51
|
Bellelli R, Belan O, Pye VE, Clement C, Maslen SL, Skehel JM, Cherepanov P, Almouzni G, Boulton SJ. POLE3-POLE4 Is a Histone H3-H4 Chaperone that Maintains Chromatin Integrity during DNA Replication. Mol Cell 2018; 72:112-126.e5. [PMID: 30217558 PMCID: PMC6179962 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of epigenetic integrity relies on coordinated recycling and partitioning of parental histones and deposition of newly synthesized histones during DNA replication. This process depends upon a poorly characterized network of histone chaperones, remodelers, and binding proteins. Here we implicate the POLE3-POLE4 subcomplex of the leading-strand polymerase, Polε, in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly through its ability to selectively bind to histones H3-H4. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and physical mapping, we define minimal domains necessary for interaction between POLE3-POLE4 and histones H3-H4. Biochemical analyses establish that POLE3-POLE4 is a histone chaperone that promotes tetrasome formation and DNA supercoiling in vitro. In cells, POLE3-POLE4 binds both newly synthesized and parental histones, and its depletion hinders helicase unwinding and chromatin PCNA unloading and compromises coordinated parental histone retention and new histone deposition. Collectively, our study reveals that POLE3-POLE4 possesses intrinsic H3-H4 chaperone activity, which facilitates faithful nucleosome dynamics at the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ondrej Belan
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Camille Clement
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, Paris, France
| | - Sarah L Maslen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - J Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Genevieve Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, Paris, France
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
Dauer diapause is a stress-resistant, developmentally quiescent, and long-lived larval stage adopted by Caenorhabditis elegans when conditions are unfavorable for growth and reproduction. This chapter contains methods to induce dauer larva formation, to isolate dauer larvae, and to study pre- and post-dauer stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xantha Karp
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang H, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang C, Gao S, Li W, Hu JF. Long noncoding RNAs and their epigenetic function in hematological diseases. Hematol Oncol 2018; 37:15-21. [PMID: 30052285 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries demonstrate the importance of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the regulation of multiple major processes impacting development, differentiation, and metastasis of hematological diseases through epigenetic mechanisms. In contrast to genetic changes, epigenetic modification does not modify genes but is frequently reversible, thus providing opportunities for targeted treatment using specific inhibitors. In this review, we will summarize the function and epigenetic mechanism of lncRNA in malignant hematologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Huang
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingnan Sun
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sujun Gao
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Corrigan DJ, Luchsinger LL, Justino de Almeida M, Williams LJ, Strikoudis A, Snoeck HW. PRDM16 isoforms differentially regulate normal and leukemic hematopoiesis and inflammatory gene signature. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3250-3264. [PMID: 29878897 DOI: 10.1172/jci99862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM16 is a transcriptional coregulator involved in translocations in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes, and T acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is highly expressed in and required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and can be aberrantly expressed in AML. Prdm16 is expressed as full-length (fPrdm16) and short (sPrdm16) isoforms, the latter lacking the N-terminal PR domain. The role of both isoforms in normal and malignant hematopoiesis is unclear. We show here that fPrdm16 was critical for HSC maintenance, induced multiple genes involved in GTPase signaling, and repressed inflammation, while sPrdm16 supported B cell development biased toward marginal zone B cells and induced an inflammatory signature. In a mouse model of human MLL-AF9 leukemia, fPrdm16 extended latency, while sPrdm16 shortened latency and induced a strong inflammatory signature, including several cytokines and chemokines that are associated with myelodysplasia and with a worse prognosis in human AML. Finally, in human NPM1-mutant and in MLL-translocated AML, high expression of PRDM16, which negatively impacts outcome, was associated with inflammatory gene expression, thus corroborating the mouse data. Our observations demonstrate distinct roles for Prdm16 isoforms in normal HSCs and AML, and identify sPrdm16 as one of the drivers of prognostically adverse inflammation in leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Corrigan
- Columbia Center of Human Development.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | - Linda J Williams
- Columbia Center of Human Development.,Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center of Human Development.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Medicine, and.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Jalbert E, Pietras EM. Analysis of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation During Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1686:183-200. [PMID: 29030822 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Normally, quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rapidly enter the cell cycle following exposure to inflammatory stimuli. The analysis of HSC cell cycle activity in murine bone marrow during inflammation is often complicated by the relative rarity of HSCs and shifts in Sca-1, a key cell surface marker used to identify HSCs. Here, we report a method to analyze HSC proliferation and cell cycle distribution under inflammatory conditions. Our approach uses EdU incorporation and Ki67 staining coupled with DNA content quantification by DAPI. We also incorporate the surface marker ESAM to help minimize the potential for contaminating events that may confound analysis in the HSC compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jalbert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave, Research Complex 2, Mail Stop F754, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Desai A, Zhang Y, Park Y, Dawson DM, Larusch GA, Kasturi L, Wald D, Ready JM, Gerson SL, Markowitz SD. A second-generation 15-PGDH inhibitor promotes bone marrow transplant recovery independently of age, transplant dose and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. Haematologica 2018; 103:1054-1064. [PMID: 29472361 PMCID: PMC6058768 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.178376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following myeloablative chemotherapy is a curative treatment for many hematopoietic malignancies. However, profound granulocytopenia during the interval between transplantation and marrow recovery exposes recipients to risks of fatal infection, a significant source of transplant-associated morbidity and mortality. We have previously described the discovery of a small molecule, SW033291, that potently inhibits the prostaglandin degrading enzyme 15-PGDH, increases bone marrow prostaglandin E2, and accelerates hematopoietic recovery following murine transplant. Here we describe the efficacy of (+)-SW209415, a second-generation 15-PGDH inhibitor, in an expanded range of models relevant to human transplantation. (+)-SW209415 is 10,000-fold more soluble, providing the potential for intravenous delivery, while maintaining potency in inhibiting 15-PGDH, increasing in vivo prostaglandin E2, and accelerating hematopoietic regeneration following transplantation. In additional models, (+)-SW209415: (i) demonstrated synergy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the current standard of care; (ii) maintained efficacy as transplant cell dose was escalated; (iii) maintained efficacy when transplant donors and recipients were aged; and (iv) potentiated homing in xenotransplants using human hematopoietic stem cells. (+)-SW209415 showed no adverse effects, no potentiation of in vivo growth of human myeloma and leukemia xenografts, and, on chronic high-dose administration, no toxicity as assessed by weight, blood counts and serum chemistry. These studies provide independent chemical confirmation of the activity of 15-PGDH inhibitors in potentiating hematopoietic recovery, extend the range of models in which inhibiting 15-PGDH demonstrates activity, allay concerns regarding potential for adverse effects from increasing prostaglandin E2, and thereby, advance 15-PGDH as a therapeutic target for potentiating hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Desai
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yongyou Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Youngsoo Park
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawn M Dawson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gretchen A Larusch
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kasturi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David Wald
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce mature blood cells throughout lifetime. Natural genetic diversity offers an important yet largely untapped reservoir for deciphering regulatory mechanisms of HSCs and hematopoiesis. In this review, we explore the role of latexin, identified by natural variation, in regulating homeostatic and stress hematopoiesis, unravel the underlying signaling pathways, and propose its therapeutic implication. RECENT FINDINGS Latexin acts endogenously in HSCs to negatively regulate their population size by enhancing apoptosis and by decreasing self-renewal. Deletion of latexin in vivo increases HSC repopulation capacity and survival, expands the entire hematopoietic system, and mitigates myelosuppression. Latexin inactivation downregulates thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1). It inhibits nuclear translocation of ribosomal protein subunit 3 (Rps3), a novel latexin-binding protein, and sensitizes hematopoietic cells to radiation-induced cell death. However, how latexin-Rps3 pathway regulates Thbs1 transcription is unclear. Latexin is downregulated in cancer cells because of promoter hypermethylation, but latexin-depleted mice do not inherently develop hematologic malignancies even with aging. The mechanism of action of latexin in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. SUMMARY Understanding how latexin regulates HSC survival, self-renewal, and stress response will advance our knowledge of HSC biology. It will facilitate the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for hematopoietic regeneration and cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
