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Reynolds NH, McEvoy E, Panadero Pérez JA, Coleman RJ, McGarry JP. Influence of multi-axial dynamic constraint on cell alignment and contractility in engineered tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104024. [PMID: 33007624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study an experimental rig is developed to investigate the influence of tissue constraint and cyclic loading on cell alignment and active cell force generation in uniaxial and biaxial engineered tissues constructs. Addition of contractile cells to collagen hydrogels dramatically increases the measured forces in uniaxial and biaxial constructs under dynamic loading. This increase in measured force is due to active cell contractility, as is evident from the decreased force after treatment with cytochalasin D. Prior to dynamic loading, cells are highly aligned in uniaxially constrained tissues but are uniformly distributed in biaxially constrained tissues, demonstrating the importance of tissue constraints on cell alignment. Dynamic uniaxial stretching resulted in a slight increase in cell alignment in the centre of the tissue, whereas dynamic biaxial stretching had no significant effect on cell alignment. Our active modelling framework accurately predicts our experimental trends and suggests that a slightly higher (3%) total SF formation occurs at the centre of a biaxial tissue compared to the uniaxial tissue. However, high alignment of SFs and lateral compaction in the case of the uniaxially constrained tissue results in a significantly higher (75%) actively generated cell contractile stress, compared to the biaxially constrained tissue. These findings have significant implications for engineering of contractile tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel H Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoin McEvoy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ryan J Coleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Patrick McGarry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Liu Y, White KA, Barber DL. Intracellular pH Regulates Cancer and Stem Cell Behaviors: A Protein Dynamics Perspective. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1401. [PMID: 32983969 PMCID: PMC7479815 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Cancer Metabolism (ISCaM) meeting on Cancer Metabolic Rewiring, held in Braga Portugal in October 2019, provided an outstanding forum for investigators to present current findings and views, and discuss ideas and future directions on fundamental biology as well as clinical translations. The first session on Cancer pH Dynamics was preceded by the opening keynote presentation from our group entitled Intracellular pH Regulation of Protein Dynamics: From Cancer to Stem Cell Behaviors. In this review we introduce a brief background on intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics, including how it is regulated as well as functional consequences, summarize key findings included in our presentation, and conclude with perspectives on how understanding the role of pHi dynamics in stem cells can be relevant for understanding how pHi dynamics enables cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katharine A White
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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53
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Ihry RJ, Salick MR, Ho DJ, Sondey M, Kommineni S, Paula S, Raymond J, Henry B, Frias E, Wang Q, Worringer KA, Ye C, Russ C, Reece-Hoyes JS, Altshuler RC, Randhawa R, Yang Z, McAllister G, Hoffman GR, Dolmetsch R, Kaykas A. Genome-Scale CRISPR Screens Identify Human Pluripotency-Specific Genes. Cell Rep 2020; 27:616-630.e6. [PMID: 30970262 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) generate a variety of disease-relevant cells that can be used to improve the translation of preclinical research. Despite the potential of hPSCs, their use for genetic screening has been limited by technical challenges. We developed a scalable and renewable Cas9 and sgRNA-hPSC library in which loss-of-function mutations can be induced at will. Our inducible mutant hPSC library can be used for multiple genome-wide CRISPR screens in a variety of hPSC-induced cell types. As proof of concept, we performed three screens for regulators of properties fundamental to hPSCs: their ability to self-renew and/or survive (fitness), their inability to survive as single-cell clones, and their capacity to differentiate. We identified the majority of known genes and pathways involved in these processes, as well as a plethora of genes with unidentified roles. This resource will increase the understanding of human development and genetics. This approach will be a powerful tool to identify disease-modifying genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ihry
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Max R Salick
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Insitro, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel J Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marie Sondey
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Abbvie, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sravya Kommineni
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Casma Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven Paula
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joe Raymond
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Beata Henry
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frias
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathleen A Worringer
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chaoyang Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carsten Russ
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John S Reece-Hoyes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert C Altshuler
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ranjit Randhawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Axcella Health, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zinger Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Sana Biotechnology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Sana Biotechnology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ricardo Dolmetsch
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ajamete Kaykas
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Insitro, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the ways in which stem cells are used in psychiatric disease research, including the related advances in gene editing and directed cell differentiation. RECENT FINDINGS The recent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies has created new possibilities for the study of psychiatric disease. iPSCs can be derived from patients or controls and differentiated to an array of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Their genomes can be edited as desired, and they can be assessed for a variety of phenotypes. This makes them especially interesting for studying genetic variation, which is particularly useful today now that our knowledge on the genetics of psychiatric disease is quickly expanding. The recent advances in cell engineering have led to powerful new methods for studying psychiatric illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. There is a wide array of possible applications as illustrated by the many examples from the literature, most of which are cited here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyra Feuer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marah Wahbeh
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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55
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Guadarrama Bello D, Fouillen A, Badia A, Nanci A. Nanoporosity Stimulates Cell Spreading and Focal Adhesion Formation in Cells with Mutated Paxillin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14924-14932. [PMID: 32155329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the response to nanotopography of CHO-K1 cells that express wild-type paxillin or paxillin with mutations at serine 273 that inhibit phosphorylation. Cells were grown on nanoporous and polished titanium surfaces. With all cell types, immunofluorescence showed that adhesion and spreading were minimally affected on the treated surface and that the actin filaments were more abundant and well-aligned. Scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in cell shape and abundant filopodia with lateral nanoprotrusions in response to nanoporosity. Gene expression of proteins associated with cellular adhesion and protrusions was significantly increased on the nanoporous surface regardless of the cell type. In particular, α-actinin, Rac1, Cdc42, and ITGα1 were upregulated in S273 cells with alanine substitutions, whereas FAK, Pxn, and Src were downregulated, leading to improved focal adhesion formation. These findings suggest that the surface nanoporosity can "compensate for" the genetic mutations that affect the biomechanical relationship of cells to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainelys Guadarrama Bello
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Aurélien Fouillen
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Antonella Badia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
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56
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Xia M, Chen Y, He Y, Li H, Li W. Activation of the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis promotes the expansion of inner ear progenitor cells in 3D culture. Stem Cells 2020; 38:860-874. [PMID: 32159914 PMCID: PMC7383802 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of many cell types, but if and how mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence the fate determination of inner ear progenitor cells (IEPCs) remains largely unknown. In the current study, we compared the biological behavior of IEPCs in Matrigel-based suspension and encapsulated culture systems, and we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM promote the survival and expansion of IEPCs. Furthermore, we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM induced the accumulation of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and caused the polymerization of actin cytoskeleton in IEPCs. These changes in turn resulted in increased Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and enhanced expansion of IEPCs, at least partially through upregulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We therefore provide the first demonstration that the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis senses and transduces mechanical cues from the ECM and plays crucial roles in promoting the expansion of IEPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzi He
