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Liu H, Ho PWL, Leung CT, Pang SYY, Chang EES, Choi ZYK, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Aberrant mitochondrial morphology and function associated with impaired mitophagy and DNM1L-MAPK/ERK signaling are found in aged mutant Parkinsonian LRRK2 R1441G mice. Autophagy 2020; 17:3196-3220. [PMID: 33300446 PMCID: PMC8526027 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1850008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes energy deficiency and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration which is integral to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Clearance of defective mitochondria involves fission and ubiquitin-dependent degradation via mitophagy to maintain energy homeostasis. We hypothesize that LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) mutation disrupts mitochondrial turnover causing accumulation of defective mitochondria in aging brain. We found more ubiquitinated mitochondria with aberrant morphology associated with impaired function in aged (but not young) LRRK2R1441G knockin mutant mouse striatum compared to wild-type (WT) controls. LRRK2R1441G mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited reduced MAP1LC3/LC3 activation indicating impaired macroautophagy/autophagy. Mutant MEFs under FCCP-induced (mitochondrial uncoupler) stress showed increased LC3-aggregates demonstrating impaired mitophagy. Using a novel flow cytometry assay to quantify mitophagic rates in MEFs expressing photoactivatable mito-PAmCherry, we found significantly slower mitochondria clearance in mutant cells. Specific LRRK2 kinase inhibition using GNE-7915 did not alleviate impaired mitochondrial clearance suggesting a lack of direct relationship to increased kinase activity alone. DNM1L/Drp1 knockdown in MEFs slowed mitochondrial clearance indicating that DNM1L is a prerequisite for mitophagy. DNM1L knockdown in slowing mitochondrial clearance was less pronounced in mutant MEFs, indicating preexisting impaired DNM1L activation. DNM1L knockdown disrupted mitochondrial network which was more evident in mutant MEFs. DNM1L-Ser616 and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation which mediate mitochondrial fission and downstream mitophagic processes was apparent in WT using FCCP-induced stress but not mutant MEFs, despite similar total MAPK/ERK and DNM1L levels. In conclusion, aberrant mitochondria morphology and dysfunction associated with impaired mitophagy and DNM1L-MAPK/ERK signaling are found in mutant LRRK2 MEFs and mouse brain. Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BAX: BCL2-associated X protein; CDK1: cyclin-dependent kinase 1; CDK5: cyclin-dependent kinase 5; CQ: chloroquine; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1-like; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; PAmCherry: photoactivatable-mCherry; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/PARKIN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB10: RAB10, member RAS oncogene family; RAF: v-raf-leukemia oncogene; SNCA: synuclein, alpha; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel; WT: wild type; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ting Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shirley Yin-Yu Pang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eunice Eun Seo Chang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zoe Yuen-Kiu Choi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Hiu-Wai Kung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Boyer Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Sim H, Seo JH, Kim J, Oh M, Lee JE, Baek A, Lee SY, Chung SK, Son MY, Chae JI, Jeon YJ, Kim J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Primitive Neural Stem Cells from LRRK2 G2019S-Associated Parkinson's Disease Patient-Derived iPSCs. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E331. [PMID: 33297425 PMCID: PMC7762312 DOI: 10.3390/life10120331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, causing movement defects. The incidence of PD is constantly increasing and this disease is still incurable. Thus, understanding PD pathophysiology would be pivotal for the development of PD therapy, and various PD models have thus been already developed. Through recent advances in reprogramming techniques, a primitive neural stem cell (pNSC) derived from PD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be potentially used as a reproducible and reliable experimental system to analyze the effect of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 G2019S mutation (LK2GS) in neural cells. Here, we investigated the advantages of such a model system through quantitative proteomic analysis of pNSCs from normal control iPSCs and familial PD patient iPSCs harboring LK2GS. We confirmed that the expression of molecules known to be involved in PD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress-, cell adhesion-, and cytoskeleton-related proteins, were altered in the LK2GS pNSC. In addition, we showed that down-regulation of Ku80, which was found in the proteomic analysis with LK2GS pNSCs, resulted in apoptosis induced by DNA damage response. Taken together, we suggest that pNSCs from PD iPSCs could provide a reliable and useful model system to study PD. Moreover, the highly expandable pNSC is suitable for multi-omics approaches to understand PD pathologies and discover therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, BK21 Plus, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (J.K.); (J.-I.C.)
| | - Jumi Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, BK21 Plus, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (J.K.); (J.-I.C.)
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Joo-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Areum Baek
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Seo-Young Lee
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Sun-Ku Chung
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, BK21 Plus, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (J.K.); (J.-I.C.)
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (M.O.); (J.-E.L.); (A.B.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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53
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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54
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LRRK2 Regulates CPT1A to Promote β-Oxidation in HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184122. [PMID: 32916992 PMCID: PMC7570678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is involved in lipid metabolism; however, the role of LRRK2 in lipid metabolism to affect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still unclear. In the mouse model of NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet, we observed that LRRK2 was decreased in livers. In HepG2 cells, exposure to palmitic acid (PA) down-regulated LRRK2. Overexpression and knockdown of LRRK2 in HepG2 cells were performed to further investigate the roles of LRRK2 in lipid metabolism. Our results showed that β-oxidation in HepG2 cells was promoted by LRRK2 overexpression, whereas LRRK2 knockdown inhibited β-oxidation. The critical enzyme of β-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), was positively regulated by LRRK2. Our data suggested that the regulation of CPT1A by LRRK2 may be via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The overexpression of LRRK2 reduced the concentration of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), induced by PA. The increase in β-oxidation may promote lipid catabolism to suppress inflammation induced by PA. These results indicated that LRRK2 participated in the regulation of β-oxidation and suggested that the decreased LRRK2 may promote inflammation by suppressing β-oxidation in the liver.