58
|
Xia P, Wang S, Ye B, Du Y, Li C, Xiong Z, Qu Y, Fan Z. A Circular RNA Protects Dormant Hematopoietic Stem Cells from DNA Sensor cGAS-Mediated Exhaustion. Immunity 2018; 48:688-701.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
59
|
Division-independent differentiation mandates proliferative competition among stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3182-E3191. [PMID: 29555768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718646115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-initiating gatekeeper mutations that arise in stem cells would be especially potent if they stabilize and expand an affected stem cell lineage. It is therefore important to understand how different stem cell organization strategies promote or prevent variant stem cell amplification in response to different types of mutation, including those that activate proliferation. Stem cell numbers can be maintained constant while producing differentiated products through individually asymmetrical division outcomes or by population asymmetry strategies in which individual stem cell lineages necessarily compete for niche space. We considered alternative mechanisms underlying population asymmetry and used quantitative modeling to predict starkly different consequences of altering proliferation rate: A variant, faster proliferating mutant stem cell should compete better only when stem cell division and differentiation are independent processes. For most types of stem cells, it has not been possible to ascertain experimentally whether division and differentiation are coupled. However, Drosophila follicle stem cells (FSCs) provided a favorable system with which to investigate population asymmetry mechanisms and also for measuring the impact of altered proliferation on competition. We found from detailed cell lineage studies that division and differentiation of an individual FSC are not coupled. We also found that FSC representation, reflecting maintenance and amplification, was highly responsive to genetic changes that altered only the rate of FSC proliferation. The FSC paradigm therefore provides definitive experimental evidence for the general principle that relative proliferation rate will always be a major determinant of competition among stem cells specifically when stem cell division and differentiation are independent.
Collapse
|
60
|
Setd2 deficiency impairs hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and causes malignant transformation. Cell Res 2018. [PMID: 29531312 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferase SETD2 is frequently mutated in various cancers, including leukemia. However, there has not been any functional model to show the contribution of SETD2 in hematopoiesis or the causal role of SETD2 mutation in tumorigenesis. In this study, using a conditional Setd2 knockout mouse model, we show that Setd2 deficiency skews hematopoietic differentiation and reduces the number of multipotent progenitors; although the number of phenotypic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in Setd2-deleted mice is unchanged, functional assays, including serial BM transplantation, reveal that the self-renewal and competitiveness of HSCs are impaired. Intriguingly, Setd2-deleted HSCs, through a latency period, can acquire abilities to overcome the growth disadvantage and eventually give rise to hematopoietic malignancy characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome. Gene expression profile of Setd2-deleted hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) partially resembles that of Dnmt3a/Tet2 double knockout HSPCs, showing activation of the erythroid transcription factor Klf1-related pathway, which plays an important role in hematopoietic malignant transformation. Setd2 deficiency also induces DNA replication stress in HSCs, as reflected by an activated E2F gene regulatory network and repressed expression of the ribonucleotide reductase subunit Rrm2b, which results in proliferation and cell cycle abnormalities and genomic instability, allowing accumulation of secondary mutation(s) that synergistically contributes to tumorigenesis. Thus, our results demonstrate that Setd2 is required for HSC self-renewal, and provide evidence supporting the causal role of Setd2 deficiency in tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanism shall advance our understanding of epigenetic regulation of cancer and provide potential new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
61
|
Eosinophil-derived CCL-6 impairs hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Cell Res 2018; 28:323-335. [PMID: 29327730 PMCID: PMC5835778 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils (Eos) have been long considered as end-stage effector cells in the hierarchical hematopoietic system. Numerous lines of evidence have suggested that Eos are multifunctional leukocytes with respect to the initiation, propagation and regulation of various inflammatory or immune reactions, especially in allergic diseases. Recent studies have shown that Eos are also required for maintenance of bone marrow plasma cells and differentiation of B cells. However, it remains unclear whether Eos contributes to regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that Eos disrupt HSC homeostasis by impairing HSC quiescence and reconstitution ability in wild-type mice following ovalbumin (OVA) challenge and even by causing bone marrow HSC failure and exhaustion in Cd3δ-Il-5 transgenic mice. The impaired maintenance and function of HSCs were associated with Eos-induced redox imbalance (increased oxidative phosphorylation and decreased anti-oxidants levels). More importantly, using mass spectrometry, we determined that CCL-6 is expressed at a high level under eosinophilia. We demonstrate that CCL-6 is Eos-derived and responsible for the impaired HSC homeostasis. Interestingly, blockage of CCL-6 with a specific neutralizing antibody, restored the reconstitution ability of HSCs while exacerbating eosinophilia airway inflammation in OVA-challenged mice. Thus, our study reveals an unexpected function of Eos/CCL-6 in HSC homeostasis.
Collapse
|
62
|
Mitochondrial regulation of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 49:91-98. [PMID: 29309987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) preferentially use glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. While glycolysis in HSC is typically viewed as response to a hypoxic bone marrow environment that protects HSC from damaging reactive oxygen species, other interpretations are possible. Furthermore, recent evidence directly supports a critical role for mitochondria in the maintenance and function of HSCs that goes beyond ATP production. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of metabolism and the role of mitochondria in the biology of HSCs.
Collapse
|
63
|
Yang J. SALL4 as a transcriptional and epigenetic regulator in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Biomark Res 2018; 6:1. [PMID: 29308206 PMCID: PMC5751604 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been substantial progress in our knowledge of the molecular pathways by which stem cell factor SALL4 regulates the embryonic stem cell (ESC) properties, developmental events, and human cancers. This review summarizes recent advances in the biology of SALL4 with a focus on its regulatory functions in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. In the normal hematopoietic system, expression of SALL4 is mainly enriched in the bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs), but is rapidly silenced following lineage differentiation. In hematopoietic malignancies, however, SALL4 expression is abnormally re-activated and linked with deteriorated disease status in patients. Further, SALL4 activation participates in the pathogenesis of tumor initiation and disease progression. Thus, a better understanding of SALL4's biologic functions and mechanisms will facilitate development of advanced targeted anti-leukemia approaches in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Yang
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Lee JM, Govindarajah V, Goddard B, Hinge A, Muench DE, Filippi MD, Aronow B, Cancelas JA, Salomonis N, Grimes HL, Reynaud D. Obesity alters the long-term fitness of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment through modulation of Gfi1 expression. J Exp Med 2017; 215:627-644. [PMID: 29282250 PMCID: PMC5789409 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lee et al. show that established obesity alters the composition and long-term fitness of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, in part through a Gfi1-dependent HSC regulatory program that is activated by the chronic oxidative stress associated with this condition. Obesity is a chronic organismal stress that disrupts multiple systemic and tissue-specific functions. In this study, we describe the impact of obesity on the activity of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. We show that obesity alters the composition of the HSC compartment and its activity in response to hematopoietic stress. The impact of obesity on HSC function is progressively acquired but persists after weight loss or transplantation into a normal environment. Mechanistically, we establish that the oxidative stress induced by obesity dysregulates the expression of the transcription factor Gfi1 and that increased Gfi1 expression is required for the abnormal HSC function induced by obesity. These results demonstrate that obesity produces durable changes in HSC function and phenotype and that elevation of Gfi1 expression in response to the oxidative environment is a key driver of the altered HSC properties observed in obesity. Altogether, these data provide phenotypic and mechanistic insight into durable hematopoietic dysregulations resulting from obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Lee
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Vinothini Govindarajah
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bryan Goddard
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ashwini Hinge
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David E Muench
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jose A Cancelas
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Damien Reynaud
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gene expression and risk of leukemic transformation in myelodysplasia. Blood 2017; 130:2642-2653. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-783050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Through a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis, we discovered 2 major subgroups of myelodysplasia defined by gene expression profiles. The gene expression–based subgroups had independent prognostic value, which was validated in an external cohort.
