh
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Wenbi Wu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yuan-Qing Wu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah Zucker
- Neuroscience Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis J P Grimmelikhuijzen
- Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-21oo, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavros J Hamodrakas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse, 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Lars S Jermiin
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Que Lan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Herman K Lehman
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Marce Lorenzen
- Dept. Entomology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- University of Siegen, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Biology - Molecular Biology, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse. 2, AR-C3010, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David B Morton
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, BRB421, L595, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Will Palmer
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wendy Smith
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Agnes Southgate
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Richard Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - John Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Susan J Brown
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Steven E Scherer
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Perez M, Nowotny T, d'Ettorre P, Giurfa M. Olfactory experience shapes the evaluation of odour similarity in ants: a behavioural and computational analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160551. [PMID: 27581883 PMCID: PMC5013785 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual similarity between stimuli is often assessed via generalization, the response to stimuli that are similar to the one which was previously conditioned. Although conditioning procedures are variable, studies on how this variation may affect perceptual similarity remain scarce. Here, we use a combination of behavioural and computational analyses to investigate the influence of olfactory conditioning procedures on odour generalization in ants. Insects were trained following either absolute conditioning, in which a single odour (an aldehyde) was rewarded with sucrose, or differential conditioning, in which one odour (the same aldehyde) was similarly rewarded and another odour (an aldehyde differing in carbon-chain length) was punished with quinine. The response to the trained odours and generalization to other aldehydes were assessed. We show that olfactory similarity, rather than being immutable, varies with the conditioning procedure. Compared with absolute conditioning, differential conditioning enhances olfactory discrimination. This improvement is best described by a multiplicative interaction between two independent processes, the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients induced by the rewarded and the punished odour, respectively. We show that olfactory similarity is dramatically shaped by an individual's perceptual experience and suggest a new hypothesis for the nature of stimulus interactions underlying experience-dependent changes in perceptual similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Perez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology (LEEC), University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), Toulouse, France Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), University Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Nowotny
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Patrizia d'Ettorre
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology (LEEC), University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), Toulouse, France Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), University Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), Toulouse, France Research Centre on Animal Cognition (UMR5169), University Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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66
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Abstract
Large, complex brains have evolved independently in several lineages of protostomes and deuterostomes. Sensory centres in the brain increase in size and complexity in proportion to the importance of a particular sensory modality, yet often share circuit architecture because of constraints in processing sensory inputs. The selective pressures driving enlargement of higher, integrative brain centres has been more difficult to determine, and may differ across taxa. The capacity for flexible, innovative behaviours, including learning and memory and other cognitive abilities, is commonly observed in animals with large higher brain centres. Other factors, such as social grouping and interaction, appear to be important in a more limited range of taxa, while the importance of spatial learning may be a common feature in insects with large higher brain centres. Despite differences in the exact behaviours under selection, evolutionary increases in brain size tend to derive from common modifications in development and generate common architectural features, even when comparing widely divergent groups such as vertebrates and insects. These similarities may in part be influenced by the deep homology of the brains of all Bilateria, in which shared patterns of developmental gene expression give rise to positionally, and perhaps functionally, homologous domains. Other shared modifications of development appear to be the result of homoplasy, such as the repeated, independent expansion of neuroblast numbers through changes in genes regulating cell division. The common features of large brains in so many groups of animals suggest that given their common ancestry, a limited set of mechanisms exist for increasing structural and functional diversity, resulting in many instances of homoplasy in bilaterian nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Farris
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 3139 Life Sciences Building, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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67
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Antennal-lobe tracts in the noctuid moth, Heliothis virescens: new anatomical findings. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:23-35. [PMID: 27352608 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As in other insects, three main tracts in the moth brain form parallel connections between the antennal lobe and the protocerebrum. These tracts, which consist of the antennal-lobe projection-neuron axons, target two main areas in the protocerebrum, the calyces of the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn. In spite of the solid neuroanatomical knowledge already established, there are still unresolved issues regarding the antennal-lobe tracts of the moth. One is the proportion of lateral-tract neurons targeting the calyces. In the study presented here, we have performed both retrograde and anterograde labeling of the antennal-lobe projection neurons in the brain of the moth, Heliothis virescens. The results from the retrograde staining, obtained by applying dye in the calyces, demonstrated that the direct connection between the antennal lobe and this neuropil is maintained primarily by the medial antennal-lobe tract; only a few axons confined to the lateral tract were found to innervate the calyces. In addition, these staining experiments, which allowed us to explore the arborization pattern of labeled neurons within the antennal lobe, resulted in new findings regarding anatomical arrangement of roots and cell body clusters linked to the medial tract. The results from the anterograde staining, obtained by applying dye into the antennal lobe, visualized the total assembly of axons passing along the antennal-lobe tracts. In addition to the three classical tracts, we found a transverse antennal-lobe tract not previously described in the moth. Also, these staining experiments revealed an organized neuropil in the lateral horn formed by terminals of the four antennal-lobe tracts.
