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Yu X, Wang L, Shen Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Yang Y, Liang B, Zhou B, Wang H, Wei H, Lei C, Hu S, Li B. Targeting EGFR/HER2 heterodimerization with a novel anti-HER2 domain II/III antibody. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:300-307. [PMID: 28531814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HER2, a ligand-free tyrosine kinase receptor of the HER family, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has shown significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer. Despite the effectiveness of trastuzumab, its efficacy remains variable and often modest. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve ErbB2-targeting therapy. Here, we describe a novel anti-HER2 antibody, 7C3, which was developed using hybridoma technique. Structural analysis confirms that the epitope of this antibody is in domain II/III of HER2. Moreover, a structural conformation change was observed in HER2 in complex with 7C3. Interestingly, this novel anti-HER2 antibody exhibits efficacy in blocking HER2/EGFR heterodimerization and signaling. The results highlight the different function role of HER2 domains and the unique potential of 7C3 to inhibit the HER2/EGFR heterodimer, which may complement current anti-HER2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bohua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Schmitt LC, Rau A, Seifert O, Honer J, Hutt M, Schmid S, Zantow J, Hust M, Dübel S, Olayioye MA, Kontermann RE. Inhibition of HER3 activation and tumor growth with a human antibody binding to a conserved epitope formed by domain III and IV. MAbs 2017; 9:831-843. [PMID: 28421882 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1319023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3, also known as ErbB3) has emerged as relevant target for antibody-mediated tumor therapy. Here, we describe a novel human antibody, IgG 3-43, recognizing a unique epitope formed by domain III and parts of domain IV of the extracellular region of HER3, conserved between HER3 and mouse ErbB3. An affinity of 11 nM was determined for the monovalent interaction. In the IgG format, the antibody bound recombinant bivalent HER3 with subnanomolar affinity (KD = 220 pM) and HER3-expressing tumor cells with EC50 values in the low picomolar range (27 - 83 pM). The antibody competed with binding of heregulin to HER3-expressing cells, efficiently inhibited phosphorylation of HER3 as well as downstream signaling, and induced receptor internalization and degradation. Furthermore, IgG 3-43 inhibited heregulin-dependent proliferation of several HER3-positive cancer cell lines and heregulin-independent colony formation of HER2-overexpressing tumor cell lines. Importantly, inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival was demonstrated in a FaDu xenograft tumor model in SCID mice. These findings demonstrate that by binding to the membrane-proximal domains III and IV involved in ligand binding and receptor dimerization, IgG 3-43 efficiently inhibits activation of HER3, thereby blocking tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Schmitt
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Alexander Rau
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jonas Honer
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Meike Hutt
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Simone Schmid
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jonas Zantow
- b Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- b Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- b Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,c Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,c Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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53
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ErbB Family Signalling: A Paradigm for Oncogene Addiction and Personalized Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040033. [PMID: 28417948 PMCID: PMC5406708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ErbB family members represent important biomarkers and drug targets for modern precision therapy. They have gained considerable importance as paradigms for oncoprotein addiction and personalized medicine. This review summarizes the current understanding of ErbB proteins in cell signalling and cancer and describes the molecular rationale of prominent cases of ErbB oncoprotein addiction in different cancer types. In addition, we have highlighted experimental technologies for the development of innovative cancer cell models that accurately predicted clinical ErbB drug efficacies. In the future, such cancer models might facilitate the identification and validation of physiologically relevant novel forms of oncoprotein and non-oncoprotein addiction or synthetic lethality. The identification of genotype-drug response relationships will further advance personalized oncology and improve drug efficacy in the clinic. Finally, we review the most important drugs targeting ErbB family members that are under investigation in clinical trials or that made their way already into clinical routine. Taken together, the functional characterization of ErbB oncoproteins have significantly increased our knowledge on predictive biomarkers, oncoprotein addiction and patient stratification and treatment.
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Taylor ES, Pol-Fachin L, Lins RD, Lower SK. Conformational stability of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor as influenced by glycosylation, dimerization and EGF hormone binding. Proteins 2017; 85:561-570. [PMID: 28019699 PMCID: PMC5835389 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important transmembrane glycoprotein kinase involved the initiation or perpetuation of signal transduction cascades within cells. These processes occur after EGFR binds to a ligand [epidermal growth factor (EGF)], thus inducing its dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation. Previous publications have highlighted the importance of glycosylation and dimerization for promoting proper function of the receptor and conformation in membranes; however, the effects of these associations on the protein conformational stability have not yet been described. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to characterize the conformational preferences of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the EGFR extracellular domain upon binding to EGF in the presence and absence of N-glycan moieties. Structural stability analyses revealed that EGF provides the most conformational stability to EGFR, followed by glycosylation and dimerization, respectively. The findings also support that EGF-EGFR binding takes place through a large-scale induced-fitting mechanism. Proteins 2017; 85:561-570. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Taylor
- Department of Geology, Kent State University, North Canton, Ohio 44720
| | - Laercio Pol-Fachin
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Roberto D. Lins
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Steven K. Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in responses to myocardial stress and cardioprotection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 83:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The ErbB receptor family, also known as the EGF receptor family or type I receptor family, includes the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) or ErbB1/Her1, ErbB2/Her2, ErbB3/Her3, and ErbB4/Her4. Among all RTKs, EGFR was the first RTK identified and the first one linked to cancer. Thus, EGFR has also been the most intensively studied among all RTKs. ErbB receptors are activated after homodimerization or heterodimerization. The ErbB family is unique among the various groups of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in that ErbB3 has impaired kinase activity, while ErbB2 does not have a direct ligand. Therefore, heterodimerization is an important mechanism that allows the activation of all ErbB receptors in response to ligand stimulation. The activated ErbB receptors bind to many signaling proteins and stimulate the activation of many signaling pathways. The specificity and potency of intracellular signaling pathways are determined by positive and negative regulators, the specific composition of activating ligand(s), receptor dimer components, and the diverse range of proteins that associate with the tyrosine phosphorylated C-terminal domain of the ErbB receptors. ErbB receptors are overexpressed or mutated in many cancers, especially in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. The overexpression and overactivation of ErbB receptors are correlated with poor prognosis, drug resistance, cancer metastasis, and lower survival rate. ErbB receptors, especially EGFR and ErbB2 have been the primary choices as targets for developing cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 835 MSB, 114 St NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7.
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Bocharov EV, Mineev KS, Pavlov KV, Akimov SA, Kuznetsov AS, Efremov RG, Arseniev AS. Helix-helix interactions in membrane domains of bitopic proteins: Specificity and role of lipid environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:561-576. [PMID: 27884807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between transmembrane helices often determines biological activity of membrane proteins. Bitopic proteins, a broad subclass of membrane proteins, form dimers containing two membrane-spanning helices. Some aspects of their structure-function relationship cannot be fully understood without considering the protein-lipid interaction, which can determine the protein conformational ensemble. Experimental and computer modeling data concerning transmembrane parts of bitopic proteins are reviewed in the present paper. They highlight the importance of lipid-protein interactions and resolve certain paradoxes in the behavior of such proteins. Besides, some properties of membrane organization provided a clue to understanding of allosteric interactions between distant parts of proteins. Interactions of these kinds appear to underlie a signaling mechanism, which could be widely employed in the functioning of many membrane proteins. Treatment of membrane proteins as parts of integrated fine-tuned proteolipid system promises new insights into biological function mechanisms and approaches to drug design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid order/lipid defects and lipid-control of protein activity edited by Dirk Schneider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation; National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Akad. Kurchatova pl. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V Pavlov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninskiy prospect 31/5, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Akimov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninskiy prospect 31/5, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation; National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey S Kuznetsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Roman G Efremov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation; Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya ul. 20, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.
