51
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Kumar S, Tewari C, Sahoo NG, Philip L. Mechanistic insights into carbo-catalyzed persulfate treatment for simultaneous degradation of cationic and anionic dye in multicomponent mixture using plastic waste-derived carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128956. [PMID: 35472549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling waste into value-added products for utilization in wastewater abatements has been explored in a number of treatment technologies. One such waste, single-use plastic, which poses significant adverse environmental and economic impact, has been chosen and converted into graphitic carbon to reduce the waste burden sustainably and economically. The sorptive and catalytic performance of synthesized plastic waste-derived carbon (PWC) was evaluated using brilliant green (BG) and eosin yellow (EY) as target pollutants. The adsorption capacity of PWC was very low for BG (7.41 mg/g) and EY (4.93 mg/g). The coupling of PWC with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) promoted dye degradation. Complete degradation of the dye, with ~61% reduction in TOC and ~95% reduction in toxicity, was achieved by oxidative treatment (initial concentration: 10 mg/L). The functionalities of PWC facilitated better electron transfer to PMS for its effective activation, which led to the production of SO4•- and OH•. The quenching study confirmed that the degradation of dyes was primarily due to SO4•-. Additionally, the pathways of dye degradation were proposed based on the intermediates identified. Thus, this study established the high potential of PWC as a metal-free catalyst in PMS activation for the abatement of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Chetna Tewari
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Ligy Philip
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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52
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Closing of Carbon Cycle by Waste Gasification for Circular Economy Implementation in Poland. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15144983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestic coal and waste resources, which are valuable sources of carbon, can support efforts to transform a linear economy into a circular carbon economy. Their use, as an alternative to conventional, imported fossil resources (crude oil, natural gas) for chemical production, provides an opportunity for Poland to solve problems related to competitiveness, security of supply, and sustainable development in various industries. This is important for Poland because it can provide it with a long-term perspective of economic growth and development, taking into account global trends (e.g., the Paris Agreement) and EU legislation. The article presents a concept to support the transformation from linear toward a circular carbon economy under Polish conditions. The carried-out analyses showed that coal, RDF, and plastic waste fuels can be a valuable source of raw material for the development of the chemical industry in Poland. Due to the assumed availability of plastic waste and the loss of carbon in the production process, coal consumption is estimated at 10 million t/yr, both in the medium- and long-term. In case where coal consumption is reduced and an additional source of ‘green hydrogen’ is used, CO2 emissions could be reduced even by 98% by 2050. The presented results show the technical and economic feasibility of the proposed solution and could be the basis for development of the roadmap for transition of the linear to circular economy under Polish condition.
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53
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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54
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From Waste to Potential Reuse: Mixtures of Polypropylene/Recycled Copolymer Polypropylene from Industrial Containers: Seeking Sustainable Materials. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of thermo-oxidation aging in blends of copolymer polypropylene (PPc)/recycled copolymer polypropylene (PPcr) from industrial container waste, coded as PPc/PPcr blends. All compounds were melt extruded, and the injection molded specimens were characterized by mechanical properties (tensile and impact), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), melt flow index (MFI), contact angle, heat deflection temperature (HDT), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectra presented bands related to the hydroperoxides and carbonyl groups, as resulted from thermo-oxidation aging. The contact angle decreased upon a thermo-oxidation aging influence, corroborating the FTIR spectra. PPcr presented higher MFI as a consequence of reprocessing. Impact strength and elongation at break were quite sensible to the thermo-oxidation aging influence and were progressively reduced upon increased time, whereas tensile strength, elastic modulus, and HDT only slightly changed. SEM images of PPc presented a higher quantity of pulled-out particles, resulted from a lower interaction between phases, i.e., polypropylene and ethylene/propylene. From the impact strength and toughness data, proper dissipation energy mechanisms were found in PPc/PPcr blends. Summing up, using PPcr contributed to minimize properties’ losses, which may be related to the stabilizer agents, whereas the described results presented great potential for the PP market, while contributing to the sustainable environment.
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55
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Lee H, Papari S, Bernardini G, Ciuffi B, Rosi L, Berruti F. Value‐added products from waste: Slow pyrolysis of used polyethylene‐lined paper coffee cup waste. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lee
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, Faculty of Engineering Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Sadegh Papari
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, Faculty of Engineering Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Giulio Bernardini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
| | - Benedetta Ciuffi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
| | - Luca Rosi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
| | - Franco Berruti
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, Faculty of Engineering Western University London Ontario Canada
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56
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Palmay P, Haro C, Huacho I, Barzallo D, Bruno JC. Production and Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of the Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Pyrolysis of Different Thermoplastics and Plastic Mixtures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103287. [PMID: 35630764 PMCID: PMC9143201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant search for the proper management of non-degradable waste in conjunction with the circular economy makes the thermal pyrolysis of plastics an important technique for obtaining products with industrial interest. The present study aims to produce pyrolytic oil from thermoplastics and their different mixtures in order to determine the best performance between these and different mixtures, as well as to characterize the liquid fraction obtained to analyze its use based on said properties. This was carried out in a batch type reactor at a temperature of 400 °C for both individual plastics and their mixtures, from which the yields of the different fractions are obtained. The liquid fraction of interest is characterized by gas chromatography and its properties are characterized by ASTM standards. The product of the pyrolysis of mixtures of 75% polystyrene and 25% polypropylene presents a yield of 82%, being the highest, with a viscosity of 1.12 cSt and a calorific power of 42.5 MJ/kg, which has a composition of compounds of carbon chains ranging between C6 and C20, for which it is proposed as a good additive agent to conventional fuels for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmay
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carla Haro
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Iván Huacho
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Diego Barzallo
- Facultad Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro 091050, Ecuador;
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Bruno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avenida Paisos Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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57
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Morici E, Carroccio SC, Bruno E, Scarfato P, Filippone G, Dintcheva NT. Recycled (Bio)Plastics and (Bio)Plastic Composites: A Trade Opportunity in a Green Future. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102038. [PMID: 35631920 PMCID: PMC9148040 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s world is at the point where almost everyone realizes the usefulness of going green. Due to so-called global warming, there is an urgent need to find solutions to help the Earth and move towards a green future. Many worldwide events are focusing on the global technologies in plastics, bioplastic production, the recycling industry, and waste management where the goal is to turn plastic waste into a trade opportunity among the industrialists and manufacturers. The present work aims to review the recycling process via analyzing the recycling of thermoplastic, thermoset polymers, biopolymers, and their complex composite systems, such as fiber-reinforced polymers and nanocomposites. Moreover, it will be highlighted how the frame of the waste management, increasing the materials specificity, cleanliness, and a low level of collected material contamination will increase the potential recycling of plastics and bioplastics-based materials. At the same time, to have a real and approachable trade opportunity in recycling, it needs to implement an integrated single market for secondary raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Morici
- Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Elena Bruno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
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58
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Sarkar B, Dissanayake PD, Bolan NS, Dar JY, Kumar M, Haque MN, Mukhopadhyay R, Ramanayaka S, Biswas JK, Tsang DCW, Rinklebe J, Ok YS. Challenges and opportunities in sustainable management of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112179. [PMID: 34624271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has raised concerns because of their adverse effects on ecosystem functions and human health. Plastic waste management has become a universal problem in recent years. Hence, sustainable plastic waste management techniques are vital for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Although many reviews have focused on the occurrence and impact of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), there has been limited focus on the management of MNPs. This review first summarizes the ecotoxicological impacts of plastic waste sources and issues related to the sustainable management of MNPs in the environment. This paper then critically evaluates possible approaches for incorporating plastics into the circular economy in order to cope with the problem of plastics. Pollution associated with MNPs can be tackled through source reduction, incorporation of plastics into the circular economy, and suitable waste management. Appropriate infrastructure development, waste valorization, and economically sound plastic waste management techniques and viable alternatives are essential for reducing MNPs in the environment. Policymakers must pay more attention to this critical issue and implement appropriate environmental regulations to achieve environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Soils and Plant Nutrition Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila 61150, Sri Lanka
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6001, Australia; College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Jaffer Yousuf Dar
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md Niamul Haque
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences & Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Sammani Ramanayaka
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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59
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Kokuryo S, Miyake K, Uchida Y, Tanaka S, Miyamoto M, Oumi Y, Mizusawa A, Kubo T, Nishiyama N. Design of Zr- and Al-Doped *BEA-Type Zeolite to Boost LDPE Cracking. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12971-12977. [PMID: 35474795 PMCID: PMC9026135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increase in plastic waste is causing serious environmental problems. Catalytic cracking has been considered a promising candidate to solve these problems. Catalytic cracking has emerged as an attractive process that can produce valuable products from plastic wastes. Solid acid catalysts such as zeolites decompose the plastic waste at a lower temperature. The lower decomposition temperature may be desirable for practical use. Herein, we synthesized both Zr- and Al-incorporated Beta zeolite using amorphous ZrO2-SiO2. The optimized Zr content in the dry gel allowed the enhancement of Lewis acidity without a significant loss of Brønsted acidity. The enhancement of Lewis acidity was mainly due to Zr species incorporated into the zeolite framework. Thanks to the enhanced Lewis acidity without any significant loss of Brønsted acidity, higher polymer decomposition efficiency was achieved than a conventional Beta zeolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kokuryo
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Koji Miyake
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanaka
- Department
of Chemical, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental
and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyamoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu
University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oumi
- Research
Equipment Sharing Promotion Center, Organization for Research and
Community Development, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizusawa
- AC
Biode Co., Ltd., 498-6
Iwakura Hanazono, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0024, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kubo
- AC
Biode Co., Ltd., 498-6
Iwakura Hanazono, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0024, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishiyama
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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60
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Abstract
Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies as a prospective recycling method for three types of plastic waste: PE, PP and PS.
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61
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Shanker R, Khan D, Hossain R, Islam MT, Locock K, Ghose A, Sahajwalla V, Schandl H, Dhodapkar R. Plastic waste recycling: existing Indian scenario and future opportunities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:5895-5912. [PMID: 35401771 PMCID: PMC8976220 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims to suggest recycling technological options in India and illustrates plastic recycling clusters and reprocessing infrastructure for plastic waste (PW) recycling in India. The study shows that a majority of states in India are engaged in recycling, road construction, and co-processing in cement kilns while reprocessing capabilities among the reprocessors are highest for polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) polymer materials. This review suggests that there are key opportunities for mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, waste-to-energy approaches, and bio-based polymers as an alternative to deliver impact to India's PW problem. On the other hand, overall, polyurethane, nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate appear most competitive for chemical recycling. Compared to conventional fossil fuel energy sources, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene are the three main polymers with higher calorific values suitable for energy production. Also, multi-sensor-based artificial intelligence and blockchain technology and digitization for PW recycling can prove to be the future for India in the waste flow chain and its management. Overall, for a circular plastic economy in India, there is a necessity for a technology-enabled accountable quality-assured collaborative supply chain of virgin and recycled material. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-022-04079-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shanker
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020 India
| | - D. Khan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020 India
| | - R. Hossain
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology, SMaRT@UNSW, School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Md. T. Islam
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology, SMaRT@UNSW, School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - K. Locock
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - A. Ghose
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology, SMaRT@UNSW, School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - V. Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology, SMaRT@UNSW, School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - H. Schandl
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - R. Dhodapkar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020 India
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62
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Kataki S, Nityanand K, Chatterjee S, Dwivedi SK, Kamboj DV. Plastic waste management practices pertaining to India with particular focus on emerging technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24478-24503. [PMID: 35064479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Under the parent petrochemical industries, plastic industry is proliferating enormously over the past several years globally due to its advantages in terms of weight, robustness, expense, versatility, and durability. Due to the diversified consumer base representing varied climate zones, food habits, and standards of living, the generation and growth opportunities for the plastic industry in India are particularly distinct and humongous. The present work extensively reviews the Indian plastic industry with primary focus on the evolving technologies for plastic waste valorization encompassing their level of utilization, technology readiness, and progress achieved at R&D level. The study attempts to recognize different issues related to technology, recycling, policy, research, regulation that should be given attention to formulate an improved plastic waste management strategy in the region. Though significant shares of waste plastics in the country are processed by traditional practices, state-of-the-art technologies primarily plastic to oil conversion, in road making and in cement manufacturing, are being deployed at increasing rate. Action to tackle the problem of plastic contamination in India will need to adopt a pan India strategic consensus/concurrent approach for effective waste collection and segregation with active participation of urban local bodies, fixing the role of the informal sectors, investment for reliable technology adoption with skilled manpower for operation, adoption of circular economy schemes involving plastic waste co-processing, and providing support to work on R&D for better penetration of the proven plastic valorization options along with their environmental and social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Kataki
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Krithika Nityanand
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
- Delhi Technological University, Shahbad, Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India.