Collapse
|
66
|
de Almeida MJ, Luchsinger LL, Corrigan DJ, Williams LJ, Snoeck HW. Dye-Independent Methods Reveal Elevated Mitochondrial Mass in Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:725-729.e4. [PMID: 29198942 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce most cellular energy through glycolysis rather than through mitochondrial respiration. Consistent with this notion, mitochondrial mass has been reported to be low in HSCs. However, we found that staining with MitoTracker Green, a commonly used dye to measure mitochondrial content, leads to artefactually low fluorescence specifically in HSCs because of dye efflux. Using mtDNA quantification, enumeration of mitochondrial nucleoids, and fluorescence intensity of a genetically encoded mitochondrial reporter, we unequivocally show here that HSCs and multipotential progenitors (MPPs) have higher mitochondrial mass than lineage-committed progenitors and mature cells. Despite similar mitochondrial mass, respiratory capacity of MPPs exceeds that of HSCs. Furthermore, although elevated mitophagy has been invoked to explain low mitochondrial mass in HSCs, we observed that mitochondrial turnover capacity is comparatively low in HSCs. We propose that the role of mitochondria in HSC biology may have to be revisited in light of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Justino de Almeida
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Larry L Luchsinger
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David J Corrigan
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linda J Williams
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Gundry MC, Brunetti L, Lin A, Mayle AE, Kitano A, Wagner D, Hsu JI, Hoegenauer KA, Rooney CM, Goodell MA, Nakada D. Highly Efficient Genome Editing of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1453-1461. [PMID: 27783956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) has been advanced by the ability to genetically manipulate mice; however, germline modification is time consuming and expensive. Here, we describe fast, efficient, and cost-effective methods to directly modify the genomes of mouse and human HSPCs using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Using plasmid and virus-free delivery of guide RNAs alone into Cas9-expressing HSPCs or Cas9-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes into wild-type cells, we have achieved extremely efficient gene disruption in primary HSPCs from mouse (>60%) and human (∼75%). These techniques enabled rapid evaluation of the functional effects of gene loss of Eed, Suz12, and DNMT3A. We also achieved homology-directed repair in primary human HSPCs (>20%). These methods will significantly expand applications for CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for studying normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Gundry
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lorenzo Brunetti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelique Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allison E Mayle
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ayumi Kitano
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dimitrios Wagner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanne I Hsu
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin A Hoegenauer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Daisuke Nakada
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Suppression of SRCAP chromatin remodelling complex and restriction of lymphoid lineage commitment by Pcid2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1518. [PMID: 29138493 PMCID: PMC5686073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid lineage commitment is an important process in haematopoiesis, which forms the immune system to protect the host from pathogen invasion. However, how multipotent progenitors (MPP) switch into common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) or common myeloid progenitors (CMP) during this process remains elusive. Here we show that PCI domain-containing protein 2 (Pcid2) is highly expressed in MPPs. Pcid2 deletion in the haematopoietic system causes skewed lymphoid lineage specification. In MPPs, Pcid2 interacts with the Zinc finger HIT-type containing 1 (ZNHIT1) to block Snf2-related CREBBP activator protein (SRCAP) activity and prevents the deposition of histone variant H2A.Z and transcription factor PU.1 to key lymphoid fate regulator genes. Furthermore, Znhit1 deletion also abrogates H2A/H2A.Z exchange in MPPs. Thus Pcid2 controls lymphoid lineage commitment through the regulation of SRCAP remodelling activity.
Collapse
|
69
|
Hu T, Murdaugh R, Nakada D. Transcriptional and Microenvironmental Regulation of Lineage Ambiguity in Leukemia. Front Oncol 2017; 7:268. [PMID: 29164065 PMCID: PMC5681738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is characterized by the uncontrolled production of leukemic cells and impaired normal hematopoiesis. Although the combination of chemotherapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has significantly improved the outcome of leukemia patients, a proportion of patients still suffer from relapse after treatment. Upon relapse, a phenomenon termed “lineage switch” is observed in a subset of leukemia patients, in which conversion of lymphoblastic leukemia to myeloid leukemia or vice versa is observed. A rare entity of leukemia called mixed-phenotype acute leukemia exhibits co-expression of markers representing two or three lineages. These two phenotypes regarding the lineage ambiguity suggest that the fate of some leukemia retain or acquire a certain degree of plasticity. Studies using animal models provide insight into how lineage specifying transcription factors can enforce or convert a fate in hematopoietic cells. Modeling lineage conversion in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells may improve our current understanding of how lineage switch occurs in leukemia. In this review, we will summarize the role of transcription factors and microenvironmental signals that confer fate plasticity to normal hematopoietic progenitor cells, and their potential to regulate lineage switching in leukemias. Future efforts to uncover the mechanisms contributing to lineage conversion in both normal hematopoiesis and leukemia may pave the way to improve current therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Hu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Murdaugh
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daisuke Nakada
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yang L, Liu L, Gao H, Pinnamaneni JP, Sanagasetti D, Singh VP, Wang K, Mathison M, Zhang Q, Chen F, Mo Q, Rosengart T, Yang J. The stem cell factor SALL4 is an essential transcriptional regulator in mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged leukemogenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:159. [PMID: 28974232 PMCID: PMC5627455 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stem cell factor spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4) plays important roles in normal hematopoiesis and also in leukemogenesis. We previously reported that SALL4 exerts its effect by recruiting important epigenetic factors such as DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). Both of these proteins are critically involved in mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemia, which has a very poor clinical prognosis. Recently, SALL4 has been further linked to the functions of MLL and its target gene homeobox A9 (HOXA9). However, it remains unclear whether SALL4 is indeed a key player in MLL-r leukemia pathogenesis. METHODS Using a mouse bone marrow retroviral transduction/ transplantation approach combined with tamoxifen-inducible, CreERT2-mediated Sall4 gene deletion, we studied SALL4 functions in leukemic transformation that was induced by MLL-AF9-one of the most common MLL-r oncoproteins found in patients. In addition, the underlying transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms were explored using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing (ChIP-Seq), mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR, histone modification, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), cell cycle, and apoptosis assays. The effects of SALL4 loss on normal hematopoiesis in mice were also investigated. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that SALL4 expression is critically required for MLL-AF9-induced leukemic transformation and disease progression in mice. Loss of SALL4 in MLL-AF9-transformed cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1. ChIP-Seq assay identified that Sall4 binds to key MLL-AF9 target genes and important MLL-r or non-MLL-r leukemia-related genes. ChIP-PCR assays indicated that SALL4 affects the levels of the histone modification markers H3K79me2/3 and H3K4me3 at MLL-AF9 target gene promoters by physically interacting with DOT1-like histone H3K79 methyltransferase (DOT1l) and LSD1/KDM1A, and thereby regulates transcript expression. Surprisingly, normal Sall4 f/f /CreERT2 mice treated with tamoxifen or vav-Cre-mediated (hematopoietic-specific) Sall4 -/- mice were healthy and displayed no significant hematopoietic defects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that SALL4 critically contributes to MLL-AF9-induced leukemia, unraveling the underlying transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in this disease and suggesting that selectively targeting the SALL4 pathway may be a promising approach for managing human MLL-r leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaya Pratap Pinnamaneni