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58
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Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Paradoxical Activation in the BRAF Kinase Dimers: Atomistic Simulations of Conformational Dynamics and Modeling of Allosteric Communication Networks and Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166583. [PMID: 27861609 PMCID: PMC5115767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent studies have revealed that most BRAF inhibitors can paradoxically induce kinase activation by promoting dimerization and enzyme transactivation. Despite rapidly growing number of structural and functional studies about the BRAF dimer complexes, the molecular basis of paradoxical activation phenomenon is poorly understood and remains largely hypothetical. In this work, we have explored the relationships between inhibitor binding, protein dynamics and allosteric signaling in the BRAF dimers using a network-centric approach. Using this theoretical framework, we have combined molecular dynamics simulations with coevolutionary analysis and modeling of the residue interaction networks to determine molecular determinants of paradoxical activation. We have investigated functional effects produced by paradox inducer inhibitors PLX4720, Dabrafenib, Vemurafenib and a paradox breaker inhibitor PLX7904. Functional dynamics and binding free energy analyses of the BRAF dimer complexes have suggested that negative cooperativity effect and dimer-promoting potential of the inhibitors could be important drivers of paradoxical activation. We have introduced a protein structure network model in which coevolutionary residue dependencies and dynamic maps of residue correlations are integrated in the construction and analysis of the residue interaction networks. The results have shown that coevolutionary residues in the BRAF structures could assemble into independent structural modules and form a global interaction network that may promote dimerization. We have also found that BRAF inhibitors could modulate centrality and communication propensities of global mediating centers in the residue interaction networks. By simulating allosteric communication pathways in the BRAF structures, we have determined that paradox inducer and breaker inhibitors may activate specific signaling routes that correlate with the extent of paradoxical activation. While paradox inducer inhibitors may facilitate a rapid and efficient communication via an optimal single pathway, the paradox breaker may induce a broader ensemble of suboptimal and less efficient communication routes. The central finding of our study is that paradox breaker PLX7904 could mimic structural, dynamic and network features of the inactive BRAF-WT monomer that may be required for evading paradoxical activation. The results of this study rationalize the existing structure-functional experiments by offering a network-centric rationale of the paradoxical activation phenomenon. We argue that BRAF inhibitors that amplify dynamic features of the inactive BRAF-WT monomer and intervene with the allosteric interaction networks may serve as effective paradox breakers in cellular environment.
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The Dipole Potential Modifies the Clustering and Ligand Binding Affinity of ErbB Proteins and Their Signaling Efficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35850. [PMID: 27775011 PMCID: PMC5075772 DOI: 10.1038/srep35850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although activation of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB1-4) is driven by oligomerization mediated by intermolecular interactions between the extracellular, the kinase and the transmembrane domains, the transmembrane domain has been largely neglected in this regard. The largest contributor to the intramembrane electric field, the dipole potential, alters the conformation of transmembrane peptides, but its effect on ErbB proteins is unknown. Here, we show by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and number and brightness (N&B) experiments that the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced increase in the homoassociation of ErbB1 and ErbB2 and their heteroassociation are augmented by increasing the dipole potential. These effects were even more pronounced for ErbB2 harboring an activating Val → Glu mutation in the transmembrane domain (NeuT). The signaling capacity of ErbB1 and ErbB2 was also correlated with the dipole potential. Since the dipole potential decreased the affinity of EGF to ErbB1, the augmented growth factor-induced effects at an elevated dipole potential were actually induced at lower receptor occupancy. We conclude that the dipole potential plays a permissive role in the clustering of ErbB receptors and that the effects of lipid rafts on ligand binding and receptor signaling can be partially attributed to the dipole potential.
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60
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Kennedy SP, Hastings JF, Han JZR, Croucher DR. The Under-Appreciated Promiscuity of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:88. [PMID: 27597943 PMCID: PMC4992703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Each member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family plays a key role in normal development, homeostasis, and a variety of pathophysiological conditions, most notably in cancer. According to the prevailing dogma, these four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4) function exclusively through the formation of homodimers and heterodimers within the EGFR family. These combinatorial receptor interactions are known to generate increased interactome diversity and therefore influence signaling output, subcellular localization and function of the heterodimer. This molecular plasticity is also thought to play a role in the development of resistance toward targeted cancer therapies aimed at these known oncogenes. Interestingly, many studies now challenge this dogma and suggest that the potential for EGFR family receptors to interact with more distantly related RTKs is much greater than currently appreciated. Here we discuss how the promiscuity of these oncogenic receptors may lead to the formation of many unexpected receptor pairings and the significant implications for the efficiency of many targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Kennedy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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61
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Sárosi V, Balikó Z, Smuk G, László T, Szabó M, Ruzsics I, Mezősi E. The Frequency of EGFR Mutation in Lung Adenocarcinoma and the Efficacy of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in a Hungarian Cohort of Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:755-61. [PMID: 27105879 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades new therapeutic drugs have been developed for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) significantly increase the progression free survival (PFS) of patients with NSCLC carrying epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. This type of lung cancer occurs mainly among non-smoking women and Asian origin. However, the new ESMO guideline recommends EGFR mutation analysis in every patient with NSCLC, because in patients with activating EGFR mutation, TKIs should be considered as first line therapy. In our recent work, we analyzed data of patients with EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma from January 2009. The number of patients investigated was 446, among them 44 cases were positive for EGFR mutation. The ratio of positive cases was 9.86 % that is lower than the average mutation rate in Europe and much lower than that found in Asia. The exon 19 deletion was detected in 61.4 % of the patients, while L858R point mutation in exon 21 was observed in 34.1 % of them. In one subject, both exon 19 and 21 mutations were present simultaneously. A rare mutation located in exon 21 was found in another patient. TKI therapy was conducted in 38 patients. The disease control rate by TKI therapy was 85.7 %; primary resistance was documented in five subjects. Non-smoking patients with EGFR mutant adenocarcinoma had the highest benefit from TKI treatment. Our data support the recommendation that EGFR mutation status should be defined in all cases of locally advanced or metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sárosi
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, 13 Ifjusag, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balikó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, 13 Ifjusag, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Gábor Smuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Terézia László
- Department of Pathology, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Mariann Szabó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, 13 Ifjusag, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - István Ruzsics
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, 13 Ifjusag, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Emese Mezősi
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, School of Medicine, 13 Ifjusag, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary.
