51
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Kelly AK, Earley B, McGee M, Fahey AG, Kenny DA. Endocrine and hematological responses of beef heifers divergently ranked for residual feed intake following a bovine corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1703-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Robinson LM, Skiver Thompson R, Ha JC. Puppy Temperament Assessments Predict Breed and American Kennel Club Group but Not Adult Temperament. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:101-14. [PMID: 26882034 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1127765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Puppy assessments for companion dogs have shown mixed long-term reliability. Temperament is cited among the reasons for surrendering dogs to shelters. A puppy temperament test that reliably predicts adult behavior is one potential way to lower the number of dogs given to shelters. This study used a longitudinal design to assess temperament in puppies from 8 different breeds at 7 weeks old (n = 52) and 6 years old (n = 34) using modified temperament tests, physiological measures, and a follow-up questionnaire. For 7-week-old puppies, results revealed (a) puppy breed was predictable using 3 variables, (b) 4 American Kennel Club breed groups had some validity based on temperament, (c) temperament was variable within litters of puppies, and (d) certain measures of temperament were related to physiological measures (heart rate). Finally, puppy temperament assessments were reliable in predicting the scores of 2 of the 8 adult dog temperament measures. However, overall, the puppy temperament scores were unreliable in predicting adult temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Robinson
- a Department of Psychology , School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh , United Kingdom.,b Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | | | - James C Ha
- c Department of Psychology , University of Washington
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53
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Effects of excessive energy intake and supplementation with chromium propionate on insulin resistance parameters, milk production, and reproductive outcomes of lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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54
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Kovács L, Kézér FL, Tőzsér J, Szenci O, Póti P, Pajor F. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Dairy Cows with Different Temperament and Behavioural Reactivity to Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136294. [PMID: 26291979 PMCID: PMC4546236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the 1990s, extensive research was started on the physiological aspects of individual traits in animals. Previous research has established two extreme (proactive and reactive) coping styles in several animal species, but the means of reactivity with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has not yet been investigated in cattle. The aim of this study was the characterization of cardiac autonomic activity under different conditions in cows with different individual characteristics. For this purpose, we investigated heart rate and ANS-related heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of dairy cows (N = 282) on smaller- and larger-scale farms grouped by (1) temperament and (2) behavioural reactivity to humans (BRH). Animals with high BRH scores were defined as impulsive, while animals with low BRH scores were defined as reserved. Cardiac parameters were calculated for undisturbed lying (baseline) and for milking bouts, the latter with the presence of an unfamiliar person (stressful situation). Sympathetic tone was higher, while vagal activity was lower in temperamental cows than in calm animals during rest both on smaller- and larger-scale farms. During milking, HRV parameters were indicative of a higher sympathetic and a lower vagal activity of temperamental cows as compared to calm ones in farms of both sizes. Basal heart rate did not differ between BRH groups either on smaller- or larger-scale farms. Differences between basal ANS activity of impulsive and reserved cows reflected a higher resting vagal and lower sympathetic activity of reserved animals compared to impulsive ones both on smaller- and larger-scale farms. There was no difference either in heart rate or in HRV parameters between groups during milking neither in smaller- nor in larger-scale farms. These two groupings allowed to draw possible parallels between personality and cardiac autonomic activity during both rest and milking in dairy cows. Heart rate and HRV seem to be useful for characterisation of physiological differences related to temperament and BRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kovács
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Fruzsina Luca Kézér
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Tőzsér
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Department and Clinics of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Póti
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Pajor
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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55
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Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Hulbert LE, Ballou MA, Dailey JW, Caldwell LC, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Sexually dimorphic innate immunological responses of pre-pubertal Brahman cattle following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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56
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Friedrich J, Brand B, Schwerin M. Genetics of cattle temperament and its impact on livestock production and breeding – a review. Arch Anim Breed 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-58-13-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Cattle temperament, which describes individual behaviour differences with regard to a stressor or environmental challenge, is known for its impact on working safety, adaptability to new housing conditions, animal productivity and for evaluation of animal welfare. However, successful use of temperament in animal breeding and husbandry to improve keeping conditions in general or animal welfare in particular, requires the availability of informative and reproducible phenotypes and knowledge about the genetic modulation of these traits. However, the knowledge about genetic influences on cattle temperament is still limited. In this review, an outline is given for the interdependence between production systems and temperament as well as for the phenotyping of cattle temperament based on both behaviour tests and observations of behaviour under production conditions. In addition, the use of temperament as a selection criterion is discussed.