| | - Sanjai K Dwivedi
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Dev Vrat Kamboj
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
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63
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Nikiema J, Asiedu Z. A review of the cost and effectiveness of solutions to address plastic pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24547-24573. [PMID: 35066854 PMCID: PMC8783770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastic usage increases year by year, and the growing trend is projected to continue. However as of 2017, only 9% of the 9 billion tons of plastic ever produced had been recycled leaving large amounts of plastics to contaminate the environment, resulting in important negative health and economic impacts. Curbing this trend is a major challenge that requires urgent and multifaceted action. Based on scientific and gray literature mainly published during the last 10 years, this review summarizes key solutions currently in use globally that have the potential to address at scale the plastic and microplastic contaminations from source to sea. They include technologies to control plastics in solid wastes (i.e. mechanical and chemical plastic recycling or incineration), in-stream (i.e. booms and clean-up boats, trash racks, and sea bins), and microplastics (i.e. stormwater, municipal wastewater and drinking water treatment), as well as general policy measures (i.e. measures to support the informal sector, bans, enforcement of levies, voluntary measures, extended producer responsibility, measures to enhance recycling and guidelines, standards and protocols to guide activities and interventions) to reduce use, reuse, and recycle plastics and microplastics in support of the technological options. The review discusses the effectiveness, capital expenditure, and operation and maintenance costs of the different technologies, the cost of implementation of policy measures, and the suitability of each solution under various conditions. This guidance is expected to help policymakers and practitioners address, in a sustainable and cost-efficient way, the plastic and microplastic management problem using technologies and policy instruments suitable in their local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Nikiema
- International Water Management Institute, PMB CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Zipporah Asiedu
- International Water Management Institute, PMB CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
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Kusenberg M, Roosen M, Zayoud A, Djokic MR, Dao Thi H, De Meester S, Ragaert K, Kresovic U, Van Geem KM. Assessing the feasibility of chemical recycling via steam cracking of untreated plastic waste pyrolysis oils: Feedstock impurities, product yields and coke formation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:104-114. [PMID: 35101750 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis and subsequent steam cracking of pyrolysis oils shows great potential to overcome the limitations in present means of plastic waste recycling. In this scenario, the largest concern is the feasibility. Are plastic waste pyrolysis products acceptable steam cracking feedstocks in terms of composition, product yields and coke formation? In this work, steam cracking of two post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils blended with fossil naphtha was performed in a continuous bench-scale unit without prior treatment. Product yields and radiant coil coke formation were benchmarked to fossil naphtha as an industrial feedstock. Additionally, the plastic waste pyrolysis oils were thoroughly characterized. Analyses included two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector for the detailed hydrocarbon composition as well as specific analyses for heteroatoms, halogens and metals. It was found that both pyrolysis oils are rich in olefins (∼48 wt%) and that the main impurities are nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, aluminum, calcium and sodium. Steam cracking of the plastic waste derived feedstocks led to ethylene yields of ∼23 wt% at a coil outlet temperature of 820 °C and ∼28 wt% at 850 °C, exceeding the ethylene yield of pure naphtha at both conditions (∼22 wt% and ∼27 wt%, respectively). High amounts of heavy products were formed when steam cracking both pyrolysis oils, respectively. Furthermore, a substantial coking tendency was observed for the more contaminated pyrolysis oil, indicating that next to unsaturated hydrocarbons, contaminants are a strong driver for coke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Hang Dao Thi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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65
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N S. Plastic waste management: A road map to achieve circular economy and recent innovations in pyrolysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151160. [PMID: 34695478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary world is challenged by mounting of plastic waste on the environment due to increase in economy and population. Over 90% of virgin plastics are produced from fossil fuels, hence, recycling is the best solution to reduce extracting and exploiting fossil fuels, and grow towards a circular economy. The type of waste and its hierarchy offers a route to pick up proper waste recycling policies which get the most out of the available resources and its protection. Pyrolysis process offers more valuable ways to turn the plastic waste to useful products for fueling and raw materials for making new plastics, and acts as an environmentally sound alternative to incineration and inefficient landfilling. This study provides a basic insight into plastic pyrolysis technology with recent trends and innovations in various countries, and their path towards the achievement of a circular economy. Plastic manufacturers, waste managers and the public plays a vital role in the development of the recycling sector. Recycling will stay underdeveloped and borderline without specific regulations to increase its effectiveness. Sustainable development in managing the plastic would be possible only through significant policies to instruct the individual and social challenges. The current article also targets the readers without scientific knowledge to get a basic idea of pyrolysis and general awareness of proper plastic waste management in a closed loop system.
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66
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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67
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Fulgencio-Medrano L, García-Fernández S, Asueta A, Lopez-Urionabarrenechea A, Perez-Martinez BB, Arandes JM. Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Real Plastic Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030553. [PMID: 35160542 PMCID: PMC8838440 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is for the production of oils processed in refineries to come from the pyrolysis of real waste from the high plastic content rejected by the recycling industry of the Basque Country (Spain). Concretely, the rejected waste streams were collected from (1) a light packaging waste sorting plant, (2) the paper recycling industry, and (3) a waste treatment plant of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The influence of pre-treatments (mechanical separation operations) and temperature on the yield and quality of the liquid fraction were evaluated. In order to study the pre-treatment effect, the samples were pyrolyzed at 460 °C for 1 h. As pre-treatments concentrate on the suitable fraction for pyrolysis and reduce the undesirable materials (metals, PVC, PET, inorganics, cellulosic materials), they improve the yield to liquid products and considerably reduce the halogen content. The sample with the highest polyolefin content achieved the highest liquid yield (70.6 wt.% at 460 °C) and the lowest chlorine content (160 ppm) among the investigated samples and, therefore, was the most suitable liquid to use as refinery feedstock. The effect of temperature on the pyrolysis of this sample was studied in the range of 430–490 °C. As the temperature increased the liquid yield increased and solid yield decreased, indicating that the conversion was maximized. At 490 °C, the pyrolysis oil with the highest calorific value (44.3 MJ kg−1) and paraffinic content (65% area), the lowest chlorine content (128 ppm) and more than 50 wt.% of diesel was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fulgencio-Medrano
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara García-Fernández
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Asier Asueta
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Borja B. Perez-Martinez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - José María Arandes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;
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68
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Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Clay-Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata Walp.) Husks Polyester Bio-Composite for Building Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of creating a clay polymer-based composite using cowpea husk (CPH) as filler for production of roof tiles. Polymeric composites were fabricated by mixing unsaturated polyester (UPT) resin with cowpea husk at different filler weights and curing. A hybrid composite was produced with the addition of 3 wt.% clay and all samples produced were subjected to flexural, hardness and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. The effect of clay addition on the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behaviour of formulated composites was investigated. The morphological analysis of the mono and hybrid system shows a rough and coarse inhomogeneous surface with voids created due to the addition of CPH filler for the mono reinforced and clay uniformly filling the voids that were created by the CPH in the hybrid composite. It is observed that hardness, tensile modulus and flexural modulus of hybrid composites increase with an increase in the CPH contents, while the strength and flexural strength all decrease with filler content. The optimal composition was obtained using Grey relational analysis (GRA) at 18% CPH for both mono and hybrid composite. The results imply that the composite combination can be used in making rooftiles and/or also in applications where low strength is required.