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62
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Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E679-88. [PMID: 26792522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516503113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single-cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored whether cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow epidermal growth factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
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63
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Rungnim C, Rungrotmongkol T, Kungwan N, Hannongbua S. Protein-protein interactions between SWCNT/chitosan/EGF and EGF receptor: a model of drug delivery system. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:1919-29. [PMID: 26381241 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1095114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was used as the targeting ligand to enhance the specificity of a cancer drug delivery system (DDS) via its specific interaction with the EGF receptor (EGFR) that is overexpressed on the surface of some cancer cells. To investigate the intermolecular interaction and binding affinity between the EGF-conjugated DDS and the EGFR, 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the complex of tethered EGFR and EGF linked to single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) through a biopolymer chitosan wrapping the tube outer surface (EGFR·EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex), and compared to the EGFR·EGF complex and free EGFR. The binding pattern of the EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex to the EGFR was broadly comparable to that for EGF, but the binding affinity of the EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex was predicted to be somewhat better than that for EGF alone. Additionally, the chitosan chain could prevent undesired interactions of SWCNT at the binding pocket region. Therefore, EGF connected to SWCNT via a chitosan linker is a seemingly good formulation for developing a smart DDS served as part of an alternative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompoonut Rungnim
- a NANOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Pathum Thani , 12120 , Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,c PhD Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- e Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
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64
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Verkhivker GM. Molecular dynamics simulations and modelling of the residue interaction networks in the BRAF kinase complexes with small molecule inhibitors: probing the allosteric effects of ligand-induced kinase dimerization and paradoxical activation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3146-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The computational analysis of residue interaction networks dissects the allosteric effects of inhibitor-induced BRAF kinase dimerization and paradoxical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Verkhivker
- Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences
- Department of Computational Sciences
- Schmid College of Science and Technology
- Chapman University
- Orange
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65
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Chapter Six - The Ubiquitin Network in the Control of EGFR Endocytosis and Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:225-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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66
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Bhatt JM, Viktorova EG, Busby T, Wyrozumska P, Newman LE, Lin H, Lee E, Wright J, Belov GA, Kahn RA, Sztul E. Oligomerization of the Sec7 domain Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 is dispensable for Golgi localization and function but regulates degradation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C456-69. [PMID: 26718629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the large Sec7 domain-containing Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) family have been shown to dimerize through their NH2-terminal dimerization and cyclophilin binding (DCB) and homology upstream of Sec7 (HUS) domains. However, the importance of dimerization in GEF localization and function has not been assessed. We generated a GBF1 mutant (91/130) in which two residues required for oligomerization (K91 and E130 within the DCB domain) were replaced with A and assessed the effects of these mutations on GBF1 localization and cellular functions. We show that 91/130 is compromised in oligomerization but that it targets to the Golgi in a manner indistinguishable from wild-type GBF1 and that it rapidly exchanges between the cytosolic and membrane-bound pools. The 91/130 mutant appears active as it integrates within the functional network at the Golgi, supports Arf activation and COPI recruitment, and sustains Golgi homeostasis and cargo secretion when provided as a sole copy of functional GBF1 in cells. In addition, like wild-type GBF1, the 91/130 mutant supports poliovirus RNA replication, a process requiring GBF1 but believed to be independent of GBF1 catalytic activity. However, oligomerization appears to stabilize GBF1 in cells, and the 91/130 mutant is degraded faster than the wild-type GBF1. Our data support a model in which oligomerization is not a key regulator of GBF1 activity but impacts its function by regulating the cellular levels of GBF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Bhatt
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ekaterina G Viktorova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Theodore Busby
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paulina Wyrozumska
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Laura E Newman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Helen Lin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John Wright
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - George A Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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67
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Joshi BP, Zhou J, Pant A, Duan X, Zhou Q, Kuick R, Owens SR, Appelman H, Wang TD. Design and Synthesis of Near-Infrared Peptide for in Vivo Molecular Imaging of HER2. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:481-94. [PMID: 26709709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the development, characterization, and validation of a peptide specific for the extracellular domain of HER2. This probe chemistry was developed for molecular imaging by using a structural model to select an optimal combination of amino acids that maximize the likelihood for unique hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with HER2 domain 3. The sequence KSPNPRF was identified and conjugated with either FITC or Cy5.5 via a GGGSK linker using Fmoc-mediated solid-phase synthesis to demonstrate flexibility for this chemical structure to be labeled with different fluorophores. A scrambled sequence was developed for control by altering the conformationally rigid spacer and moving both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids on the C-terminus. We validated peptide specificity for HER2 in knockdown and competition experiments using human colorectal cancer cells in vitro, and measured a binding affinity of kd = 21 nM and time constant of k = 0.14 min(-1) (7.14 min). We used this peptide with either topical or intravenous administration in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer to demonstrate specific uptake in spontaneous adenomas and to show feasibility for real time in vivo imaging with near-infrared fluorescence. We used this peptide in immunofluorescence studies of human proximal colon specimens to evaluate specificity for sessile serrated and sporadic adenomas. Improved visualization can be used endoscopically to guide tissue biopsy and detect premalignant lesions that would otherwise be missed. Our peptide design for specificity to HER2 is promising for clinical translation in molecular imaging methods for early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Asha Pant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiyu Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Scott R Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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68
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Huang JY, Lin CY. Exploring the stochastic dynamics of correlated movement of receptor proteins in plasma membranes in vivo. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:225101. [PMID: 26671403 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced receptor dimerization plays a crucial role in the signaling process of living cells. In this study, we developed a theoretical model and performed single-molecule tracking to explore the correlated diffusion processes of liganded epidermal growth factor receptors prior to dimer formation. We disclosed that both an attractive potential between liganded receptor proteins in proximity and correlated fluctuations in the local environments of the proteins play an important role to produce the observed correlated movement of the receptors. This result can serve as the foundation to shed light on the way in which receptor functions are regulated in plasma membranes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y Huang
- The T.K.B. Research Center of Photonics, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien Y Lin
- Department of Photonics, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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69
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Consequences of postnatal vascular smooth muscle EGFR deletion on acute angiotensin II action. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:19-33. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrate that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is involved in basal blood pressure homoeostasis, acute pressure response to angiotensin II (Ang II) but not endothelin-1 and contributes to maturation-related remodelling.
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70
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Bragin PE, Mineev KS, Bocharova OV, Volynsky PE, Bocharov EV, Arseniev AS. HER2 Transmembrane Domain Dimerization Coupled with Self-Association of Membrane-Embedded Cytoplasmic Juxtamembrane Regions. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:52-61. [PMID: 26585403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER or ErbB) family transduce biochemical signals across plasma membrane, playing a significant role in vital cellular processes and in various cancers. Inactive HER/ErbB receptors exist in equilibrium between the monomeric and unspecified pre-dimerized states. After ligand binding, the receptors are involved in strong lateral dimerization with proper assembly of their extracellular ligand-binding, single-span transmembrane, and cytoplasmic kinase domains. The dimeric conformation of the HER2 transmembrane domain that is believed to support the cytoplasmic kinase domain configuration corresponding to the receptor active state was previously described in lipid bicelles. Here we used high-resolution NMR spectroscopy in another membrane-mimicking micellar environment and identified an alternative HER2 transmembrane domain dimerization coupled with self-association of membrane-embedded cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region. Such a dimerization mode appears to be capable of effectively inhibiting the receptor kinase activity. This finding refines the molecular mechanism regarding the signal propagation steps from the extracellular to cytoplasmic domains of HER/ErbB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel E Bragin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Bocharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel E Volynsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Per., 9, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russian Federation
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71