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57
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Gifford CA, Branham KA, Ellison JO, Gómez BI, Lemley CO, Hart CG, Krehbiel CR, Bernhard BC, Maxwell CL, Goad CL, Hallford DM, Hernandez Gifford JA. Effect of anabolic implants on adrenal cortisol synthesis in feedlot beef cattle implanted early or late in the finishing phase. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:118-23. [PMID: 25447333 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of anabolic steroids to increase growth rate in beef cattle impacts adrenal glucocorticoid production. The mechanism by which combination androgen and estrogen implants reduce cortisol biosynthesis in heifers is not clear. The objective of this study was to identify whether pituitary or adrenal gene expression and liver enzyme activity may contribute to altered serum cortisol concentrations in heifers receiving a combination implant. On d 0 of a 122-d finishing phase, 187 predominantly Angus heifers (361 kg) approximately 14 months old were randomly assigned to one of three implant groups: (1) non-implanted control, (2) implanted at the beginning of the finishing phase (d 0; early implant) with a combination implant (200mg TBA+20mg E2; Revalor 200®), and (3) implanted during the late stage of the finishing phase (d 56; late implant) with Revalor 200®. At d 56, body weight (BW) was greater (P<0.0001) for the early implanted heifers (456 ± 1.9 kg) compared to 437 and 435 (± 1.8) kg for control and late implanted heifers, respectively. Final BW (d 122) was similar between both implanted groups and heavier than non-implanted controls (P<0.0001). Serum cortisol was similar among groups at d 0 (P=0.86) however, by d 28 heifers receiving the combination implant had reduced (P<0.05) serum cortisol concentrations (31.2 ng/mL) compared to controls (49.4 ng/mL) and late (48.2 ng/mL) groups. On d 84 cortisol was similar (P=0.75) among implanted heifers and was less (P<0.01) than non-implanted heifers. Expression of pituitary and adrenal genes involved in glucocorticoid synthesis was evaluated at d 28/29 or 84/85; however, despite decreased serum cortisol in implanted heifers, no change in mRNA expression was demonstrated. Liver CYP3A enzyme activity at d 28/29 was decreased 59% in early implanted heifers compared to control heifers (P=0.01). Additionally, at d 84/85 AKR1C activity was greatest (P=0.01) in control heifers compared to both implanted groups. Data suggest that components of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are influenced by exposure to exogenous hormones and this should be recognized when considering cortisol levels as a marker for stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gifford
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - K A Branham
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - J O Ellison
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - B I Gómez
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C O Lemley
- Mississippi State University, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C G Hart
- Mississippi State University, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C R Krehbiel
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - B C Bernhard
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C L Maxwell
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C L Goad
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Statistics, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - D M Hallford
- New Mexico State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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58
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Haskell MJ, Simm G, Turner SP. Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle. Front Genet 2014; 5:368. [PMID: 25374582 PMCID: PMC4204639 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal temperament can be defined as a response to environmental or social stimuli. There are a number of temperament traits in cattle that contribute to their welfare, including their response to handling or milking, response to challenge such as human approach or intervention at calving, and response to conspecifics. In a number of these areas, the genetic basis of the trait has been studied. Heritabilities have been estimated and in some cases quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified. The variation is sometimes considerable and moderate heritabilities have been found for the major handling temperament traits, making them amenable to selection. Studies have also investigated the correlations between temperament and other traits, such as productivity and meat quality. Despite this, there are relatively few examples of temperament traits being used in selection programmes. Most often, animals are screened for aggression or excessive fear during handling or milking, with extreme animals being culled, or EBVs for temperament are estimated, but these traits are not commonly included routinely in selection indices, despite there being economic, welfare and human safety drivers for their. There may be a number of constraints and barriers. For some traits and breeds, there may be difficulties in collecting behavioral data on sufficiently large populations of animals to estimate genetic parameters. Most selection indices require estimates of economic values, and it is often difficult to assign an economic value to a temperament trait. The effects of selection primarily for productivity traits on temperament and welfare are discussed. Future opportunities include automated data collection methods and the wider use of genomic information in selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Haskell