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Rybak J, Talarico G, Ruiz S, Arnold C, Cantera R, Hansson BS. Synaptic circuitry of identified neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1920-56. [PMID: 26780543 PMCID: PMC6680330 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) establish synapses with projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons within antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli. Substantial knowledge regarding this circuitry has been obtained by functional studies, whereas ultrastructural evidence of synaptic contacts is scarce. To fill this gap, we studied serial sections of three glomeruli using electron microscopy. Ectopic expression of a membrane-bound peroxidase allowed us to map synaptic sites along PN dendrites. Our data prove for the first time that each of the three major types of AL neurons is both pre- and postsynaptic to the other two types, as previously indicated by functional studies. PN dendrites carry a large proportion of output synapses, with approximately one output per every three input synapses. Detailed reconstructions of PN dendrites showed that these synapses are distributed unevenly, with input and output sites partially segregated along a proximal-distal gradient and the thinnest branches carrying solely input synapses. Moreover, our data indicate synapse clustering, as we found evidence of dendritic tiling of PN dendrites. PN output synapses exhibited T-shaped presynaptic densities, mostly arranged as tetrads. In contrast, output synapses from putative OSNs showed elongated presynaptic densities in which the T-bar platform was supported by several pedestals and contacted as many as 20 postsynaptic profiles. We also discovered synaptic contacts between the putative OSNs. The average synaptic density in the glomerular neuropil was about two synapses/µm(3) . These results are discussed with regard to current models of olfactory glomerular microcircuits across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rybak
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- Clemente Estable Institute of Biological Research11600 MontevideoUruguay
| | - Christopher Arnold
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Clemente Estable Institute of Biological Research11600 MontevideoUruguay
- Zoology DepartmentStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
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McCormick AC, Reinecke A, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Feeding Experience Affects the Behavioral Response of Polyphagous Gypsy Moth Caterpillars to Herbivore-induced Poplar Volatiles. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:382-93. [PMID: 27170157 PMCID: PMC4912982 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant volatiles influence host selection of herbivorous insects. Since volatiles often vary in space and time, herbivores (especially polyphagous ones) may be able to use these compounds as cues to track variation in host plant quality based on their innate abilities and previous experience. We investigated the behavioral response of naïve (fed on artificial diet) and experienced (fed on poplar) gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars, a polyphagous species, towards constitutive and herbivore-induced black poplar (Populus nigra) volatiles at different stages of herbivore attack. In Y-tube olfactometer assays, both naïve and experienced caterpillars were attracted to constitutive volatiles and volatiles released after short-term herbivory (up to 6 hr). Naïve caterpillars also were attracted to volatiles released after longer-term herbivory (24-30 hr), but experienced caterpillars preferred the odor of undamaged foliage. A multivariate statistical analysis comparing the volatile emission of undamaged plants vs. plants after short and longer-term herbivory, suggested various compounds as being responsible for distinguishing between the odors of these plants. Ten compounds were selected for individual testing of caterpillar behavioral responses in a four-arm olfactometer. Naïve caterpillars spent more time in arms containing (Z)-3-hexenol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate than in solvent permeated arms, while avoiding benzyl cyanide and salicyl aldehyde. Experienced caterpillars avoided benzyl cyanide and preferred (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) over solvent. Only responses to DMNT were significantly different when comparing experienced and naïve caterpillars. The results show that gypsy moth caterpillars display an innate behavioral response towards constitutive and herbivore-induced plant volatiles, but also that larval behavior is plastic and can be modulated by previous feeding experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Andreas Reinecke
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 7, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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70
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Lei H, Yu Y, Zhu S, Rangan AV. Intrinsic and Network Mechanisms Constrain Neural Synchrony in the Moth Antennal Lobe. Front Physiol 2016; 7:80. [PMID: 27014082 PMCID: PMC4781831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Projection-neurons (PNs) within the antennal lobe (AL) of the hawkmoth respond vigorously to odor stimulation, with each vigorous response followed by a ~1 s period of suppression—dubbed the “afterhyperpolarization-phase,” or AHP-phase. Prior evidence indicates that this AHP-phase is important for the processing of odors, but the mechanisms underlying this phase and its function remain unknown. We investigate this issue. Beginning with several physiological experiments, we find that pharmacological manipulation of the AL yields surprising results. Specifically, (a) the application of picrotoxin (PTX) lengthens the AHP-phase and reduces PN activity, whereas (b) the application of Bicuculline-methiodide (BIC) reduces the AHP-phase and increases PN activity. These results are curious, as both PTX and BIC are inhibitory-receptor antagonists. To resolve this conundrum, we speculate that perhaps (a) PTX reduces PN activity through a disinhibitory circuit involving a heterogeneous population of local-neurons, and (b) BIC acts to hamper certain intrinsic currents within the PNs that contribute to the AHP-phase. To probe these hypotheses further we build a computational model of the AL and benchmark our model against our experimental observations. We find that, for parameters which satisfy these benchmarks, our model exhibits a particular kind of synchronous activity: namely, “multiple-firing-events” (MFEs). These MFEs are causally-linked sequences of spikes which emerge stochastically, and turn out to have important dynamical consequences for all the experimentally observed phenomena we used as benchmarks. Taking a step back, we extract a few predictions from our computational model pertaining to the real AL: Some predictions deal with the MFEs we expect to see in the real AL, whereas other predictions involve the runaway synchronization that we expect when BIC-application hampers the AHP-phase. By examining the literature we see support for the former, and we perform some additional experiments to confirm the latter. The confirmation of these predictions validates, at least partially, our initial speculation above. We conclude that the AL is poised in a state of high-gain; ready to respond vigorously to even faint stimuli. After each response the AHP-phase functions to prevent runaway synchronization and to “reset” the AL for another odor-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yanxue Yu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing, China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing, China
| | - Aaditya V Rangan
- Department of Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University New York, NY, USA
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71
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Couto A, Lapeyre B, Thiéry D, Sandoz JC. Olfactory pathway of the hornet Vespa velutina
: New insights into the evolution of the hymenopteran antennal lobe. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2335-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Couto
- Laboratory Evolution Genome Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris Saclay; F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Benoit Lapeyre
- Laboratory Evolution Genome Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris Saclay; F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Denis Thiéry
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA; F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro; F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sandoz
- Laboratory Evolution Genome Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris Saclay; F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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72