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Goodson WH, Lowe L, Carpenter DO, Gilbertson M, Manaf Ali A, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Lasfar A, Carnero A, Azqueta A, Amedei A, Charles AK, Collins AR, Ward A, Salzberg AC, Colacci A, Olsen AK, Berg A, Barclay BJ, Zhou BP, Blanco-Aparicio C, Baglole CJ, Dong C, Mondello C, Hsu CW, Naus CC, Yedjou C, Curran CS, Laird DW, Koch DC, Carlin DJ, Felsher DW, Roy D, Brown DG, Ratovitski E, Ryan EP, Corsini E, Rojas E, Moon EY, Laconi E, Marongiu F, Al-Mulla F, Chiaradonna F, Darroudi F, Martin FL, Van Schooten FJ, Goldberg GS, Wagemaker G, Nangami GN, Calaf GM, Williams G, Wolf GT, Koppen G, Brunborg G, Lyerly HK, Krishnan H, Ab Hamid H, Yasaei H, Sone H, Kondoh H, Salem HK, Hsu HY, Park HH, Koturbash I, Miousse IR, Scovassi AI, Klaunig JE, Vondráček J, Raju J, Roman J, Wise JP, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Christopher JA, Ochieng J, Martinez-Leal JF, Weisz J, Kravchenko J, Sun J, Prudhomme KR, Narayanan KB, Cohen-Solal KA, Moorwood K, Gonzalez L, Soucek L, Jian L, D'Abronzo LS, Lin LT, Li L, Gulliver L, McCawley LJ, Memeo L, Vermeulen L, Leyns L, Zhang L, Valverde M, Khatami M, Romano MF, Chapellier M, Williams MA, Wade M, Manjili MH, Lleonart ME, Xia M, Gonzalez MJ, Karamouzis MV, Kirsch-Volders M, Vaccari M, Kuemmerle NB, Singh N, Cruickshanks N, Kleinstreuer N, van Larebeke N, Ahmed N, Ogunkua O, Krishnakumar PK, Vadgama P, Marignani PA, Ghosh PM, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Thompson PA, Dent P, Heneberg P, Darbre P, Sing Leung P, Nangia-Makker P, Cheng QS, Robey RB, Al-Temaimi R, Roy R, Andrade-Vieira R, Sinha RK, Mehta R, Vento R, Di Fiore R, Ponce-Cusi R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Nahta R, Castellino RC, Palorini R, Abd Hamid R, Langie SAS, Eltom SE, Brooks SA, Ryeom S, Wise SS, Bay SN, Harris SA, Papagerakis S, Romano S, Pavanello S, Eriksson S, Forte S, Casey SC, Luanpitpong S, Lee TJ, Otsuki T, Chen T, Massfelder T, Sanderson T, Guarnieri T, Hultman T, Dormoy V, Odero-Marah V, Sabbisetti V, Maguer-Satta V, Rathmell WK, Engström W, Decker WK, Bisson WH, Rojanasakul Y, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Hu Z. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S254-96. [PMID: 26106142 PMCID: PMC4480130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose exposures to common environmental chemicals that are deemed safe individually may be combining to instigate carcinogenesis, thereby contributing to the incidence of cancer. This risk may be overlooked by current regulatory practices and needs to be vigorously investigated. Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety ‘Mode of Action’ framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 2100 Webster Street #401, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK, Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Guelph N1G 1E4, Canada, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway, Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNI
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amelia K Charles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | | | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Barry J Barclay
- Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Colleen S Curran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Daniel C Koch
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danielle J Carlin
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Department of Medicine, Oncology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery/Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human Safety and Environmental Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha 24449, State of Qatar
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Hacettepe University, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Ankara 06640, Turkey
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
| | - Graeme Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Hasiah Ab Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences and the Health and Environment Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hideko Sone
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibraki 3058506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Department of Urology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 11559, Egypt
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Joseph A Christopher
- Cancer Research UK. Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | | | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalan R Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kim Moorwood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Soucek
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Le Jian
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | - Linda Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marion Chapellier
- Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie, De Lyon, Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, France
| | - Marc A Williams
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matilde E Lleonart
- Institut De Recerca Hospital Vall D'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biomedical Research, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 003, India
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Analytische, Milieu en Geochemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel B1050, Belgium
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - P K Krishnakumar
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 3126, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Vadgama
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, CZ-100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Philippa Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, England
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 13110, Kuwait
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy , Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | | | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien 1090, Austria
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roslida Abd Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Samira A Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Population Health and Prevention, Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2L7, Canada, Departments of Epidemiology and Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7011, VHC, Almas Allé 4, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Forte
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, South Korea
| | - Takemi Otsuki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Tiziana Guarnieri
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti, 9, 40126 Bologna, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d' Oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Tove Hultman
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Venkata Sabbisetti
- Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veronique Maguer-Satta
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wilhelm Engström
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait and
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wang Z, Wang W, Bu X, Wei Z, Geng L, Wu Y, Dong C, Li L, Zhang D, Yang S, Wang F, Lausted C, Hood L, Hu Z. Microarray based screening of peptide nano probes for HER2 positive tumor. Anal Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are excellent biointerface molecules and diagnostic probes with many advantages such as good penetration, short turnover time, and low cost. We report here an efficient peptide screening strategy based on in situ single bead sequencing on a microarray. Two novel peptides YLFFVFER (H6) and KLRLEWNR (H10) specifically binding to the tumor biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with aKD of 10(-8) M were obtained from a 10(5) library. Conjugated to nanoparticles, both the H6 and H10 probes showed specific accumulation in HER2-positive tumor tissues in xenografted mice by in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yue Wu
- ‡Medical Isotopes Research Center, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing China, 100191
| | - Chengyan Dong
- ‡Medical Isotopes Research Center, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing China, 100191
| | - Liqiang Li
- ‡Medical Isotopes Research Center, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing China, 100191
| | | | | | - Fan Wang
- ‡Medical Isotopes Research Center, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing China, 100191
| | - Christopher Lausted
- §Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Leroy Hood
- §Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- §Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,∥Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing China, 102206
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Effect of sialylation on EGFR phosphorylation and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6955-60. [PMID: 25971727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507329112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Upon EGF-binding, EGFR undergoes conformational changes to dimerize, resulting in kinase activation and autophosphorylation and downstream signaling. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been used to treat lung cancer by inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation. Previously, we demonstrated that EGFR sialylation suppresses its dimerization and phosphorylation. In this report, we further investigated the effect of sialylation on the phosphorylation profile of EGFR in TKI-sensitive and TKI-resistant cells. Sialylation was induced in cancer progression to inhibit the association of EGFR with EGF and the subsequent autophosphorylation. In the absence of EGF the TKI-resistant EGFR mutant (L858R/T790M) had a higher degree of sialylation and phosphorylation at Y1068, Y1086, and Y1173 than the TKI-sensitive EGFR. In addition, although sialylation in the TKI-resistant mutants suppresses EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, with the most significant effect on the Y1173 site, the sialylation effect is not strong enough to stop cancer progression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of these three sites. These findings were supported further by the observation that the L858R/T790M EGFR mutant, when treated with sialidase or sialyltransferase inhibitor, showed an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation, and the sensitivity of the corresponding resistant lung cancer cells to gefitinib was reduced by desialylation and was enhanced by sialylation.
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74
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Yamashita H, Yano Y, Kawano K, Matsuzaki K. Oligomerization-function relationship of EGFR on living cells detected by the coiled-coil labeling and FRET microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1359-66. [PMID: 25771448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a well-studied receptor tyrosine kinase and an important anticancer therapeutic target. The activity of EGFR autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation, which induces several cell signaling pathways, has been suggested to be related to its oligomeric state. However, the oligomeric states of EGFRs induced by EGF binding and the receptor-ligand stoichiometry required for its activation are still controversial. In the present study, we performed Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements by combining the coiled-coil tag-probe labeling method and spectral imaging to quantitatively analyze EGFR oligomerization on living CHO-K1 cell membranes at physiological expression levels. In the absence of its ligands, EGFRs mainly existed as monomers with a small fraction of predimers (~10%), whereas ~70% of the EGFRs formed dimers after being stimulated with the ligand EGF. Ligand-induced dimerization was not significantly affected by the perturbation of membrane components (cholesterol or monosialoganglioside GM3). We also investigated both dose and time dependences of EGF-dependent EGFR dimerization and autophosphorylation. The formation of dimers occurred within 20s of the ligand stimulation and preceded its autophosphorylation, which reached a plateau 90 s after the stimulation. The EGF concentration needed to evoke half-maximum dimerization (~1 nM) was lower than that for half-maximum autophosphorylation (~8 nM), which suggested the presence of an inactive dimer binding a single EGF molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kawano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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75