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69
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Kokuryo S, Tamura K, Miyake K, Uchida Y, Mizusawa A, Kubo T, Nishiyama N. LDPE cracking over mono- and divalent metal-doped beta zeolites. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of loading various mono and divalent metals in Beta zeolite on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) cracking. We revealed that Tl and Ba ions enhanced Lewis acidity, leading to higher catalytic activity on LDPE cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kokuryo
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tamura
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Koji Miyake
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizusawa
- AC Biode Co., Ltd., 498-6 Iwakura Hanazono, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-0024, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kubo
- AC Biode Co., Ltd., 498-6 Iwakura Hanazono, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-0024, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishiyama
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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70
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Entrained Flow Gasification of Polypropylene Pyrolysis Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237317. [PMID: 34885899 PMCID: PMC8659146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Petrochemical products could be produced from circular feedstock, such as waste plastics. Most plants that utilize syngas in their production are today equipped with entrained flow gasifiers, as this type of gasifier generates the highest syngas quality. However, feeding of circular feedstocks to an entrained flow gasifier can be problematic. Therefore, in this work, a two-step process was studied, in which polypropylene was pre-treated by pyrolysis to produce a liquid intermediate that was easily fed to the gasifier. The products from both pyrolysis and gasification were thoroughly characterized. Moreover, the product yields from the individual steps, as well as from the entire process chain, are reported. It was estimated that the yields of CO and H2 from the two-step process were at least 0.95 and 0.06 kg per kg of polypropylene, respectively, assuming that the pyrolysis liquid and wax can be combined as feedstock to an entrained flow gasifier. On an energy basis, the energy content of CO and H2 in the produced syngas corresponded to approximately 40% of the energy content of the polypropylene raw material. This is, however, expected to be significantly improved on a larger scale where losses are proportionally smaller.
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71
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Application of computational approach in plastic pyrolysis kinetic modelling: a review. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the past decade, pyrolysis routes have been identified as one of the most promising solutions for plastic waste management. However, the industrial adoption of such technologies has been limited and several unresolved blind spots hamper the commercial application of pyrolysis. Despite many years and efforts to explain pyrolysis models based on global kinetic approaches, recent advances in computational modelling such as machine learning and quantum mechanics offer new insights. For example, the kinetic and mechanistic information about plastic pyrolysis reactions necessary for scaling up processes is unravelling. This selective literature review reveals some of the foundational knowledge and accurate views on the reaction pathways, product yields, and other features of pyrolysis created by these new tools. Pyrolysis routes mapped by machine learning and quantum mechanics will gain more relevance in the coming years, especially studies that combine computational models with different time and scale resolutions governed by “first principles.” Existing research suggests that, as machine learning is further coupled to quantum mechanics, scientists and engineers will better predict products, yields, and compositions, as well as more complicated features such as ideal reactor design.
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72
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Towards Higher Quality of Recycled Plastics: Limitations from the Material’s Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing consumption of plastics and plastic products results in correspondingly substantial volumes of waste, which poses considerable environmental burdens. With the ongoing environmental actions, the application of circular economy on this waste stream is becoming inevitable. In this paper, the topics of plastics recycling, circular economy on plastics, and challenges to plastic waste recycling are critically reviewed. In the first part of this paper, the development of research on plastic recycling was viewed from 1950 until 2020 using the scientific database Web of Science, and 682 related studies were found and used to assess the changing research priorities along that timeline. The following sections discuss the potentials and requirements to enhance the quality of the produced recycled plastic, in connection with the factors that currently limit it. In conclusion, the quality of recycled plastic is generally determined by the homogeneity of the recovered plastic feed. There are various strategies which could be implemented to overcome the hindrances identified in the paper and to improve the quality of the recycled plastic, such as working on enhanced product designs for minimised waste heterogeneity and controlling the materials’ degree of contamination by applying advanced sorting.
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73
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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74
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Gong F, Li H, Yuan X, Huang J, Xia D, Papavassiliou DV, Xiao R, Yamauchi Y, Wu KCW, Ok YS. Recycling Polymeric Solid Wastes for Energy-Efficient Water Purification, Organic Distillation, and Oil Spill Cleanup. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102459. [PMID: 34590405 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional approaches (e.g., pyrolysis) for managing waste polymer foams typically require highly technical skills and consume large amounts of energy resources. This paper presents an ultrafacile, cost-effective, and highly efficient alternative method for recycling waste packaging and cleaning foam (e.g., polymelamine-formaldehyde foam). The designed solar absorber, a polypyrrole-coated melamine foam (PMF), features a highly porous structure, excellent mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, and rapid water transport capacity. These exceptional properties render the PMF suitable for multiple applications, including energy-efficient solar-powered water purification, ethanol distillation, and oil absorption. In water purification, the PMF yields a solar-thermal conversion efficiency as high as 87.7%, stability that is maintained for more than 35 operation cycles, and antifouling capabilities (when purifying different water types). In solar distillation, the PMF achieves a concentration increase up to 75 vol% when distilling a 10 vol% ethanol solution. In oil absorption, the PMF offers an oil-absorption capacity of ≈70 g g-1 with only a 7% loss in capacity after 100 absorbing-squeezing cycles. Thus, systems combining solar energy with various waste foams are highly promising as durable, renewable, and portable systems for water purification, organic distillation, and oil absorption, especially in remote regions or emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhou Yuan
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jigang Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Dimitrios V Papavassiliou
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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75
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A catalytic reactive distillation approach to high density polyethylene pyrolysis – Part 2 – Middle olefin production. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Svadlenak S, Rochefort S, Goulas KA. Syngas production from polyolefins in a semi‐batch reactor system. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Svadlenak
- Oregon State University, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Skip Rochefort
- Oregon State University, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Konstantinos A. Goulas
- Oregon State University, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Corvallis Oregon USA
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77
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Kumar S, Singh E, Mishra R, Kumar A, Caucci S. Utilization of Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Environmental Management: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3985-4006. [PMID: 34431621 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advancement and modernization of industries have provided numerous benefits to human life including diversification of manufacturing a wide range of products made from plastic materials, thereby leading to the generation of huge quantities of plastic waste. Owing to the increasing issues related with plastic waste, recycling methods have attracted much interest. Recycling not only protects the environment and resources for future generations but also reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. A wide range of valuable products including char, oil, fuels, sorbent materials, and chemicals can be obtained through different techniques. This Review highlights various sustainable research avenues and potential routes to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste based on both traditional and potential approaches for its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
- United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNUFLORES), Ammonstrasse 74, 01067, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekta Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Serena Caucci
- United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNUFLORES), Ammonstrasse 74, 01067, Dresden, Germany
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78