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Yang B, Fujii T, Ishikawa Y, Matsuo T. Targeted mutagenesis of an odorant receptor co-receptor using TALEN in Ostrinia furnacalis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:53-59. [PMID: 26689645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) has been applied for various model organisms but not yet for agricultural pest insects. In this study, TALEN-mediated mutagenesis of the gene encoding odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) of an important agricultural pest Ostrinia furnacalis (OfurOrco) was carried out. Of the two pairs of TALEN constructs designed, one generated somatic and germline mutations at rates of 70.8% and 20.8%, respectively. Physiological and behavioral analyses using a gas chromatograph-electroantennographic detector system and a wind tunnel, respectively, revealed that antennal responses to sex pheromone components were decreased to trace levels, and behavioral responses were abolished in OfurOrco mutants. This study demonstrated that TALEN-mediated mutagenesis is applicable to pest insects, and these results will open the way for a better understanding of chemosensory systems in wild insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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73
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Lizbinski KM, Metheny JD, Bradley SP, Kesari A, Dacks AM. The anatomical basis for modulatory convergence in the antennal lobe of Manduca sexta. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1859-75. [PMID: 26560074 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The release of neuromodulators by widely projecting neurons often allows sensory systems to alter how they process information based on the physiological state of an animal. Neuromodulators alter network function by changing the biophysical properties of individual neurons and the synaptic efficacy with which individual neurons communicate. However, most, if not all, sensory networks receive multiple neuromodulatory inputs, and the mechanisms by which sensory networks integrate multiple modulatory inputs are not well understood. Here we characterized the relative glomerular distribution of two extrinsic neuromodulators associated with distinct physiological states, serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), in the antennal lobe (AL) of the moth Manduca sexta. By using immunocytochemistry and mass dye fills, we characterized the innervation patterns of both 5-HT- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes relative to each other, to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), to projection neurons (PNs), and to several subsets of local interneurons (LNs). 5-HT immunoreactivity had nearly complete overlap with PNs and LNs, yet no overlap with ORNs, suggesting that 5-HT may modulate PNs and LNs directly but not ORNs. TH immunoreactivity overlapped with PNs, LNs, and ORNs, suggesting that dopamine has the potential to modulate all three cell types. Furthermore, the branching density of each neuromodulator differed, with 5-HT exhibiting denser arborizations and TH-ir processes being sparser. Our results suggest that 5-HT and DA extrinsic neurons target partially overlapping glomerular regions, yet DA extends further into the region occupied by ORNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn M Lizbinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505
| | - Jackie D Metheny
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505.,Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 43205
| | - Samual P Bradley
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505
| | - Aditya Kesari
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505
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Gonzalez F, Bengtsson JM, Walker WB, Sousa MFR, Cattaneo AM, Montagné N, de Fouchier A, Anfora G, Jacquin-Joly E, Witzgall P, Ignell R, Bengtsson M. A Conserved Odorant Receptor Detects the Same 1-Indanone Analogs in a Tortricid and a Noctuid Moth. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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75
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Wang Z, Yang P, Chen D, Jiang F, Li Y, Wang X, Kang L. Identification and functional analysis of olfactory receptor family reveal unusual characteristics of the olfactory system in the migratory locust. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4429-43. [PMID: 26265180 PMCID: PMC4611004 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Locusts represent the excellent model of insect olfaction because the animals are equipped with an unusual olfactory system and display remarkable density-dependent olfactory plasticity. However, information regarding receptor molecules involved in the olfactory perception of locusts is very limited. On the basis of genome sequence and antennal transcriptome of the migratory locust, we conduct the identification and functional analysis of two olfactory receptor families: odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs). In the migratory locust, there is an expansion of OR family (142 ORs) while distinctly lower number of IR genes (32 IRs) compared to the repertoires of other insects. The number of the locust OR genes is much less than that of glomeruli in antennal lobe, challenging the general principle of the “one glomerulus-one receptor” observed in other insects. Most OR genes are found in tandem arrays, forming two large lineage-specific subfamilies in the phylogenetic tree. The “divergent IR” subfamily displays a significant contraction, and most of the IRs belong to the “antennal IR” subfamily in the locust. Most ORs/IRs have olfactory-specific expression while some broadly- or internal-expressed members are also found. Differing from holometabolous insects, the migratory locust contains very similar expression profiles of ORs/IRs between nymph and adult stages. RNA interference and behavioral assays indicate that an OR-based signaling pathway, not IR-based, mediates the attraction of locusts to aggregation pheromones. These discoveries provide insights into the unusual olfactory system of locusts and enhance our understanding of the evolution of insect olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dafeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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76
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Brill MF, Meyer A, Rössler W. It takes two-coincidence coding within the dual olfactory pathway of the honeybee. Front Physiol 2015; 6:208. [PMID: 26283968 PMCID: PMC4516877 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To rapidly process biologically relevant stimuli, sensory systems have developed a broad variety of coding mechanisms like parallel processing and coincidence detection. Parallel processing (e.g., in the visual system), increases both computational capacity and processing speed by simultaneously coding different aspects of the same stimulus. Coincidence detection is an efficient way to integrate information from different sources. Coincidence has been shown to promote associative learning and memory or stimulus feature detection (e.g., in auditory delay lines). Within the dual olfactory pathway of the honeybee both of these mechanisms might be implemented by uniglomerular projection neurons (PNs) that transfer information from the primary olfactory centers, the antennal lobe (AL), to a multimodal integration center, the mushroom body (MB). PNs from anatomically distinct tracts respond to the same stimulus space, but have different physiological properties, characteristics that are prerequisites for parallel processing of different stimulus aspects. However, the PN pathways also display mirror-imaged like anatomical trajectories that resemble neuronal coincidence detectors as known from auditory delay lines. To investigate temporal processing of olfactory information, we recorded PN odor responses simultaneously from both tracts and measured coincident activity of PNs within and between tracts. Our results show that coincidence levels are different within each of the two tracts. Coincidence also occurs between tracts, but to a minor extent compared to coincidence within tracts. Taken together our findings support the relevance of spike timing in coding of olfactory information (temporal code).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Brill
- *Correspondence: Martin F. Brill, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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77
