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Balestrini R, Salvioli A, Dal Molin A, Novero M, Gabelli G, Paparelli E, Marroni F, Bonfante P. Impact of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus versus a mixed microbial inoculum on the transcriptome reprogramming of grapevine roots. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:417-430. [PMID: 28101667 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine, cultivated for both fruit and beverage production, represents one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide. With the aim of better understanding how grape roots respond to beneficial microbes, a transcriptome sequencing experiment has been performed to evaluate the impact of a single arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species (Funneliformis mosseae) versus a mixed inoculum containing a bacterial and fungal consortium, including different AM species, on Richter 110 rootstock. Results showed that the impact of a single AM fungus and of a complex microbial inoculum on the grapevine transcriptome differed. After 3 months, roots exclusively were colonized after the F. mosseae treatment and several AM marker genes were found to be upregulated. The mixed inoculum led only to traces of colonization by AM fungi, but elicited an important transcriptional regulation. Additionally, the expression of genes belonging to categories such as nutrient transport, transcription factors, and cell wall-related genes was significantly altered in both treatments, but the exact genes affected differed in the two conditions. These findings advance our understanding about the impact of soil beneficial microbes on the root system of a woody plant, also offering the basis for novel approaches in grapevine cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante del CNR, SS Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dal Molin
- Centro di Genomica Funzionale dell'Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gabelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paparelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), Università degli Studi di Udine, Viale delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata (IGA), Via J. Linussio 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), Università degli Studi di Udine, Viale delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata (IGA), Via J. Linussio 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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52
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Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mycorrhizal fungi belong to several taxa and develop mutualistic symbiotic associations with over 90% of all plant species, from liverworts to angiosperms. While descriptive approaches have dominated the initial studies of these fascinating symbioses, the advent of molecular biology, live cell imaging, and “omics” techniques have provided new and powerful tools to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms that rule mutualistic plant-fungus interactions. In this article we focus on the most common mycorrhizal association, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is formed by a group of soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycota. AM fungi are believed to have assisted the conquest of dry lands by early plants around 450 million years ago and are found today in most land ecosystems. AM fungi have several peculiar biological traits, including obligate biotrophy, intracellular development inside the plant tissues, coenocytic multinucleate hyphae, and spores, as well as unique genetics, such as the putative absence of a sexual cycle, and multiple ecological functions. All of these features make the study of AM fungi as intriguing as it is challenging, and their symbiotic association with most crop plants is currently raising a broad interest in agronomic contexts for the potential use of AM fungi in sustainable production under conditions of low chemical input.
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Kumar V, Baweja M, Singh PK, Shukla P. Recent Developments in Systems Biology and Metabolic Engineering of Plant-Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1421. [PMID: 27725824 PMCID: PMC5035732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play a crucial role in the sustainability of the various ecosystems. The characterization of various interactions between microorganisms and other biotic factors is a necessary footstep to understand the association and functions of microbial communities. Among the different microbial interactions in an ecosystem, plant-microbe interaction plays an important role to balance the ecosystem. The present review explores plant-microbe interactions using gene editing and system biology tools toward the comprehension in improvement of plant traits. Further, system biology tools like FBA (flux balance analysis), OptKnock, and constraint-based modeling helps in understanding such interactions as a whole. In addition, various gene editing tools have been summarized and a strategy has been hypothesized for the development of disease free plants. Furthermore, we have tried to summarize the predictions through data retrieved from various types of sources such as high throughput sequencing data (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism detection, RNA-seq, proteomics) and metabolic models have been reconstructed from such sequences for species communities. It is well known fact that systems biology approaches and modeling of biological networks will enable us to learn the insight of such network and will also help further in understanding these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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Werner S, Polle A, Brinkmann N. Belowground communication: impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil fungi on other soil-inhabiting organisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8651-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Padje AV, Whiteside MD, Kiers ET. Signals and cues in the evolution of plant-microbe communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:47-52. [PMID: 27348594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Communication