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Hibino T, Kobayashi K, Hitomi T. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using Plastic Waste Directly as Fuel. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hibino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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79
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Orozco S, Artetxe M, Lopez G, Suarez M, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Conversion of HDPE into Value Products by Fast Pyrolysis Using FCC Spent Catalysts in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4291-4300. [PMID: 34101378 PMCID: PMC8518826 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Continuous catalytic cracking of polyethylene over a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) with fountain confiner and draft tube. The effect of temperature (475-600 °C) and space-time (7-45 gcat min gHDPE -1 ) on product distribution was analyzed. The CSBR allows operating with continuous plastic feed without defluidization problems and is especially suitable for catalytic pyrolysis with high catalyst efficiency. Thus, high catalyst activity was observed, with waxes yield being negligible above 550 °C. The main product fraction obtained in the catalytic cracking was made up of C5 -C11 hydrocarbons, with olefins being the main components. However, its yield decreased as temperature and residence time were increased, which was due to reactions involving cracking, hydrogen transfer, cyclization, and aromatization, leading to light hydrocarbons, paraffins, and aromatics. The proposed strategy is of great environmental relevance, as plastics are recycled using an industrial waste (spent FCC catalyst).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Orozco
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Mayra Suarez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
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80
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Voss R, Lee RP, Seidl L, Keller F, Fröhling M. Global warming potential and economic performance of gasification-based chemical recycling and incineration pathways for residual municipal solid waste treatment in Germany. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:206-219. [PMID: 34454187 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling could facilitate the transition from a linear to a circular carbon economy, where carbon-containing waste is channeled back into the production cycle as a chemical feedstock instead of being incinerated or landfilled. However, the predominant focus on technological aspects of chemical recycling for plastic waste narrows evaluations of its potential in contributing to such a transition. Moreover, it leads to significant controversy about its role in the waste hierarchy as a possible competitor to mechanical recycling. To address these gaps in the literature, this study assesses ecological and economic impacts associated with chemical recycling of residual municipal solid waste in Germany. Combining approaches of life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, chemical recycling and conventional incineration-based treatment pathways are comparatively evaluated in terms of global warming potential and economic performance (i.e. fixed capital investment, net present value, dynamic payback period, and levelized cost of carbon abatement). Results indicate that compared to incineration-based conventional pathways, chemical recycling can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in low-emission energy systems. However, the economic performance of chemical recycling is highly dependent on its scale of operation. Additionally, a price premium for recycling products as well as economic instruments for penalizing CO2 emissions are identified to play important roles in the economic performance of chemical recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Voss
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Branch Lab Freiberg - Circular Carbon Technologies, Freiberg, Germany; Chair of Circular Economy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Roh Pin Lee
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Branch Lab Freiberg - Circular Carbon Technologies, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Seidl
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany
| | - Florian Keller
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany
| | - Magnus Fröhling
- Chair of Circular Economy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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81
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82
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Kim D, Lee S, Park M, Lee K, Kim DY. Designing of reverse vending machine to improve its sorting efficiency for recyclable materials for its application in convenience stores. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1312-1318. [PMID: 34096833 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1939811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have multiple applications in disposable products, high-end technology parts, etc., owing to their functionality and manufacturing flexibility. However, their increased use has increased the global proportion of plastic wastes, which creates a serious environmental issue, thereby, creating a demand for plastic waste management techniques. Improving the efficiency of resource recovery by appropriate sorting and collection systems is necessary for successful plastic recycling. Therefore, this study proposed a three-step optimization process of a reverse vending machine (RVM), a small automatic recyclable waste sorter/collector system, for acquiring an optimal design and enhanced efficiency. The RVM system categorized recyclable wastes as plastics, glass, and cans using barcode, vision, and near infrared sensors. The average sorting efficiency of the designed RVM system was 94%, 95% for polyethylene terephthalate, and 98% for glass bottles. Therefore, the RVM system, with the average sorting efficiency of 95%, is suitable for application in on-site sorting in small-sized areas, such as convenience stores, which generate wastes on a small scale.Implications: This study proposed a three-step optimization process of a reverse vending machine (RVM), a small automatic recyclable waste sorter/collector system, for acquiring an optimal design and enhanced efficiency. The RVM system is suitable for application in on-site sorting in small-sized areas, such as convenience stores, which generate wastes on a small scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daegi Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyub Lee
- Research & Development, Machine & Technology CO., LTD., Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Park
- Research & Development, Machine & Technology CO., LTD., Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Lee
- Department of Environment & Health, Jangan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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83
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Maisels A, Hiller A, Simon F. Chemisches Recycling für Kunststoffe: Status und Perspektiven. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Maisels
- Evonik Operations GmbH Research, Development & Innovation Rodenbacher Chaussee 463457 Hanau-Wolfgang Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hiller
- TU Dresden Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik Helmholtzstraße 14 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Franz‐Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
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84
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Chemical Recycling of PET in the Presence of the Bio-Based Polymers, PLA, PHB and PEF: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The great increase in the production and consumption of plastics has resulted in large amounts of plastic wastes, creating a serious problem in terms of their environmentally friendly disposal. The need for the production of more environmentally friendly polymers gave birth to the production of biodegradable, and more recently, biobased polymers, used in the production of biodegradable or biobased plastics. Although the percentage of currently produced bioplastics is rather small, almost 1% compared to petrochemical-based plastics, inevitably is going to significantly increase in the near future due to strict legislation recently posed by the European Union and other countries’ Governments. Thus, recycling strategies that have been developed could be disturbed and the economic balance of this sector could be destabilized. In the present review, the recycling of the polymer mainly used in food plastic packaging, i.e., poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET is examined together with its counterparts from the biobased polymers, i.e., poly(lactic acid), PLA (already replacing PET in several applications), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB and poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF. Methods for the chemical recycling of these materials together with the chemical products obtained are critically reviewed. Specifically, hydrolysis, alcoholysis and glycolysis. Hydrolysis (i.e., the reaction with water) under different environments (alkaline, acidic, neutral), experimental conditions and catalysts results directly in the production of the corresponding monomers, which however, should be separated in order to be re-used for the re-production of the respective polymer. Reaction conditions need to be optimized with a view to depolymerize only a specific polymer, while the others remain intact. Alcoholysis (i.e., the reaction with some alcohol, methanol or ethanol) results in methyl or ethyl esters or diesters that again could be used for the re-production of the specific polymer or as a source for producing other materials. Glycolysis (reaction with some glycol, such as ethylene, or diethylene glycol) is much studied for PET, whereas less studied for the biopolymers and seems to be a very promising technique. Oligomers having two terminal hydroxyl groups are produced that can be further utilized as starting materials for other value-added products, such as unsaturated polyester resins, methacrylated crosslinked resins, biodegradable polyurethanes, etc. These diols derived from both PET and the bio-based polymers can be used simultaneously without the need for an additional separation step, in the synthesis of final products incorporating biodegradable units in their chemical structure.