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Olsson SB, Challiss RAJ, Cole M, Gardeniers JGE, Gardner JW, Guerrero A, Hansson BS, Pearce TC. Biosynthetic infochemical communication. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:043001. [PMID: 26158233 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for data to be embedded in our environment at ever-decreasing temporal and spatial scales. Whilst current communication and storage technologies generally exploit the electromagnetic properties of media, chemistry offers us a new alternative for nanoscale signaling using molecules as messengers with high information content. Biological systems effectively overcome the challenges of chemical communication using highly specific biosynthetic pathways for signal generation together with specialized protein receptors and nervous systems. Here we consider a new approach for information transmission based upon nature's quintessential example of infochemical communication, the moth pheromone system. To approach the sensitivity, specificity and versatility of infochemical communication seen in nature, we describe an array of biologically-inspired technologies for the production, transmission, detection, and processing of molecular signals. We show how it is possible to implement each step of the moth pheromone pathway for biosynthesis, transmission, receptor protein binding/transduction, and antennal lobe processing of monomolecular and multimolecular signals. For each implemented step, we discuss the value, current limitations, and challenges for the future development and integration of infochemical communication technologies. Together, these building blocks provide a starting point for future technologies that can utilize programmable emission and detection of multimolecular information for a new and robust means of communicating chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Olsson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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79
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Differential combinatorial coding of pheromones in two olfactory subsystems of the honey bee brain. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4157-67. [PMID: 25762663 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0734-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural coding of pheromones has been intensively studied in insects with a particular focus on sex pheromones. These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. However, pheromones play crucial roles in an insect's life beyond sexual attraction, and some species use many different pheromones making such a labeled-line organization unrealistic. A combinatorial coding scheme, in which each component activates a set of broadly tuned units, appears more adapted in this case. However, this idea has not been tested thoroughly. We focused here on the honey bee Apis mellifera, a social insect that relies on a wide range of pheromones to ensure colony cohesion. Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. Moreover, all tested pheromonal compounds induce combinatorial activity from several AL glomeruli. These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning.
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80
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Feng B, Lin X, Zheng K, Qian K, Chang Y, Du Y. Transcriptome and expression profiling analysis link patterns of gene expression to antennal responses in Spodoptera litura. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:269. [PMID: 25887537 PMCID: PMC4502548 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study of olfaction is key to understanding the interaction of
insects with their environment and provides opportunities to develop novel
tactics for control of pest species. Recent developments in transcriptomic
approaches enable the molecular basis of olfaction to be studied even in species
with limited genomic information. Here we use transcriptome and expression
profiling analysis to characterize the antennal transcriptome of the noctuid
moth and polyphagous pest Spodoptera
litura. Results We identify 74 candidate genes involved in odor detection and
recognition, encoding 26 ORs, 21 OBPs, 18 CSPs and 9 IRs. We examine their
expression levels in both sexes and seek evidence for their function by relating
their expression with levels of EAG response in male and female antennae to 58
host and non-host plant volatiles and sex pheromone components. The majority of
olfactory genes showed sex-biased expression, usually male-biased in ORs. A link
between OR gene expression and antennal responses to odors was evident, a third
of the compounds tested evoking a sex-biased response, in every case also
male-biased. Two candidate pheromone receptors, OR14 and OR23 were especially
strongly expressed and male-biased and we suggest that these may respond to the
two female sex pheromone components of S.
litura, Z9E11-14:OAc and Z9E12-14:OAc, which evoked strongly
male-biased EAG responses. Conclusions Our results provide the molecular basis for elucidating the
olfactory profile of moths and the sexual divergence of their behavior and could
enable the targeting of particular genes, and behaviors for pest
management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1375-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xinda Lin
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Kaidi Zheng
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Kai Qian
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| | - Yongjun Du
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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81
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Qi Y, Teng Z, Gao L, Wu S, Huang J, Ye G, Fang Q. Transcriptome analysis of an endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reveals genes involved in successful parasitism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:203-221. [PMID: 25336406 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For successful parasitization, parasitiods usually depend on the chemosensory cues for the selection of hosts, as well as a variety of virulence factors introduced into their hosts to overcome host immunity and prevent rejection of progeny development. In bracovirus-carrying wasps, the symbiotic polydnaviruses act in manipulating development and immunity of hosts. The endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis carrying bracovirus as a key host immunosuppressive factor is a superior endoparasitoid of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. So far, genomic information for C. chilonis is not available and transcriptomic data may provide valuable resources for global studying on physiological processes of C. chilonis, including chemosensation and parasitism at molecular level. Here, we performed RNA-seq to characterize the transcriptome of C. chilonis adults. We obtained 27,717,892 reads, assembled into 38,318 unigenes with a mean size of 690 bp. Approximately, 62.1% of the unigenes were annotated using NCBI databases. A large number of chemoreception-related genes encoding proteins including odorant receptors, gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, transient receptor potential ion channels, and sensory neuron membrane proteins were identified in silico. Totally, 72 transcripts possessing high identities with the bracovirus-related genes were identified. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of several transcripts at different developmental stages (including egg, larva, pupae, and adult) by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results revealed that some genes had adult-specific expression, indicating their potential significance for mating and parasitism. Overall, these results provide comprehensive insights into transcriptomic data of a polydnavirus-carrying parasitoid of a rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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82
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Perez M, Giurfa M, d'Ettorre P. The scent of mixtures: rules of odour processing in ants. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8659. [PMID: 25726692 PMCID: PMC4345350 DOI: 10.1038/srep08659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural odours are complex blends of numerous components. Understanding how animals perceive odour mixtures is central to multiple disciplines. Here we focused on carpenter ants, which rely on odours in various behavioural contexts. We studied overshadowing, a phenomenon that occurs when animals having learnt a binary mixture respond less to one component than to the other, and less than when this component was learnt alone. Ants were trained individually with alcohols and aldehydes varying in carbon-chain length, either as single odours or binary mixtures. They were then tested with the mixture and the components. Overshadowing resulted from the interaction between chain length and functional group: alcohols overshadowed aldehydes, and longer chain lengths overshadowed shorter ones; yet, combinations of these factors could cancel each other and suppress overshadowing. Our results show how ants treat binary olfactory mixtures and set the basis for predictive analyses of odour perception in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Perez