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Mancini A, Mazzocchetti P, Sciaccaluga M, Megaro A, Bellingacci L, Beccano-Kelly DA, Di Filippo M, Tozzi A, Calabresi P. From Synaptic Dysfunction to Neuroprotective Strategies in Genetic Parkinson's Disease: Lessons From LRRK2. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:158. [PMID: 32848606 PMCID: PMC7399363 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is thought to rely on a complex interaction between the patient’s genetic background and a variety of largely unknown environmental factors. In this scenario, the investigation of the genetic bases underlying familial PD could unveil key molecular pathways to be targeted by new disease-modifying therapies, still currently unavailable. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are responsible for the majority of inherited familial PD cases and can also be found in sporadic PD, but the pathophysiological functions of LRRK2 have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will review the evidence obtained in transgenic LRRK2 experimental models, characterized by altered striatal synaptic transmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and α-synuclein aggregation. Interestingly, the processes triggered by mutant LRRK2 might represent early pathological phenomena in the pathogenesis of PD, anticipating the typical neurodegenerative features characterizing the late phases of the disease. A comprehensive view of LRRK2 neuronal pathophysiology will support the possible clinical application of pharmacological compounds targeting this protein, with potential therapeutic implications for patients suffering from both familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Bellingacci
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dayne A Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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56
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Marchand A, Drouyer M, Sarchione A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. LRRK2 Phosphorylation, More Than an Epiphenomenon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:527. [PMID: 32612495 PMCID: PMC7308437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are linked to autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and genetic variations at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk for sporadic PD. This gene encodes a kinase that is physiologically multiphosphorylated, including clusters of both heterologous phosphorylation and autophosphorylation sites. Several pieces of evidence indicate that LRRK2's phosphorylation is important for its pathological and physiological functioning. These include a reduced LRRK2 heterologous phosphorylation in PD brains or after pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as well as the appearance of subcellular LRRK2 accumulations when this protein is dephosphorylated at heterologous phosphosites. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms governing LRRK2 phosphorylation levels and the cellular consequences of changes in LRRK2 phosphorylation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we present current knowledge on LRRK2 phosphorylation, LRRK2 phosphoregulation, and how LRRK2 phosphorylation changes affect cellular processes that may ultimately be linked to PD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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57
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Maksoud E, Liao EH, Haghighi AP. A Neuron-Glial Trans-Signaling Cascade Mediates LRRK2-Induced Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1774-1786.e4. [PMID: 30759389 PMCID: PMC6474846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) induce an age-dependent loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We have identified Furin 1, a pro-protein convertase, as a translational target of LRRK2 in DA neurons. Transgenic knockdown of Furin1 or its substrate the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) ligand glass bottom boat (Gbb) protects against LRRK2-induced loss of DA neurons. LRRK2 enhances the accumulation of phosphorylated Mad (pMad) in the nuclei of glial cells in the vicinity of DA neurons but not in DA neurons. Consistently, exposure to paraquat enhances Furin 1 levels in DA neurons and induces BMP signaling in glia. In support of a neuron-glial signaling model, knocking down BMP pathway members only in glia, but not in neurons, can protect against paraquat toxicity. We propose that a neuron-glial BMP-signaling cascade is critical for mediating age-dependent neurodegeneration in two models of Parkinson's disease, thus opening avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Maksoud
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Edward H Liao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Kaiyrzhanov R, Aitkulova A, Shashkin C, Zharkinbekova N, Rizig M, Zholdybayeva E, Jarmukhanov Z, Akhmetzhanov V, Kaishibayeva G, Khaibullin T, Karimova A, Akshulakov S, Bralov A, Kissamedenov N, Seidinova Z, Taskinbayeva A, Muratbaikyzy A, Houlden H. LRRK2 Mutations and Asian Disease-Associated Variants in the First Parkinson's Disease Cohort from Kazakhstan. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 2020:2763838. [PMID: 32148752 PMCID: PMC7049866 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2763838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LRRK2 mutations have emerged as the most prevalent and potentially treatable determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD). Peculiar geographic distribution of these mutations has triggered an interest in genotyping PD cohorts of different ethnic backgrounds for LRRK. OBJECTIVE Here, we report on the results of LRRK2 screening in the first Central Asian PD cohort. METHODS 246 PD patients were consecutively recruited by movement disorder specialists from four medical centers in Kazakhstan, and clinicodemographic data and genomic DNA from blood were systematically obtained and shipped to the Institute of Neurology University College London together with DNAs from 200 healthy controls. The cohort was genotyped for five LRRK2 mutations (p.Gly2019Ser, p.Arg1441His, p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Ile2020Thr, and p.Asn1437His) and three East Asian disease-associated variants (p.Gly2385Arg, p.Ala419Val, and p.Arg1628Pro) via Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay analysis. RESULTS None of the study subjects carried LRRK2 mutations, whereas the following Asian variants were found with insignificant odds ratios (OR): p.Gly2385Arg (1.2%, minor allele frequency (MAF) 0.007, OR 1.25, p=0.8), p.Ala419Val (3.7%, MAF 0.02, OR 1.5, p=0.8), p.Ala419Val (3.7%, MAF 0.02, OR 1.5. CONCLUSIONS We showed that East Asian LRRK variants could be found in Central Asian populations but their pathogenicity remains to be elucidated in larger PD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Akbota Aitkulova
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Chingiz Shashkin
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazira Zharkinbekova
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Mie Rizig
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Elena Zholdybayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkyn Jarmukhanov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Vadim Akhmetzhanov
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnaz Kaishibayeva
- Institute of Neurology Named After S. K. Kaishibayev, 9a Mamur 4 Micro-district, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat Khaibullin
- Semey Medical University, Department of Neurology, 103 Abai Street, 071400 Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Altynay Karimova
- Institute of Neurology Named After S. K. Kaishibayev, 9a Mamur 4 Micro-district, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Akshulakov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Askhat Bralov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan Kissamedenov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Seidinova
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Anjela Taskinbayeva
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Muratbaikyzy
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Henry Houlden
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
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59
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Pharmacological intervention of histone deacetylase enzymes in the neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2020; 243:117278. [PMID: 31926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of aging symptoms and related disorders are the challenging task where epigenetic is a crucial player that includes DNA methylation, histone modification; chromatin remodeling and regulation that are linked to the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Overexpression of various histone deacetylase (HDACs) can activate Glycogen synthase kinase 3 which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of tau and inhibits its degradation. While HDAC is important for maintaining the neuronal morphology and brain homeostasis, at the same time, these enzymes are promoting neurodegeneration, if it is deregulated. Different experimental models have also confirmed the neuroprotective effects caused by HDAC enzymes through the regulation of neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Apart from transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interaction, histone post-translational modifications, deacetylation mechanism of non-histone protein and direct association with disease proteins have been linked to neuronal imbalance. Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) can be able to alter gene expression and shown its efficacy on experimental models, and in clinical trials for NDD's and found to be a very promising therapeutic agent with certain limitation, for instance, non-specific target effect, isoform-selectivity, specificity, and limited number of predicted biomarkers. Herein, we discussed (i) the catalytic mechanism of the deacetylation process of various HDAC's in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, (ii) how HDACs are participating in neuroprotection as well as in neurodegeneration, (iii) a comprehensive role of HDACi in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and (iv) therapeutic role of biomolecules to modulate HDACs.
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60
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Gallo KA, Ellsworth E, Stoub H, Conrad SE. Therapeutic potential of targeting mixed lineage kinases in cancer and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107457. [PMID: 31863814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways is a key attribute of diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including cancer. Mitogen activated protein kinases have emerged as critical conduits of intracellular signal transmission, yet due to their ubiquitous roles in cellular processes, their direct inhibition may lead to undesired effects, thus limiting their usefulness as therapeutic targets. Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) that interact with scaffolding proteins and function upstream of p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-kappaB to mediate diverse cellular signals. Studies involving gene silencing, genetically engineered mouse models, and small molecule inhibitors suggest that MLKs are critical in tumor progression as well as in inflammatory processes. Recent advances indicate that they may be useful targets in some types of cancer and in diseases driven by chronic inflammation including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review describes existing MLK inhibitors, the roles of MLKs in various aspects of tumor progression and in the control of inflammatory processes, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of MLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Gallo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hayden Stoub