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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57
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Natale CF, Angrisano T, Pistelli L, Falco G, Calabrò V, Netti PA, Ventre M. Topographic Cues Impact on Embryonic Stem Cell Zscan4-Metastate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:178. [PMID: 32211397 PMCID: PMC7069379 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment proved to exert a potent regulatory effect over different aspects of Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) behavior. In particular, the employment of engineered culture surfaces aimed at modulating ESC self-organization resulted effective in directing ESCs toward specific fate decision. ESCs fluctuate among different levels of functional potency and in this context the Zscan4 gene marks the so-called "metastate," a cellular state in which ESCs retain both self-renewal and pluripotency capabilities. Here we investigated the impact of topographic cues on ESCs pluripotency, differentiation and organization capabilities. To this aim, we engineered culturing platforms of nanograted surfaces with different features size and we investigated their impact on ESCs multicellular organization and Zscan4 gene expression. We showed that the morphology of ESC-derived aggregates and Zscan4 expression are strictly intertwined. Our data suggest that ESC Zscan4 metastate can be promoted if the adhesive surface conditions guide cellular self-aggregation into 3D dome-like structure, in which both cell-material interactions and cell-cell contact are supportive for Zscan4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo F. Natale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Pistelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ventre
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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58
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Jardine S, Anderson S, Babcock S, Leung G, Pan J, Dhingani N, Warner N, Guo C, Siddiqui I, Kotlarz D, Dowling JJ, Melnyk R, Snapper SB, Klein C, Thiagarajah JR, Muise AM. Drug Screen Identifies Leflunomide for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Caused by TTC7A Deficiency. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1000-1015. [PMID: 31743734 PMCID: PMC7062591 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mutations in the tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A gene (TTC7A) cause intestinal epithelial and immune defects. Patients can become immune deficient and develop apoptotic enterocolitis, multiple intestinal atresia, and recurrent intestinal stenosis. The intestinal disease in patients with TTC7A deficiency is severe and untreatable, and it recurs despite resection or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. We screened drugs for those that prevent apoptosis of in cells with TTC7A deficiency and tested their effects in an animal model of the disease. METHODS We developed a high-throughput screen to identify compounds approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that reduce activity of caspases 3 and 7 in TTC7A-knockout (TTC7A-KO) HAP1 (human haploid) cells and reduce the susceptibility to apoptosis. We validated the effects of identified agents in HeLa cells that stably express TTC7A with point mutations found in patients. Signaling pathways in cells were analyzed by immunoblots. We tested the effects of identified agents in zebrafish with disruption of ttc7a, which develop intestinal defects, and colonoids derived from biopsy samples of patients with and without mutations in TTC7A. We performed real-time imaging of intestinal peristalsis in zebrafish and histologic analyses of intestinal tissues from patients and zebrafish. Colonoids were analyzed by immunofluorescence and for ion transport. RESULTS TTC7A-KO HAP1 cells have abnormal morphology and undergo apoptosis, due to increased levels of active caspases 3 and 7. We identified drugs that increased cell viability; leflunomide (used to treat patients with inflammatory conditions) reduced caspase 3 and 7 activity in cells by 96%. TTC7A-KO cells contained cleaved caspase 3 and had reduced levels of phosphorylated AKT and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP); incubation of these cells with leflunomide increased levels of phosphorylated AKT and XIAP and reduced levels of cleaved caspase 3. Administration of leflunomide to ttc7a-/- zebrafish increased gut motility, reduced intestinal tract narrowing, increased intestinal cell survival, increased sizes of intestinal luminal spaces, and restored villi and goblet cell morphology. Exposure of patient-derived colonoids to leflunomide increased cell survival, polarity, and transport function. CONCLUSIONS In a drug screen, we identified leflunomide as an agent that reduces apoptosis and activates AKT signaling in TTC7A-KO cells. In zebrafish with disruption of ttc7a, leflunomide restores gut motility, reduces intestinal tract narrowing, and increases intestinal cell survival. This drug might be repurposed for treatment of TTC7A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Jardine
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sierra Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Babcock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Leung
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jie Pan
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neel Dhingani
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Warner
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Conghui Guo
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - James J Dowling
- Division of Neurology, and Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children,Molecular Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roman Melnyk
- Molecular Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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59
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Li M, Wang J, Guo G, Li F, Yu B, Kou J. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound, GRS, Alleviates Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:933-947. [PMID: 32184562 PMCID: PMC7053822 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s229302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides unique advantages for treatment of ischemic stroke, an aging-related vascular disease. Shengmai powder (GRS) is composed of three active components, specifically, ginsenoside Rb1, ruscogenin and schisandrin A, at a ratio of 6:0.75:6. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of GRS on blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction under conditions of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Methods C57BL/6J mice subjected to MCAO/R were used as a model to assess the protective effects of varying doses of GRS (6.4, 12.8, and 19.2 mg/kg) on BBB dysfunction. Results GRS reduced cerebral infarct volume and degree of brain tissue damage, improved behavioral scores, decreased water content and BBB permeability, and restored cerebral blood flow. Moreover, GRS promoted expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 while inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP-2/9) expression and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. In vitro, GRS (1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) enhanced the viability of bEnd.3 cells subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and decreased sodium fluorescein permeability. Conclusion Consistent with in vivo findings, ZO-1 and claudin-5 were significantly upregulated by GRS in bEnd.3 cells under OGD/R and MMP-2/9 levels and MLC phosphorylation reduced through the Rho-associated coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK)/cofilin signaling pathway. Based on the collective findings, we propose that the TCM compound, GRS, plays a protective role against I/R-induced BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieman Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengshuo Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Porazinski S, Parkin A, Pajic M. Rho-ROCK Signaling in Normal Physiology and as a Key Player in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1223:99-127. [PMID: 32030687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35582-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-ROCK signaling network has a range of specialized functions of key biological importance, including control of essential developmental processes such as morphogenesis and physiological processes including homeostasis, immunity, and wound healing. Deregulation of Rho-ROCK signaling actively contributes to multiple pathological conditions, and plays a major role in cancer development and progression. This dynamic network is critical in modulating the intricate communication between tumor cells, surrounding diverse stromal cells and the matrix, shaping the ever-changing microenvironment of aggressive tumors. In this chapter, we overview the complex regulation of the Rho-ROCK signaling axis, its role in health and disease, and analyze progress made with key approaches targeting the Rho-ROCK pathway for therapeutic benefit. Finally, we conclude by outlining likely future trends and key questions in the field of Rho-ROCK research, in particular surrounding Rho-ROCK signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Porazinski
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Parkin
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Li Y, Wu S, Li X, Guo S, Cai Z, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Wnt signaling associated small molecules improve the viability of pPSCs in a PI3K/Akt pathway dependent way. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5811-5822. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Zhuang Cai
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Zhi Yin
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin China
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62
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The recent advances in the mathematical modelling of human pluripotent stem cells. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 2:276. [PMID: 32803125 PMCID: PMC7391994 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for developments in regenerative medicine and drug design. The mathematical modelling of stem cells and their properties is necessary to understand and quantify key behaviours and develop non-invasive prognostic modelling tools to assist in the optimisation of laboratory experiments. Here, the recent advances in the mathematical modelling of hPSCs are discussed, including cell kinematics, cell proliferation and colony formation, and pluripotency and differentiation.