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Scotland's Rural College Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geoff Simm
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Scotland's Rural College Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P Turner
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Scotland's Rural College Edinburgh, UK
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59
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Burdick Sanchez NC, Carroll JA, Donaldson JR, Buntyn JO, Schmidt TB. Exogenous administration of lipids to steers alters aspects of the innate immune response to endotoxin challenge. Innate Immun 2014; 21:512-22. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425914552741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of increasing energy availability from both dextrose and lipid treatments on the pro-inflammatory response to LPS in Holstein steers. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: saline at 0.5 ml/kg body weight (Control) or 50% dextrose [0.5 ml/kg body weight (Dextrose) to mimic calm cattle’s response to LPS] administered immediately prior to LPS (0.5 µg/kg body weight at 0 h) or continuous lipid emulsion infusion from −1 to 6 h [Intralipid 20% (Baxter, Deerfield, IL USA); 0.5 ml/kg/hr (Lipid) to mimic temperamental cattle]. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater in Lipid compared with Control and Dextrose steers. A greater decrease in the change in rectal temperature, relative to baseline, was observed in response to LPS in Dextrose in comparison to control and Lipid steers. Cortisol was greater in Lipid than Dextrose and Control steers from −0.5 to 0 h, yet decreased from 0.5 to 5.5 h relative to LPS challenge. Concentrations of IL-6 were decreased in Lipid steers compared with Dextrose and Control steers, and were decreased in Dextrose compared with Control steers post-LPS challenge. These data suggest that increasing circulating NEFA using an exogenous Lipid emulsion may modulate the pro-inflammatory response in steers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janet R Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Joe O Buntyn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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60
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Kovács L, Tőzsér J, Szenci O, Póti P, Kézér FL, Ruff F, Gábriel-Tőzsér G, Hoffmann D, Bakony M, Jurkovich V. Cardiac responses to palpation per rectum in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6955-63. [PMID: 25200771 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) has increased recently, as it gives more detailed and immediate information about the level of stress than traditional behavioral or hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal measures. In this study, we evaluated heart rate (HR) and parasympathetic HRV parameters to monitor cardiac stress responses to palpation per rectum (PPR) in lactating (LACT; n = 11) and nonlactating (NLACT; n = 12) dairy cows. Heart rate and HRV were recorded from 40 min before PPR until 120 min after it was completed. Heart rate, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the high-frequency component (HF) of HRV were analyzed by examining 5-min time windows. To compare cardiac responses to PPR between groups, changes in HR and HRV parameters were calculated as area under the curve (AUC) for LACT and NLACT cows. An immediate increase in HR was detected during PPR in both LACT (+21.4 ± 2.4 beats/min) and NLACT cows (+20.6 ± 2.3 beats/min); however, no differences were found between groups on the basis of parameters of AUC. The increase in HR in both groups along with a parallel decrease in RMSSD (LACT cows: -5.2 ± 0.4 ms; NLACT cows: -5.1 ± 0.4 ms) and HF [LACT cows: -10.1 ± 0.8 nu (where nu = normalized units); NLACT cows: -16.9 ± 1.2 nu] during PPR indicate an increase in the sympathetic, and a decrease in the parasympathetic tone of the autonomic nervous system. The increase in RMSSD (LACT cows: +7.3 ± 0.7 ms; NL cows: +17.8 ± 2.2 ms) and in HF (LACT cows: +24.3 ± 2.6 nu; NLACT cows: +32.7 ± 3.5 nu) immediately after PPR indicated a rapid increase in parasympathetic activity, which decreased under the baseline values 10 min following PPR. The amplitude and the maximum RMSSD and HF values were greater in NLACT cows than in LACT animals, suggesting a higher short-term cardiac responsiveness of NLACT cows. However, the magnitude and the duration of the stress response were greater in LACT cows, as indicated by the analysis of AUC parameters (area under the HRV response curve and time to return to baseline). Cow response to the PPR was more prominent in parasympathetic HRV measures than in HR. Based on our results, the effect of PPR on the cows' cardiac stress responses may have an impact on animal welfare on dairy farms, and investigating the effect of lactation on the cardiac stress reactions could prove useful in modeling bovine stress sensitivity. Further research is needed to find out whether the differences due to lactation are physiological or management related.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kovács
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Szent István University (HAS-SZIU) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major 2225, Hungary.