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Lin CY, Huang JY, Lo LW. Unraveling the impact of lipid domains on the dimerization processes of single-molecule EGFRs of live cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:886-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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76
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Nevoltris D, Lombard B, Dupuis E, Mathis G, Chames P, Baty D. Conformational nanobodies reveal tethered epidermal growth factor receptor involved in EGFR/ErbB2 predimers. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1388-1399. [PMID: 25603171 DOI: 10.1021/nn505752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a cell-surface receptor with a single transmembrane domain and tyrosine kinase activity carried by the intracellular domain. This receptor is one of the four members of the ErbB family including ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. Ligand binding, like EGF binding, induces a conformational rearrangement of the receptor and induces a homo/hetero dimerization essentially with ErbB family receptors that leads to the phosphorylation of the kinase domain, triggering a signaling cascade. EGFR can also form inactive dimers in a ligand-independent way through interactions between cytoplasmic domains. To date, the conformation of EGFR extracellular domain engaged in these inactive dimers remains unclear. In this study, we describe the successful selection and characterization of llama anti-EGFR nanobodies and their use as innovative conformational sensors. We isolated three different specific anti-EGFR clones binding to three distinct epitopes. Interestingly, the binding of all three nanobodies was found highly sensitive to ligand stimulation. Two nanobodies, D10 and E10, can only bind the ligand-free EGFR conformation characterized by an intramolecular tether between domains II and IV, whereas nanobody G10 binds both ligand-free and ligand activated EGFR, with an 8-fold higher affinity for the extended conformation in the presence of ligand. Here we took advantage of these conformational probes to reveal the existence of tethered EGFR in EGFR/ErbB2 predimers. These biosensors represent important tools allowing the determination of EGFR conformations and should help the design of relevant inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Nevoltris
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille F-13009, France
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77
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Alaoui-Jamali MA, Morand GB, da Silva SD. ErbB polymorphisms: insights and implications for response to targeted cancer therapeutics. Front Genet 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25699077 PMCID: PMC4316710 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput genomic-scanning have expanded the repertory of genetic variations in DNA sequences encoding ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors in humans, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), polymorphic repetitive elements, microsatellite variations, small-scale insertions and deletions. The ErbB family members: EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 receptors are established as drivers of many aspects of tumor initiation and progression to metastasis. This knowledge has provided rationales for the development of an arsenal of anti-ErbB therapeutics, ranging from small molecule kinase inhibitors to monoclonal antibodies. Anti-ErbB agents are becoming the cornerstone therapeutics for the management of cancers that overexpress hyperactive variants of ErbB receptors, in particular ErbB2-positive breast cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas. However, their clinical benefit has been limited to a subset of patients due to a wide heterogeneity in drug response despite the expression of the ErbB targets, attributed to intrinsic (primary) and to acquired (secondary) resistance. Somatic mutations in ErbB tyrosine kinase domains have been extensively investigated in preclinical and clinical setting as determinants for either high sensitivity or resistance to anti-ErbB therapeutics. In contrast, only scant information is available on the impact of SNPs, which are widespread in genes encoding ErbB receptors, on receptor structure and activity, and their predictive values for drug susceptibility. This review aims to briefly update polymorphic variations in genes encoding ErbB receptors based on recent advances in deep sequencing technologies, and to address challenging issues for a better understanding of the functional impact of single versus combined SNPs in ErbB genes to receptor topology, receptor-drug interaction, and drug susceptibility. The potential of exploiting SNPs in the era of stratified targeted therapeutics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Grégoire B Morand
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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78
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Iacob RE, Chen G, Ahn J, Houel S, Wei H, Mo J, Tao L, Cohen D, Xie D, Lin Z, Morin PE, Doyle ML, Tymiak AA, Engen JR. The influence of adnectin binding on the extracellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:2093-2102. [PMID: 25223306 PMCID: PMC4224629 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The precise and unambiguous elucidation and characterization of interactions between a high affinity recognition entity and its cognate protein provides important insights for the design and development of drugs with optimized properties and efficacy. In oncology, one important target protein has been shown to be the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through the development of therapeutic anticancer antibodies that are selective inhibitors of EGFR activity. More recently, smaller protein derived from the 10th type III domain of human fibronectin termed an adnectin has also been shown to inhibit EGFR in clinical studies. The mechanism of EGFR inhibition by either an adnectin or an antibody results from specific binding of the high affinity protein to the extracellular portion of EGFR (exEGFR) in a manner that prevents phosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain of the receptor and thereby blocks intracellular signaling. Here, the structural changes induced upon binding were studied by probing the solution conformations of full length exEGFR alone and bound to a cognate adnectin through hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS). The effects of binding in solution were identified and compared with the structure of a bound complex determined by X-ray crystallography.ᅟ
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E. Iacob
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joomi Ahn
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | | | - Hui Wei
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jingjie Mo
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Manufacturing and Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Protein Science, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dianlin Xie
- Protein Science, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zheng Lin
- Protein Science, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Paul E. Morin
- Protein Science, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L. Doyle
- Protein Science, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Adrienne A. Tymiak
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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79
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Bessman NJ, Freed DM, Lemmon MA. Putting together structures of epidermal growth factor receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 29:95-101. [PMID: 25460273 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous crystal structures have been reported for the isolated extracellular region and tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its relatives, in different states of activation and bound to a variety of inhibitors used in cancer therapy. The next challenge is to put these structures together accurately in functional models of the intact receptor in its membrane environment. The intact EGFR has been studied using electron microscopy, chemical biology methods, biochemically, and computationally. The distinct approaches yield different impressions about the structural modes of communication between extracellular and intracellular regions. They highlight possible differences between ligands, and also underline the need to understand how the receptor interacts with the membrane itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bessman
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, United States
| | - Daniel M Freed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, United States
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, United States.
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80
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Knudsen SLJ, Mac ASW, Henriksen L, van Deurs B, Grøvdal LM. EGFR signaling patterns are regulated by its different ligands. Growth Factors 2014; 32:155-63. [PMID: 25257250 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.952410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
EGF receptor (EGFR) and its signaling have been investigated for many years, but how its different ligands regulate signaling has not been thoroughly explored. When investigating EGFR activation and downstream signaling in HeLa cells using a panel of ligands, we found a ligand-dependent differential activation of EGFR and the signaling pathways Akt, PLCγ and STAT with HB-EGF and BTC being the most potent ligands. All the tested ligands induced full activation of Erk signaling at 1 nM, whereas only HB-EGF and partly BTC and EGF induced strong activation of Akt, STAT3 and PLCγ at this concentration. Interestingly, we also found that the high activation potencies of HB-EGF and BTC could only partially be explained by their binding affinities, and are therefore likely to be regulated by other mechanisms. We thus suggest that the signaling pathways initiated from the EGFR vary depending on the ligands bound in a cell specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Louise Jeppe Knudsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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81
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Dual targeting of ErbB-2/ErbB-3 results in enhanced antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e117. [PMID: 25133484 PMCID: PMC5189962 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB-3 and its ligand NRG-1β are key players in driving oncogenic signaling and resistance to therapy through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. We have recently reported that EV20, a humanized anti-ErbB3 antibody, possesses a marked antitumor activity in a variety of human tumor models, including pancreatic cancer (PC). Here, we report that despite epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression, PC cells are more sensitive to NRG-1β than EGF in terms of Akt activation and cell proliferation. Using stable ErbB-3-knocked down cells and EV20 in combination with trastuzumab, we showed that dual targeting of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 was necessary to completely abrogate ErbB-3 signaling and to impair cell proliferation. Similarly, enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the antibody combination was seen in xenografts originating from K-Ras-mutated HPAF-II and SW1990 cells, without increasing the toxicity. These results indicate that dual targeting of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 could represent a new therapeutic approach in PC.Oncogenesis (2014) 3, e117; doi:10.1038/oncsis.2014.31; published online 18 August 2014.