- Research Center on Animal Cognition; University of Toulouse; UPS; 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Research Center on Animal Cognition; CNRS; 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Center on Animal Cognition; University of Toulouse; UPS; 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Research Center on Animal Cognition; CNRS; 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Patrizia d'Ettorre
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France
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83
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Bruce TJA. Interplay between insects and plants: dynamic and complex interactions that have coevolved over millions of years but act in milliseconds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:455-65. [PMID: 25271259 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In an environment with changing availability and quality of host plants, phytophagous insects are under selection pressure to find quality hosts. They need to maximize their fitness by locating suitable plants and avoiding unsuitable ones. Thus, they have evolved a finely tuned sensory system, for detection of host cues, and a nervous system, capable of integrating inputs from sensory neurons with a high level of spatio-temporal resolution. Insect responses to cues are not fixed but depend on the context in which they are perceived, the physiological state of the insect, and prior learning experiences. However, there are examples of insects making 'mistakes' and being attracted to poor quality hosts. While insects have evolved ways of finding hosts, plants have been under selection pressure to do precisely the opposite and evade detection or defend themselves when attacked. Once on the plant, insect-associated molecules may trigger or suppress defence depending on whether the plant or the insect is ahead in evolutionary terms. Plant volatile emission is influenced by defence responses induced by insect feeding or oviposition which can attract natural enemies but repel herbivores. Conversely, plant reproductive fitness is increased by attraction of pollinators. Interactions can be altered by other organisms associated with the plant such as other insects, plant pathogens, or mycorrhizal fungi. Plant phenotype is plastic and can be changed by epigenetic factors in adaptation to periods of biotic stress. Space and time play crucial roles in influencing the outcome of interactions between insects and plants.
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84
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Evolution of herbivory in Drosophilidae linked to loss of behaviors, antennal responses, odorant receptors, and ancestral diet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3026-31. [PMID: 25624509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424656112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is a key innovation in insects, yet has only evolved in one-third of living orders. The evolution of herbivory likely involves major behavioral changes mediated by remodeling of canonical chemosensory modules. Herbivorous flies in the genus Scaptomyza (Drosophilidae) are compelling species in which to study the genomic architecture linked to the transition to herbivory because they recently evolved from microbe-feeding ancestors and are closely related to Drosophila melanogaster. We found that Scaptomyza flava, a leaf-mining specialist on plants in the family (Brassicaceae), was not attracted to yeast volatiles in a four-field olfactometer assay, whereas D. melanogaster was strongly attracted to these volatiles. Yeast-associated volatiles, especially short-chain aliphatic esters, elicited strong antennal responses in D. melanogaster, but weak antennal responses in electroantennographic recordings from S. flava. We sequenced the genome of S. flava and characterized this species' odorant receptor repertoire. Orthologs of odorant receptors, which detect yeast volatiles in D. melanogaster and mediate critical host-choice behavior, were deleted or pseudogenized in the genome of S. flava. These genes were lost step-wise during the evolution of Scaptomyza. Additionally, Scaptomyza has experienced gene duplication and likely positive selection in paralogs of Or67b in D. melanogaster. Olfactory sensory neurons expressing Or67b are sensitive to green-leaf volatiles. Major trophic shifts in insects are associated with chemoreceptor gene loss as recently evolved ecologies shape sensory repertoires.
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85
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Ogawa H, Kajita Y. Ca2+ imaging of cricket protocerebrum responses to air current stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 584:282-6. [PMID: 25450140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) use the cercal sensory system at the rear of the abdomen to detect air currents and direct predator avoidance behavior. Sensory information regarding the direction and dynamic properties of air currents is processed within the terminal abdominal ganglion, and conveyed by ascending giant interneurons (GIs) to higher centers including the brain. However, the brain region responsible for decoding cercal sensory information has not yet been identified, nor the response properties within the brain characterized. In this study, we performed in vivo Ca(2+) imaging to investigate wind-evoked neural activities within the cricket protocerebrum. Ca(2+) responses to air current stimuli were observed at peripheral regions of the ventrolateral neuropile (VLNP) where projection of GIs' axon terminals has been observed in larvae. The wind-evoked Ca(2+) response had temporal dynamics and directional sensitivity that varied with different recorded regions displaying transient or sustained Ca(2+) increases. Individual cells showed Ca(2+) elevation in response to air currents from a specific angle, while stimuli from a different angle evoked decreased signals. Removing the antennae reduced the air-current-evoked responses in VLNP, suggesting contribution of sensory inputs from antennae in addition to the cercal inputs. The VLNP is presumably an integrative center for mechanosensory processing from antennae and cerci where directional information is primarily decoded by protocerebral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ogawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoriko Kajita
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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86
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Rospars JP, Grémiaux A, Jarriault D, Chaffiol A, Monsempes C, Deisig N, Anton S, Lucas P, Martinez D. Heterogeneity and convergence of olfactory first-order neurons account for the high speed and sensitivity of second-order neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003975. [PMID: 25474026 PMCID: PMC4256018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the olfactory system of male moths, a specialized subset of neurons detects and processes the main component of the sex pheromone emitted by females. It is composed of several thousand first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), all expressing the same pheromone receptor, that contact synaptically a few tens of second-order projection neurons (PNs) within a single restricted brain area. The functional simplicity of this system makes it a favorable model for studying the factors that contribute to its exquisite sensitivity and speed. Sensory information—primarily the identity and intensity of the stimulus—is encoded as the firing rate of the action potentials, and possibly as the latency of the neuron response. We found that over all their dynamic range, PNs respond with a shorter latency and a higher firing rate than most ORNs. Modelling showed that the increased sensitivity of PNs can be explained by the ORN-to-PN convergent architecture alone, whereas their faster response also requires cell-to-cell heterogeneity of the ORN population. So, far from being detrimental to signal detection, the ORN heterogeneity is exploited by PNs, and results in two different schemes of population coding based either on the response of a few extreme neurons (latency) or on the average response of many (firing rate). Moreover, ORN-to-PN transformations are linear for latency and nonlinear for firing rate, suggesting that latency could be involved in concentration-invariant coding of the pheromone blend and that sensitivity at low concentrations is achieved at the expense of precise encoding at high concentrations. Understanding how sensory signals are optimally encoded by nervous systems is of strong interest to neuroscientists, and also to engineers as it may lead to more efficient artificial detection systems. This is particularly relevant to olfaction, because the current electronic noses are far outperformed by their biological counterparts in terms of speed and sensitivity. We here use the moth sex pheromone processing system as a relatively simple model to understand early olfactory coding. We found that performance increases when olfactory information passes from first- to second-order neurons. Second-order neurons respond on average with shorter latency and higher sensitivity than first-order neurons. We show that two critical factors, convergent architecture and neuronal heterogeneity, are needed to account for increased performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Rospars