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63
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Jeon K, Park K, Jetten AM. Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32009654 DOI: 10.3791/60571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilsoo Jeon
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health;
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health;
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64
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Ahmad I, Teotia P, Erickson H, Xia X. Recapitulating developmental mechanisms for retinal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100824. [PMID: 31843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of specific retinal neurons in diseases like glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, there is no therapy to modify the disease-associated degenerative changes. With the advancement in our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the development of the vertebrate retina, the approach to treat blinding diseases through regenerative medicine appears a near possibility. Recapitulation of developmental mechanisms is critical for reproducibly generating cells in either 2D or 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells for retinal repair and disease modeling. It is the key for unlocking the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in the adult retina for therapeutic regeneration. Here, we examine the current status and potential of the regenerative medicine approach for the retina in the backdrop of developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Erickson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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65
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Liu W, Deng C, Godoy-Parejo C, Zhang Y, Chen G. Developments in cell culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:968-981. [PMID: 31768223 PMCID: PMC6851012 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are important resources for cell-based therapies and pharmaceutical applications. In order to realize the potential of hPSCs, it is critical to develop suitable technologies required for specific applications. Most hPSC technologies depend on cell culture, and are critically influenced by culture medium composition, extracellular matrices, handling methods, and culture platforms. This review summarizes the major technological advances in hPSC culture, and highlights the opportunities and challenges in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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66
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Pires RH, Shree N, Manu E, Guzniczak E, Otto O. Cardiomyocyte mechanodynamics under conditions of actin remodelling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190081. [PMID: 31587648 PMCID: PMC6792454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical performance of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is an important indicator of their maturation state and of primary importance for the development of therapies based on cardiac stem cells. As the mechanical analysis of adherent cells at high-throughput remains challenging, we explore the applicability of real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) to probe cardiomyocytes in suspension. RT-DC is a microfluidic technology allowing for real-time mechanical analysis of thousands of cells with a throughput exceeding 1000 cells per second. For CMs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we determined a Young's modulus of 1.25 ± 0.08 kPa which is in close range to previous reports. Upon challenging the cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D (CytoD) to induce filamentous actin depolymerization, we distinguish three different regimes in cellular elasticity. Transitions are observed below 10 nM and above 103 nM and are characterized by a decrease in Young's modulus. These regimes can be linked to cytoskeletal and sarcomeric actin contributions by CM contractility measurements at varying CytoD concentrations, where we observe a significant reduction in pulse duration only above 103 nM while no change is found for compound exposure at lower concentrations. Comparing our results to mechanical cell measurements using atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, the feasibility of using a microfluidic technique to measure mechanical properties of large samples of adherent cells while linking our results to the composition of the cytoskeletal network. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. Pires
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nithya Shree
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Manu
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Oliver Otto
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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67
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Gao L, Nath SC, Jiao X, Zhou R, Nishikawa S, Krawetz R, Li X, Rancourt DE. Post-Passage rock inhibition induces cytoskeletal aberrations and apoptosis in Human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 41:101641. [PMID: 31710913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are prone to anoikis after single cell dissociation. The small molecule, Y-27632 is known to increase survival of hESCs and hiPSCs by inhibiting the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we thoroughly screened small molecules to investigate the adhesion and survival of hESCs in adherent culture. Y-27632 provided higher adhesion and survival of hESCs by increased cell migration and preventing cell blebbing in single dissociated cells. The combination of Matrigel with poly-d-lysine increased the attachment and survival of dissociated cells via actin filament and microtubule spreading in Y-27632-treated cells. Although Y-27632 prevented apoptosis by suppressing actin filament contraction, microtubule bundling, and blebbing, prolonged Y-27632 treatment presented a different morphology in the attached growing hESC colony. It induced apoptosis of cells by promoting cytoplasmic spread, E-cadherin structural change, and increased detachment. It also induced actin cytoskeleton disruption, combined with microtubule and intermediate filament elongation. For optimal hPSC culture, our research suggests that Y-27632 should be removed shortly after passaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Suman C Nath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiyao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rongyan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sandra Nishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiangyun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; Research Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo Engineering Technique of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada.
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68
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have promising clinical applications which often rely on clonally-homogeneous cell populations. To achieve this, it is important to ensure that each colony originates from a single founding cell and to avoid subsequent merging of colonies during their growth. Clonal homogeneity can be obtained with low seeding densities; however, this leads to low yield and viability. It is therefore important to quantitatively assess how seeding density affects clonality loss so that experimental protocols can be optimised to meet the required standards. Here we develop a quantitative framework for modelling the growth of hESC colonies from a given seeding density based on stochastic exponential growth. This allows us to identify the timescales for colony merges and over which colony size no longer predicts the number of founding cells. We demonstrate the success of our model by applying it to our own experiments of hESC colony growth; while this is based on a particular experimental set-up, the model can be applied more generally to other cell lines and experimental conditions to predict these important timescales.
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69
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Godoy‐Parejo C, Deng C, Liu W, Chen G. Insulin Stimulates PI3K/AKT and Cell Adhesion to Promote the Survival of Individualized Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1030-1041. [PMID: 31021484 PMCID: PMC6852186 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is present in most maintenance media for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but little is known about its essential role in the cell survival of individualized cells during passage. In this article, we show that insulin suppresses caspase cleavage and apoptosis after dissociation. Insulin activates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor and PI3K/AKT cascade to promote cell survival and its function is independent of rho-associated protein kinase regulation. During niche reformation after passaging, insulin activates integrin that is essential for cell survival. IGF receptor colocalizes with focal adhesion complex and stimulates protein phosphorylation involved in focal adhesion formation. Insulin promotes cell spreading on matrigel-coated surfaces and suppresses myosin light chain phosphorylation. Further study showed that insulin is also required for the cell survival on E-cadherin coated surface and in suspension, indicating its essential role in cell-cell adhesion. This work highlights insulin's complex roles in signal transduction and niche re-establishment in hESCs. Stem Cells 2019;37:1030-1041.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy‐Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARPeople's Republic of China
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70
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Li XL, Li GH, Fu J, Fu YW, Zhang L, Chen W, Arakaki C, Zhang JP, Wen W, Zhao M, Chen WV, Botimer GD, Baylink D, Aranda L, Choi H, Bechar R, Talbot P, Sun CK, Cheng T, Zhang XB. Highly efficient genome editing via CRISPR-Cas9 in human pluripotent stem cells is achieved by transient BCL-XL overexpression. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10195-10215. [PMID: 30239926 PMCID: PMC6212847 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is instrumental for functional genomics, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. However, low editing efficiency has hampered the applications of CRISPR–Cas9 technology in creating knockin (KI) or knockout (KO) iPSC lines, which is largely due to massive cell death after electroporation with editing plasmids. Here, we report that the transient delivery of BCL-XL increases iPSC survival by ∼10-fold after plasmid transfection, leading to a 20- to 100-fold increase in homology-directed repair (HDR) KI efficiency and a 5-fold increase in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) KO efficiency. Treatment with a BCL inhibitor ABT-263 further improves HDR efficiency by 70% and KO efficiency by 40%. The increased genome editing efficiency is attributed to higher expressions of Cas9 and sgRNA in surviving cells after electroporation. HDR or NHEJ efficiency reaches 95% with dual editing followed by selection of cells with HDR insertion of a selective gene. Moreover, KO efficiency of 100% can be achieved in a bulk population of cells with biallelic HDR KO followed by double selection, abrogating the necessity for single cell cloning. Taken together, these simple yet highly efficient editing strategies provide useful tools for applications ranging from manipulating human iPSC genomes to creating gene-modified animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Guo-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Juan Fu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ya-Wen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Cameron Arakaki