has played a key role in organismal evolution. If sender and receiver have a shared interest in propagating reliable information, such as when they are kin relatives, then effective communication can bring large fitness benefits. However, interspecific communication (among different species) is more prone to dishonesty. Over the last decade, plants and their microbial root symbionts have become a model system for studying interspecific molecular crosstalk. However, less is known about the evolutionary stability of plant-microbe communication. What prevents partners from hijacking or manipulating information to their own benefit? Here, we focus on communication between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. We ask how partners use directed signals to convey specific information, and highlight research on the problem of dishonest signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Whiteside
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Fiorilli V, Belmondo S, Khouja HR, Abbà S, Faccio A, Daghino S, Lanfranco L. RiPEIP1, a gene from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, is preferentially expressed in planta and may be involved in root colonization. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:609-621. [PMID: 27075897 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics and genomics data recently obtained from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis have offered new opportunities to decipher the contribution of the fungal partner to the establishment of the symbiotic association. The large number of genes which do not show similarity to known proteins witnesses the uniqueness of this group of plant-associated fungi. In this work, we characterize a gene that was called RiPEIP1 (Preferentially Expressed In Planta). Its expression is strongly induced in the intraradical phase, including arbuscules, and follows the expression profile of the Medicago truncatula phosphate transporter MtPT4, a molecular marker of a functional symbiosis. Indeed, mtpt4 mutant plants, which exhibit low mycorrhizal colonization and an accelerated arbuscule turnover, also show a reduced RiPEIP1 mRNA abundance. To further characterize RiPEIP1, in the absence of genetic transformation protocols for AM fungi, we took advantage of two different fungal heterologous systems. When expressed as a GFP fusion in yeast cells, RiPEIP1 localizes in the endomembrane system, in particular to the endoplasmic reticulum, which is consistent with the in silico prediction of four transmembrane domains. We then generated RiPEIP1-expressing strains of the fungus Oidiodendron maius, ericoid endomycorrhizal fungus for which transformation protocols are available. Roots of Vaccinium myrtillus colonized by RiPEIP1-expressing transgenic strains showed a higher mycorrhization level compared to roots colonized by the O. maius wild-type strain, suggesting that RiPEIP1 may regulate the root colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Belmondo
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Hassine Radhouane Khouja
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Abbà
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
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Vannini C, Carpentieri A, Salvioli A, Novero M, Marsoni M, Testa L, de Pinto MC, Amoresano A, Ortolani F, Bracale M, Bonfante P. An interdomain network: the endobacterium of a mycorrhizal fungus promotes antioxidative responses in both fungal and plant hosts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:265-275. [PMID: 26914272 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate plant biotrophs that may contain endobacteria in their cytoplasm. Genome sequencing of Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum revealed a reduced genome and dependence on the fungal host. RNA-seq analysis of the AMF Gigaspora margarita in the presence and absence of the endobacterium indicated that endobacteria have an important role in the fungal pre-symbiotic phase by enhancing fungal bioenergetic capacity. To improve the understanding of fungal-endobacterial interactions, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) quantitative proteomics was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in G. margarita germinating spores with endobacteria (B+), without endobacteria in the cured line (B-) and after application of the synthetic strigolactone GR24. Proteomic, transcriptomic and biochemical data identified several fungal and bacterial proteins involved in interspecies interactions. Endobacteria influenced fungal growth, calcium signalling and metabolism. The greatest effects were on fungal primary metabolism and respiration, which was 50% higher in B+ than in B-. A shift towards pentose phosphate metabolism was detected in B-. Quantification of carbonylated proteins indicated that the B- line had higher oxidative stress levels, which were also observed in two host plants. This study shows that endobacteria generate a complex interdomain network that affects AMF and fungal-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Vannini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Università dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpentieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, viale Mattioli 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, viale Mattioli 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Milena Marsoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Università dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Università dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta de Pinto
- Department of Biology, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Ortolani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Università dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Università dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, viale Mattioli 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy