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Grémiaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - David Jarriault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Antoine Chaffiol
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Christelle Monsempes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Nina Deisig
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvia Anton
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Lucas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Dominique Martinez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1392 Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7503, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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87
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Eberhard MJB, Gordon SD, Windmill JFC, Ronacher B. Temperature effects on the tympanal membrane and auditory receptor neurons in the locust. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 200:837-47. [PMID: 25048563 PMCID: PMC4138429 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poikilothermic animals are affected by variations in environmental temperature, as the basic properties of nerve cells and muscles are altered. Nevertheless, insect sensory systems, such as the auditory system, need to function effectively over a wide range of temperatures, as sudden changes of up to 10 °C or more are common. We investigated the performance of auditory receptor neurons and properties of the tympanal membrane of Locusta migratoria in response to temperature changes. Intracellular recordings of receptors at two temperatures (21 and 28 °C) revealed a moderate increase in spike rate with a mean Q10 of 1.4. With rising temperature, the spike rate-intensity-functions exhibited small decreases in thresholds and expansions of the dynamic range, while spike durations decreased. Tympanal membrane displacement, investigated using microscanning laser vibrometry, exhibited a small temperature effect, with a Q10 of 1.2. These findings suggest that locusts are affected by shifts in temperature at the periphery of the auditory pathway, but the effects on spike rate, sensitivity, and tympanal membrane displacement are small. Robust encoding of acoustic signals by only slightly temperature-dependent receptor neurons and almost temperature-independent tympanal membrane properties might enable locusts and grasshoppers to reliably identify sounds in spite of changes of their body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika J. B. Eberhard
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Physiology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shira D. Gordon
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - James F. C. Windmill
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK
| | - Bernhard Ronacher
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Physiology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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88
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Shlizerman E, Riffell JA, Kutz JN. Data-driven inference of network connectivity for modeling the dynamics of neural codes in the insect antennal lobe. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:70. [PMID: 25165442 PMCID: PMC4131428 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antennal lobe (AL), olfactory processing center in insects, is able to process stimuli into distinct neural activity patterns, called olfactory neural codes. To model their dynamics we perform multichannel recordings from the projection neurons in the AL driven by different odorants. We then derive a dynamic neuronal network from the electrophysiological data. The network consists of lateral-inhibitory neurons and excitatory neurons (modeled as firing-rate units), and is capable of producing unique olfactory neural codes for the tested odorants. To construct the network, we (1) design a projection, an odor space, for the neural recording from the AL, which discriminates between distinct odorants trajectories (2) characterize scent recognition, i.e., decision-making based on olfactory signals and (3) infer the wiring of the neural circuit, the connectome of the AL. We show that the constructed model is consistent with biological observations, such as contrast enhancement and robustness to noise. The study suggests a data-driven approach to answer a key biological question in identifying how lateral inhibitory neurons can be wired to excitatory neurons to permit robust activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Shlizerman
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - J Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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89
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Lubanga UK, Guédot C, Percy DM, Steinbauer MJ. Semiochemical and Vibrational Cues and Signals Mediating Mate Finding and Courtship in Psylloidea (Hemiptera): A Synthesis. INSECTS 2014; 5:577-95. [PMID: 26462826 PMCID: PMC4592587 DOI: 10.3390/insects5030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mate finding and courtship involve complex interactions that require close coordination between individuals of the opposite gender. Well-organized signalling systems, sometimes involving a combination of signal modalities, are required to convey species-specific and individual information to members of the opposite gender. Previous studies of psyllids have focused on single-signal modalities and have largely ignored the potentially interdependent nature of different types of signals. Several studies have shown that semiochemicals play a role in psyllid mate finding. However, long-range semiochemical sex attractants, such as the highly volatile sex pheromones used by many Lepidoptera (molecular weights <300), are yet to be identified. The compounds identified thus far, namely 13-methylheptacosane (from Cacopsylla pyricola) and dodecanoic acid (from Diaphorina citri), seem to have short range activity or no activity under field conditions. The possible role played by cuticular hydrocarbons in psyllid courtship remains largely ignored. Conversely, many psyllid species rely on vibrational signals for mate finding and mate assessment during courtship. This apparent disproportional reliance on vibrational rather than semiochemical signals suggests that vibrational signals have been more influential in sexual selection in psyllids. However, male fitness, female choice and benefits accrued from selecting fitter males remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar K Lubanga
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Christelle Guédot
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Martin J Steinbauer
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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90
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Responses to Pheromones in a Complex Odor World: Sensory Processing and Behavior. INSECTS 2014; 5:399-422. [PMID: 26462691 PMCID: PMC4592597 DOI: 10.3390/insects5020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects communicating with pheromones, be it sex- or aggregation pheromones, are confronted with an olfactory environment rich in a diversity of volatile organic compounds of which plants are the main releaser. Certain of these volatiles can represent behaviorally relevant information, such as indications about host- or non-host plants; others will provide essentially a rich odor background out of which the behaviorally relevant information needs to be extracted. In an attempt to disentangle mechanisms of pheromone communication in a rich olfactory environment, which might underlie interactions between intraspecific signals and a background, we will summarize recent literature on pheromone/plant volatile interactions. Starting from molecular mechanisms, describing the peripheral detection and central nervous integration of pheromone-plant volatile mixtures, we will end with behavioral output in response to such mixtures and its plasticity.