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | | | - Gary D Botimer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - David Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Leslie Aranda
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hannah Choi
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Rachel Bechar
- UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chang-Kai Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.,Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (R-ECCE-TPM), School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China.,Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (R-ECCE-TPM), School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin 300020, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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71
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Mellough CB, Collin J, Queen R, Hilgen G, Dorgau B, Zerti D, Felemban M, White K, Sernagor E, Lako M. Systematic Comparison of Retinal Organoid Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Stage Specific, Cell Line, and Methodological Differences. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:694-706. [PMID: 30916455 PMCID: PMC6591558 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in the stem cell field is to generate tissues that can be utilized as a universal tool for in vitro models of development and disease, drug development, or as a resource for patients suffering from disease or injury. Great efforts are being made to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells in vitro toward retinal tissue, which is akin to native human retina in its cytoarchitecture and function, yet the numerous existing retinal induction protocols remain variable in their efficiency and do not routinely produce morphologically or functionally mature photoreceptors. Herein, we determine the impact that the method of embryoid body (EB) formation and maintenance as well as cell line background has on retinal organoid differentiation from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our data indicate that cell line-specific differences dominate the variables that underline the differentiation efficiency in the early stages of differentiation. In contrast, the EB generation method and maintenance conditions determine the later differentiation and maturation of retinal organoids. Of the latter, the mechanical method of EB generation under static conditions, accompanied by media supplementation with Y27632 for the first 48 hours of differentiation, results in the most consistent formation of laminated retinal neuroepithelium containing mature and electrophysiologically responsive photoreceptors. Collectively, our data provide substantive evidence for stage-specific differences in the ability to give rise to laminated retinae, which is determined by cell line-specific differences in the early stages of differentiation and EB generation/organoid maintenance methods at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Mellough
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceLions Eye Institute, University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Queen
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Gerrit Hilgen
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Birthe Dorgau
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Darin Zerti
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Majed Felemban
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn White
- EM Research ServicesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Evelyne Sernagor
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
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72
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Xin Y, Chen X, Tang X, Li K, Yang M, Tai WCS, Liu Y, Tan Y. Mechanics and Actomyosin-Dependent Survival/Chemoresistance of Suspended Tumor Cells in Shear Flow. Biophys J 2019; 116:1803-1814. [PMID: 31076101 PMCID: PMC6531788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells disseminate to distant organs mainly through blood circulation in which they experience considerable levels of fluid shear stress. However, the effects of hemodynamic shear stress on biophysical properties and functions of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in suspension are not fully understood. In this study, we found that the majority of suspended breast tumor cells could be eliminated by fluid shear stress, whereas cancer stem cells held survival advantages over conventional cancer cells. Compared to untreated cells, tumor cells surviving shear stress exhibited unique biophysical properties: 1) cell adhesion was significantly retarded, 2) these cells exhibited elongated morphology and enhanced spreading and expressed genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition or hybrid phenotype, and 3) surviving tumor cells showed reduced F-actin assembly and stiffness. Importantly, inhibiting actomyosin activity promoted the survival of suspended tumor cells in fluid shear stress, whereas activating actomyosin suppressed cell survival, which might be explained by the up- and downregulation of the antiapoptosis genes. Soft surviving tumor cells held survival advantages in shear flow and higher resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibiting actomyosin activity in untreated cells enhanced chemoresistance, whereas activating actomyosin in surviving tumor cells suppressed this ability. These findings might be associated with the corresponding changes in the genes related to multidrug resistance. In summary, these data demonstrate that hemodynamic shear stress significantly influences biophysical properties and functions of suspended tumor cells. Our study unveils the regulatory roles of actomyosin in the survival and drug resistance of suspended tumor cells in hemodynamic shear flow, which suggest the importance of fluid shear stress and actomyosin activity in tumor metastasis. These findings may reveal a new, to our knowledge, mechanism by which CTCs are able to survive hemodynamic shear stress and chemotherapy and may offer a new potential strategy to target CTCs in shear flow and combat chemoresistance through actomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keming Li
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhua Tan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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73
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Fan YL, Zhao HC, Li B, Zhao ZL, Feng XQ. Mechanical Roles of F-Actin in the Differentiation of Stem Cells: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3788-3801. [PMID: 33438419 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the development and differentiation of stem cells, mechanical forces associated with filamentous actin (F-actin) play a crucial role. The present review aims to reveal the relationship among the chemical components, microscopic structures, mechanical properties, and biological functions of F-actin. Particular attention is given to the functions of the cytoplasmic and nuclear microfilament cytoskeleton and their regulation mechanisms in the differentiation of stem cells. The distributions of different types of actin monomers in mammal cells and the functions of actin-binding proteins are summarized. We discuss how the fate of stem cells is regulated by intra/extracellular mechanical and chemical cues associated with microfilament-related proteins, intercellular adhesion molecules, etc. In addition, we also address the differentiation-induced variation in the stiffness of stem cells and the correlation between the fate and geometric shape change of stem cells. This review not only deepens our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms underlying the fates of stem cells under different culture conditions but also provides inspirations for the tissue engineering of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lei Fan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi-Long Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abu-Dawud R, Graffmann N, Ferber S, Wruck W, Adjaye J. Pluripotent stem cells: induction and self-renewal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0213. [PMID: 29786549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) lie at the heart of modern regenerative medicine due to their properties of unlimited self-renewal in vitro and their ability to differentiate into cell types representative of the three embryonic germ layers-mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. The derivation of induced PSCs bypasses ethical concerns associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells and also enables personalized cell-based therapies. To exploit their regenerative potential, it is essential to have a firm understanding of the molecular processes associated with their induction from somatic cells. This understanding serves two purposes: first, to enable efficient, reliable and cost-effective production of excellent quality induced PSCs and, second, to enable the derivation of safe, good manufacturing practice-grade transplantable donor cells. Here, we review the reprogramming process of somatic cells into induced PSCs and associated mechanisms with emphasis on self-renewal, epigenetic control, mitochondrial bioenergetics, sub-states of pluripotency, naive ground state, naive and primed. A meta-analysis identified genes expressed exclusively in the inner cell mass and in the naive but not in the primed pluripotent state. We propose these as additional biomarkers defining naive PSCs.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abu-Dawud
- Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Ferber
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - W Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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75