| | - J Tőzsér
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - O Szenci
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Szent István University (HAS-SZIU) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major 2225, Hungary
| | - P Póti
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - F L Kézér
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - F Ruff
- Institute of Economics, Law and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Gy Gábriel-Tőzsér
- Institute of Economics, Law and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - D Hoffmann
- Bóly Co., Ady Endre utca 21, Bóly 7754, Hungary
| | - M Bakony
- Rumino-Vet Bt, Csillés utca 2, Érd 2030, Hungary
| | - V Jurkovich
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Veterinary Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István utca 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
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61
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Kasimanickam R, Schroeder S, Assay M, Kasimanickam V, Moore DA, Gay JM, Whittier WD. Influence of temperament score and handling facility on stress, reproductive hormone concentrations, and fixed time AI pregnancy rates in beef heifers. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:775-82. [PMID: 25130754 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were (i) to evaluate the effect of temperament, determined by modified 2-point chute exit and gait score, on artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rates in beef heifers following fixed time AI and (ii) to determine the effect of temperament on cortisol, substance-P, prolactin and progesterone at initiation of synchronization and at the time of AI. Angus beef heifers (n = 967) at eight locations were included in this study. At the initiation of synchronization (Day 0 = initiation of synchronization), all heifers received a body condition score (BCS), and temperament score (0 = calm; slow exit and walk or 1 = excitable; fast exit or jump or trot or run). Blood samples were collected from a sub-population of heifers (n = 86) at both synchronization initiation and the time of AI to determine the differences in serum progesterone, cortisol, prolactin and substance-P concentrations between temperament groups. Heifers were synchronized with 5-day CO-Synch+ controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol and were inseminated at 56 h after CIDR removal. Heifers were examined for pregnancy by ultrasound 70 days after AI to determine AI pregnancy. Controlling for synchronization treatment (p = 0.03), facility design (p = 0.05), and cattle handling facility design by temperament score interaction (p = 0.02), the AI pregnancy differed between heifers with excitable and calm temperament (51.9% vs 60.3%; p = 0.01). The alley-way with acute bends and turns, and long straight alley-way had lower AI pregnancy rate than did the semicircular alley-way (53.5%, 56.3% and 67.0% respectively; p = 0.05). The serum hormone concentrations differed significantly between different types of cattle handling facility (p < 0.05). The cattle handling facility design by temperament group interactions significantly influenced progesterone (p = 0.01), cortisol (p = 0.01), prolactin (p = 0.02) and substance-P (p = 0.04) both at the initiation of synchronization and at the time of AI. Inter- and intra-rater agreement for temperament scoring were moderate and good (Kappa = 0.596 ± 0.07 and 0.797 ± 0.11) respectively. The predictive value for calm and pregnant to AI was 0.87, and excited and non-pregnant to AI was 0.76. In conclusion, the modified 2-point temperament scoring method can be used to identify heifers with excitable temperament. Heifers with excitable temperament had lower AI pregnancy. Further, cattle handling facility design influenced the temperament and AI pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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62
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Leiva T, Cooke RF, Aboin AC, Drago FL, Gennari R, Vasconcelos JLM. Effects of excessive energy intake and supplementation with chromium propionate on insulin resistance parameters in nonlactating dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:775-82. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Leiva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - R. F. Cooke
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - A. C. Aboin
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - F. L. Drago
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - R. Gennari
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - J. L. M. Vasconcelos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
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63
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Valenchon M, Lévy F, Fortin M, Leterrier C, Lansade L. Stress and temperament affect working memory performance for disappearing food in horses, Equus caballus. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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64
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Hughes HD, Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Richeson JT. Natural variations in the stress and acute phase responses of cattle. Innate Immun 2013; 20:888-96. [PMID: 24217218 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system and acute phase response (APR) results in several responses that include fever, metabolic adaptations and changes in behavior. The APR can be modulated by many factors, with stress being the most common. An elevation of stress hormones for a short duration of time can be beneficial. However, elevation of stress hormones repeatedly or for an extended duration of time can be detrimental to the overall health and well-being of animals. The stress and APR responses can also be modulated by naturally-occurring variations, such as breed, gender, and temperament. These three natural variations modulate both of these responses, and can therefore modulate the ability of an animal to recover from a stressor or infection. Understanding that cattle have different immunological responses, based on naturally occurring variations such as these, may be the foundation of new studies on how to effectively manage cattle so that health is optimized and production is benefited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Hughes