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Belmondo S, Marschall R, Tudzynski P, López Ráez JA, Artuso E, Prandi C, Lanfranco L. Identification of genes involved in fungal responses to strigolactones using mutants from fungal pathogens. Curr Genet 2016; 63:201-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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López-Ráez JA. How drought and salinity affect arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and strigolactone biosynthesis? PLANTA 2016; 243:1375-85. [PMID: 26627211 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the importance of AM symbiosis in alleviating plant stress under unfavourable environmental conditions, making emphasis on the role of strigolactones. A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this beneficial association will increase its potential use as an innovative and sustainable strategy in modern agriculture. Plants are very dynamic systems with a great capacity for adaptation to a constantly changing environment. This phenotypic plasticity is particularly advantageous in areas damaged or subjected to intensive agriculture. Nowadays, global crop production systems are intensifying the impact on natural resources, such as water availability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more sustainable alternatives. One of the plant strategies to improve phenotypic plasticity is to establish mutualistic beneficial associations with soil microorganisms, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The establishment of AM symbiosis requires a complex network of interconnected signalling pathways, in which phytohormones play a key role. Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones acting as modulators of the coordinated development under nutrient shortage. SLs also act as host detection signals for AM fungi, favouring symbiosis establishment. In this review, current knowledge on the effect of water-related stresses, such as drought and salinity, in AM symbiosis and in SL production is discussed. Likewise, how the symbiosis helps the host plant to alleviate stress symptoms is also reviewed. Finally, we highlight how interactions between hormonal signalling pathways modulate all these responses, especially in the cross-talk between SLs and abscisic acid (ABA). Understanding the intricate mechanisms that regulate the establishment of AM symbiosis and the plant responses under unfavourable conditions will contribute to implement the use of AM fungi as bioprotective agents against these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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62
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Tamayo E, Benabdellah K, Ferrol N. Characterization of Three New Glutaredoxin Genes in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis: Putative Role of RiGRX4 and RiGRX5 in Iron Homeostasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149606. [PMID: 26900849 PMCID: PMC4765768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous oxidoreductases involved in the regulation of the redox state in living cells. In an attempt to identify the full complement of GRXs in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, three additional GRX homologs, besides the formerly characterized GintGRX1 (renamed here as RiGRX1), were identified. The three new GRXs (RiGRX4, RiGRX5 and RiGRX6) contain the CXXS domain of monothiol GRXs, but whereas RiGRX4 and RiGRX5 belong to class II GRXs, RiGRX6 belongs to class I together with RiGRX1. By using a yeast expression system, we observed that the newly identified homologs partially reverted sensitivity of the GRX deletion yeast strains to external oxidants. Furthermore, our results indicated that RiGRX4 and RiGRX5 play a role in iron homeostasis in yeast. Gene expression analyses revealed that RiGRX1 and RiGRX6 were more highly expressed in the intraradical (IRM) than in the extraradical mycelium (ERM). Exposure of the ERM to hydrogen peroxide induced up-regulation of RiGRX1, RiGRX4 and RiGRX5 gene expression. RiGRX4 expression was also up-regulated in the ERM when the fungus was grown in media supplemented with a high iron concentration. These data indicate the two monothiol class II GRXs, RiGRX4 and RiGRX5, might be involved in oxidative stress protection and in the regulation of fungal iron homeostasis. Increased expression of RiGRX1 and RiGRX6 in the IRM suggests that these GRXs should play a key role in oxidative stress protection of R. irregularis during its in planta phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Tamayo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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63
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Abstract
Secreted peroxidases are well-known components of damage-induced defense responses in plants. A recent study in Nature (Turrà et al., 2015) has revealed that these enzymes can inadvertently serve as reporters of wounded sites and constitute an "Achilles heel," allowing adapted pathogens to track and enter host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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64
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Artuso E, Ghibaudi E, Lace B, Marabello D, Vinciguerra D, Lombardi C, Koltai H, Kapulnik Y, Novero M, Occhiato EG, Scarpi D, Parisotto S, Deagostino A, Venturello P, Mayzlish-Gati E, Bier A, Prandi C. Stereochemical Assignment of Strigolactone Analogues Confirms Their Selective Biological Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2624-33. [PMID: 26502774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are new plant hormones with various developmental functions. They are also soil signaling chemicals that are required for establishing beneficial mycorrhizal plant/fungus symbiosis. In addition, SLs play an essential role in inducing seed germination in root-parasitic weeds, which are one of the seven most serious biological threats to food security. There are around 20 natural SLs that are produced by plants in very low quantities. Therefore, most of the knowledge on SL signal transduction and associated molecular events is based on the application of synthetic analogues. Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in the structure-activity relationship of SLs, as compounds with an unnatural D-ring configuration may induce biological effects that are unrelated to SLs. We have synthesized a series of strigolactone analogues, whose absolute configuration has been elucidated and related with their biological activity, thus confirming the high specificity of the response. Analogues bearing the R-configured butenolide moiety showed enhanced biological activity, which highlights the importance of this stereochemical motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Artuso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ghibaudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Beatrice Lace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Domenica Marabello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Vinciguerra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Mara Novero