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Short SP, Thompson JJ, Bilotta AJ, Chen X, Revetta FL, Washington MK, Williams CS. Serine Threonine Kinase 17A Maintains the Epithelial State in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:882-894. [PMID: 30655319 PMCID: PMC6941354 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine threonine kinase 17A (STK17A) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase originally identified as a regulator of apoptosis; however, whether it functionally contributes to colorectal cancer has not been established. Here, we have analyzed STK17A in colorectal cancer and demonstrated decreased expression of STK17A in primary tumors, which is further reduced in metastatic lesions, indicating a potential role in regulating the metastatic cascade. Interestingly, changes in STK17A expression did not modify proliferation, apoptosis, or sensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines to treatment with the chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil. Instead, STK17A knockdown induced a robust mesenchymal phenotype consistent with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, including spindle-like cell morphology, decreased expression of adherens junction proteins, and increased migration and invasion. Additionally, overexpression of STK17A decreased cell size and induced widespread membrane blebbing, a phenotype often associated with activation of cell contractility. Indeed, STK17A-overexpressing cells displayed heightened phosphorylation of myosin light chain in a manner dependent on STK17A catalytic activity. Finally, patient-derived tumor organoid cultures were used to more accurately determine STK17A's effect in primary human tumor cells. Loss of STK17A induced morphologic changes, decreased E-cadherin, increased invasion, and augmented organoid attachment on 2D substrates, all together suggesting a more metastatic phenotype. Collectively, these data indicate a novel role for STK17A in the regulation of epithelial phenotypes and indicate its functional contribution to colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: Loss of serine threonine kinase 17A occurs in colorectal cancer metastasis, induces mesenchymal morphologies, and contributes to tumor cell invasion and migration in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Frank L Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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76
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Santoro R, Perrucci GL, Gowran A, Pompilio G. Unchain My Heart: Integrins at the Basis of iPSC Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8203950. [PMID: 30906328 PMCID: PMC6393933 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment mediated by integrin adhesion is of fundamental importance, in both developmental and pathological processes. In particular, mechanotransduction is of growing importance in groundbreaking cellular models such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), since this process may strongly influence cell fate and, thus, augment the precision of differentiation into specific cell types, e.g., cardiomyocytes. The decryption of the cellular machinery starting from ECM sensing to iPSC differentiation calls for new in vitro methods. Conveniently, engineered biomaterials activating controlled integrin-mediated responses through chemical, physical, and geometrical designs are key to resolving this issue and could foster clinical translation of optimized iPSC-based technology. This review introduces the main integrin-dependent mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in mechanotransduction. Special consideration is given to the integrin-iPSC linkage signalling chain in the cardiovascular field, focusing on biomaterial-based in vitro models to evaluate the relevance of this process in iPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lorenzo Perrucci
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Aoife Gowran
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
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77
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Neganova I, Cotts L, Banks P, Gassner K, Shukurov A, Armstrong L, Ladds G, Lako M. Endothelial Differentiation G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Plays an Important Role in Induction and Maintenance of Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019; 37:318-331. [PMID: 30512203 PMCID: PMC6446721 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of human somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for regenerative medicine and basic biology. We used a high-throughput small interfering RNA screening assay in the initiation phase of reprogramming for 784 genes belonging to kinase and phosphatase families and identified 68 repressors and 22 effectors. Six new candidates belonging to the family of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were identified, suggesting an important role for this key signaling pathway during somatic cell-induced reprogramming. Downregulation of one of the key GPCR effectors, endothelial differentiation GPCR5 (EDG5), impacted the maintenance of pluripotency, actin cytoskeleton organization, colony integrity, and focal adhesions in human embryonic stem cells, which were associated with the alteration in the RhoA-ROCK-Cofilin-PAXILLIN-actin signaling pathway. Similarly, downregulation of EDG5 during the initiation stage of somatic cell-induced reprogramming resulted in alteration of cytoskeleton, loss of human-induced pluripotent stem cell colony integrity, and a significant reduction in partially and fully reprogrammed cells as well as the number of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies at the end of the reprogramming process. Together, these data point to an important role of EDG5 in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019;37:318-331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Cotts
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Banks
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Medical School, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gassner
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Anvar Shukurov
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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78
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Kim S, Kim BW, Prizmic VP, Oh E, Yu V, Evans B, Kim D, Garza LA. Simple cell culture media expansion of primary mouse keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 93:135-138. [PMID: 30692040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sooah Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Vicky P Prizmic
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Eugene Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Victoria Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Benjamin Evans
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
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79
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Weissbein U, Peretz M, Plotnik O, Yanuka O, Sagi I, Golan-Lev T, Benvenisty N. Genome-wide Screen for Culture Adaptation and Tumorigenicity-Related Genes in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. iScience 2019; 11:398-408. [PMID: 30660107 PMCID: PMC6348297 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) acquire genetic changes during their propagation in culture that can affect their use in research and future therapies. To identify the key genes involved in selective advantage during culture adaptation and tumorigenicity of hPSCs, we generated a genome-wide screening system for genes and pathways that provide a growth advantage either in vitro or in vivo. We found that hyperactivation of the RAS pathway confers resistance to selection with the hPSC-specific drug PluriSIn-1. We also identified that inactivation of the RHO-ROCK pathway gives growth advantage during culture adaptation. Last, we demonstrated the importance of the PI3K-AKT and HIPPO pathways for the teratoma formation process. Our screen revealed key genes and pathways relevant to the tumorigenicity and survival of hPSCs and should thus assist in understanding and confronting their tumorigenic potential. Large-scale analysis of genes and pathways involved in growth and survival of hPSCs Activation of the RAS pathways confers enhanced resistance to PluriSIn-1 treatment Inactivation of the RHO-ROCK pathway gives selective growth advantage to hPSCs The PI3K-AKT and HIPPO pathways are involved in the process of teratoma formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weissbein
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mordecai Peretz
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omer Plotnik
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Yanuka
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Sagi
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan-Lev
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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80
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Semelakova M, Grauzam S, Betadthunga P, Tiedeken J, Coaxum S, Neskey DM, Rosenzweig SA. Vimentin and Non-Muscle Myosin IIA are Members of the Neural Precursor Cell Expressed Developmentally Down-Regulated 9 (NEDD9) Interactome in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:49-61. [PMID: 30267961 PMCID: PMC6160858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate an interaction between neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally-downregulated 9 (NEDD9) and the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin and non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA), based on co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric sequence identification. Vimentin was constitutively phosphorylated at Ser56 but vimentin associated with NEDD9-was not phosphorylated at Ser56. In contrast, NMIIA bound to NEDD9 was phosphorylated on S1943 consistent with its function in invasion and secretion. Treatment of cells with the vimentin-targeting steroidal lactone withaferin A had no effect on vimentin turnover as previously reported, instead causing NEDD9 cleavage and cell death. The NMIIA-selective inhibitor blebbistatin induced cells to form long extensions and attenuated secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. While the site of vimentin interaction on NEDD9 was not defined, NMIIA was found to interact with NEDD9 at its substrate domain. NEDD9 interactions with vimentin and NMIIA are consistent with these proteins having roles in MMP secretion and cell invasion. These findings suggest that a better understanding of NEDD9 signaling is likely to reveal novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Semelakova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050
| | - Stèphane Grauzam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050
| | - Prabhakar Betadthunga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050; Department of Post Graduate-Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahydri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India, 577203
| | - Jessica Tiedeken
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050
| | - Sonya Coaxum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - David M Neskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425-5050
| | - Steven A Rosenzweig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425-5050; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425-5050.