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82
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Bouhaddou M, Birtwistle MR. Dimerization-based control of cooperativity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1824-32. [PMID: 24736836 PMCID: PMC4060435 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cooperativity of ligand-receptor binding influences the input-output behavior of a biochemical system and thus is an important determinant of its physiological function. Canonically, such cooperativity is understood in terms of ligand-receptor binding affinity, where an initial binding event changes the affinity for subsequent binding events. Here, we demonstrate that dimerization-a simple yet pervasive signaling motif across biology-can have significant control over cooperativity and even dominate over the canonical mechanism. Through an exhaustive parameter sensitivity analysis of a general kinetic model for signal-mediated dimerization, we show that quantitative modulation of dimerization processes can reinforce, eliminate, and even reverse cooperativity imposed by the canonical allosteric ligand-receptor binding affinity mechanism. The favored accumulation of stoichiometrically asymmetric dimers (those with ligand-receptor stoichiometry of 1 : 2) is a major determinant of dimerization-based cooperativity control. However, simulations demonstrate that favoring accumulation of such stoichiometrically asymmetric dimers can either increase or decrease cooperativity, and thus the quantitative relationship between stoichiometrically asymmetric dimers and cooperativity is highly dependent on the parameter values of the particular system of interest. These results suggest that the dimerization motif provides a novel mechanism for both generating and quantitatively tuning cooperativity that, due to the ubiquity of dimerization motifs in biochemical systems, may play a major role in a host of biological functions. Thus, the canonical, allosteric view of cooperativity is incomplete without considering dimerization effects, which is of particular importance as dimerization is often a necessary feature of the allosteric mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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83
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Arkhipov A, Shan Y, Kim ET, Shaw DE. Membrane interaction of bound ligands contributes to the negative binding cooperativity of the EGF receptor. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003742. [PMID: 25058506 PMCID: PMC4109842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, and aberrant EGFR signaling is implicated in a variety of cancers. EGFR signaling is triggered by extracellular ligand binding, which promotes EGFR dimerization and activation. Ligand-binding measurements are consistent with a negatively cooperative model in which the ligand-binding affinity at either binding site in an EGFR dimer is weaker when the other site is occupied by a ligand. This cooperativity is widely believed to be central to the effects of ligand concentration on EGFR-mediated intracellular signaling. Although the extracellular portion of the human EGFR dimer has been resolved crystallographically, the crystal structures do not reveal the structural origin of this negative cooperativity, which has remained unclear. Here we report the results of molecular dynamics simulations suggesting that asymmetrical interactions of the two binding sites with the membrane may be responsible (perhaps along with other factors) for this negative cooperativity. In particular, in our simulations the extracellular domains of an EGFR dimer spontaneously lay down on the membrane in an orientation in which favorable membrane contacts were made with one of the bound ligands, but could not be made with the other. Similar interactions were observed when EGFR was glycosylated, as it is in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Arkhipov
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yibing Shan
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Kim
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David E. Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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84
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Tural D, Akar E, Mutlu H, Kilickap S. P95 HER2 fragments and breast cancer outcome. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.929946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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85
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Maruyama IN. Mechanisms of activation of receptor tyrosine kinases: monomers or dimers. Cells 2014; 3:304-30. [PMID: 24758840 PMCID: PMC4092861 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play essential roles in cellular processes, including metabolism, cell-cycle control, survival, proliferation, motility and differentiation. RTKs are all synthesized as single-pass transmembrane proteins and bind polypeptide ligands, mainly growth factors. It has long been thought that all RTKs, except for the insulin receptor (IR) family, are activated by ligand-induced dimerization of the receptors. An increasing number of diverse studies, however, indicate that RTKs, previously thought to exist as monomers, are present as pre-formed, yet inactive, dimers prior to ligand binding. The non-covalently associated dimeric structures are reminiscent of those of the IR family, which has a disulfide-linked dimeric structure. Furthermore, recent progress in structural studies has provided insight into the underpinnings of conformational changes during the activation of RTKs. In this review, I discuss two mutually exclusive models for the mechanisms of activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, the neurotrophin receptor and IR families, based on these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro N Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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86
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Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J, Ferguson KM. The EGFR family: not so prototypical receptor tyrosine kinases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a020768. [PMID: 24691965 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was among the first receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) for which ligand binding was studied and for which the importance of ligand-induced dimerization was established. As a result, EGFR and its relatives have frequently been termed "prototypical" RTKs. Many years of mechanistic studies, however, have revealed that--far from being prototypical--the EGFR family is quite unique. As we discuss in this review, the EGFR family uses a distinctive "receptor-mediated" dimerization mechanism, with ligand binding inducing a dramatic conformational change that exposes a dimerization arm. Intracellular kinase domain regulation in this family is also unique, being driven by allosteric changes induced by asymmetric dimer formation rather than the more typical activation-loop phosphorylation. EGFR family members also distinguish themselves from other RTKs in having an intracellular juxtamembrane (JM) domain that activates (rather than autoinhibits) the receptor and a very large carboxy-terminal tail that contains autophosphorylation sites and serves an autoregulatory function. We discuss recent advances in mechanistic aspects of all of these components of EGFR family members, attempting to integrate them into a view of how RTKs in this important class are regulated at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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87
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Zhang L, Castanaro C, Luan B, Yang K, Fan L, Fairhurst JL, Rafique A, Potocky TB, Shan J, Delfino FJ, Shi E, Huang T, Martin JH, Chen G, Macdonald D, Rudge JS, Thurston G, Daly C. ERBB3/HER2 signaling promotes resistance to EGFR blockade in head and neck and colorectal cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1345-55. [PMID: 24634416 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR blocking antibodies are approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Although ERBB3 signaling has been proposed to limit the effectiveness of EGFR inhibitors, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we generated potent blocking antibodies against ERBB3 (REGN1400) and EGFR (REGN955). We show that EGFR and ERBB3 are coactivated in multiple HNSCC cell lines and that combined blockade of EGFR and ERBB3 inhibits growth of these cell lines more effectively than blockade of either receptor alone. Blockade of EGFR with REGN955 strongly inhibited activation of ERK in HNSCC cell lines, whereas blockade of ERBB3 with REGN1400 strongly inhibited activation of Akt; only the combination of the 2 antibodies blocked both of these essential downstream pathways. We used a HER2 blocking antibody to show that ERBB3 phosphorylation in HNSCC and colorectal cancer cells is strictly dependent on association with HER2, but not EGFR, and that neuregulin 1 activates ERBB3/HER2 signaling to reverse the effect of EGFR blockade on colorectal cancer cell growth. Finally, although REGN1400 and REGN955 as single agents slowed the growth of HNSCC and colorectal cancer xenografts, the combination of REGN1400 plus REGN955 caused significant tumor regression. Our results indicate that activation of the Akt survival pathway by ERBB3/HER2 limits the effectiveness of EGFR inhibition, suggesting that REGN1400, which is currently in a phase I clinical trial, could provide benefit when combined with EGFR blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Authors' Affiliation: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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88
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Krueger AT, Kroll C, Sanchez E, Griffith LG, Imperiali B. Tailoring chimeric ligands for studying and biasing ErbB receptor family interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2662-6. [PMID: 24481645 PMCID: PMC4018821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Described is the development and application of a versatile semisynthetic strategy, based on a combination of sortase-mediated coupling and tetrazine ligation chemistry, which can be exploited for the efficient incorporation of tunable functionality into chimeric recombinant proteins. To demonstrate the scope of the method, the assembly of a set of bivalent ligands, which integrate members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand family, is described. By using a series of bivalent EGFs with variable intraligand spacing, the differences in structure were correlated with the ability to bias signaling in the ErbB receptor family in a cell motility assay. Biasing away from EGFR-HER2 dimerization with a bivalent EGF was observed to reduce cell motility in an intraligand distance-dependent fashion, thus demonstrating the utility of the approach for acutely perturbing receptor-mediated cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Krueger
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA (USA), Fax: (+) 1 617 452 2419
| | - Carsten Kroll
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA (USA), Fax: (+) 1 617 452 2419
| | - Edgar Sanchez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA (USA)
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA (USA)
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA (USA), Fax: (+) 1 617 452 2419
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89