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Susan E Conrad
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Albanese F, Novello S, Morari M. Autophagy and LRRK2 in the Aging Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1352. [PMID: 31920513 PMCID: PMC6928047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process by which long-lived macromolecules, protein aggregates and dysfunctional/damaged organelles are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating protein quality control and cell homeostasis in response to energetic needs and environmental challenges. Indeed, activation of autophagy increases the life-span of living organisms, and impairment of autophagy is associated with several human disorders, among which neurodegenerative disorders of aging, such as Parkinson’s disease. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of aberrant or misfolded proteins that are toxic for neurons. Since aging is associated with impaired autophagy, autophagy inducers have been viewed as a strategy to counteract the age-related physiological decline in brain functions and emergence of neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson’s disease is a hypokinetic, multisystemic disorder characterized by age-related, progressive degeneration of central and peripheral neuronal populations, associated with intraneuronal accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates mainly composed by the presynaptic protein α-synuclein. α-synuclein is a substrate of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (two major forms of autophagy), thus impairment of its clearance might favor the process of α-synuclein seeding and spreading that trigger and sustain the progression of this disorder. Genetic factors causing Parkinson’s disease have been identified, among which mutations in the LRRK2 gene, which encodes for a multidomain protein encompassing central GTPase and kinase domains, surrounded by protein-protein interaction domains. Six LRRK2 mutations have been pathogenically linked to Parkinson’s disease, the most frequent being the G2019S in the kinase domain. LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease is clinically and neuropathologically similar to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, also showing age-dependency and incomplete penetrance. Several mechanisms have been proposed through which LRRK2 mutations can lead to Parkinson’s disease. The present article will focus on the evidence that LRRK2 and its mutants are associated with autophagy dysregulation. Studies in cell lines and neurons in vitro and in LRRK2 knock-out, knock-in, kinase-dead and transgenic animals in vivo will be reviewed. The role of aging in LRRK2-induced synucleinopathy will be discussed. Possible mechanisms underlying the LRRK2-mediated control over autophagy will be analyzed, and the contribution of autophagy dysregulation to the neurotoxic actions of LRRK2 will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Albanese
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Zaldivar-Diez J, Li L, Garcia AM, Zhao WN, Medina-Menendez C, Haggarty SJ, Gil C, Morales AV, Martinez A. Benzothiazole-Based LRRK2 Inhibitors as Wnt Enhancers and Promoters of Oligodendrocytic Fate. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2638-2655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lingling Li
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Garcia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Lab, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | | | - Stephen. J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Lab, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aixa V. Morales
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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63
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Cresto N, Gaillard MC, Gardier C, Gubinelli F, Diguet E, Bellet D, Legroux L, Mitja J, Auregan G, Guillermier M, Josephine C, Jan C, Dufour N, Joliot A, Hantraye P, Bonvento G, Déglon N, Bemelmans AP, Cambon K, Liot G, Brouillet E. The C-terminal domain of LRRK2 with the G2019S mutation is sufficient to produce neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104614. [PMID: 31605779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The G2019S substitution in the kinase domain of LRRK2 (LRRK2G2019S) is the most prevalent mutation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurotoxic effects of LRRK2G2019S are thought to result from an increase in its kinase activity as compared to wild type LRRK2. However, it is unclear whether the kinase domain of LRRK2G2019S is sufficient to trigger degeneration or if the full length protein is required. To address this question, we generated constructs corresponding to the C-terminal domain of LRRK2 (ΔLRRK2). A kinase activity that was increased by G2019➔S substitution could be detected in ΔLRRK2. However biochemical experiments suggested it did not bind or phosphorylate the substrate RAB10, in contrast to full length LRRK2. The overexpression of ΔLRRK2G2019S in the rat striatum using lentiviral vectors (LVs) offered a straightforward and simple way to investigate its effects in neurons in vivo. Results from a RT-qPCR array analysis indicated that ΔLRRK2G2019S led to significant mRNA expression changes consistent with a kinase-dependent mechanism. We next asked whether ΔLRRK2 could be sufficient to trigger neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in adult rats. Six months after infection of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) with LV-ΔLRRK2WT or LV-ΔLRRK2G2019S, the number of DA neurons was unchanged. To examine whether higher levels of ΔLRRK2G2019S could trigger degeneration we cloned ΔLRRK2 in AAV2/9 construct. As expected, AAV2/9 injected in the SNc led to neuronal expression of ΔLRRK2WT and ΔLRRK2G2019S at much higher levels than those obtained with LVs. Six months after injection, unbiased stereology showed that AAV-ΔLRRK2G2019S produced a significant ~30% loss of neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase- and for the vesicular dopamine transporter whereas AAV-ΔLRRK2WT did not. These findings show that overexpression of the C-terminal part of LRRK2 containing the mutant kinase domain is sufficient to trigger degeneration of DA neurons, through cell-autonomous mechanisms, possibly independent of RAB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Cresto
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Camille Gardier
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elsa Diguet
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Neuropsychiatry Department, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Déborah Bellet
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurine Legroux
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Mitja
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Auregan
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Martine Guillermier
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charlène Josephine
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Jan
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Noëlle Dufour
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alain Joliot
- Homeoprotein and Plasticity, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Lausanne University Medical School (CHUV), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LNCM), Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne University Medical School (CHUV), Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LNCM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Cambon
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Géraldine Liot
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- CEA, DRF, Institut de Biologie Françoise Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud Univ., Univ. Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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64
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Mills RD, Liang LY, Lio DSS, Mok YF, Mulhern TD, Cao G, Griffin M, Kenche VB, Culvenor JG, Cheng HC. The Roc-COR tandem domain of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 forms dimers and exhibits conventional Ras-like GTPase properties. J Neurochem 2019; 147:409-428. [PMID: 30091236 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-causative leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) belongs to the Roco family of G-proteins comprising a Ras-of-complex (Roc) domain followed by a C-terminal of Roc (COR) domain in tandem (called Roc-COR domain). Two prokaryotic Roc-COR domains have been characterized as 'G proteins activated by guanine nucleotide-dependent dimerization' (GADs), which require dimerization for activation of their GTPase activity and bind guanine nucleotides with relatively low affinities. Additionally, LRRK2 Roc domain in isolation binds guanine nucleotides with relatively low affinities. As such, LRRK2 GTPase domain was predicted to be a GAD. Herein, we describe the design and high-level expression of human LRRK2 Roc-COR domain (LRRK2 Roc-COR). Biochemical analyses of LRRK2 Roc-COR reveal that it forms homodimers, with the C-terminal portion of COR mediating its dimerization. Furthermore, it co-purifies and binds Mg2+ GTP/GDP at 1 : 1 stoichiometry, and it hydrolyzes GTP with Km and kcat of 22 nM and 4.70 × 10-4 min-1 , respectively. Thus, even though LRRK2 Roc-COR forms GAD-like homodimers, it exhibits conventional Ras-like GTPase properties, with high-affinity binding of Mg2+ -GTP/GDP and low intrinsic catalytic activity. The PD-causative Y1699C mutation mapped to the COR domain was previously reported to reduce the GTPase activity of full-length LRRK2. In contrast, this mutation induces no change in the GTPase activity, and only slight perturbations in the secondary structure contents of LRRK2 Roc-COR. As this mutation does not directly affect the GTPase activity of the isolated Roc-COR tandem, it is possible that the effects of this mutation on full-length LRRK2 occur via other functional domains. Open Practices Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lung-Yu Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio-Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence D Mulhern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vijaya B Kenche
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janetta G Culvenor
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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65