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81
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Qi Z, Chen YG. Efficient Culture of Intestinal Organoids with Blebbistatin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:113-121. [PMID: 29589266 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly self-renewing tissues throughout life in mammals. A small population of stem cells at the base of crypt in the epithelium can continually self-renew and give rise to differentiated epithelial cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal stem cells are under a tight control during homeostasis, and disruption of this balancing regulation leads to intestinal degeneration or tumorigenesis. Accordingly, exploration of the mechanism underlying the regulation of stem cells is essential for the understanding and treatment of intestinal disorders. As traditional methods using mice models are costly and time-consuming, the recently established ex vivo intestinal organoids model provides an ideal tool to investigate the mechanisms regulating the self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. The intestinal organoids recapitulate major characteristics in both structure and function of intestinal epithelium in vivo. Here, we describe a new protocol to generate the intestinal organoids from both crypts and single stem cells with a higher efficiency using the small molecule blebbistatin and provide an approach to assess the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells in intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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82
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Jardine S, Dhingani N, Muise AM. TTC7A: Steward of Intestinal Health. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:555-570. [PMID: 30553809 PMCID: PMC6406079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, coupled with the efficiency of whole-exome sequencing, has led to the identification of tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A (TTC7A) as a steward of intestinal health. TTC7A deficiency is an autosomal-recessively inherited disease. In the 5 years since the original description, more than 50 patients with more than 20 distinct disease-causing TTC7A mutations have been identified. Patients show heterogenous intestinal and immunologic disease manifestations, including but not limited to multiple intestinal atresias, very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, loss of intestinal architecture, apoptotic enterocolitis, combined immunodeficiency, and various extraintestinal features related to the skin and/or hair. The focus of this review is to highlight trends in patient phenotypes and to consolidate functional data related to the role of TTC7A in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. TTC7A deficiency is fatal in approximately two thirds of patients, and, as more patients continue to be discovered, elucidating the comprehensive role of TTC7A could show druggable targets that may benefit the growing cohort of individuals suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Jardine
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neel Dhingani
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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83
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Nicotinamide Promotes Cell Survival and Differentiation as Kinase Inhibitor in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1347-1356. [PMID: 30503259 PMCID: PMC6294242 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3, is widely used in disease treatments and stem cell applications. However, nicotinamide's impact often cannot be attributed to its nutritional functions. In a vitamin screen, we find that nicotinamide promotes cell survival and differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells. Nicotinamide inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin light chain, suppresses actomyosin contraction, and leads to improved cell survival after individualization. Further analysis demonstrates that nicotinamide is an inhibitor of multiple kinases, including ROCK and casein kinase 1. We demonstrate that nicotinamide affects human embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation as a selective kinase inhibitor. The findings in this report may help researchers design better strategies to develop nicotinamide-related stem cell applications and disease treatments. High dosage of nicotinamide is a direct kinase inhibitor with multiple targets Nicotinamide promotes hPSC survival after individualization through ROCK inhibition Nicotinamide affects hPSC differentiation partially through CK1 inhibition
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84
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Shekari F, Han CL, Lee J, Mirzaei M, Gupta V, Haynes PA, Lee B, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Surface markers of human embryonic stem cells: a meta analysis of membrane proteomics reports. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 30358457 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1539669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unique biological features and attributes that make them attractive in various areas of biomedical research. With heightened applications, there is an ever increasing need for advancement of proteome analysis. Membrane proteins are one of the most important subset of hESC proteins as they can be used as surface markers. Areas covered: This review discusses commonly used surface markers of hESCs, and provides in-depth analysis of available hESC membrane proteome reports and the existence of these markers in many other cell types, especially cancer cells. Appreciating, existing ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we have attempted a meta analysis of the published membrane protein reports of hESCs by using a combination of protein databases and prediction tools to find the most confident plasma membrane proteins in hESCs. Furthermore, responsiveness of plasma membrane proteins to differentiation has been discussed based on available transcriptome profiling data bank. Expert commentary: Combined transcriptome and membrane proteome analysis highlighted additional proteins that may eventually find utility as new cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,f Australian Proteome Analysis Facility , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,i Department of Systems and Synthetic biology , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization , Karaj , Iran
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85
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Zhang L, Ma L, Yan T, Han X, Xu J, Xu J, Xu X. Activated mitochondrial apoptosis in hESCs after dissociation involving the PKA/p-p53/Bax signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:226-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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86
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Chen X, Li J, Huang Y, Liu P, Fan Y. Insoluble Microenvironment Facilitating the Generation and Maintenance of Pluripotency. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:267-278. [PMID: 29327674 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold enormous potential as a tool to generate cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Since the initial report of iPSCs in 2006, many different methods have been developed to enhance the safety and efficiency of this technology. Recent studies indicate that the extracellular signals can promote the production of iPSCs, and even replace the Yamanaka factors. Noticeably, abundant evidences suggest that the insoluble microenvironment, including the culture substrate and neighboring cells, directly regulates the expression of core pluripotency genes and the epigenetic modification of the chromatins, hence, impacts the reprogramming dynamics. These studies provide new strategies for developing safer and more efficient method for iPSC generation. In this review, we examine the publications addressing the insoluble extracellular microenvironment that boosts iPSC generation and self-renewal. We also discuss cell adhesion-mediated molecular mechanisms, through which the insoluble extracellular cues interplay with reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Chen
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 4 National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids , Beijing, China
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87
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Xiao J, Yang D, Li Q, Tian W, Guo W. The establishment of a chemically defined serum-free culture system for human dental pulp stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:191. [PMID: 29996915 PMCID: PMC6042457 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The concept of establishing a dental stem cell (DSC) bank for oral and maxillofacial regeneration has become of great interest but it remains at a primitive stage. The routine application of serum-containing conditions for human DSC (hDSC) culture is in great controversy considering that the animal-originated serum can cause serious ethical concerns and lead to increasingly irrelevant variables, errors, and poor repeatability of experiment results. Thus, this study aimed to establish a safe, stable and efficient hDSC serum-free culturing system for future DSC bank usage. Methods Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from human permanent tooth pulp were isolated, expanded, passaged, and divided into two groups according to their culture conditions: group 1 was the serum-containing medium (SCM) group; and group 2 was the serum-free Essential 8 medium (E8) group. DPSCs were characterized first, followed by cell proliferation, pluripotency, and migration study in SCM and E8 medium. Results Human DPSCs (hDPSCs) in E8 medium demonstrated greater proliferation, pluripotency, migration ability and less apoptosis. hDPSCs could be successfully induced to the adipogenic, osteogenic, neurogenic, and chondrogenic lineages in E8 group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of PPAR-γ, RUNX2, OCN and MAP-2 was higher in E8 group. Conclusions Compared with serum-containing medium, E8 medium exhitibed higher ability in maintaining the cell proliferation, pluripotency, migration, and stability. This new serum-free culture environment might be applicable for hDSC culture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering, Chengdu, China. .,Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering, Chengdu, China. .,Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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88
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Live Imaging Reveals that the First Division of Differentiating Human Embryonic Stem Cells Often Yields Asymmetric Fates. Cell Rep 2018; 21:301-307. [PMID: 29020617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How do stem cells respond to signals to initiate differentiation? Here, we show that, despite uniform exposure to differentiation-inducing extracellular signals, individual human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) respond heterogeneously. To track how hESCs incipiently exit pluripotency, we established a system to differentiate hESCs as single cells and conducted live imaging to track their very first cell division. We followed the fate of their earliest daughters as they remained undifferentiated or differentiated toward the primitive streak (the earliest descendants of pluripotent cells). About 30%-50% of the time, hESCs divided to yield one primitive streak and one undifferentiated daughter. The undifferentiated daughter cell was innately resistant to WNT signaling and could not respond to this primitive-streak-specifying differentiation signal. Hence, the first division of differentiating hESCs sometimes yields daughters with diverging fates, with implications for the efficiency of directed differentiation protocols and the underlying rules of lineage commitment.