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Deepthi Sanagasetti
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vivek P Singh
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megumi Mathison
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd Rosengart
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Li F, He B, Ma X, Yu S, Bhave RR, Lentz SR, Tan K, Guzman ML, Zhao C, Xue HH. Prostaglandin E1 and Its Analog Misoprostol Inhibit Human CML Stem Cell Self-Renewal via EP4 Receptor Activation and Repression of AP-1. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:359-373.e5. [PMID: 28844837 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) largely depends on the eradication of CML leukemic stem cells (LSCs). We recently showed that CML LSCs depend on Tcf1 and Lef1 factors for self-renewal. Using a connectivity map, we identified prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) as a small molecule that partly elicited the gene expression changes in LSCs caused by Tcf1/Lef1 deficiency. Although it has little impact on normal hematopoiesis, we found that PGE1 treatment impaired the persistence and activity of LSCs in a pre-clinical murine CML model and a xenograft model of transplanted CML patient CD34+ stem/progenitor cells. Mechanistically, PGE1 acted on the EP4 receptor and repressed Fosb and Fos AP-1 factors in a β-catenin-independent manner. Misoprostol, an FDA-approved EP4 agonist, conferred similar protection against CML. These findings suggest that activation of this PGE1-EP4 pathway specifically targets CML LSCs and that the combination of PGE1/misoprostol with conventional tyrosine-kinase inhibitors could provide effective therapy for CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bing He
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoke Ma
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Rupali R Bhave
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven R Lentz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) arise as a late effect of chemotherapy and/or radiation administered for a primary condition, typically a malignant disease, solid organ transplant or autoimmune disease. Survival is measured in months, not years, making t-MN one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers. In this Review, we discuss recent developments that reframe our understanding of the genetic and environmental aetiology of t-MN. Emerging data are illuminating who is at highest risk of developing t-MN, why t-MN are chemoresistant and how we may use this information to treat and ultimately prevent this lethal disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Clone Cells/physiology
- Gene-Environment Interaction
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hematopoiesis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/etiology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/therapy
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/therapy
- Prognosis
- Radiation Exposure/adverse effects
- Risk Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology and the Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial post-transcriptional regulators of haematopoietic cell fate decisions. They act by negatively regulating the expression of key immune development genes, thus contributing important logic elements to the regulatory circuitry. Deletion studies have made it increasingly apparent that they confer robustness to immune cell development, especially under conditions of environmental stress such as infectious challenge and ageing. Aberrant expression of certain miRNAs can lead to pathological consequences, such as autoimmunity and haematological cancers. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which several miRNAs influence immune development and buffer normal haematopoietic output, first at the level of haematopoietic stem cells, then in innate and adaptive immune cells. We then discuss the pathological consequences of dysregulation of these miRNAs.
Collapse
|
74
|
Masamoto Y, Arai S, Sato T, Kubota N, Takamoto I, Kadowaki T, Kurokawa M. Adiponectin Enhances Quiescence Exit of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Recovery Through mTORC1 Potentiation. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1835-1848. [PMID: 28480607 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myelotoxic injury, such as chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation, unlocks the vigorous power of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to replenish the hematopoietic system, making quiescent HSCs enter the cell cycle. Considering that both HSC-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms enforce quiescence of HSCs, the drastic change in bone marrow (BM) environment after injury, represented by massive expansion of BM adipocytes, might trigger HSC activation. BM adipocytes, the major cellular component in the ablated marrow, however, reportedly suppress proliferation of hematopoietic cells, which may indicate the BM adipocytogenesis is an irrational response of injured organism. Given that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ with pleiotropic functions, we hypothesized that adipocyte-derived factors, especially adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine involved in regulation of granulopoiesis, are implicated in HSC activation. Myeloablative intervention increased BM adiponectin by multiple mechanisms, including adipocyte expansion and increased diffusion from the blood. Adiponectin-null (Adipoq -/- ) mice showed delayed hematopoietic recovery after BM injury, with Adipoq-/- HSCs more quiescent and defective in mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. Recombinant adiponectin promoted not only HSC activation in vivo but cytokine-induced activation in vitro, and shortened the time for exit from quiescence in an mTORC1-dependent manner. These data illustrate a scarcely-reported example of a cell-extrinsic factor, adiponectin, enhancing quiescence exit of HSCs, and subsequent hematopoietic recovery. Our findings also highlight adipocytes as a source of adiponectin to ensure the proliferative burst of hematopoietic cells in ablated marrow. Stem Cells 2017;35:1835-1848.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Masamoto
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Transfusion Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Arai
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Transfusion Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Department of Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iseki Takamoto
- Department of Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Domingues MJ, Cao H, Heazlewood SY, Cao B, Nilsson SK. Niche Extracellular Matrix Components and Their Influence on HSC. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1984-1993. [PMID: 28112429 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) takes place in a highly specialized microenvironment within the bone marrow. Technological improvements, especially in the field of in vivo imaging, have helped unravel the complexity of the niche microenvironment and have completely changed the classical concept from what was previously believed to be a static supportive platform, to a dynamic microenvironment tightly regulating HSC homeostasis through the complex interplay between diverse cell types, secreted factors, extracellular matrix molecules, and the expression of different transmembrane receptors. To add to the complexity, non-protein based metabolites have also been recognized as a component of the bone marrow niche. The objective of this review is to discuss the current understanding on how the different extracellular matrix components of the niche regulate HSC fate, both during embryonic development and in adulthood. Special attention will be provided to the description of non-protein metabolites, such as lipids and metal ions, which contribute to the regulation of HSC behavior. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1984-1993, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Domingues
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Huimin Cao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shen Y Heazlewood