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Ren C, Ding Y, Wei S, Guan L, Zhang C, Ji Y, Wang F, Yin S, Yin P. G2019S Variation in LRRK2: An Ideal Model for the Study of Parkinson's Disease? Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:306. [PMID: 31551736 PMCID: PMC6738350 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and has plagued humans for more than 200 years. The etiology and detailed pathogenesis of PD is unclear, but is currently believed to be the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Studies have found that PD patients with the LRRK2:G2019S variation have the typical clinical manifestations of PD, which may be familial or sporadic, and have age-dependent pathogenic characteristics. Therefore, the LRRK2:G2019S variation may be an ideal model to study the interaction of multiple factors such as genetic, environmental and natural aging factors in PD in the future. This article reviewed the progress of LRRK2:G2019S studies in PD research in order to provide new research ideas and directions for the pathogenesis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shizhuang Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Yin
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, China
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Chen Z, Shao T, Gao W, Fu H, Collier TL, Rong J, Deng X, Yu Q, Zhang X, Davenport AT, Daunais JB, Wey HY, Shao Y, Josephson L, Qiu WW, Liang S. Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of [ 11 C]GNE-1023 as a Potent PET Probe for Imaging Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1580-1585. [PMID: 31365783 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been demonstrated that PD is mainly conferred by LRRK2 mutations that bring about increased kinase activity. As a consequence, selective inhibition of LRRK2 may help to recover the normal functions of LRRK2, thereby serving as a promising alternative therapeutic target for PD treatment. The mapping of LRRK2 by positron emission tomography (PET) studies allows a thorough understanding of PD and other LRRK2-related disorders; it also helps to validate and translate novel LRRK2 inhibitors. However, no LRRK2 PET probes have yet been reported in the primary literature. Herein we present a facile synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11 C]GNE-1023 as a novel potent PET probe for LRRK2 imaging in PD. [11 C]GNE-1023 was synthesized in good radiochemical yield (10 % non-decay-corrected RCY), excellent radiochemical purity (>99 %), and high molar activity (>37 GBq μmol-1 ). Excellent in vitro binding specificity of [11 C]GNE-1023 toward LRRK2 was demonstrated in cross-species studies, including rat and nonhuman primate brain tissues by autoradiography experiments. Subsequent whole-body biodistribution studies indicated limited brain uptake and urinary and hepatobiliary elimination of this radioligand. This study may pave the way for further development of a new generation of LRRK2 PET probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hualong Fu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wen-Wei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Steven Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Mercatelli D, Bolognesi P, Frassineti M, Pisanò CA, Longo F, Shimshek DR, Morari M. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors differentially modulate glutamate release and Serine935 LRRK2 phosphorylation in striatal and cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00484. [PMID: 31149340 PMCID: PMC6536420 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been pathogenically linked to Parkinson's disease, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 is being pursued to tackle nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors may have manifold actions, affecting not only pathological mechanisms in dopaminergic neurons but also physiological functions in nondopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we investigated whether LRRK2 kinase inhibitors differentially modulate dopamine and glutamate release from the mouse striatum and cerebral cortex. Spontaneous and KCl-evoked [3H]-dopamine and glutamate release from superfused synaptosomes obtained from wild-type and LRRK2 knock-out, kinase-dead or G2019S knock-in mice was measured. Two structurally unrelated inhibitors, LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A, were tested. LRRK2, phosphoSerine1292 and phosphoSerine935 LRRK2 levels were measured in all genotypes, and target engagement was evaluated by monitoring phosphoSerine935 LRRK2. LRRK2-IN-1 inhibited striatal glutamate but not dopamine release; GSK2578215A inhibited striatal dopamine and cortical glutamate but enhanced striatal glutamate release. LRRK2-IN-1 reduced striatal and cortical phosphoSerine935 levels whereas GSK2578215A inhibited only the former. Neither LRRK2 inhibitor affected neurotransmitter release in LRRK2 knock-out and kinase-dead mice; however, they facilitated dopamine without affecting striatal glutamate in G2019S knock-in mice. GSK2578215A inhibited cortical glutamate release in G2019S knock-in mice. We conclude that LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A modulate exocytosis by blocking LRRK2 kinase activity, although their effects vary depending on the nerve terminal examined. The G2019S mutation unravels a dopamine-promoting action of LRRK2 inhibitors while blunting their effects on glutamate release, which highlights their positive potential for the treatment of PD, especially of LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Paolo Bolognesi
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Clarissa A. Pisanò
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Francesco Longo
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Present address:
Center for Neural ScienceNew York University4 Washington PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Derya R. Shimshek
- Department of NeuroscienceNovartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
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68
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Selvaraj S, Piramanayagam S. Impact of gene mutation in the development of Parkinson's disease. Genes Dis 2019; 6:120-128. [PMID: 31193965 PMCID: PMC6545447 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age related neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and presents as a progressive movement disorder. Globally seven million to 10 million people have Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism is typically sporadic in nature. Loss of dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the neuronal intracellular Lewy body inclusions are the major cause of PD. Gene mutation and protein aggregation play a pivotal role in the degeneration of dopamine neurons. But the actual cause of dopamine degeneration remains unknown. However, several rare familial forms of PD are associated with genetic loci, and the recognition of causal mutations has provided insight into the disease process. Yet, the molecular pathways and gene transformation that trigger neuronal susceptibility are inadequately comprehended. The discovery of a mutation in new genes has provided a basis for much of the ongoing molecular work in the PD field and testing of targeted therapeutics. Single gene mutation in a dominantly or recessively inherited gene results a great impact in the development of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize the molecular genetics of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Selvaraj
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Shanmughavel Piramanayagam
- Professor, Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
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69
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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70
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Wu CX, Liao J, Park Y, Reed X, Engel VA, Hoang NC, Takagi Y, Johnson SM, Wang M, Federici M, Nichols RJ, Sanishvili R, Cookson MR, Hoang QQ. Parkinson's disease-associated mutations in the GTPase domain of LRRK2 impair its nucleotide-dependent conformational dynamics. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5907-5913. [PMID: 30796162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we showed that a disease-associated mutation R1441H rendered the GTPase domain of LRRK2 catalytically less active and thereby trapping it in a more persistently "on" conformation. However, the mechanism involved and characteristics of this on conformation remained unknown. Here, we report that the Ras of complex protein (ROC) domain of LRRK2 exists in a dynamic dimer-monomer equilibrium that is oppositely driven by GDP and GTP binding. We also observed that the PD-associated mutations at residue 1441 impair this dynamic and shift the conformation of ROC to a GTP-bound-like monomeric conformation. Moreover, we show that residue Arg-1441 is critical for regulating the conformational dynamics of ROC. In summary, our results reveal that the PD-associated substitutions at Arg-1441 of LRRK2 alter monomer-dimer dynamics and thereby trap its GTPase domain in an activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jingling Liao
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430081 Wuhan, China
| | - Yangshin Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xylena Reed
- the Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Victoria A Engel
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Neo C Hoang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yuichiro Takagi
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Steven M Johnson
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Mu Wang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; the Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | | | - R Jeremy Nichols
- the Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- the X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Mark R Cookson
- the Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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71
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Pan PY, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Yue Z. Crosstalk between presynaptic trafficking and autophagy in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 122:64-71. [PMID: 29723605 PMCID: PMC10942671 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that profoundly affects one's motor functions. The disease is characterized pathologically by denervation of dopaminergic (DAergic) nigrostriatal terminal and degeneration of DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra par compacta (SNpc); however, the precise molecular mechanism underlying disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Animal studies in both toxin-induced and genetic PD models suggest that presynaptic impairments may underlie the early stage of DA depletion and neurodegeneration (reviewed in Schirinzi, T., et al. 2016). Supporting this notion, human genetic studies and genomic analysis have identified an increasing number of PD risk variants that are associated with synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking, regulation of synaptic function and autophagy/lysosomal system (Chang, D., et al. 2017, reviewed in Trinh, J. & Farrer, M. 2013; Singleton, A.B., et al. 2013). Although the precise mechanism for autophagy regulation in neurons is currently unclear, many studies demonstrate that autophagosomes form at the presynaptic terminal (Maday, S. & Holzbaur, E.L. 2014; Vanhauwaert, R., et al. 2017; reviewed in Yue, Z. 2007). Growing evidence has revealed overlapping genes involved in both SV recycling and autophagy, suggesting that the two membrane trafficking processes are inter-connected. Here we will review emergent evidence linking SV endocytic genes and autophagy genes at the presynaptic terminal. We will discuss their potential relevance to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yingbo Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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72