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89
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Ovadia EM, Colby DW, Kloxin AM. Designing well-defined photopolymerized synthetic matrices for three-dimensional culture and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1358-1370. [PMID: 29675520 PMCID: PMC6126667 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are of interest for the study of disease, where these cells can be derived from patients and have the potential to be differentiated into any cell type; however, three-dimensional (3D) culture and differentiation of iPSCs within well-defined synthetic matrices for these applications remains limited. Here, we aimed to establish synthetic cell-degradable hydrogels that allow precise presentation of specific biochemical cues for 3D culture of iPSCs with relevance for hypothesis testing and lineage-specific differentiation. We synthesized poly(ethylene glycol)-(PEG)-peptide-based hydrogels by photoinitiated step growth polymerization and used them to test the hypothesis that the viability of iPSCs within these matrices could be rescued with appropriate biochemical cues inspired by proteins and integrins important for iPSC culture on Matrigel. Specifically, we selected a range of motifs inspired by iPSC binding to Matrigel, including laminin-derived IKVAV and YIGSR, α5β1-binding PHSRNG10RGDS, αvβ5-binding KKQRFRHRNRKG, and RGDS that is known to bind a variety of integrins for generally promoting cell adhesion. YIGSR and PHSRNG10RGDS resulted in the highest iPSC viability, where binding of β1 integrin was key, and these permissive compositions also allowed iPSC differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) (decreased oct4 expression and increased pax6 expression) in response to soluble factors. The resulting NPCs formed clusters of different sizes in response to each peptide, suggesting that matrix biochemical cues affect iPSC proliferation and clustering in 3D culture. In summary, we have established photopolymerizable synthetic matrices for the encapsulation, culture, and differentiation of iPSCs for studies of cell-matrix interactions and deployment in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Ovadia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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90
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Su HL, Jeng JR. Combining Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Editing Technologies for Clinical Applications. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:379-392. [PMID: 29806481 PMCID: PMC6038034 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718754560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we introduce current developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), site-specific nuclease (SSN)-mediated genome editing tools, and the combined application of these two novel technologies in biomedical research and therapeutic trials. The sustainable pluripotent property of iPSCs in vitro not only provides unlimited cell sources for basic research but also benefits precision medicines for human diseases. In addition, rapidly evolving SSN tools efficiently tailor genetic manipulations for exploring gene functions and can be utilized to correct genetic defects of congenital diseases in the near future. Combining iPSC and SSN technologies will create new reliable human disease models with isogenic backgrounds in vitro and provide new solutions for cell replacement and precise therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- 1 Bio-innovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,2 Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Hong-Lin Su
- 3 Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ren Jeng
- 4 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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91
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Efficient production of erythroid, megakaryocytic and myeloid cells, using single cell-derived iPSC colony differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2018; 29:232-244. [PMID: 29751281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide opportunities not only for fundamental research and disease modelling/drug testing but also for large-scale production of blood effector cells for future clinical application. Although there are multiple ways to differentiate human iPSCs towards hematopoietic lineages, there is a need to develop reproducible and robust protocols. Here we introduce an efficient way to produce three major blood cell types using a standardized differentiation protocol that starts with a single hematopoietic initiation step. This system is feeder-free, avoids EB-formation, starts with a hematopoietic initiation step based on a novel single cell-derived iPSC colony differentiation and produces multi-potential progenitors within 8-10 days. Followed by lineage-specific growth factor supplementation these cells can be matured into well characterized erythroid, megakaryocytic and myeloid cells with high-purity, without transcription factor overexpression or any kind of pre-purification step. This standardized differentiation system provides a simple platform to produce specific blood cells in a reproducible manner for hematopoietic development studies, disease modelling, drug testing and the potential for future therapeutic applications.
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92
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Actin and myosin II modulate differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195588. [PMID: 29664925 PMCID: PMC5903644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of stem cell-based therapies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is hindered by efficient means of directed differentiation. For pluripotent stem cells, an initial critical differentiation event is specification to one of three germ lineages: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Differentiation is known to be regulated by numerous extracellular and intracellular factors, but the role of the cytoskeleton during specification, or early differentiation, is still unknown. In these studies, we used agonists and antagonists to modulate actin polymerization and the actin-myosin molecular motor during spontaneous differentiation of embryonic stem cells in embryoid bodies. We found that inhibiting either actin polymerization or actin-myosin interactions led to a decrease in differentiation to the mesodermal lineage and an increase in differentiation to the endodermal lineage. Thus, targeting processes that regulate cytoskeletal tension may be effective in enhancing or inhibiting differentiation towards cells of the endodermal or mesodermal lineages, which include hepatocytes, islets, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and osteocytes. Therefore, these fundamental findings demonstrate that modulation of the cytoskeleton may be useful in production for a range of cell-based therapies, including for liver, pancreatic, cardiac, vascular, and orthopedic applications.