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Liu Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Wang C, Jia J, Gao T, Hildebrandt G, Zhou D, Bondada S, Ji P, St Clair D, Liu J, Zhan C, Geiger H, Wang S, Liang Y. Latexin Inactivation Enhances Survival and Long-Term Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Expands the Entire Hematopoietic System in Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:991-1004. [PMID: 28330618 PMCID: PMC5390104 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural genetic diversity offers an important yet largely untapped resource to decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Latexin (Lxn) is a negative stem cell regulatory gene identified on the basis of genetic diversity. By using an Lxn knockout mouse model, we found that Lxn inactivation in vivo led to the physiological expansion of the entire hematopoietic hierarchy. Loss of Lxn enhanced the competitive repopulation capacity and survival of HSCs in a cell-intrinsic manner. Gene profiling of Lxn-null HSCs showed altered expression of genes enriched in cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1) was a potential downstream target with a dramatic downregulation in Lxn-null HSCs. Enforced expression of Thbs1 restored the Lxn inactivation-mediated HSC phenotypes. This study reveals that Lxn plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostatic hematopoiesis, and it may lead to development of safe and effective approaches to manipulate HSCs for clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Health Sciences Research Building Room 340, 1095 V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gerhard Hildebrandt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daret St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Health Sciences Research Building Room 340, 1095 V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Changguo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Health Sciences Research Building Room 340, 1095 V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
PUMILIO/FOXP1 signaling drives expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor and leukemia cells. Blood 2017; 129:2493-2506. [PMID: 28232582 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-747436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged as important regulators of invertebrate adult stem cells, but their activities remain poorly appreciated in mammals. Using a short hairpin RNA strategy, we demonstrate here that the 2 mammalian RBPs, PUMILIO (PUM)1 and PUM2, members of the PUF family of posttranscriptional regulators, are essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo upon reconstitution assays. Moreover, we found that PUM1/2 sustain myeloid leukemic cell growth. Through a proteomic approach, we identified the FOXP1 transcription factor as a new target of PUM1/2. Contrary to its canonical repressive activity, PUM1/2 rather promote FOXP1 expression by a direct binding to 2 canonical PUM responsive elements present in the FOXP1-3' untranslated region (UTR). Expression of FOXP1 strongly correlates with PUM1 and PUM2 levels in primary HSPCs and myeloid leukemia cells. We demonstrate that FOXP1 by itself supports HSPC and leukemic cell growth, thus mimicking PUM activities. Mechanistically, FOXP1 represses the expression of the p21-CIP1 and p27-KIP1 cell cycle inhibitors. Enforced FOXP1 expression reverses shPUM antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities. Altogether, our results reveal a novel regulatory pathway, underscoring a previously unknown and interconnected key role of PUM1/2 and FOXP1 in regulating normal HSPC and leukemic cell growth.
Collapse
|
78
|
Wang H, Diao D, Shi Z, Zhu X, Gao Y, Gao S, Liu X, Wu Y, Rudolph KL, Liu G, Li T, Ju Z. SIRT6 Controls Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis through Epigenetic Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 18:495-507. [PMID: 27058938 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of Wnt signaling is critical for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. The epigenetic regulation of Wnt signaling in HSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the histone deacetylase SIRT6 regulates HSC homeostasis through the transcriptional repression of Wnt target genes. Sirt6 deletion promoted HSC proliferation through aberrant activation of Wnt signaling. SIRT6-deficient HSCs exhibited impaired self-renewal ability in serial competitive transplantation assay. Mechanistically, SIRT6 inhibits the transcription of Wnt target genes by interacting with transcription factor LEF1 and deacetylating histone 3 at lysine 56. Pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt pathway rescued the aberrant proliferation and functional defect in SIRT6-deficient HSCs. Taken together, these findings disclose a new link between SIRT6 and Wnt signaling in the regulation of adult stem cell homeostasis and self-renewal capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Daojun Diao
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhencan Shi
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - You Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Guanghui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tangliang Li
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Goldstein O, Meyer K, Greenshpan Y, Bujanover N, Feigin M, Ner-Gaon H, Shay T, Gazit R. Mapping Whole-Transcriptome Splicing in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:163-176. [PMID: 28041879 PMCID: PMC5233452 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells that generate all the various types of blood and immune cells. High-quality transcriptome data have enabled the identification of significant genes for HSCs. However, most genes are expressed in various forms by alternative splicing (AS), extending transcriptome complexity. Here, we delineate AS to determine which isoforms are expressed in mouse HSCs. Our analysis of microarray and RNA-sequencing data includes differential expression of splicing factors that may regulate AS, and a complete map of splicing isoforms. Multiple types of isoforms for known HSC genes and unannotated splicing that may alter gene function are presented. Transcriptome-wide identification of genes and their respective isoforms in mouse HSCs will open another dimension for adult stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oron Goldstein
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Karin Meyer
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yariv Greenshpan
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nir Bujanover
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mili Feigin
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Hadas Ner-Gaon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department for Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Khurana S, Schouteden S, Manesia JK, Santamaria-Martínez A, Huelsken J, Lacy-Hulbert A, Verfaillie CM. Outside-in integrin signalling regulates haematopoietic stem cell function via Periostin-Itgav axis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13500. [PMID: 27905395 PMCID: PMC5146274 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins play an important role in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in the bone marrow niche. Here, we demonstrate that Periostin (Postn) via interaction with Integrin-αv (Itgav) regulates HSC proliferation. Systemic deletion of Postn results in peripheral blood (PB) anaemia, myelomonocytosis and lymphopenia, while the number of phenotypic HSCs increases in the bone marrow. Postn−/− mice recover faster from radiation injury with concomitant loss of primitive HSCs. HSCs from Postn−/− mice show accumulation of DNA damage generally associated with aged HSCs. Itgav deletion in the haematopoietic system leads to a similar PB phenotype and HSC-intrinsic repopulation defects. Unaffected by Postn, Vav-Itgav−/− HSCs proliferate faster in vitro, illustrating the importance of Postn-Itgav interaction. Finally, the Postn-Itgav interaction inhibits the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway in HSCs, leading to increase in p27Kip1 expression resulting in improved maintenance of quiescent HSCs. Together, we demonstrate a role for Itgav-mediated outside-in signalling in regulation of HSC proliferation and stemness. Integrins regulate haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis and engraftment into the bone marrow (BM) niche upon transplantation. Here, the authors show that HSC quiescence and function in the BM is regulated by the interaction of PERIOSTIN and INTEGRIN αv and subsequent increase in p27Kip1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Khurana
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Schouteden
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javed K Manesia
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joerg Huelsken
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
The chromatin-associated Sin3B protein is required for hematopoietic stem cell functions in mice. Blood 2016; 129:60-70. [PMID: 27806947 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-721746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy and are the origin of all blood cells produced throughout an individual's life. The balance between HSC self-renewal and differentiation is maintained by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Among these, the molecular pathways that restrict cell cycle progression are critical to the maintenance of functional HSCs. Alterations in the regulation of cell cycle progression in HSCs invariably lead to the development of hematologic malignancies or bone marrow failure syndromes. Here we report that hematopoietic-specific genetic inactivation of Sin3B, an essential component of the mammalian Sin3-histone deacetylase corepressor complex, severely impairs the competitive repopulation capacity of HSCs. Sin3B-deleted HSCs accumulate and fail to properly differentiate following transplantation. Moreover, Sin3B inactivation impairs HSC quiescence and sensitizes mice to myelosuppressive therapy. Together, these results identify Sin3B as a novel and critical regulator of HSC functions.