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Krueger AT, Kroll C, Sanchez E, Griffith LG, Imperiali B. Tailoring Chimeric Ligands for Studying and Biasing ErbB Receptor Family Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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90
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Azuma K, Komatsu N, Hattori S, Matsueda S, Kawahara A, Sasada T, Itoh K, Hoshino T. Humoral immune responses to EGFR-derived peptides predict progression-free and overall survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving gefitinib. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86667. [PMID: 24497964 PMCID: PMC3909003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are associated with clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, humoral immune responses to EGFR in NSCLC patients have not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to EGFR-derived peptides in NSCLC patients receiving gefitinib. Plasma IgG titers to each of 60 different EGFR-derived 20-mer peptides were measured by the Luminex system in 42 NSCLC patients receiving gefitinib therapy. The relationships between the peptide-specific IgG titers and presence of EGFR mutations or patient survival were evaluated statistically. IgG titers against the egfr_481–500, egfr_721–740, and egfr_741–760 peptides were significantly higher in patients with exon 21 mutation than in those without it. On the other hand, IgG titers against the egfr_841–860 and egfr_1001–1020 peptides were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in patients with deletion in exon 19. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that IgG responses to egfr_41_ 60, egfr_61_80 and egfr_481_500 were significantly prognostic for progression-free survival independent of other clinicopathological characteristics, whereas those to the egfr_41_60 and egfr_481_500 peptides were significantly prognostic for overall survival. Detection of IgG responses to EGFR-derived peptides may be a promising method for prognostication of NSCLC patients receiving gefitinib. Our results may provide new insight for better understanding of humoral responses to EGFR in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Azuma
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobukazu Komatsu
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hattori
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsueda
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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91
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Vallath S, Hynds RE, Succony L, Janes SM, Giangreco A. Targeting EGFR signalling in chronic lung disease: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:513-22. [PMID: 24435005 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00146413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, are the second leading cause of death among Europeans. Despite this, there have been only a few therapeutic advances in these conditions over the past 20 years. In this review we provide evidence that targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway may represent a novel therapeutic panacea for treating chronic lung disease. Using evidence from human patient samples, transgenic animal models, and cell and molecular biology studies we highlight the roles of this signalling pathway in lung development, homeostasis, repair, and disease ontogeny. We identify mechanisms underlying lung EGFR pathway regulation and suggest how targeting these mechanisms using new and existing therapies has the potential to improve future lung cancer, COPD and pulmonary fibrosis patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Vallath
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Robert E Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Laura Succony
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Adam Giangreco
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
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92
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Harbeck N, Solca F, Gauler TC. Preclinical and clinical development of afatinib: a focus on breast cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Future Oncol 2014; 10:21-40. [PMID: 24328407 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aberrant signaling of the ErbB family of receptors plays an integral role in the tumorigenesis of many cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast cancer (BC). Significant research efforts have focused on developing new treatments that target ErbB family members, with the last decade seeing the approval of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit ErbB signaling. However, treatment resistance is an ever-growing problem and, therefore, new therapies are being investigated to overcome this hurdle. Afatinib is an irreversible ErbB family blocker that has demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in preclinical models and has displayed clinical efficacy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, and activity in HNSCC and BC. Here, the preclinical and clinical development of afatinib in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer, HNSCC and BC is described in the context of currently approved agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department Obstetrics & Gynecology & CCC LMU, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Flavio Solca
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Doktor-Böhringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas C Gauler
- Department of Medicine, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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93
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Gilmour AM, Abdulkhalek S, Cheng TS, Alghamdi F, Jayanth P, O’Shea LK, Geen O, Arvizu LA, Szewczuk MR. A novel epidermal growth factor receptor-signaling platform and its targeted translation in pancreatic cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2587-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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94
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Xu R, Pankratova S, Christiansen SH, Woldbye D, Højland A, Bock E, Berezin V. A peptide antagonist of ErbB receptors, Inherbin3, induces neurite outgrowth from rat cerebellar granule neurons through ErbB1 inhibition. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2550-8. [PMID: 24132641 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ErbB receptors not only function in cancer, but are also key developmental regulators in the nervous system. We previously identified an ErbB1 peptide antagonist, Inherbin3, that is capable of inhibiting tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that inhibition of ErbB1 kinase activity and activation of ErbB4 by NRG-1β induced neurite extension, suggesting that ErbB1 and ErbB4 act as negative and positive regulators, respectively, of the neuritogenic response. Inherbin3, inhibited activation not only of ErbB1 but also of ErbB4 in primary neurons, strongly induced neurite outgrowth in rat cerebellar granule neurons, indicating that this effect mainly was due to inhibition of ErbB1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruodan Xu
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Symbion, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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95
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Takahashi M, Hasegawa Y, Ikeda Y, Wada Y, Tajiri M, Ariki S, Takamiya R, Nishitani C, Araki M, Yamaguchi Y, Taniguchi N, Kuroki Y. Suppression of heregulin β signaling by the single N-glycan deletion mutant of soluble ErbB3 protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32910-21. [PMID: 24097984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heregulin signaling is involved in various tumor proliferations and invasions; thus, receptors of heregulin are targets for the cancer therapy. In this study we examined the suppressing effects of extracellular domains of ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 (soluble ErbB (sErbB)) on heregulin β signaling in human breast cancer cell line MCF7. It was found that sErbB3 suppresses ligand-induced activation of ErbB receptors, PI3K/Akt and Ras/Erk pathways most effectively; sErbB2 scarcely suppresses ligand-induced signaling, and sErbB4 suppresses receptor activation at ∼10% efficiency of sErbB3. It was revealed that sErbB3 does not decrease the effective ligands but decreases the effective receptors. By using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for ErbB receptors, we determined that sErbB3 suppresses the heregulin β signaling by interfering ErbB3-containing heterodimers including ErbB2/ErbB3. By introducing the mutation of N418Q to sErbB3, the signaling-inhibitory effects were increased by 2-3-fold. Moreover, the sErbB3 N418Q mutant enhanced anticancer effects of lapatinib more effectively than the wild type. We also determined the structures of N-glycan on Asn-418. Results suggested that the N-glycan-deleted mutant of sErbB3 suppresses heregulin signaling via ErbB3-containing heterodimers more effectively than the wild type. Thus, we demonstrated that the sErbB3 N418Q mutant is a potent inhibitor for heregulin β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Takahashi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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96
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Winquist RJ, Mullane K, Williams M. The fall and rise of pharmacology--(re-)defining the discipline? Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:4-24. [PMID: 24070656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacology is an integrative discipline that originated from activities, now nearly 7000 years old, to identify therapeutics from natural product sources. Research in the 19th Century that focused on the Law of Mass Action (LMA) demonstrated that compound effects were dose-/concentration-dependent eventually leading to the receptor concept, now a century old, that remains the key to understanding disease causality and drug action. As pharmacology evolved in the 20th Century through successive biochemical, molecular and genomic eras, the precision in understanding receptor function at the molecular level increased and while providing important insights, led to an overtly reductionistic emphasis. This resulted in the generation of data lacking physiological context that ignored the LMA and was not integrated at the tissue/whole organism level. As reductionism became a primary focus in biomedical research, it led to the fall of pharmacology. However, concerns regarding the disconnect between basic research efforts and the approval of new drugs to treat 21st Century disease tsunamis, e.g., neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, etc. has led to the reemergence of pharmacology, its rise, often in the semantic guise of systems biology. Against a background of limited training in pharmacology, this has resulted in issues in experimental replication with a bioinformatics emphasis that often has a limited relationship to reality. The integration of newer technologies within a pharmacological context where research is driven by testable hypotheses rather than technology, together with renewed efforts in teaching pharmacology, is anticipated to improve the focus and relevance of biomedical research and lead to novel therapeutics that will contain health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Winquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Mullane