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85
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Factors Shaping the Recycling Systems for Plastic Packaging Waste—A Comparison between Austria, Germany and The Netherlands. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Setting up strategies for a sound management of plastic packaging waste (PPW) is becoming increasingly crucial at many levels of the value chain in Europe. After the very first implementation of an extended producer responsibility scheme in Germany in 1991, many EU Countries followed. This resulted in a complex network of schemes that differ from one member state to another. This paper brings together the three latest studies describing the current flows of PPW across the waste value chain from Austria (reference year 2013), Germany and the Netherlands (reference year 2017). With this aim, the models of the three single studies have been adapted to fit into a common model, allowing to perform a comparative analysis. Although with a relatively comparable product market, the three countries have different management systems (e.g., separate collection systems, target sorting products and treatment of residual waste), reflecting different national strategies to achieve the circular economy targets. Recycling rates (in terms of washed milled goods at the output of the recycling process) for the three countries resulted in 23%, 43% and 30% of the total mass of PPW generated in, respectively, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands. The fraction of mixed recycled plastics, relevant for Germany and the Netherlands only, was determined to be one of the major determinants of the differences in recycling rates. Furthermore, the discussion revolves around new political targets that have the potential to contribute to addressing the issue of tradeoff between quantity and quality of recycled plastics placed on the market, with measures such as design-for-recycling and eco-modulation of EPR fees playing a critical role, while also pointing out the aspects that inevitably hinder closed-loop recycling.
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86
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Sales JCS, Santos AG, de Castro AM, Coelho MAZ. A critical view on the technology readiness level (TRL) of microbial plastics biodegradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:116. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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87
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Frączak D, Fabiś G, Orlińska B. Influence of the Feedstock on the Process Parameters, Product Composition and Pilot-Scale Cracking of Plastics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3094. [PMID: 34200093 PMCID: PMC8201153 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers can lead to many different products and play a significant role in the circular economy through the use of plastic waste as a feedstock in the production of valuable materials. The polyolefins: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), together with polystyrene (PS), can be chemically recycled by the thermal cracking (pyrolysis) process. In this study, continuous cracking of polyolefins and polystyrene in different proportions and with the addition of other polymers, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), was investigated at the pilot scale in terms of the process parameters and product yields. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detailed analysis of the products' compositions. The boiling temperature distribution and the bromine number were used for additional characterization of products. It was found that an increase of PP share caused a decrease in the process temperature, an increase of the product yield and a shift of the boiling range towards lighter products, increasing the content levels for unsaturates and branched hydrocarbons. It was observed that the addition of 5% PS, PET and PVC reduced the overall product yield, resulting in the creation of a lower-boiling product and increasing the conversion of polyethylene. An addition of 10% polystyrene increased the PP conversion and resulted in a higher product yield, without significant change in the boiling temperatures distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Frączak
- Clariter Poland Sp. z o.o., 59A Żelazna Str., 00-848 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Fabiś
- Clariter Poland Sp. z o.o., 59A Żelazna Str., 00-848 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Beata Orlińska
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 4B Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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88
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García-Depraect O, Bordel S, Lebrero R, Santos-Beneit F, Börner RA, Börner T, Muñoz R. Inspired by nature: Microbial production, degradation and valorization of biodegradable bioplastics for life-cycle-engineered products. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107772. [PMID: 34015389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global environmental pollution by micro- and macro-plastics reveals the consequences of an extensive use of recalcitrant plastic products together with inappropriate waste management practices that fail to sufficiently recycle the broad types of conventional plastic waste. Biobased and biodegradable plastics are experiencing an uprising as their properties offer alternative waste management solutions for a more circular material economy. However, although the production of such bioplastics has advanced on scale, the end-of-life (EOL) (bio)technologies to promote circularity are lacking behind. While composting and biogas plants are the only managed EOL options today, advanced biotechnological recycling technologies for biodegradable bioplastics are still in an embryonic stage. Thus, developing efficient biotechnologies capable of transforming bioplastic waste into high-value chemical building blocks or into the constituents of the original polymer offers promising routes towards life-cycle-engineered products. This review aims at providing a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of microbial-based processes involved in the complete lifecycle of bioplastics. The current trends in the bioplastic market, the beginning and EOL scenarios of bioplastics, and a critical discussion on the key factors and mechanisms governing microbial degradation are systematically presented. Also, a critical evaluation of terminology and international standards to quantify polymer biodegradability is provided together with the latest biotechnological recycling strategies, including the use of different pre-treatments for (bio)plastic waste. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of life-cycle-engineered biobased and biodegradable plastic products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio García-Depraect
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa Aragão Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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89
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Jeswani H, Krüger C, Russ M, Horlacher M, Antony F, Hann S, Azapagic A. Life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with mechanical recycling and energy recovery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144483. [PMID: 33486181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of plastic produced each year is used to make single-use packaging and other short-lived consumer products that are discarded quickly, creating significant amounts of waste. It is important that such waste be managed appropriately in line with circular-economy principles. One option for managing plastic waste is chemical recycling via pyrolysis, which can convert it back into chemical feedstock that can then be used to manufacture virgin-quality polymers. However, given that this is an emerging technology not yet used widely in practice, it is not clear if pyrolysis of waste plastics is sustainable on a life cycle basis and how it compares to other plastics waste management options as well as to the production of virgin plastics. Therefore, this study uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste (MPW) via pyrolysis with the established waste management alternatives: mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Three LCA studies have been carried out under three perspectives: waste, product and a combination of the two. To ensure robust comparisons, the impacts have been estimated using two impact assessment methods: Environmental footprint and ReCiPe. The results suggest that chemical recycling via pyrolysis has a 50% lower climate change impact and life cycle energy use than the energy recovery option. The climate change impact and energy use of pyrolysis and mechanical recycling of MPW are similar if the quality of the recyclate is taken into account. Furthermore, MPW recycled by pyrolysis has a significantly lower climate change impact (-0.45 vs 1.89 t CO2 eq./t plastic) than the equivalent made from virgin fossil resources. However, pyrolysis has significantly higher other impacts than mechanical recycling, energy recovery and production of virgin plastics. Sensitivity analyses show that some assumptions have notable effects on the results, including the assumed geographical region and its energy mix, carbon conversion efficiency of pyrolysis and recyclate quality. These results will be of interest to the chemical, plastics and waste industries, as well as to policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Jeswani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Manfred Russ
- Sphera Solutions GmbH, Hauptstr. 111-113, 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Maike Horlacher
- Sphera Solutions GmbH, Hauptstr. 111-113, 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Florian Antony
- Oeko Institut e.V., Institute for Applied Ecology, Merzhauserstr. 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hann
- Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd, 37 Queen Square, Bristol, BS1 4QS, UK
| | - Adisa Azapagic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, M13 9PL, UK.