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Weykopf B, Haupt S, Jungverdorben J, Flitsch LJ, Hebisch M, Liu G, Suzuki K, Belmonte JCI, Peitz M, Blaess S, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of mutant LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:561-589. [PMID: 30656775 PMCID: PMC7114274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell reprogramming have enabled assessment of disease-related cellular traits in patient-derived somatic cells, thus providing a versatile platform for disease modeling and drug development. Given the limited access to vital human brain cells, this technology is especially relevant for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) as a tool to decipher underlying pathomechanisms. Importantly, recent progress in genome-editing technologies has provided an ability to analyze isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pairs that differ only in a single genetic change, thus allowing a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from monogenetic risk factors. In this review, we summarize the current state of iPSC-based modeling of PD with a focus on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), one of the most prominent monogenetic risk factors for PD linked to both familial and idiopathic forms. The LRRK2 protein is a primarily cytosolic multi-domain protein contributing to regulation of several pathways including autophagy, mitochondrial function, vesicle transport, nuclear architecture and cell morphology. We summarize iPSC-based studies that contributed to improving our understanding of the function of LRRK2 and its variants in the context of PD etiopathology. These data, along with results obtained in our own studies, underscore the multifaceted role of LRRK2 in regulating cellular homeostasis on several levels, including proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of the cytoskeleton. Finally, we expound advantages and limitations of reprogramming technologies for disease modeling and drug development and provide an outlook on future challenges and expectations offered by this exciting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
- Precision Neurology Program & Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease ResearchHarvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityNew York
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Hebisch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Guang‐Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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73
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Cresto N, Gardier C, Gubinelli F, Gaillard MC, Liot G, West AB, Brouillet E. The unlikely partnership between LRRK2 and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:339-363. [PMID: 30269383 PMCID: PMC6391223 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease, the once archetypical nongenetic neurogenerative disorder, has dramatically increased with the identification of α-synuclein and LRRK2 pathogenic mutations. While α-synuclein protein composes the aggregates that can spread through much of the brain in disease, LRRK2 encodes a multidomain dual-enzyme distinct from any other protein linked to neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss emergent datasets from multiple model systems that suggest these unlikely partners do interact in important ways in disease, both within cells that express both LRRK2 and α-synuclein as well as through more indirect pathways that might involve neuroinflammation. Although the link between LRRK2 and disease can be understood in part through LRRK2 kinase activity (phosphotransferase activity), α-synuclein toxicity is multilayered and plausibly interacts with LRRK2 kinase activity in several ways. We discuss common protein interactors like 14-3-3s that may regulate α-synuclein and LRRK2 in disease. Finally, we examine cellular pathways and outcomes common to both mutant α-synuclein expression and LRRK2 activity and points of intersection. Understanding the interplay between these two unlikely partners in disease may provide new therapeutic avenues for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Cresto
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Camille Gardier
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Géraldine Liot
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Andrew B. West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States 35294
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, UMR9199, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, and MIRCen (Molecular Imaging Research Centre), Institut François Jacob, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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74
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Huang X, Wu C, Park Y, Long X, Hoang QQ, Liao J. The Parkinson's disease-associated mutation N1437H impairs conformational dynamics in the G domain of LRRK2. FASEB J 2018; 33:4814-4823. [PMID: 30592623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802031r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease-associated mutations within the GTPase domain Ras of complex proteins (ROC) of leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) result in an abnormal over-activation of its kinase domain. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Recent study has shown that LRRK2 G-domain cycles between monomeric and dimeric conformations upon binding to GTP or guanosine diphosphate, and that the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated R1441C/G/H mutations impair the G-domain monomer-dimer dynamics and trap the G-domain in a constitutive monomeric conformation. That led us to question whether other disease-associated mutations in G-domain would also affect its conformation. Here, we report that another PD-associated N1437H mutation also impairs its monomer-dimer conformational dynamics and GTPase activity. In contrast with mutations at R1441, ROCN1437H was found to be locked in a stable dimeric conformation in solution and its GTPase activity was ∼4-fold lower than that of the wild-type. Furthermore, the N1437H mutation reduced the GTP binding affinity by ∼2.5-fold when compared with other pathogenic G-domain mutations. Moreover, ROCN1437H was found to have a slower GTP dissociation rate, indicating that N1437H might interrupt the nucleotide exchange cycle. Taken together, our data support that conformational dynamics is important for LRRK2 GTPase activity and that the N1437H mutation impairs GTPase activity by locking the ROC domain in a persistently dimeric state.-Huang, X., Wu, C., Park, Y., Long, X., Hoang, Q. Q., Liao, J. The Parkinson's disease-associated mutation N1437H impairs conformational dynamics in the G domain of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Huang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; and
| | - Xuwei Long
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; and
| | - Jingling Liao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
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75
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De Wit T, Baekelandt V, Lobbestael E. Inhibition of LRRK2 or Casein Kinase 1 Results in LRRK2 Protein Destabilization. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5273-5286. [PMID: 30592011 PMCID: PMC6657425 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations and variations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are strongly associated with an increased risk to develop Parkinson's disease (PD). Most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations display increased kinase activity, which is believed to underlie LRRK2-mediated toxicity. Therefore, major efforts have been invested in the development of potent and selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Several of these compounds have proven beneficial in cells and in vivo, even in a LRRK2 wild-type background. Therefore, LRRK2 kinase inhibition holds great promise as disease-modifying PD therapy, and is currently tested in preclinical and early clinical studies. One of the safety concerns is the development of lung pathology in mice and non-human primates, which is most likely related to the strongly reduced LRRK2 protein levels after LRRK2 kinase inhibition. In this study, we aimed to better understand the molecular consequences of chronic LRRK2 kinase inhibition, which may be pivotal in the further development of a LRRK2 kinase inhibitor-based PD therapy. We found that LRRK2 protein levels are not restored during long-term LRRK2 kinase inhibition, but are recovered upon inhibitor withdrawal. Interestingly, LRRK2 kinase inhibitor-induced destabilization does not occur in all pathogenic LRRK2 variants and the N-terminal part of LRRK2 appears to play a crucial role in this process. In addition, we identified CK1, an upstream kinase of LRRK2, as a regulator of LRRK2 protein stability in cell culture and in vivo. We propose that pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition triggers a cascade that results in reduced CK1-mediated phosphorylation of yet unidentified LRRK2 phosphorylation sites. This process involves the N-terminus of LRRK2 and ultimately leads to LRRK2 protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Wit
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Bus 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Bus 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - E Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Bus 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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76
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The role of LRRK2 in cell signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:197-207. [PMID: 30578345 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder known primarily for its motor features. Mutations and risk variants in LRRK2 cause familial and idiopathic forms of PD. Mutations segregating with disease are found in the LRRK2 GTPase and kinase domains, affecting catalytic activity and protein-protein interactions. This likely results in an overall gain of LRRK2 cell signalling function contributing to PD pathogenesis. This concept supports the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as disease-modifying treatments, at least for a subset of patients. However, the function of LRRK2 as a cell signalling protein with two catalytic and several protein-protein interaction domains is highly complex. For example, LRRK2 plays important roles in several inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that it may mediate immune responses in PD. Consistently, LRRK2-mediated cell signalling was not only shown to be important for neuronal function, including neuronal development and homeostasis, but also for peripheral and central immune responses. The catalytic activity of LRRK2 is regulated by autophosphorylation, protein monomer/dimer cycling, and upstream kinases and GTPases, affecting its subcellular localisation and downstream signalling. Part of LRRK2-mediated signalling is likely facilitated by Rab protein phosphorylation, affecting primarily membrane trafficking, including vesicle release at the trans-Golgi network. However, LRRK2 also displays intrinsic GTPase activity and functions as a signalling scaffold. As an example, LRRK2 was suggested to be part of the NRON complex and β-catenin destruction complex, inhibiting NFAT and canonical Wnt signalling, respectively. In summary, continuous research into LRRK2 signalling function contributes to novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in PD.