- Profectus Pharma Consulting Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Shankaran H, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Resat H. Model-based analysis of HER activation in cells co-expressing EGFR, HER2 and HER3. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003201. [PMID: 23990774 PMCID: PMC3749947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER/ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases drives critical responses in normal physiology and cancer, and the expression levels of the various HER receptors are critical determinants of clinical outcomes. HER activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family. The HER dimer types can have differential effects on downstream signaling and phenotypic outcomes. We constructed an integrated mathematical model of HER activation, and trafficking to quantitatively link receptor expression levels to dimerization and activation. We parameterized the model with a comprehensive set of HER phosphorylation and abundance data collected in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells expressing varying levels of EGFR/HER1, HER2 and HER3. Although parameter estimation yielded multiple solutions, predictions for dimer phosphorylation were in agreement with each other. We validated the model using experiments where pertuzumab was used to block HER2 dimerization. We used the model to predict HER dimerization and activation patterns in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells lines with known HER expression levels in response to stimulations with ligands EGF and HRG. Simulations over the range of expression levels seen in various cell lines indicate that: i) EGFR phosphorylation is driven by HER1-HER1 and HER1-HER2 dimers, and not HER1-HER3 dimers, ii) HER1-HER2 and HER2-HER3 dimers both contribute significantly to HER2 activation with the EGFR expression level determining the relative importance of these species, and iii) the HER2-HER3 dimer is largely responsible for HER3 activation. The model can be used to predict phosphorylated dimer levels for any given HER expression profile. This information in turn can be used to quantify the potencies of the various HER dimers, and can potentially inform personalized therapeutic approaches. A family of cell surface molecules called the HER receptor family plays important roles in normal physiology and cancer. This family has four members, HER1-4. These receptors convert signals received from the extracellular environment into cell decisions such as growth and survival – a process termed signal transduction. In particular, HER2 and HER3 are over-expressed in a number of tumors, and their expression levels are associated with abnormal growth and poor clinical prognosis. A key step in HER-mediated signal transduction is the formation of dimer complexes between members of this family. Different dimer types have different potencies for activating normal and aberrant responses. Prediction of the dimerization pattern for a given HER expression level may pave the way for personalized therapeutic approaches targeting specific dimers. Towards this end, we constructed a mathematical model for HER dimerization and activation. We determined unknown model parameters by analyzing HER activation data collected in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells that express different levels of the HER molecules. The model enables us to quantitatively link HER expression levels to receptor dimerization and activation. Further, the model can be used to support additional quantitative investigations into the basic biology of HER-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Shankaran
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunbing Tan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Haluk Resat
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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98
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Bharde AA, Palankar R, Fritsch C, Klaver A, Kanger JS, Jovin TM, Arndt-Jovin DJ. Magnetic nanoparticles as mediators of ligand-free activation of EGFR signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68879. [PMID: 23894364 PMCID: PMC3720882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are of particular interest in biomedical research, and have been exploited for molecular separation, gene/drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermic cancer therapy. In the case of cultured cells, magnetic manipulation of NPs provides the means for studying processes induced by mechanotransduction or by local clustering of targeted macromolecules, e.g. cell surface receptors. The latter are normally activated by binding of their natural ligands mediating key signaling pathways such as those associated with the epidermal growth factor (EGFR). However, it has been reported that EGFR may be dimerized and activated even in the absence of ligands. The present study assessed whether receptor clustering induced by physical means alone suffices for activating EGFR in quiescent cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The EGFR on A431 cells was specifically targeted by superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) carrying either a ligand-blocking monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody or a streptavidin molecule for targeting a chimeric EGFR incorporating a biotinylated amino-terminal acyl carrier peptide moiety. Application of a magnetic field led to SPION magnetization and clustering, resulting in activation of the EGFR, a process manifested by auto and transphosphorylation and downstream signaling. The magnetically-induced early signaling events were similar to those inherent to the ligand dependent EGFR pathways. Magnetization studies indicated that the NPs exerted magnetic dipolar forces in the sub-piconewton range with clustering dependent on Brownian motion of the receptor-SPION complex and magnetic field strength. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that EGFR on the cell surface that have their ligand binding-pocket blocked by an antibody are still capable of transphosphorylation and initiation of signaling cascades if they are clustered by SPIONs either attached locally or targeted to another site of the receptor ectodomain. The results suggest that activation of growth factor receptors may be triggered by ligand-independent molecular crowding resulting from overexpression and/or sequestration in membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul A. Bharde
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Fritsch
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arjen Klaver
- Nanobiophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes S. Kanger
- Nanobiophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Donna J. Arndt-Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Arkhipov A, Shan Y, Kim ET, Dror RO, Shaw DE. Her2 activation mechanism reflects evolutionary preservation of asymmetric ectodomain dimers in the human EGFR family. eLife 2013; 2:e00708. [PMID: 23878723 PMCID: PMC3713454 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Her2, an intensely pursued drug target, differs from other members of the EGFR family in that it does not bind EGF-like ligands, relying instead on heterodimerization with other (ligand-bound) EGFR-family receptors for activation. The structural basis for Her2 heterodimerization, however, remains poorly understood. The unexpected recent finding of asymmetric ectodomain dimer structures of Drosophila EGFR (dEGFR) suggests a possible structural basis for Her2 heterodimerization, but all available structures for dimers of human EGFR family ectodomains are symmetric. Here, we report results from long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations indicating that a single ligand is necessary and sufficient to stabilize the ectodomain interface of Her2 heterodimers, which assume an asymmetric conformation similar to that of dEGFR dimers. This structural parallelism suggests a dimerization mechanism that has been conserved in the evolution of the EGFR family from Drosophila to human. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00708.001 ErbB proteins are found in most multi-cellular organisms, and are involved in the regulation of a number of important cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Humans have four ErbB proteins, which span the plasma membrane of cells. These proteins respond to interactions with molecules outside the cell—such as growth factors and hormones—by sending signals along the appropriate signaling pathway within the cell. ErbB proteins have three portions: an ectodomain that extends outside the cell; a single helix that spans the membrane; and a cytoplasmic domain inside the cell. When a signaling ligand molecule outside the cell binds to the ectodomain of an ErbB protein, this protein must then combine with another ErbB protein to form a dimer before a signal can be sent within the cell. These dimers can include two copies of the same ErbB protein or two different ErbB proteins. However, one of the ErbB proteins—Her2—works in a different way. It cannot bind ligands outside the cell, and it can only send a signal within the cell if it first forms a dimer with an ErbB protein of another type, which itself must be bound to an external ligand. The four ErbB proteins diverged from a common ancestor relatively recently, yet they are now diverse enough to play key roles in a variety of complex signaling networks. In particular, the fact that Her2 cannot bind external ligands, and that it must form a dimer with a different ErbB protein before it can send a signal, has led to suggestions that the role of Her2 is to amplify the signals from other ErbB proteins. Since high levels of Her2 are associated with aggressive forms of breast and ovarian cancer, understanding how it is activated could improve our understanding of these cancers. Arkhipov et al. have now used computer simulations to model how Her2 forms dimers with other ErbB proteins in human cells. They based these simulations on crystal structures of human ErbB proteins and dEGFR, a growth-factor receptor found in fruit flies that closely resembles the ErbB proteins found in humans. They found that the dimers were stable as long as one protein within the dimer was bound to a ligand. Removing this ligand, however, distorted the ectodomain of the host protein, creating a gap that weakened the dimer and prevented Her2 from sending a signal within the cell. Similar results were obtained with the fruit fly dEGFR proteins. These simulations suggest that ErbB proteins form dimers and send signals through a mechanism conserved in evolution. Research in this field might help ongoing efforts to develop new treatments for human tumors characterized by high levels of Her2 expression. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00708.002
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Ziomkiewicz I, Loman A, Klement R, Fritsch C, Klymchenko AS, Bunt G, Jovin TM, Arndt-Jovin DJ. Dynamic conformational transitions of the EGF receptor in living mammalian cells determined by FRET and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Cytometry A 2013; 83:794-805. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Ziomkiewicz
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; 37077; Göttingen; Germany
| | - Anastasia Loman
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology; University Medicine Göttingen; 37075; Göttingen; Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Fritsch
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; 37077; Göttingen; Germany
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg; 67401; France
| | | | - Thomas M. Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; 37077; Göttingen; Germany
| | - Donna J. Arndt-Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; 37077; Göttingen; Germany
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