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93
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Liu W, Ren Z, Lu K, Song C, Cheung ECW, Zhou Z, Chen G. The Suppression of Medium Acidosis Improves the Maintenance and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at High Density in Defined Cell Culture Medium. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:485-496. [PMID: 29805300 PMCID: PMC5968841 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell density has profound impacts on the cell culture practices of human pluripotent stem cells. The regulation of cell growth, cell death, pluripotency and differentiation converge at high density, but it is largely unknown how different regulatory mechanisms act at this stage. We use a chemically defined medium to systemically examine cellular activities and the impact of medium components in high-density culture. We show that medium acidosis is the main factor that alters cell cycle, gene expression and cellular metabolism at high cell density. The low medium pH leads to inhibition of glucose consumption, cell cycle arrest, and subsequent cell death. At high cell density, the suppression of medium acidosis with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) significantly increases culture capacity for stem cell survival, derivation, maintenance and differentiation. Our study provides a simple and effective tool to improve stem cell maintenance and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhili Ren
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Kai Lu
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chengcheng Song
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | | | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
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94
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Li R, Yu G, Azarin SM, Hubel A. Freezing Responses in DMSO-Based Cryopreservation of Human iPS Cells: Aggregates Versus Single Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:289-299. [PMID: 29478388 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate preservation methods of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have impeded efficient reestablishment of cell culture after the freeze-thaw process. In this study, we examined roles of the cooling rate, seeding temperature, and difference between cell aggregates (3-50 cells) and single cells in controlled rate freezing of hiPSCs. Intracellular ice formation (IIF), post-thaw membrane integrity, cell attachment, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton organization were evaluated to understand the different freezing responses between hiPSC single cells and aggregates, among cooling rates of 1, 3, and 10°C/min, and between seeding temperatures of -4°C and -8°C. Raman spectroscopy images of ice showed that a lower seeding temperature (-8°C) did not affect IIF in single cells, but significantly increased IIF in aggregates, suggesting higher sensitivity of aggregates to supercooling. In the absence of IIF, Raman images showed greater variation of dimethyl sulfoxide concentration across aggregates than single cells, suggesting cryoprotectant transport limitations in aggregates. The ability of cryopreserved aggregates to attach to culture substrates did not correlate with membrane integrity for the wide range of freezing parameters, indicating inadequacy of using only membrane integrity-based optimization metrics. Lower cooling rates (1 and 3°C/min) combined with higher seeding temperature (-4°C) were better at preventing IIF and preserving cell function than a higher cooling rate (10°C/min) or lower seeding temperature (-8°C), proving the seeding temperature range of -7°C to -12°C from literature to be suboptimal. Unique f-actin cytoskeletal organization into a honeycomb-like pattern was observed in postpassage and post-thaw colonies and correlated with successful reestablishment of cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Guanglin Yu
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samira M Azarin
- 3 Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Allison Hubel
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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95
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Rajagopal V, Holmes WR, Lee PVS. Computational modeling of single-cell mechanics and cytoskeletal mechanobiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1407. [PMID: 29195023 PMCID: PMC5836888 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytoskeletal mechanics plays a major role in many aspects of human health from organ development to wound healing, tissue homeostasis and cancer metastasis. We summarize the state-of-the-art techniques for mathematically modeling cellular stiffness and mechanics and the cytoskeletal components and factors that regulate them. We highlight key experiments that have assisted model parameterization and compare the advantages of different models that have been used to recapitulate these experiments. An overview of feed-forward mechanisms from signaling to cytoskeleton remodeling is provided, followed by a discussion of the rapidly growing niche of encapsulating feedback mechanisms from cytoskeletal and cell mechanics to signaling. We discuss broad areas of advancement that could accelerate research and understanding of cellular mechanobiology. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that affect cell and tissue mechanics and function will underpin innovations in medical device technologies of the future. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1407. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1407 This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Rajagopal
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Peter Vee Sin Lee
- Cell and Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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96
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Cui N, Yang WT, Zheng PS. Slug inhibits the proliferation and tumor formation of human cervical cancer cells by up-regulating the p21/p27 proteins and down-regulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via the trans-suppression Akt1/p-Akt1 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26152-67. [PMID: 27036045 PMCID: PMC5041971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slug (Snai2) has been demonstrated to act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in different human cancers, but the function of Slug in cervical cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that Slug could suppress the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Further experiments found that Slug could trans-suppress the expression of Akt1/p-Akt1 by binding to E-box motifs in the promoter of the Akt1 gene and then inhibit the cell proliferation and tumor formation of cervical cancer cells by up-regulating p21/p27 and/or down-regulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, Slug acts as a tumor suppressor during cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China.,Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China.,Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China
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97
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Dakic A, DiVito K, Fang S, Suprynowicz F, Gaur A, Li X, Palechor-Ceron N, Simic V, Choudhury S, Yu S, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal D, Schlegel R, Liu X. ROCK inhibitor reduces Myc-induced apoptosis and mediates immortalization of human keratinocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66740-66753. [PMID: 27556514 PMCID: PMC5341834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Myc/Max/Mad network plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and c-Myc is overexpressed in many cancers, including HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Despite the tolerance of cervical cancer keratinocytes to high Myc expression, we found that the solitary transduction of the Myc gene into primary cervical and foreskin keratinocytes induced rapid cell death. These findings suggested that the anti-apoptotic activity of E7 in cervical cancer cells might be responsible for negating the apoptotic activity of over-expressed Myc. Indeed, our earlier in vitro studies demonstrated that Myc and E7 synergize in the immortalization of keratinocytes. Since we previously postulated that E7 and the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, were members of the same functional pathway in cell immortalization, we tested whether Y-27632 would inhibit apoptosis induced by the over-expression of Myc. Our findings indicate that Y-27632 rapidly inhibited Myc-induced membrane blebbing and cellular apoptosis and, more generally, functioned as an inhibitor of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of cell death. Most important, Y-27632 cooperated with Myc to immortalize keratinocytes efficiently, indicating that apoptosis is a major barrier to Myc-induced immortalization of keratinocytes. The anti-apoptotic activity of Y-27632 correlated with a reduction in p53 serine 15 phosphorylation and the consequent reduction in the expression of downstream target genes p21 and DAPK1, two genes involved in the induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dakic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kyle DiVito
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shuang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Frank Suprynowicz
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Anirudh Gaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nancy Palechor-Ceron
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Vera Simic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sujata Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dean Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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98
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Kumar A, Placone JK, Engler AJ. Understanding the extracellular forces that determine cell fate and maintenance. Development 2017; 144:4261-4270. [PMID: 29183939 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells interpret signals from their microenvironment while simultaneously modifying the niche through secreting factors and exerting mechanical forces. Many soluble stem cell cues have been determined over the past century, but in the past decade, our molecular understanding of mechanobiology has advanced to explain how passive and active forces induce similar signaling cascades that drive self-renewal, migration, differentiation or a combination of these outcomes. Improvements in stem cell culture methods, materials and biophysical tools that assess function have improved our understanding of these cascades. Here, we summarize these advances and offer perspective on ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dziedzicka D, Markouli C, Barbé L, Spits C, Sermon K, Geens M. A High Proliferation Rate is Critical for Reproducible and Standardized Embryoid Body Formation from Laminin-521-Based Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:721-730. [PMID: 27544201 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When aiming for homogenous embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the use of equal-sized EBs is required to avoid a size-induced differentiation bias. In this study we developed an efficient and standardized EB formation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) cultured in a laminin-521-based xeno-free system. As the cell proliferation rate of the cells growing on laminin-521 strongly affected the efficiency of aggregate formation, we found that recently passaged cells, as well as the addition of ROCK inhibitor, were essential for reproducible EB formation from hPSC single-cell suspensions. EBs could be obtained in a variety of differentiation media, in 96-well round-bottom plates and in hanging drops. Gene expression studies on differentially sized EBs from three individual human embryonic stem cell lines demonstrated that the medium used for differentiation influenced the differentiation outcome to a much greater extent than the number of cells used for the initial EB formation. Our findings give a new insight into factors that influence the EB formation and differentiation process. This optimized method allows us to easily manipulate EB formation and provide an excellent starting point for downstream EB-based differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christina Markouli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lise Barbé
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Li Y, Li L, Chen ZN, Gao G, Yao R, Sun W. Engineering-derived approaches for iPSC preparation, expansion, differentiation and applications. Biofabrication 2017; 9:032001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7e9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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