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91
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López-Riquelme GO. Representación odotópica de la organización glomerular del lóbulo antenal en los cuerpos fungiformes de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Comparaciones entre dos especies. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1405-888x(14)70317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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92
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Kropf J, Kelber C, Bieringer K, Rössler W. Olfactory subsystems in the honeybee: sensory supply and sex specificity. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:583-95. [PMID: 24817103 PMCID: PMC4148592 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antennae of honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers and drones differ in various aspects. One striking difference is the presence of Sensilla basiconica in (female) workers and their absence in (male) drones. We investigate the axonal projection patterns of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in S. basiconica in honeybee workers by using selective anterograde labeling with fluorescent tracers and confocal-microscopy analysis of axonal projections in antennal lobe glomeruli. Axons of S. basiconica-associated ORNs preferentially projected into a specific glomerular cluster in the antennal lobe, namely the sensory input-tract three (T3) cluster. T3-associated glomeruli had previously been shown to be innervated by uniglomerular projection (output) neurons of the medial antennal lobe tract (mALT). As the number of T3 glomeruli is reduced in drones, we wished to determine whether this was associated with the reduction of glomeruli innervated by medial-tract projection neurons. We retrogradely traced mALT projection neurons in drones and counted the innervated glomeruli. The number of mALT-associated glomeruli was strongly reduced in drones compared with workers. The preferential projections of S. basiconica-associated ORNs in T3 glomeruli together with the reduction of mALT-associated glomeruli support the presence of a female (worker)-specific olfactory subsystem that is partly innervated by ORNs from S. basiconica and is associated with the T3 cluster of glomeruli and mALT projection neurons. We propose that this olfactory subsystem supports parallel olfactory processing related to worker-specific olfactory tasks such as the coding of colony odors, colony pheromones and/or odorants associated with foraging on floral resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kropf
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany,
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93
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Piersanti S, Frati F, Conti E, Gaino E, Rebora M, Salerno G. First evidence of the use of olfaction in Odonata behaviour. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 62:26-31. [PMID: 24486162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dragonflies and damselflies are among the most ancient winged insects. Adults belonging to this order are visually oriented and are considered anosmic on the basis of neuroanatomical investigations. As a consequence, the chemical ecology of these predatory insects has long been neglected. Morphological and electrophysiological data demonstrated that dragonfly antennae possess olfactory sensilla. Additionally, a neuroanatomical study revealed the presence of spherical knots in the aglomerular antennal lobe that could allow for the perception of odour. However, the biological role of the antennal olfactory sensilla remains unknown, and no bioassay showing the use of olfaction in Odonata has been performed thus far. Here, we demonstrate through behavioural assays that adults of Ischnura elegans are attracted by olfactory cues emitted by prey; furthermore, using electrophysiological single-cell recordings, we prove that the antennal olfactory sensilla of I. elegans respond to prey odour. Our results clearly demonstrate the involvement of antennal olfactory sensilla in Odonata predation, thus showing, for the first time, the use of olfaction in Odonata biology. This finding indicates that the nervous system of Odonata is able to receive and process olfactory information, suggesting that the simple organisation of the antennal lobe does not prevent the use of olfaction in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Frati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Elda Gaino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Italy
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94
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95
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Wyatt T. Introduction to Chemical Signaling in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. Front Neurosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b16511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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96
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Parallel pathways convey olfactory information with opposite polarities in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3164-9. [PMID: 24516124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317911111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, olfactory information received by peripheral olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is conveyed from the antennal lobes (ALs) to higher brain regions by olfactory projection neurons (PNs). Despite the knowledge that multiple types of PNs exist, little is known about how these different neuronal pathways work cooperatively. Here we studied the Drosophila GABAergic mediolateral antennocerebral tract PNs (mlPNs), which link ipsilateral AL and lateral horn (LH), in comparison with the cholinergic medial tract PNs (mPNs). We examined the connectivity of mlPNs in ALs and found that most mlPNs received inputs from both ORNs and mPNs and participated in AL network function by forming gap junctions with other AL neurons. Meanwhile, mlPNs might innervate LH neurons downstream of mPNs, exerting a feedforward inhibition. Using dual-color calcium imaging, which enables a simultaneous monitoring of neural activities in two groups of PNs, we found that mlPNs exhibited robust odor responses overlapping with, but broader than, those of mPNs. Moreover, preferentially down-regulation of GABA in most mlPNs caused abnormal courtship and aggressive behaviors in male flies. These findings demonstrate that in Drosophila, olfactory information in opposite polarities are carried coordinately by two parallel and interacted pathways, which could be essential for appropriate behaviors.