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90
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Lee RP, Tschoepe M, Voss R. Perception of chemical recycling and its role in the transition towards a circular carbon economy: A case study in Germany. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 125:280-292. [PMID: 33740696 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling (CR) is an emerging theme in waste management which has the potential to contribute to a low carbon, resource efficient and sustainable economy. In enabling the use of carbonaceous waste as secondary carbon feedstock to replace fossil resources for the production of organic chemicals, it could support efforts to transit carbon intensive industries from the linear to a circular carbon economy. This study investigated stakeholders' perception of CR as a multifaceted construct. Objective is to complement technological-economical-ecological evaluations of CR innovations, and inform socio-political discussions about its role in the transformation of carbon intensive and dependent industries. An exploratory case study approach consisting of a qualitative survey and a semi-structured workshop discussion is utilized to assess the perception of CR and its perceived role in the transformation of Germany's chemical and waste management industries. Findings enabled insights into how CR is understood, what are seen as desirable inputs and outputs, perceived advantages compared to conventional recycling and thermal treatment as well as obstacles to its implementation. Additionally, the outcomes revealed policy and regulatory needs which will have to be addressed in order to successfully implement CR as a complementary building block of sustainable waste management. Study findings thus provide valuable information and insights to support managerial decision-making as well as the development and prioritization of measures by policymakers to regulate the implementation of CR technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roh Pin Lee
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Branch Lab Freiberg - Circular Carbon Technologies, Germany.
| | - Manja Tschoepe
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
| | - Raoul Voss
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
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91
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End-of-Life Options for (Bio)degradable Polymers in the Circular Economy. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
End-of-life options for plastics include recycling and energy recovery (incineration). Taking into account the polymeric waste, recycling is the intentional action that is aimed at reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills by industrial use of this waste to obtain raw materials and energy. The incineration of waste leads to recovery of the energy only. Recycling methods divide on mechanical (reuse of waste as a full-valuable raw material for further processing), chemical (feedstock recycling), and organic (composting and anaerobic digestion). The type of recycling is selected in terms of the polymeric material, origin of the waste, possible toxicity of the waste, and its flammability. The (bio)degradable polymers show the suitability for every recycling methods. But recycling method should be used in such a form that it is economically justified in a given case. Organic recycling in a circular economy is considered to be the most appropriate technology for the disposal of compostable waste. It is addressed for plastics capable for industrial composting such as cellulose films, starch blends, and polyesters. The biological treatment of organic waste leads also to a decrease of landfills and thereby reducing methane emissions from them. If we add to their biodegradability the absence of toxicity, we have a biotechnological product of great industrial interest. The paper presents the overview on end-of-life options useful for the (bio)degradable polymers. The principles of the circular economy and its today development were also discussed.
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92
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Palos R, Gutiérrez A, Vela FJ, Olazar M, Arandes JM, Bilbao J. Waste Refinery: The Valorization of Waste Plastics and End-of-Life Tires in Refinery Units. A Review. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:3529-3557. [PMID: 35310012 PMCID: PMC8929416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review collects a wide range of initiatives and results that expose the potential of the refineries to be converted into waste refineries. Thus, they will use their current units for the valorization of consumer society wastes (waste plastics and end-of-life tires in particular) that are manufactured with petroleum derivatives. The capacity, technological development, and versatility of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and hydroprocessing units make them appropriate for achieving this goal. Polyolefinic plastics (polyethylene and polypropylene), the waxes obtained in their fast pyrolysis, and the tire pyrolysis oils can be cofed together with the current streams of the industrial units. Conventional refineries have the opportunity of operating as waste refineries cofeeding these alternative feeds and tailoring the properties of the fuels and raw materials produced to be adapted to commercial requirements within the oil economy frame. This strategy will contribute in a centralized and rational way to the recycling of the consumer society wastes on a large scale. Furthermore, the use of already existing and, especially, depreciated units for the production of fuels and raw materials (such as light olefins and aromatics) promotes the economy of the recycling process.
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93
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki V. Upcycling of polypropylene with various concentrations of peroxydicarbonate and dilauroyl peroxide and two processing steps. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
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The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050713. [PMID: 33652828 PMCID: PMC7956498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a dynamic increase in the number of polymer elements ending their life cycle has been observed. There are three main ways of dealing with polymer waste: reuse in an unchanged form, recycling (both material and energy), and disposal (mainly in the form of landfilling or incineration). The legislation of European countries promotes in particular two forms of waste management: reuse and recycling. Recycling processes are used to recover materials and energy especially from contaminated waste, which are structurally changed by other materials, friction, temperature, machine, process, etc. The recycling of polymers, especially of multi-plastic structural elements, requires the use of special technological installations and a series of preparatory operations, including crushing and separating. Due to the universality and necessity of materials processing in recycling engineering, in particular size reduction, the aim of this study is to organize and systematize knowledge about shredding in the recycling process of end-of-life polymeric materials. This could help properly design these processes in the context of sustainable development and circular economy. Firstly, an overview of the possibilities of end-of-life plastics management was made, and the meaning of shredding in the end-of-life pathways was described. Then, the development of comminution in recycling processes was presented, with special emphasis given to quasi-cutting as the dominant mode of comminution of polymeric materials. The phenomenon of quasi-cutting, as well as factors related to the material, the operation of the shredding machine, and the technological process affecting it were described. Research conducted on quasi-cutting as a phenomenon when cutting single material samples and quasi-cutting as a machine process was characterized. Then, issues regarding recycling potentials in the context of shredding were systematized. Considerations included the areas of material, technical, energy, human, and control potentials. Presented bases and models can be used to support the innovation of creative activities, i.e., environmentally friendly actions, that produce specific positive environmental results in the mechanical processing of recycled and reused materials. The literature survey indicates the need to explore the environmental aspect of the shredding process in recycling and connect the shredding process variables with environmental consequences. This will help to design and control the processes to get the lowest possible environmental burdens.
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95
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Jung CF, de Jesus Pacheco DA, Sporket F, do Nascimento CA, Ten Caten CS. Product design from waste: A novel eco-efficient pyramidal microwave absorber using rice husks and medium density fibreboard residues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:91-100. [PMID: 33045490 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable future of contemporary society has been compromised due to environmental pollution from industrial systems and the generation of solid waste. Consequentially, the managed exploitation of natural resources to a sustainable level within the Earth's capacity remains a present and future challenge. Furthermore, the pursuit of materials free from toxic substances made from renewable sources is a tendency towards effective cleaner production and waste management. To address these problems, this article reports the results of exploratory and experimental research that developed a novel eco-efficient product - a pyramidal absorber of electromagnetic radiation - from rice husks and MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard) residues through design from waste principles. Key findings indicated that the technical performance of the absorber is better in the frequency of 2.45 GHz, resulting in a difference of -18.71 dB concerning the reflective metal plate used in the tests. This result is above the expected limit of -10 dB found in similar commercial products. This study is an innovation in improving the design from waste of pyramidal microwave absorbers used in radio frequency anechoic chambers. The product represents a new and sustainable alternative to similar products in the market that are produced from toxic materials extracted from non-renewable raw materials. The limitations and technical characteristics of usage for which the pyramidal absorbers of electromagnetic radiation are applicable should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernando Jung
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Faculdades Integradas de Taquara - FACCAT, Av. Oscar Martins Rangel, 4500 Taquara, Brazil.