Collapse
|
82
|
The ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 regulates the maintenance and lymphoid commitment of hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1312-1321. [PMID: 27668798 PMCID: PMC5117833 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are dormant in the bone marrow and can be activated in response to diverse stresses to replenish all blood cell types. Here we identify the ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 as a crucial regulator of HSC functions via its post-translational control of N-myc. We found Huwe1 to be essential for HSC self-renewal, quiescence and lymphoid fate specification. Using a novel fluorescent fusion allele (MycnM), we observed that N-myc expression was restricted to the most immature, multipotent stem and progenitor populations. N-myc was upregulated in response to stress or upon loss of Huwe1, leading to increased proliferation and stem cell exhaustion. Mycn depletion reversed most of these phenotypes in vivo, suggesting that the attenuation of N-myc by Huwe1 is essential to reestablish homeostasis following stress.
Collapse
|
83
|
Kwarteng EO, Heinonen KM. Competitive Transplants to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fitness. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684883 DOI: 10.3791/54345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to reestablish blood cell production for the lifespan of the recipient. This protocol explains how to set up a functional assay to compare the HSC capacities of two different populations of cells, such as bone marrow from mice of two different genotypes, and how to analyze the recipient mice by flow cytometry. The protocol uses HSC equivalents rather than cell sorting for standardization and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. We further discuss different variations to the basic protocol, including serial transplants, limiting dilution assays, homing assays and non-competitive transplants, including the advantages and preferred uses of these varied approaches. These assays are central for the study of HSC function and could be used not only for the investigation of fundamental HSC intrinsic aspects of biology but also for the development of preclinical assays for bone marrow transplant and HSC expansion in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward O Kwarteng
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
| | - Krista M Heinonen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique;
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Aranda-Orgilles B, Saldaña-Meyer R, Wang E, Trompouki E, Fassl A, Lau S, Mullenders J, Rocha PP, Raviram R, Guillamot M, Sánchez-Díaz M, Wang K, Kayembe C, Zhang N, Amoasii L, Choudhuri A, Skok JA, Schober M, Reinberg D, Sicinski P, Schrewe H, Tsirigos A, Zon LI, Aifantis I. MED12 Regulates HSC-Specific Enhancers Independently of Mediator Kinase Activity to Control Hematopoiesis. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:784-799. [PMID: 27570068 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic-specific transcription factors require coactivators to communicate with the general transcription machinery and establish transcriptional programs that maintain hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, promote differentiation, and prevent malignant transformation. Mediator is a large coactivator complex that bridges enhancer-localized transcription factors with promoters, but little is known about Mediator function in adult stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. We show that MED12, a member of the Mediator kinase module, is an essential regulator of HSC homeostasis, as in vivo deletion of Med12 causes rapid bone marrow aplasia leading to acute lethality. Deleting other members of the Mediator kinase module does not affect HSC function, suggesting kinase-independent roles of MED12. MED12 deletion destabilizes P300 binding at lineage-specific enhancers, resulting in H3K27Ac depletion, enhancer de-activation, and consequent loss of HSC stemness signatures. As MED12 mutations have been described recently in blood malignancies, alterations in MED12-dependent enhancer regulation may control both physiological and malignant hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aranda-Orgilles
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ricardo Saldaña-Meyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jasper Mullenders
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - María Guillamot
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - María Sánchez-Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Clarisse Kayembe
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leonela Amoasii
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Avik Choudhuri
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Markus Schober
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heinrich Schrewe
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, and The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
You L, Li L, Zou J, Yan K, Belle J, Nijnik A, Wang E, Yang XJ. BRPF1 is essential for development of fetal hematopoietic stem cells. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3247-62. [PMID: 27500495 DOI: 10.1172/jci80711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) serve as a life-long reservoir for all blood cell types and are clinically useful for a variety of HSC transplantation-based therapies. Understanding the role of chromatin organization and regulation in HSC homeostasis may provide important insights into HSC development. Bromodomain- and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) is a multivalent chromatin regulator that possesses 4 nucleosome-binding domains and activates 3 lysine acetyltransferases (KAT6A, KAT6B, and KAT7), suggesting that this protein has the potential to stimulate crosstalk between different chromatin modifications. Here, we investigated the function of BRPF1 in hematopoiesis by selectively deleting its gene in murine blood cells. Brpf1-deficient pups experienced early lethality due to acute bone marrow failure and aplastic anemia. The mutant bone marrow and fetal liver exhibited severe deficiency in HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors, along with elevated reactive oxygen species, senescence, and apoptosis. BRPF1 deficiency also reduced the expression of multipotency genes, including Slamf1, Mecom, Hoxa9, Hlf, Gfi1, Egr, and Gata3. Furthermore, BRPF1 was required for acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 23, a highly abundant but not well-characterized epigenetic mark. These results identify an essential role of the multivalent chromatin regulator BRPF1 in definitive hematopoiesis and illuminate a potentially new avenue for studying epigenetic networks that govern HSC ontogeny.
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
|
87
|
Lin C, Jia SN, Yang F, Jia WH, Yu XJ, Yang JS, Yang WJ. The transcription factor p8 regulates autophagy during diapause embryo formation in Artemia parthenogenetica. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:665-75. [PMID: 27125785 PMCID: PMC4907998 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential homeostatic process by which cytoplasmic components, including macromolecules and organelles, are degraded by lysosome. Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and target of rapamycin (TOR) play key roles in the regulation of autophagy. However, the regulation of autophagy in quiescent cells remains unclear, despite the fact that autophagy is known to be critical for normal development, regeneration, and degenerative diseases. Here, crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica was used as a model system because they produced and released encysted embryos that enter a state of obligate dormancy in cell quiescence to withstand various environmental threats. We observed that autophagy was increased before diapause stage but dropped to extremely low level in diapause cysts in Artemia. Western blot analyses indicated that the regulation of autophagy was AMPK/TOR independent during diapause embryo formation. Importantly, the level of p8 (Ar-p8), a stress-inducible transcription cofactor, was elevated at the stage just before diapause and was absent in encysted embryos, indicating that Ar-p8 may regulate autophagy. The results of Ar-p8 knockdown revealed that Ar-p8 regulated autophagy during diapause formation in Artemia. Moreover, we observed that activating transcription factors 4 and 6 (ATF4 and ATF6) responded to Ar-p8-regulated autophagy, indicating that autophagy targeted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during diapause formation in Artemia. Additionally, AMPK/TOR-independent autophagy was validated in human gastric cancer MKN45 cells overexpressing Ar-p8. The findings presented here may provide insights into the role of p8 in regulating autophagy in quiescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Huan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Potential Pitfalls of the Mx1-Cre System: Implications for Experimental Modeling of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:11-8. [PMID: 27373927 PMCID: PMC4945592 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional knockout mice are commonly used to study the function of specific genes in hematopoiesis. Different promoters that drive Cre expression have been utilized, with the interferon-inducible Mx1-Cre still being the most commonly used "deleter strain" in experimental hematology. However, different pitfalls associated with this system could lead to misinterpretation in functional studies. We present here two of these issues related to the use of Mx1-Cre: first, a high spontaneous recombination rate when applying commonly used techniques in experimental hematology, and second, undesired short-term consequences of the use of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, including changes in cellular phenotypes that, however, resolve within days. Our studies emphasize therefore that proper controls are crucial when modeling gene deletion using the Mx1-Cre transgene.