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97
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Hull JJ, Perera OP, Snodgrass GL. Cloning and expression profiling of odorant-binding proteins in the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:78-97. [PMID: 24224606 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the perception and discrimination of odorants requires the involvement of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). To gain a better molecular understanding of olfaction in the agronomic pest Lygus lineolaris (the tarnished plant bug), we used a transcriptomics-based approach to identify potential OBPs. In total, 33 putative OBP transcripts, including the previously reported Lygus antennal protein (LAP), were identified based on the characteristic OBP Cys signature and/or sequence similarity with annotated orthologous sequences. The L. lineolaris OBP (LylinOBP) repertoire consists of 20 'classic' OBPs, defined by the spacing of six conserved Cys residues, and 12 'Plus-C' OBPs, defined by the spacing of eight conserved Cys and one conserved Pro residue. Alternative splicing of OBP genes appears to contribute significantly to the multiplicity of LylinOBP sequences. Microarray-based analysis of chemosensory tissues (antennae, legs and proboscis) revealed enrichment of 21 LylinOBP transcripts in antennae, 12 in legs, and 15 in proboscis, suggesting potential roles in olfaction and gustation respectively. PCR-based determination of transcript abundance for a subset of the LylinOBP genes across multiple adult tissues yielded results consistent with the hybridization data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
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98
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Capurro A, Baroni F, Kuebler LS, Kárpáti Z, Dekker T, Lei H, Hansson BS, Pearce TC, Olsson SB. Temporal features of spike trains in the moth antennal lobe revealed by a comparative time-frequency analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84037. [PMID: 24465391 PMCID: PMC3896344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination of complex sensory stimuli in a noisy environment is an immense computational task. Sensory systems often encode stimulus features in a spatiotemporal fashion through the complex firing patterns of individual neurons. To identify these temporal features, we have developed an analysis that allows the comparison of statistically significant features of spike trains localized over multiple scales of time-frequency resolution. Our approach provides an original way to utilize the discrete wavelet transform to process instantaneous rate functions derived from spike trains, and select relevant wavelet coefficients through statistical analysis. Our method uncovered localized features within olfactory projection neuron (PN) responses in the moth antennal lobe coding for the presence of an odor mixture and the concentration of single component odorants, but not for compound identities. We found that odor mixtures evoked earlier responses in biphasic response type PNs compared to single components, which led to differences in the instantaneous firing rate functions with their signal power spread across multiple frequency bands (ranging from 0 to 45.71 Hz) during a time window immediately preceding behavioral response latencies observed in insects. Odor concentrations were coded in excited response type PNs both in low frequency band differences (2.86 to 5.71 Hz) during the stimulus and in the odor trace after stimulus offset in low (0 to 2.86 Hz) and high (22.86 to 45.71 Hz) frequency bands. These high frequency differences in both types of PNs could have particular relevance for recruiting cellular activity in higher brain centers such as mushroom body Kenyon cells. In contrast, neurons in the specialized pheromone-responsive area of the moth antennal lobe exhibited few stimulus-dependent differences in temporal response features. These results provide interesting insights on early insect olfactory processing and introduce a novel comparative approach for spike train analysis applicable to a variety of neuronal data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Capurro
- Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiano Baroni
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda S. Kuebler
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kárpáti
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teun Dekker
- Division of Chemical Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Timothy C. Pearce
- Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon B. Olsson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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99
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Simões PMV, Niven JE, Ott SR. Phenotypic transformation affects associative learning in the desert locust. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2407-12. [PMID: 24268415 PMCID: PMC4024192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In desert locusts, increased population densities drive phenotypic transformation from the solitarious to the gregarious phase within a generation [1–4]. Here we show that when presented with odor-food associations, the two extreme phases differ in aversive but not appetitive associative learning, with solitarious locusts showing a conditioned aversion more quickly than gregarious locusts. The acquisition of new learned aversions was blocked entirely in acutely crowded solitarious (transiens) locusts, whereas appetitive learning and prior learned associations were unaffected. These differences in aversive learning support phase-specific feeding strategies. Associative training with hyoscyamine, a plant alkaloid found in the locusts’ habitat [5, 6], elicits a phase-dependent odor preference: solitarious locusts avoid an odor associated with hyoscyamine, whereas gregarious locusts do not. Remarkably, when solitarious locusts are crowded and then reconditioned with the odor-hyoscyamine pairing as transiens, the specific blockade of aversive acquisition enables them to override their prior aversive memory with an appetitive one. Under fierce food competition, as occurs during crowding in the field, this provides a neuroecological mechanism enabling locusts to reassign an appetitive value to an odor that they learned previously to avoid. Associative aversive learning is phase dependent, whereas appetitive learning is not Gregarization blocks the formation of new aversive memories Retention of previously acquired associative memories is unaffected by gregarization A behavioral feedback loop promotes override of a previously acquired aversive memory
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrício M V Simões
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB1 3EJ, UK; International Neuroscience Doctoral Programme, Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme/Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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100
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Heinbockel T, Shields VDC, Reisenman CE. Glomerular interactions in olfactory processing channels of the antennal lobes. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:929-46. [PMID: 23893248 PMCID: PMC4066976 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An open question in olfactory coding is the extent of interglomerular connectivity: do olfactory glomeruli and their neurons regulate the odorant responses of neurons innervating other glomeruli? In the olfactory system of the moth Manduca sexta, the response properties of different types of antennal olfactory receptor cells are known. Likewise, a subset of antennal lobe glomeruli has been functionally characterized and the olfactory tuning of their innervating neurons identified. This provides a unique opportunity to determine functional interactions between glomeruli of known input, specifically, (1) glomeruli processing plant odors and (2) glomeruli activated by antennal stimulation with pheromone components of conspecific females. Several studies describe reciprocal inhibitory effects between different types of pheromone-responsive projection neurons suggesting lateral inhibitory interactions between pheromone component-selective glomerular neural circuits. Furthermore, antennal lobe projection neurons that respond to host plant volatiles and innervate single, ordinary glomeruli are inhibited during antennal stimulation with the female's sex pheromone. The studies demonstrate the existence of lateral inhibitory effects in response to behaviorally significant odorant stimuli and irrespective of glomerular location in the antennal lobe. Inhibitory interactions are present within and between olfactory subsystems (pheromonal and non-pheromonal subsystems), potentially to enhance contrast and strengthen odorant discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St., N.W., Washington, DC, 20059, USA,
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