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77
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Umakanthan JM, Iqbal J, Batlevi CL, Bouska A, Smith LM, Shostrom V, Nutsch H, William BM, Gregory Bociek R, Lunning M, Bierman P, Younes A, Armitage JO, Vose JM. Phase I/II study of dasatinib and exploratory genomic analysis in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2018; 184:744-752. [PMID: 30520026 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) often carry poor prognosis and pose management challenges. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of dasatinib, a broad-spectrum multi-kinase inhibitor in relapsed/refractory NHL with correlative genomic analysis in a Phase I/II trial. The study included 33 patients with various sub-types of NHL who had received at least one prior therapy. The most common sub-types were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (24%), follicular lymphoma, grade 1/2 (21%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS; 21%). Most patients were heavily pre-treated, including 42% with more than four prior therapies, 67% with rituximab exposure and 24% with prior autologous transplant. In this cohort, dasatinib showed modest activity in evaluable patients with an objective response rate of 29% (7/24) and clinical benefit rate of 71% (17/24). In 32 patients with outcome data, median progression-free survival was 3 months and median overall survival was 22·4 months. There were two patients with sustained complete responses, both with PTCL-NOS histology. The side effect profile was consistent with prior studies, with pleural effusion being the most common non-haematological toxicity. Exploratory genomic analysis showed two cases of PTCL-NOS with sustained response had a common mutation in LRRK2 and high prevalence of FOXO1 mutation in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayadev M Umakanthan
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Connie L Batlevi
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Valerie Shostrom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Heather Nutsch
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Basem M William
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC-James), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Gregory Bociek
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew Lunning
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Philip Bierman
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James O Armitage
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Julie M Vose
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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78
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Kalinderi K, Papaliagkas V, Fidani L. Pharmacogenetics and levodopa induced motor complications. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:384-392. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1538993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Department of General Biology, Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Liana Fidani
- Department of General Biology, Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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79
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Discovery of potent and selective 5-azaindazole inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) - Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:668-673. [PMID: 30554956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a relatively common neurological disorder with incidence increasing with age. Present treatments merely alleviate the symptoms and do not alter the course of the disease, thus identification of disease modifying therapies represents a significant unmet medical need. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are risk-factors for developing PD and it has been hypothesized that the increased kinase activity of certain LRRK2 mutants are responsible for the damage of the dopaminergic neurons, thus LRRK2 inhibitors offer the potential to target an underlying cause of the disease. In this communication, we describe hit-to-lead medicinal chemistry program on a novel series of 5-azaindazoles. Compound 1, obtained from high-throughput screening was optimized to a highly potent, selective series of molecules with promising DMPK properties. Introduction of heterocycles at the 3-position were found to significantly increase the potency and kinase selectivity, whilst changes to the 4-chlorobenzyl group improved the physicochemical properties. Our series was licensed to a major pharmaceutical company for further development.
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80
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Panchal K, Tiwari AK. Mitochondrial dynamics, a key executioner in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion 2018; 47:151-173. [PMID: 30408594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the group of disorder that includes brain, peripheral nerves, spinal cord and results in sensory and motor neuron dysfunction. Several studies have shown that mitochondrial dynamics and their axonal transport play a central role in most common NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) etc. In normal physiological condition, there is a balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion process while any alteration to these processes cause defect in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) biogenesis that lead to the onset of several NDs. Also, mitochondria mediated ROS may induce lipid and protein peroxidation, energy deficiency environment in the neurons and results in cell death and defective neurotransmission. Though, mitochondria is a well-studied cell organelle regulating the cellular energy demands but still, its detail role or association in NDs is under observation. In this review, we have summarized an updated mitochondria and their possible role in different NDs with the therapeutic strategy to improve the mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Panchal
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India
| | - Anand Krishna Tiwari
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India.
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81
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Sehgal SA, Hammad MA, Tahir RA, Akram HN, Ahmad F. Current Therapeutic Molecules and Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on in silico Drug Design. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:649-663. [PMID: 29542412 PMCID: PMC6080102 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180315142137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background As the number of elderly persons increases, neurodegenerative diseases are becoming ubiquitous. There is currently a great need for knowledge concerning management of old-age neurodegenerative diseases; the most important of which are: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. Objective To summarize the potential of computationally predicted molecules and targets against neurodegenerative diseases. Method Review of literature published since 1997 against neurodegenerative diseases, utilizing as keywords: in silico, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS, and Huntington’s disease was conducted. Results and Conclusion Due to the costs associated with experimentation and current ethical law, performing experiments directly on living organisms has become much more difficult. In this scenario, in silico techniques have been successful and have become powerful tools in the search to cure disease. Researchers use the Computer Aided Drug Design pipeline which: 1) generates 3-dimensional structures of target proteins through homology modeling 2) achieves stabilization through molecular dynamics simulation, and 3) exploits molecular docking through large compound libraries. Next generation sequencing is continually producing enormous amounts of raw sequence data while neuroimaging is producing a multitude of raw image data. To solve such pressing problems, these new tools and algorithms are required. This review elaborates precise in silico tools and techniques for drug targets, active molecules, and molecular docking studies, together with future prospects and challenges concerning possible breakthroughs in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Arslan Sehgal
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mirza A Hammad
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Rana Adnan Tahir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, China
| | - Hafiza Nisha Akram
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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82
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Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation Alters Synaptic Plasticity and Promotes Resilience to Chronic Social Stress in Young Adulthood. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9700-9711. [PMID: 30249796 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1457-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G2019S mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a prevalent cause of late-onset Parkinson's disease, producing psychiatric and motor symptoms, including depression, that are indistinguishable from sporadic cases. Here we tested how this mutation impacts depression-related behaviors and associated synaptic responses and plasticity in mice expressing a Lrrk2-G2019S knock-in mutation. Young adult male G2019S knock-in and wild-type mice were subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, and other tests of anhedonia, anxiety, and motor learning. We found that G2019S mice were highly resilient to CSDS, failing to exhibit social avoidance compared to wild-type mice, many of which exhibited prominent social avoidance and were thus susceptible to CSDS. In the absence of CSDS, no behavioral differences between genotypes were found. Whole-cell recordings of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in the nucleus accumbens revealed that glutamatergic synapses in G2019S mice lacked functional calcium-permeable AMPARs, and following CSDS, failed to accumulate inwardly rectifying AMPAR responses characteristic of susceptible mice. Based on this abnormal AMPAR response profile, we asked whether long-term potentiation (LTP) of corticostriatal synaptic strength was affected. We found that both D1 receptor (D1R)- and D2R-SPNs in G2019S mutants were unable to express LTP, with D2R-SPNs abnormally expressing long-term depression following an LTP-induction protocol. Thus, G2019S promotes resilience to chronic social stress in young adulthood, likely reflecting synapses constrained in their ability to undergo experience-dependent plasticity. These unexpected findings may indicate early adaptive coping mechanisms imparted by the G2019S mutation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The G2019S mutation in LRRK2 causes late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is highly expressed in striatal neurons throughout life, but it is unclear how mutant LRRK2 affects striatal neuron function and behaviors in young adulthood. We addressed this question using Lrrk2-G2019S knock-in mice. The data show that young adult G2019S mice were unusually resilient to a depression-like syndrome resulting from chronic social stress. Further, mutant striatal synapses were incapable of forms of synaptic plasticity normally accompanying depression-like behavior and important for supporting the full range of cognitive function. These data suggest that in humans, LRRK2 mutation may affect striatal circuit function in ways that alter normal responses to stress and could be relevant for treatment strategies for non-motor PD symptoms.
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83
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Novello S, Arcuri L, Dovero S, Dutheil N, Shimshek DR, Bezard E, Morari M. G2019S LRRK2 mutation facilitates α-synuclein neuropathology in aged mice. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:21-33. [PMID: 30172844 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillization of α-synuclein is instrumental for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), thus modulating this process can have profound impact on disease initiation/progression. Here, the impact of the p.G2019S mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), which is most frequently associated with familial and sporadic PD, on α-synuclein pathology was investigated. G2019S knock-in mice and wild-type controls were injected with a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2/9 (AAV2/9) overexpressing human mutant p.A53T α-synuclein (AAV2/9-hα-syn). Control animals were injected with AAV2/9 carrying green fluorescent protein. Motor behavior, transgene expression, α-syn and pSer129 α-syn load, number of nigral dopamine neurons and density of striatal dopaminergic terminals were evaluated. To investigate the effect of aging, experiments were performed in 3- and 12-month-old mice, evaluated 20 and 12 weeks after virus injection, respectively. hα-syn overexpression induced progressive motor deficits, loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and striatal terminals, and appearance of proteinase K-resistant aggregates of pSer129 α-syn in both young and old mice. Although no genotype difference was observed in 3-month-old mice, degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons was higher in 12-month-old G2019S knock-in mice compared with age-matched wild-type controls (-55% vs -39%, respectively). Consistently, a two-fold higher load of pSer129 α-syn aggregates was found in 12-month-old G2019S knock-in mice. We conclude that G2019S LRRK2 facilitates α-synucleinopathy and degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and that aging is a major determinant of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Novello
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ludovico Arcuri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Dutheil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, National Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy.