Collapse
|
89
|
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Deficiency in an Exon 3 Deletion Mouse Model Promotes Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation and Impacts Endosteal Niche Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4536187. [PMID: 27366154 PMCID: PMC4913018 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4536187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) family of proteins. The AHR is involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions including self-renewal, proliferation, quiescence, and differentiation. We hypothesize that AHR impacts HSC functions by influencing genes that have roles in HSC maintenance and function and that this may occur through regulation of bone marrow (BM) niche cells. We examined BM and niche cells harvested from 8-week-old AHR null-allele (KO) mice in which exon 3 was deleted in the Ahr gene and compared these data to cells from B6 control mice; young and old (10 months) animals were also compared. We report changes in HSCs and peripheral blood cells in mice lacking AHR. Serial transplantation assays revealed a significant increase in long term HSCs. There was a significant increase in mesenchymal stem cells constituting the endosteal BM niche. Gene expression analyses of HSCs revealed an increase in expression of genes involved in proliferation and maintenance of quiescence. Our studies infer that loss of AHR results in increased proliferation and self-renewal of long term HSCs, in part, by influencing the microenvironment in the niche regulating the balance between quiescence and proliferation in HSCs.
Collapse
|
90
|
Yu S, Li F, Xing S, Zhao T, Peng W, Xue HH. Hematopoietic and Leukemic Stem Cells Have Distinct Dependence on Tcf1 and Lef1 Transcription Factors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11148-60. [PMID: 27044748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells (HSCs and LSCs) have self-renewal ability to maintain normal hematopoiesis and leukemia propagation, respectively. Tcf1 and Lef1 transcription factors are expressed in HSCs, and targeting both factors modestly expanded the size of the HSC pool due to diminished HSC quiescence. Functional defects of Tcf1/Lef1-deficient HSCs in multi-lineage blood reconstitution was only evident under competitive conditions or when subjected to repeated regenerative stress. These are mechanistically due to direct positive regulation of Egr and Tcf3 by Tcf1 and Lef1, and significantly, forced expression of Egr1 in Tcf1/Lef1-deficient HSCs restored HSC quiescence. In a preclinical CML model, loss of Tcf1/Lef1 did not show strong impact on leukemia initiation and progression. However, when transplanted into secondary recipients, Tcf1/Lef1-deficient LSCs failed to propagate CML. By induced deletion of Tcf1 and Lef1 in pre-established CML, we further demonstrated an intrinsic requirement for these factors in LSC self-renewal. When combined with imatinib therapy, genetic targeting of Tcf1 and Lef1 potently diminished LSCs and conferred better protection to the CML recipients. LSCs are therefore more sensitive to loss of Tcf1 and Lef1 than HSCs in their self-renewal capacity. The differential requirements in HSCs and LSCs thus identify Tcf1 and Lef1 transcription factors as novel therapeutic targets in treating hematological malignancies, and inhibition of Tcf1/Lef1-regulated transcriptional programs may thus provide a therapeutic window to eliminate LSCs with minimal side effect on normal HSC functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,
| | - Fengyin Li
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Shaojun Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Tianyan Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052, and
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Lu K, Nakagawa MM, Thummar K, Rathinam CV. Slicer Endonuclease Argonaute 2 Is a Negative Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Quiescence. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1343-53. [PMID: 26850790 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are capable of both self-renewing throughout the lifetime of an organism and differentiating into all lineages of the blood system. A proper balance between quiescence and proliferation is critical for the self-renewal and functions of HSCs. The choice of HSCs to remain quiescent or to enter proliferation has been tightly regulated by a variety of cell intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Identifying molecular players that control HSC quiescence and proliferation may lead to new treatment strategies and therapeutic interventions for hematologic disorders. To identify the functions of the slicer endonuclease Argonaute (Ago) 2 in the physiology of HSCs, we generated Ago2(Hem-KO) mice, that are deficient for Ago2 in HSCs and in their progeny. Analysis of Ago2(Hem-KO) mice indicated that a loss of Ago2 results in reduced HSC pool size and altered frequencies of hematopoietic progenitors. Ago2 deficient HSCs exhibit defective multilineage differentiation capacities and diminished repopulation abilities, in a cell intrinsic manner. Interestingly, Ago2 mutant HSCs remain largely quiescent and show reduced entry into cell cycle. Genome-wide transcriptome studies and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that Ago2 deficient HSCs downregulate the "HSC signature" and upregulate the "lineage signature." Moreover, our analysis on transcription factors (TFs) identified that a loss of Ago2 is sufficient to alter the "molecular signature" and "TF networks" that control the quiescent and proliferative states of HSCs. In essence, our study identified Ago2 as a key determinant of quiescence exit in HSCs. Stem Cells 2016;34:1343-1353.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Keyur Thummar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chozha Vendan Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a dynamic process in which blood cells are continuously generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The regulatory mechanisms controlling HSC fate have been studied extensively over the past several decades. Although many protein-coding genes have been shown to regulate hematopoietic differentiation, additional levels of HSC regulation are not well studied. Advances in deep sequencing have revealed many new classes of regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as enhancer RNAs and antisense ncRNAs. Functional analysis of some of these ncRNAs has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic development and disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of functional regulatory ncRNAs associated with hematopoietic self-renewal and differentiation, as well as those dysregulated ncRNAs involved in hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
|
93
|
Thomas DD, Sommer AG, Balazs AB, Beerman I, Murphy GJ, Rossi D, Mostoslavsky G. Insulin-like growth factor 2 modulates murine hematopoietic stem cell maintenance through upregulation of p57. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:422-433.e1. [PMID: 26872540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rely on a highly regulated molecular network to balance self-renewal and lineage specification to sustain life-long hematopoiesis. Despite a plethora of studies aimed at identifying molecules governing HSC fate, our current knowledge of the genes responsible is limited. We have found insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) to be expressed predominantly within long-term HSCs. This study examines IGF2 expression patterns and the effects of the gene in HSCs. Through the overexpression and knockdown of IGF2 within purified HSCs, we report that IGF2 expression increases HSC-derived multilineage colonies in vitro and enhances hematopoietic contribution in vivo on competitive bone marrow transplantation. The effects of IGF2 are mediated by direct upregulation of the CDKi p57, exclusively within long-term HSCs, via activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Increased expression of p57 resulted in a concomitant increase in HSCs in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. Analysis of genomic DNA methylation revealed that HSCs exhibited a hypomethylated state within the promoter region of the CDKN1C (p57) gene, providing a potential mechanism for the exclusive effects of IGF2 within HSCs. Our studies indicate a novel role for IGF2 in regulating HSC cell cycle and illustrate potential novel therapeutic targets for hematologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly D Thomas
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Andreia Gianotti Sommer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Isabel Beerman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George J Murphy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Derrick Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
H2AX deficiency is associated with erythroid dysplasia and compromised haematopoietic stem cell function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19589. [PMID: 26791933 PMCID: PMC4726203 DOI: 10.1038/srep19589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of haematopoiesis characterised by dysplastic changes of major myeloid cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying these dysplastic changes are poorly understood. Here, we used a genetically modified mouse model and human patient data to examine the physiological roles of H2AX in haematopoiesis and how the loss of H2AX contributes to dyserythropoiesis in MDS. H2AX knockout mice showed cell-autonomous anaemia and erythroid dysplasia, mimicking dyserythropoiesis in MDS. Also, dyserythropoiesis was increased in MDS patients with the deletion of chromosome 11q23, where H2AX is located. Although loss of H2AX did not affect the early stage of terminal erythropoiesis, enucleation was decreased. H2AX deficiency also led to the loss of quiescence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which dramatically compromised their bone marrow engraftment. These results reveal important roles of H2AX in late-stage terminal erythropoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell function.