- DBIOS, University of Turin , Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ernesto G Occhiato
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Dina Scarpi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Parisotto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Annamaria Deagostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Venturello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Ariel Bier
- ARO Volcani Center , Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Hohnjec N, Czaja-Hasse LF, Hogekamp C, Küster H. Pre-announcement of symbiotic guests: transcriptional reprogramming by mycorrhizal lipochitooligosaccharides shows a strict co-dependency on the GRAS transcription factors NSP1 and RAM1. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:994. [PMID: 26597293 PMCID: PMC4657205 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80 % of all terrestrial plant species establish an arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with Glomeromycota fungi. This plant-microbe interaction primarily improves phosphate uptake, but also supports nitrogen, mineral, and water aquisition. During the pre-contact stage, the AM symbiosis is controled by an exchange of diffusible factors from either partner. Amongst others, fungal signals were identified as a mix of sulfated and non-sulfated lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), being structurally related to rhizobial nodulation (Nod)-factor LCOs that in legumes induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. LCO signals are transduced via a common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP) that activates a group of GRAS transcription factors (TFs). Using complex gene expression fingerprints as molecular phenotypes, this study primarily intended to shed light on the importance of the GRAS TFs NSP1 and RAM1 for LCO-activated gene expression during pre-symbiotic signaling. RESULTS We investigated the genome-wide transcriptional responses in 5 days old primary roots of the Medicago truncatula wild type and four symbiotic mutants to a 6 h challenge with LCO signals supplied at 10(-7/-8) M. We were able to show that during the pre-symbiotic stage, sulfated Myc-, non-sulfated Myc-, and Nod-LCO-activated gene expression almost exclusively depends on the LysM receptor kinase NFP and is largely controled by the CSSP, although responses independent of this pathway exist. Our results show that downstream of the CSSP, gene expression activation by Myc-LCOs supplied at 10(-7/-8) M strictly required both the GRAS transcription factors RAM1 and NSP1, whereas those genes either co- or specifically activated by Nod-LCOs displayed a preferential NSP1-dependency. RAM1, a central regulator of root colonization by AM fungi, controled genes activated by non-sulfated Myc-LCOs during the pre-symbiotic stage that are also up-regulated in areas with early physical contact, e.g. hyphopodia and infecting hyphae; linking responses to externally applied LCOs with early root colonization. CONCLUSIONS Since both RAM1 and NSP1 were essential for the pre-symbiotic transcriptional reprogramming by Myc-LCOs, we propose that downstream of the CSSP, these GRAS transcription factors act synergistically in the transduction of those diffusible signals that pre-announce the presence of symbiotic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Hohnjec
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa F Czaja-Hasse
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
- Present address: Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany.
| | - Claudia Hogekamp
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Helge Küster
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Spanu PD. RNA-protein interactions in plant disease: hackers at the dinner table. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:991-995. [PMID: 26237564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the source of most of our food, whether directly or as feed for the animals we eat. Our dinner table is a trophic level we share with the microbes that also feed on the primary photosynthetic producers. Microbes that enter into close interactions with plants need to evade or suppress detection and host immunity to access nutrients. They do this by deploying molecular tools - effectors - which target host processes. The mode of action of effector proteins in these events is varied and complex. Recent data from diverse systems indicate that RNA-interacting proteins and RNA itself are delivered by eukaryotic microbes, such as fungi and oomycetes, to host plants and contribute to the establishment of successful interactions. This is evidence that pathogenic microbes can interfere with the host software. We are beginning to see that pathogenic microbes are capable of hacking into the plants' immunity programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro D Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Room 610 SAFB, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Fiorilli V, Vallino M, Biselli C, Faccio A, Bagnaresi P, Bonfante P. Host and non-host roots in rice: cellular and molecular approaches reveal differential responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:636. [PMID: 26322072 PMCID: PMC4534827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa, a model plant for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, has both host and non-host roots. Large lateral (LLR) and fine lateral (FLR) roots display opposite responses: LLR support AM colonization, but FLR do not. Our research aimed to study the molecular, morphological and physiological aspects related to the non-host behavior of FLR. RNA-seq analysis revealed that LLR and FLR displayed divergent expression profiles, including changes in many metabolic pathways. Compared with LLR, FLR showed down-regulation of genes instrumental for AM establishment and gibberellin signaling, and a higher expression of nutrient transporters. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, FLR had higher phosphorus content. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that, surprisingly, in the Selenio cultivar, FLR have a two-layered cortex, which is theoretically compatible with AM colonization. According to RNA-seq, a gibberellin inhibitor treatment increased anticlinal divisions leading to a higher number of cortex cells in FLR. We propose that some of the differentially regulated genes that lead to the anatomical and physiological properties of the two root types also function as genetic factors regulating fungal colonization. The rice root apparatus offers a unique tool to study AM symbiosis, allowing direct comparisons of host and non-host roots in the same individual plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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Nouri E, Reinhardt D. Flowers and mycorrhizal roots--closer than we think? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:344-50. [PMID: 25868653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Roots and flowers are formed at the extreme ends of plants and they differ in almost every aspect of their development and function; even so, they exhibit surprising molecular commonalities. For example, the calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) plays a central role in root symbioses with fungi and bacteria, but is also highly expressed in developing anthers. Moreover, independent evidence from transcriptomics, phylogenomics, and genetics reveals common developmental elements in root symbioses and reproductive development. We discuss the significance of these overlaps, and we argue that an integrated comparative view of the two phenomena will stimulate research and provide new insight, not only into shared components, but also into the specific aspects of anther development and root symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nouri
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Aliferis KA, Chamoun R, Jabaji S. Metabolic responses of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaves to mycorrhization as revealed by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy metabolite profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:344. [PMID: 26042135 PMCID: PMC4434919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The root system of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic interfaces with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are important for nutrient cycling and ecosystem sustainability. The elucidation of the undergoing changes in plants' metabolism during symbiosis is essential for understanding nutrient acquisition and for alleviation of soil stresses caused by environmental cues. Within this context, we have undertaken the task of recording the fluctuation of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaf metabolome in response to AMF inoculation. The development of an advanced metabolomics/bioinformatics protocol employing mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H NMR analyzers combined with the in-house-built metabolite library for willow (http://willowmetabolib. RESEARCH mcgill.ca/index.html) are key components of the research. Analyses revealed that AMF inoculation of willow causes up-regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, among others, those of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and the chlorophyll and porphyrin pathways, which have well-established roles in plant physiology and are related to resistance against environmental stresses. The recorded fluctuation in the willow leaf metabolism is very likely to provide AMF-inoculated willows with a significant advantage compared to non-inoculated ones when they are exposed to stresses such as, high levels of soil pollutants. The discovered biomarkers of willow response to AMF inoculation and corresponding pathways could be exploited in biomarker-assisted selection of willow cultivars with superior phytoremediation capacity or genetic engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Giovannetti M, Mari A, Novero M, Bonfante P. Early Lotus japonicus root transcriptomic responses to symbiotic and pathogenic fungal exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:480. [PMID: 26175746 PMCID: PMC4483521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate Lotus japonicus transcriptomic responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) germinated spore exudates (GSEs), responsible for activating nuclear Ca(2+) spiking in plant root epidermis. A microarray experiment was performed comparing gene expression in Lotus rootlets treated with GSE or water after 24 and 48 h. The transcriptional pattern of selected genes that resulted to be regulated in the array was further evaluated upon different treatments and timings. In particular, Lotus rootlets were treated with: GSE from the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum trifolii; short chitin oligomers (COs; acknowledged AM fungal signals) and long COs (as activators of pathogenic responses). This experimental set up has revealed that AM GSE generates a strong transcriptomic response in Lotus roots with an extensive defense-related response after 24 h and a subsequent down-regulation after 48 h. A similar subset of defense-related genes resulted to be up-regulated also upon treatment with C. trifolii GSE, although with an opposite trend. Surprisingly, long COs activated both defense-like and symbiosis-related genes. Among the genes regulated in the microarray, promoter-GUS assay showed that LjMATE1 activates in epidermal cells and root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Mari
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna di Studi Universitari e PerfezionamentoPisa, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Bonfante, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy,
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