| | - Diego Augusto de Jesus Pacheco
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis - UniRitter, Orfanotrófio 555, 90840-440 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Engineering School, Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Oswaldo Aranha 99, 90.035-190 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Frederico Sporket
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculdades Integradas de Taquara - FACCAT, Av. Oscar Martins Rangel, 4500 Taquara, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto do Nascimento
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculdades Integradas de Taquara - FACCAT, Av. Oscar Martins Rangel, 4500 Taquara, Brazil.
| | - Carla Schwengber Ten Caten
- Engineering School, Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Oswaldo Aranha 99, 90.035-190 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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96
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Möllnitz S, Küppers B, Curtis A, Khodier K, Sarc R. Influence of pre-screening on down-stream processing for the production of plastic enriched fractions for recycling from mixed commercial and municipal waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:365-373. [PMID: 33127277 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of plastic waste as resource gains more and more attention. In this context, material recycling is especially focused on packaging plastics. Further waste streams that contain a significant amount of plastics are mixed commercial and municipal solid waste. To assess the potential of plastics for recycling and energy recovery from these material streams large-scale experiments were conducted. The potential of mechanical pre-processing with the aim of generating a 3D-plastics pre-concentrate was assessed. The focus of these investigations was put on the relevance of the screening stage and its influence on down-stream material processing via ballistic separation and sensor-based sorting. Results demonstrate not only that the screening of both waste streams leads to enrichment of plastics in coarse particle size ranges (especially >80 mm) and transfer of contaminants, organics and minerals to fine fractions (especially <10 mm), but also that sensor-based sorting performance can be significantly enhanced due to cleaning effects on plastics, induced by the material circulation and the resulting interparticle friction in a drum screen. On the downside, the material rotation in a drum screen leads to tail-formation that can create plant down-time through clogging as well as material losses and impairment of pre-concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Möllnitz
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - B Küppers
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A Curtis
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - K Khodier
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering; Chair for Process Technology and Industrial Environment Protection, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - R Sarc
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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97
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Abstract
The harmless treatments of medical waste have significantly drawn people’s attention owing to their risks to health-care staff, the public, and the environment. The traditional thermal technology for processing medical waste may cause indispensable secondary pollution such as dioxin, furan, and heavy metals, and infectious materials that may remain in the solid residual. Thermal plasma technologies offer advantages of effectively treating medical waste due to its high temperature and energy density, lower pollutant emissions, rapid start-up and shut-down, and smaller size of the installation. These benefits play roles in the treatment of medical waste on-site or off-site, especially when somewhere encounters an abnormally sharp increase in medical waste. This paper mainly introduces the typical thermal plasma processes of medical waste and its central component, plasma furnace. Meanwhile, how process parameters influence the formed gaseous and solid products, the performances of mass and volume reduction, pathogen destruction, and energy recovery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the mechanism of the thermal plasma process is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Changming Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000 Zhejiang China
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98
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Design and Operation of a Modern Polish Plant for Plastic Waste Recycling through the Degradative Depolymerization Process. A Case Study. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes an installation for the degradative depolymerization of polyolefin materials obtained from wastes, hereinafter also referred to as depolymerization for simplicity. The plant, on an industrial scale, is one of the few operating in Poland. However, it is one of the most modern plants in this industry. Design solutions, construction of particular technological lines, compliance with national and EU regulations and the high level of process safety were described in this paper as well as compared to other plants of this type in Poland. Different solutions were presented in drawings and photos of the plant and in fragmentary technological diagrams. The types of waste and the methods of their processing by the plant were also characterized in accordance with the applicable regulations. The waste throughput is from 2000 to 4000 kg/h, while the efficiency of the depolymerization installation itself is 1500 kg/h. The industrial-scale depolymerization process is carried out in one or two stages: by homogenization (extraction) at a temperature up to 200 °C and depolymerization at temperatures up to 400 °C. The obtained products (energy goods) are sold for further processing. The processes, devices and methods are characterized by novel, innovative solutions, covered by a number of patents, which are also described below. The advantage of the presented technology is the substantial simplification of the process and thereby a considerable reduction in investment costs. Among others, the processes of distillation and rectification (low- and negative-pressure) were abandoned.
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99
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Abstract
The current Dutch recycling value chain for plastic packaging waste (PPW) has not reached its full circularity potential, as is apparent from two Circular Performance Indicators (CPIs): net packaging recycling rate and average polymer purity of the recycled plastics. The performance of the recycling value chain can be optimised at four stages: packaging design, collection, sorting, and recycling. This study explores the maximally achievable performance of a circular PPW recycling value chain, in case all stakeholders would implement the required radical improvement measures in a concerted action. The effects of the measures were modelled with material flow analysis. For such a utopic scenario, a net plastic packaging recycling rate of 72% can be attained and the produced recycled plastics will have an average polymeric purity of 97%. This is substantially more than the net packaging recycling rate of 37% for 2017 and will exceed the EU target of 50% for 2025. In such an ideal circular value chain more recycled plastics are produced for more demanding applications, such as food packaging, compared to the current recycling value chain. However, all stakeholders would need to implement drastic and coordinated changes, signifying unprecedented investments, to achieve this optimal circular PPW recycling value chain.
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100
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Dey A, Dhumal CV, Sengupta P, Kumar A, Pramanik NK, Alam T. Challenges and possible solutions to mitigate the problems of single-use plastics used for packaging food items: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:3251-3269. [PMID: 34366444 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-use plastic (SUP) being a versatile material, is adopted as an alternate to traditional materials specifically for the use in food packaging due to its inherent characteristics like high durability, inertness, and protecting ability but has become a curse for living being today due to its random usage and unplanned rejection to nature. Mostly plastics used in packaging of beverages, fresh meats, fruits and vegetables are under concern today. Single-use packages result in generation of several billion tons of garbage till date, which pollutes the environment. At the immediate past, it has come to light that micro plastics obtained due to slow degradation of SUP present in oceans, are also being consumed by marine organisms such as fishes and shellfish species which disturbs the marine life extensively. Hence, finding right strategy to mitigate the plastic waste related issues has becoming inevitable today. This review paper briefs various strategies undertaken worldwide to mitigate the pollution due to generation of plastic waste. Various notable impact of adopted strategies and recent innovations to replace the SUP products are also discussed and in view of this a roadmap is also suggested which can be used to achieve the milestone of Zero Plastic Waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dey
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Chanda Vilas Dhumal
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Priyanka Sengupta
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Arushi Kumar
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Nilay Kanti Pramanik
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Tanweer Alam
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
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