Collapse
|
95
|
Guezguez B, Almakadi M, Benoit YD, Shapovalova Z, Rahmig S, Fiebig-Comyn A, Casado FL, Tanasijevic B, Bresolin S, Masetti R, Doble BW, Bhatia M. GSK3 Deficiencies in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Initiate Pre-neoplastic State that Is Predictive of Clinical Outcomes of Human Acute Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:61-74. [PMID: 26766591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Initial pathway alternations required for pathogenesis of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are poorly understood. Here we reveal that removal of glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) and GSK-3β dependency leads to aggressive AML. Although GSK-3α deletion alone has no effect, GSK-3β deletion in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) resulted in a pre-neoplastic state consistent with human myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). Transcriptome and functional studies reveal that each GSK-3β and GSK-3α uniquely contributes to AML by affecting Wnt/Akt/mTOR signaling and metabolism, respectively. The molecular signature of HSCs deleted for GSK-3β provided a prognostic tool for disease progression and survival of MDS patients. Our study reveals that GSK-3α- and GSK-3β-regulated pathways can be responsible for stepwise transition to MDS and subsequent AML, thereby providing potential therapeutic targets of disease evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borhane Guezguez
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mohammed Almakadi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Zoya Shapovalova
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Susann Rahmig
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Aline Fiebig-Comyn
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Fanny L Casado
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Borko Tanasijevic
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bradley W Doble
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 5029, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Hewitt KJ, Johnson KD, Gao X, Keles S, Bresnick EH. The Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Cistrome: GATA Factor-Dependent cis-Regulatory Mechanisms. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 118:45-76. [PMID: 27137654 PMCID: PMC8572122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators mediate the genesis and function of the hematopoietic system by binding complex ensembles of cis-regulatory elements to establish genetic networks. While thousands to millions of any given cis-element resides in a genome, how transcriptional regulators select these sites and how site attributes dictate functional output is not well understood. An instructive system to address this problem involves the GATA family of transcription factors that control vital developmental and physiological processes and are linked to multiple human pathologies. Although GATA factors bind DNA motifs harboring the sequence GATA, only a very small subset of these abundant motifs are occupied in genomes. Mechanistic studies revealed a unique configuration of a GATA factor-regulated cis-element consisting of an E-box and a downstream GATA motif separated by a short DNA spacer. GATA-1- or GATA-2-containing multiprotein complexes at these composite elements control transcription of genes critical for hematopoietic stem cell emergence in the mammalian embryo, hematopoietic progenitor cell regulation, and erythroid cell maturation. Other constituents of the complex include the basic helix-loop-loop transcription factor Scl/TAL1, its heterodimeric partner E2A, and the Lim domain proteins LMO2 and LDB1. This chapter reviews the structure/function of E-box-GATA composite cis-elements, which collectively constitute an important sector of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell cistrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Hewitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Xin Gao
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705,UW-Madison Blood Research Program,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) act as paradigmatic tissue-specific adult stem cells. While they are quiescent in steady-state conditions, they enter the cell cycle and proliferate in stress conditions and during tissue regeneration. Therefore, analysis of cell cycle status of HSC is crucial for understanding their biology. However, due to low number of HSC in tissue and need to use many surface markers for their identification, analysis of their cycle status is technically complicated. Here, we presented our simple strategy to analyze cell cycle of strictly defined LKS CD48(-)CD150(+)CD34(-) HSC, together with Ki67 and DAPI staining by flow cytometry.
Collapse
|
98
|
Role of Polycomb RYBP in Maintaining the B-1-to-B-2 B-Cell Lineage Switch in Adult Hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:900-12. [PMID: 26711264 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00869-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb chromatin modifiers regulate hematopoietic pluripotent stem and progenitor cell self-renewal and expansion. Polycomb complex redundancy and biochemical heterogeneity complicate the unraveling of the functional contributions of distinct components. We have studied the hematopoietic activity of RYBP, a direct interactor and proposed modulator of RING1A/RING1B-dependent histone H2A monoubiquitylation (H2AUb). Using a mouse model to conditionally inactivate Rybp in adult hematopoiesis, we have found that RYBP deletion results in a reversion of B-1-to-B-2 B-cell progenitor ratios, i.e., of the innate (predominantly fetal) to acquired (mostly adult) immunity precursors. Increased numbers of B-1 progenitors correlated with a loss of pre-proB cells, the B-2 progenitors. RYBP-deficient stem and progenitor cell populations (LKS) and isolated common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) gave rise to increased numbers of B-1 progenitors in vitro. Rybp inactivation, however, did not result in changes of global H2AUb and did not interact genetically with Ring1A or Ring1B deletions. These results show that a sustained regulation of the B-1-to-B-2 switch is needed throughout adult life and that RYBP plays an important role in keeping B-2 dominance, most likely independently of its Polycomb affiliation.
Collapse
|
99
|
Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms That Maintain Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5178965. [PMID: 26798358 PMCID: PMC4699043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5178965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All hematopoiesis cells develop from multipotent progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the ability to develop into all blood lineages but also maintain their stemness. Different molecular mechanisms have been identified that are crucial for regulating quiescence and self-renewal to maintain the stem cell pool and for inducing proliferation and lineage differentiation. The stem cell niche provides the microenvironment to keep HSC in a quiescent state. Furthermore, several transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are involved in this process. These create modifications that regulate the cell fate in a more or less reversible and dynamic way and contribute to HSC homeostasis. In addition, HSC respond in a unique way to DNA damage. These mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of HSC function and are essential to ensure viability after DNA damage. How HSC maintain their quiescent stage during the entire life is still matter of ongoing research. Here we will focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC function.
Collapse
|
100
|
Knudsen KJ, Rehn M, Hasemann MS, Rapin N, Bagger FO, Ohlsson E, Willer A, Frank AK, Søndergaard E, Jendholm J, Thorén L, Lee J, Rak J, Theilgaard-Mönch K, Porse BT. ERG promotes the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by restricting their differentiation. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1915-29. [PMID: 26385962 PMCID: PMC4579349 DOI: 10.1101/gad.268409.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation is crucial for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Whereas numerous gene regulatory factors have been shown to control HSC self-renewal or drive their differentiation, we have relatively few insights into transcription factors that serve to restrict HSC differentiation. In the present work, we identify ETS (E-twenty-six)-related gene (ERG) as a critical factor protecting HSCs from differentiation. Specifically, loss of Erg accelerates HSC differentiation by >20-fold, thus leading to rapid depletion of immunophenotypic and functional HSCs. Molecularly, we could demonstrate that ERG, in addition to promoting the expression of HSC self-renewal genes, also represses a group of MYC targets, thereby explaining why Erg loss closely mimics Myc overexpression. Consistently, the BET domain inhibitor CPI-203, known to repress Myc expression, confers a partial phenotypic rescue. In summary, ERG plays a critical role in coordinating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Jermiin Knudsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Matilda Rehn
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Marie Sigurd Hasemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Rapin
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Bioinformatic Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Frederik Otzen Bagger
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Bioinformatic Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ewa Ohlsson
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anton Willer
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne-Katrine Frank
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Søndergaard
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Johan Jendholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lina Thorén
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Julie Lee
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Justyna Rak
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kim Theilgaard-Mönch
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Hematology, Skånes University Hospital, University of Lund, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Torben Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|