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84
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Larsen SB, Hanss Z, Krüger R. The genetic architecture of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:21-37. [PMID: 29372317 PMCID: PMC6015629 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is a well-established pathological pathway implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Defects of the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain have been found in post-mortem brains from sporadic PD patients. Furthermore, several disease-related genes are linked to mitochondrial pathways, such as PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1 and HTRA2 and are associated with mitochondrial impairment. This phenotype can be caused by the dysfunction of mitochondrial quality control machinery at different levels: molecular, organellar or cellular. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response represents the molecular level and implicates various chaperones and proteases. If the molecular level of quality control is not sufficient, the organellar level is required and involves mitophagy and mitochondrial-derived vesicles to sequester whole dysfunctional organelle or parts of it. Only when the impairment is too severe, does it lead to cell death via apoptosis, which defines the cellular level of quality control. Here, we review how currently known PD-linked genetic variants interfere with different levels of mitochondrial quality control. We discuss the graded risk concept of the most recently identified PARK loci (PARK 17-23) and some susceptibility variants in GBA, LRRK2 and SNCA. Finally, the emerging concept of rare genetic variants in candidates genes for PD, such as HSPA9, TRAP1 and RHOT1, complete the picture of the complex genetic architecture of PD that will direct future precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Larsen
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Z Hanss
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - R Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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85
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Gilsbach BK, Eckert M, Gloeckner CJ. Regulation of LRRK2: insights from structural and biochemical analysis. Biol Chem 2018; 399:637-642. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multi-domain protein and its mutations can lead to Parkinson’s disease. Recent studies on LRRK2 and homologue proteins have advanced our mechanistic understanding of LRRK2 regulation. Here, we summarize the available data on the biochemistry and structure of LRRK2 and postulate three possible layers of regulation, translocation, monomer-dimer equilibrium and intramolecular activation of domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd K. Gilsbach
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Otfried-Müller Str. 23 , D-72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Marita Eckert
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Otfried-Müller Str. 23 , D-72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Otfried-Müller Str. 23 , D-72076 Tübingen , Germany
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology , Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7 , D-72076 Tübingen , Germany
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86
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Baltussen LL, Rosianu F, Ultanir SK. Kinases in synaptic development and neurological diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:343-352. [PMID: 29241837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis and synapse development is essential for building a functioning nervous system, and defects in these processes are associated with neurological disorders. Our understanding of molecular components and signalling events that contribute to neuronal development and pathogenesis is limited. Genes associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases provide entry points for elucidating molecular events that contribute to these conditions. Several protein kinases, enzymes that regulate protein function by phosphorylating their substrates, are genetically linked to neurological disorders. Identifying substrates of these kinases is key to discovering their function and providing insight for possible therapies. In this review, we describe how various methods for kinase-substrate identification helped elucidate kinase signalling pathways important for neuronal development and function. We describe recent advances on roles of kinases TAOK2, TNIK and CDKL5 in neuronal development and the converging pathways of LRRK2, PINK1 and GAK in Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Baltussen
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Rosianu
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
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87
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Regulation of myeloid cell phagocytosis by LRRK2 via WAVE2 complex stabilization is altered in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5164-E5173. [PMID: 29760073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718946115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been implicated in both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its pathogenic role remains unclear. A previous screen in Drosophila identified Scar/WAVE (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verproline) proteins as potential genetic interactors of LRRK2 Here, we provide evidence that LRRK2 modulates the phagocytic response of myeloid cells via specific modulation of the actin-cytoskeletal regulator, WAVE2. We demonstrate that macrophages and microglia from LRRK2-G2019S PD patients and mice display a WAVE2-mediated increase in phagocytic response, respectively. Lrrk2 loss results in the opposite effect. LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates Wave2 at Thr470, stabilizing and preventing its proteasomal degradation. Finally, we show that Wave2 also mediates Lrrk2-G2019S-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in both macrophage-midbrain cocultures and in vivo. Taken together, a LRRK2-WAVE2 pathway, which modulates the phagocytic response in mice and human leukocytes, may define an important role for altered immune function in PD.
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88
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Chen J, Chen Y, Pu J. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 in Parkinson's Disease: Updated from Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Target. Eur Neurol 2018; 79:256-265. [PMID: 29705795 DOI: 10.1159/000488938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood but is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Several genes are associated with the onset and progression of familial PD. There is increasing evidence that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a significant role in PD pathophysiology. SUMMARY Many studies have been conducted to elucidate the functions of LRRK2 and identify effective LRRK2 inhibitors for PD treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of LRRK2 in PD and recent progress in the use of LRRK2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Key Messages: LRRK2 plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PD, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 has become one of the most promising potential therapies for PD. Further research is warranted to determine the functions of LRRK2 and expand the applications of LRRK2 inhibitors in PD treatment.
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89
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Xiong Y, Yu J. Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Drosophila: What Have We Learned for Dominant Traits? Front Neurol 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 29686647 PMCID: PMC5900015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, there is no cure or proven disease modifying therapy for PD. The recent discovery of a number of genes involved in both sporadic and familial forms of PD has enabled disease modeling in easily manipulable model systems. Various model systems have been developed to study the pathobiology of PD and provided tremendous insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Among all the model systems, the power of Drosophila has revealed many genetic factors involved in the various pathways, and provided potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on Drosophila models of PD, with emphasis on how Drosophila models have provided new insights into the mutations of dominant genes causing PD and what are the convergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
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90
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Thomas EA, D'Mello SR. Complex neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of histone deacetylases. J Neurochem 2018; 145:96-110. [PMID: 29355955 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By their ability to shatter quality of life for both patients and caregivers, neurodegenerative diseases are the most devastating of human disorders. Unfortunately, there are no effective or long-terms treatments capable of slowing down the relentless loss of neurons in any of these diseases. One impediment is the lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of neurodegeneration. While some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are mostly sporadic in nature, driven by both environment and genetic susceptibility, many others, including Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, are genetically inherited disorders. Surprisingly, given their different roots and etiologies, both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to disease mechanisms involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins, which consists of 18 family members with diverse functions. While most studies have implicated certain HDAC subtypes in promoting neurodegeneration, a substantial body of literature suggests that other HDAC proteins can preserve neuronal viability. Of particular interest, however, is the recent realization that a single HDAC subtype can have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Diverse mechanisms, beyond transcriptional regulation have been linked to these effects, including deacetylation of non-histone proteins, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications of the HDAC proteins themselves and direct interactions with disease proteins. The roles of these HDACs in both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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91
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Nagarajan N, Chellam J, Kannan RR. Exploring the functional impact of mutational drift in LRRK2 gene and identification of specific inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson disease. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4878-4889. [PMID: 29369408 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is caused due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the region of the brain called substantia nigra. Mutations in LRRK2 genes are associated with disease condition and it's been reported as crucial factor for drug resistance. Identification of deleterious mutations and studying the structural and functional impact of such mutations may lead to the identification of potential selective inhibitors. In this study, we analyzed 52 PD associated mutations, among that 20 were identified as highly deleterious. The deleterious mutations G2019S and I2020T in the kinase domain were playing a key role in causing resistance to drug levedopa. Molecular docking analyses have been performed to understand the binding affinity of levodapa with LRRK2 in wild and mutant condition. Molecular docking results show that levedopa binds differentially and obtained less number of hydrogen bonds in compared with wild type LRRK2. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the efficacy of docked complexes and it was observed that the efficacy of the mutant complexes (G2019S-Levodopa and I2020T-Levodopa) affected in the presence of mutation. Finally, through virtual screening approach specific inhibitors SCHEMBL6473053 and SCHEMBL1278779 have been identified that could potentially inhibit LLRK2 mutants G2019S and I2020T respectively. Over all this computational investigation correlates the impact of genotypic modulation in structure and function of drug target which enhanced in the identification of precision medicine to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagasundaram Nagarajan