- West Texas A&M University, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Canyon, TX, USA
| | | | | | - John T Richeson
- West Texas A&M University, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Canyon, TX, USA USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX, USA
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65
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Van Reenen CG, Van der Werf JT, O’Connell NE, Heutinck LF, Spoolder HA, Jones RB, Koolhaas JM, Blokhuis HJ. Behavioural and physiological responses of heifer calves to acute stressors: Long-term consistency and relationship with adult reactivity to milking. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Montanholi Y, Palme R, Haas L, Swanson K, Vander Voort G, Miller S. On the relationships between glucocorticoids and feed efficiency in beef cattle. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Vieira F, Cooke R, Aboin A, Lima P, Vasconcelos J. Short communication: Acute but transient increase in serum insulin reduces messenger RNA expression of hepatic enzymes associated with progesterone catabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1085-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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68
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Cavaleri S, Ferlazzo A. Effect of temperament and prolonged transportation on endocrine and functional variables in young beef bulls. Vet Rec 2012; 171:644. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Fazio
- Associate professor Veterinary Physiology; Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production; Unit of Veterinary Physiology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; Messina 98168 Italy
| | - P. Medica
- Equine Physiology; Department of Morphology; Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production; Unit of Veterinary Physiology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; Messina 98168 Italy
| | - C. Cravana
- Equine Physiology; Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production; Unit of Veterinary Physiology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; Messina 98168 Italy
| | - S. Cavaleri
- Biochemistry, Full professor Veterinary Physiology; Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production; Unit of Veterinary Physiology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; Messina 98168 Italy
| | - A. Ferlazzo
- Biochemistry, Full professor Veterinary Physiology; Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production; Unit of Veterinary Physiology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; Messina 98168 Italy
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Hulbert LE, Carroll JA, Ballou MA, Burdick NC, Dailey JW, Caldwell LC, Loyd AN, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Sexually dimorphic stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to an intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge of Brahman cattle following transportation. Innate Immun 2012; 19:378-87. [PMID: 23112011 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912462752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize potential sexually dimorphic stress and immunological responses following a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge in beef cattle. Six female (heifers) and six male (bulls) Brahman calves (264 ± 12 d of age) were administered CRH intravenously (0.5 µg of CRH/kg body mass) after which serum concentrations of cortisol increased from 0.5 h to 4 h. From 1 h to 4 h after CRH administration, serum cortisol concentrations were greater in heifers than in bulls. In all cattle, increased serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ were observed from 2.5 h to 3 h after CRH, with greater concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 in heifers than bulls. Heifer total leukocyte counts decreased 1 h after CRH administration, while bull leukocyte counts and percent neutrophils decreased 2 h after CRH administration. Heifers had greater rectal temperatures than bulls, yet rectal temperatures did not change following administration of CRH. There was no effect of CRH administration on heart rate. However, bulls tended to have increased heart rate 2 h after CRH administration than before CRH. Heifer heart rate was greater than bulls throughout the study. These data demonstrate that acute CRH administration can elicit a pro-inflammatory response, and cattle exhibit a sexually dimorphic pro-inflammatory cytokine and cortisol response to acute CRH administration.
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70
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Sutherland MA, Huddart FJ. The effect of training first-lactation heifers to the milking parlor on the behavioral reactivity to humans and the physiological and behavioral responses to milking and productivity. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6983-93. [PMID: 23063148 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether training heifers before calving would modulate the behavioral reactivity to humans and the behavioral and physiological responses to milking routines after calving, and (2) whether heifer temperament would affect this response. The behavioral reactivity of heifers to humans was assessed prepartum using 4 behavioral tests (restraint, exit speed, avoidance distance in the paddock and arena, and a voluntary approach test). These behavioral tests were repeated immediately after and 12 wk after training. Temperament was defined based on exit time from a restraint device, and heifers were denoted as either low (LR; n=20) or high (HR; n=20) responders. Two weeks before calving, half the LR and HR heifers were selected randomly for training to the milking parlor, whereas the other heifers were left undisturbed in the paddock. Training consisted of 4 sessions conducted over 2 consecutive days and involved introducing the heifers to