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaynthy Chellam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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92
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Wong AYW, Oikonomou V, Paolicelli G, De Luca A, Pariano M, Fric J, Tay HS, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Zelante T. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Controls the Ca 2+/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells/IL-2 Pathway during Aspergillus Non-Canonical Autophagy in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:210. [PMID: 29472933 PMCID: PMC5809498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease-associated protein, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a known negative regulator of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), is expressed in myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) and is involved in the host immune response against pathogens. Since, the Ca2+/NFAT/IL-2 axis has been previously found to regulate DC response to the fungus Aspergillus, we have investigated the role played by the kinase LRRK2 during fungal infection. Mechanistically, we found that in the early stages of the non-canonical autophagic response of DCs to the germinated spores of Aspergillus, LRRK2 undergoes progressive degradation and regulates NFAT translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our results shed new light on the complexity of the Ca2+/NFAT/IL-2 pathway, where LRRK2 plays a role in controlling the immune response of DCs to Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Yoke Wei Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jan Fric
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hock Soon Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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93
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Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are known today as the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is a large protein that is hypothesized to regulate other proteins as a scaffold in downstream signaling pathways. This is supported by the multiple domain composition of LRRK2 with several protein-protein interaction domains combined with kinase and GTPase activity. LRRK2 is highly phosphorylated at sites that are strictly controlled by upstream regulators, including its own kinase domain. In cultured cells, most pathogenic mutants display increased autophosphorylation at S1292, but decreased phosphorylation at sites controlled by other kinases. We only begin to understand how LRRK2 phosphorylation is regulated and how this impacts its physiological and pathological function. Intriguingly, LRRK2 kinase inhibition, currently one of the most prevailing disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for PD, induces LRRK2 dephosphorylation at sites that are also dephosphorylated in pathogenic variants. In addition, LRRK2 kinase inhibition can induce LRRK2 protein degradation, which might be related to the observed inhibitor-induced adverse effects on the lung in rodents and non-human primates, as it resembles the lung pathology in LRRK2 knock-out animals. In this review, we will provide an overview of how LRRK2 phosphorylation is regulated and how this complex regulation relates to several molecular and cellular features of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina De Wit
- 1 Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- 1 Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- 1 Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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94
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Blanca Ramírez M, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Madero-Pérez J, Gonnelli A, Drouyer M, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Hilfiker S. GTP binding regulates cellular localization of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2747-2767. [PMID: 28453723 PMCID: PMC5886193 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprise the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and sequence variants modify risk for sporadic PD. Previous studies indicate that LRRK2 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and alters MT-mediated vesicular transport processes. However, the molecular determinants within LRRK2 required for such interactions have remained unknown. Here, we report that most pathogenic LRRK2 mutants cause relocalization of LRRK2 to filamentous structures which colocalize with a subset of MTs, and an identical relocalization is seen upon pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The pronounced colocalization with MTs does not correlate with alterations in LRRK2 kinase activity, but rather with increased GTP binding. Synthetic mutations which impair GTP binding, as well as LRRK2 GTP-binding inhibitors profoundly interfere with the abnormal localization of both pathogenic mutant as well as kinase-inhibited LRRK2. Conversely, addition of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog to permeabilized cells enhances the association of pathogenic or kinase-inhibited LRRK2 with MTs. Our data elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased MT association of select pathogenic LRRK2 mutants or of pharmacologically kinase-inhibited LRRK2, with implications for downstream MT-mediated transport events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Adriano Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
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95
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Zhao H, Kong Z. Relationship between LRRK2 R1628P polymorphism and Parkinson's disease in Asian populations. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46890-46898. [PMID: 27384489 PMCID: PMC5216911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) R1628P polymorphism has been associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Taiwan, China, and Singapore, there are conflicting findings regarding this relationship. Thus, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the associations between the LRRK2 R1628P polymorphism (rs33949390) and PD in Asian populations. A search for eligible studies was performed in PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, and pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the strength of the association between the R1628P polymorphism and PD. This meta-analysis assessed 19 studies from 14 papers that involved a total of 9,927 PD patients and 8,602 controls and found that the R1628P polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of PD in Asian populations. Moreover, stratification analyses indicated that the R1628P polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of PD among Chinese as well as non-Chinese Asian populations and an increased risk of PD in Chinese patients from China, Taiwan, and Singapore. In a stratified analysis conducted according to age, significant associations were found for both late-onset PD and early-onset PD. The present data indicate that the R1628P polymorphism of the LRRK2 gene contributes to PD susceptibility in Asian, especially Chinese, populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhijun Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
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96
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Abstract
An understanding of the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) has become imperative for the modern-day neurologist. Although genetic forms cause only a minority of PD, the disease mechanisms they elucidate advance the understanding of idiopathic cases. Moreover, recently identified susceptibility variants contribute to complex-etiology PD and broaden the contribution of genetics beyond familial and early-onset cases. Dominantly inherited monogenic forms mimic idiopathic PD and are caused by mutations or copy number variations of SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35. On the other hand, early-onset forms are associated with PARKIN, PINK1, and DJ1 mutations, nominating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as another important molecular pathway in the causation of the disease, in addition to alpha-synuclein accumulation. Common variants in GBA are consistently identified by association studies and may be considered to be a major risk gene for PD, with markedly reduced penetrance. Other genes have been proposed to be associated with PD; however, these only cause very rare forms, if at all. Current guidelines recommend testing for LRRK2 variants in familial PD or in specific populations (ancestry), and for the recessive genes in early-onset PD. However, gene panels have made testing for multiple forms of genetic PD a viable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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97
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Rui Q, Ni H, Li D, Gao R, Chen G. The Role of LRRK2 in Neurodegeneration of Parkinson Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1348-1357. [PMID: 29473513 PMCID: PMC6251048 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180222165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene and α-synuclein gene (SNCA) are the key influencing factors of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is reported that dysfunction of LRRK2 may influence the accumulation of α-synuclein and its pathology to alter cellular functions and signaling pathways by the kinase activation of LRRK2. The accumulation of α-synuclein is one of the main stimulants of microglial activation. Microglia are macrophages that reside in the brain, and activation of microglia is believed to contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal death in PD. Therefore, clarifying the complex relationship among LRRK2, α-synuclein and microglials could offer targeted clinical therapies for PD. Here, we provide an updated review focused on the discussion of the evidence supporting some of the key mechanisms that are important for LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Gao
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, No.68 Jiyang Western Road, Suzhou, P.R. China; Tel: +86-18921962599; E-mail:
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98
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LRRK2 functions as a scaffolding kinase of ASK1-mediated neuronal cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2356-2368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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99
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Abstract
The 200years of research efforts on Parkinson disease (PD) form the basis of our understanding of the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease. This journey has been marked by the revolutionary discovery of a neurotransmitter replacement therapy that provides a longer and healthier life to patients. Since 1997, the advances in the genetics of PD have expanded our understanding of this neurodegenerative disorder and they are opening up new ways to search for disease-modifying therapies. This chapter is a summary of the historical discoveries and latest progress in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mastrangelo
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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100
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Chen Z, Cao Z, Zhang W, Gu M, Zhou ZD, Li B, Li J, Tan EK, Zeng L. LRRK2 interacts with ATM and regulates Mdm2–p53 cell proliferation axis in response to genotoxic stress. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4494-4505. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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