the milking platform, associated noises, and human contact. During the first 5d of lactation, behavioral and physiological data were collected from all heifers, including behavior during cup attachment, plasma cortisol concentrations, and residual milk volumes. Milk production data were collected over the entire lactation period. Training reduced the avoidance distance of LR but not HR heifers, and trained HR heifers stepped more than trained LR heifers during a restraint test. The behavioral response of heifers to the restraint test was positively correlated with milk yield, milking duration, and residual milk volume. Trained LR heifers flinched, stepped, and kicked more during attachment of milking clusters than did untrained LR heifers. During the first week of lactation, total milk yield was lower in trained than untrained HR heifers, and maximum flow rates were higher and residual milk volumes were lower in trained than untrained heifers, irrespective of heifer temperament. Plasma cortisol concentrations were lower on d 5 of lactation than on d 1 and were higher in HR heifers after milking than before milking. Over the first 8 mo of lactation, milking duration was lower and average flow rates were higher in trained than untrained heifers. These results suggest that trained heifers may have experienced less distress during the first week of lactation, but the effect of training on the behavioral and physiological responses to milking appeared to be influenced by heifer temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sutherland
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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71
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Assessing feed efficiency in beef steers through feeding behavior, infrared thermography and glucocorticoids. Animal 2012; 4:692-701. [PMID: 22444121 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109991522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the factors regulating feed efficiency and their potential as predictors of feed efficiency in cattle is needed. Therefore, the potential of three classes of traits, namely, feeding behavior characteristics: daily time at feeder (TF; min/day), time per meal (TM; min), meal size (MS; g DM), eating rate (ER; g DM/min), number of daily meals (NM) and daily visits to the feeder (VF); infrared (IR) thermography traits (°C): eye (EY), cheek (CK), snout (SN), ribs (RB) and hind area (HA); and glucocorticoid levels: fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM; ng/g) and plasma cortisol (PC; ng/ml) as predictors of efficiency were evaluated in 91 steers (436 ± 37 kg) over 2 years (Y1 = 46; Y2 = 45). Additionally, the individual traits of each of these three classes were combined to define three single traits. Individual daily feed intake of a corn silage and high-moisture corn-based diet was measured using an automated feeding system. Body weight and thermographs were taken every 28 days over a period of 140 days. Four productive performance traits were calculated: daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed to gain ratio (F : G) and residual feed intake (RFI). Steers were also classified into three RFI categories (low-, medium- and high-RFI). Among the feeding behavior characteristics, MS and ER were correlated with all efficiency traits (range: 0.26 to 0.75). Low-RFI (more efficient steers) had smaller MS, lower ER and fewer VF in comparison to high-RFI steers. Less efficient steers (high-RFI) performed more VF during the nocturnal period than more efficient steers. More efficient steers had lower CK and SN temperatures than less efficient steers (28.1°C v. 29.2°C and 30.0°C v. 31.2°C), indicating greater energetic efficiency for low-RFI steers. In terms of glucocorticoids, PC was not correlated with efficiency traits. In contrast, more efficient steers had higher FCM in comparison to less efficient steers (51.1 v. 31.2 ng/g), indicating that a higher cortisol baseline is related to better feed efficiency. The overall evaluation of the three classes of traits revealed that feeding behavior, IR thermography and glucocorticoids accounted for 18%, 59% and 7% of the total variation associated with RFI, respectively. These classes of traits have usefulness in the indirect assessment of feed efficiency in cattle. Among them, IR thermography was the most promising alternative to screen cattle for this feed efficiency. These findings might have application in selection programs and in the better understanding of the biological basis associated with productive performance.
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72
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Francisco CL, Cooke RF, Marques RS, Mills RR, Bohnert DW. Effects of temperament and acclimation to handling on feedlot performance of Bos taurus feeder cattle originated from a rangeland-based cow-calf system. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:5067-77. [PMID: 22952362 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of temperament and acclimation to handling on performance of Angus × Hereford feeder cattle reared in extensive rangeland systems until weaning. In Exp. 1, 200 calves (n = 97 for yr 1; n = 103 for yr 2) were evaluated for temperament at weaning (average age ± SE = 152 ± 1 d) by chute score and exit velocity. Chute score was assessed on a 5-point scale according to behavior during chute restraining. Exit score was calculated by dividing exit velocity into quintiles and assigning calves a score from 1 (slowest) to 5 (fastest). A temperament score was calculated for each calf by averaging chute and exit scores. Calf temperament was classified according to temperament score as adequate (≤3) or excitable (>3). After weaning, calves were assigned to a 40-d preconditioning followed by growing (139 d) and finishing (117 d) phases until slaughter. Weaning BW was decreased (P = 0.04) in excitable calves compared with adequate calves. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.21) for ADG during preconditioning, growing, and finishing phases; hence, excitable calves tended (P = 0.09) to have decreased HCW compared with adequate calves. In Exp. 2, 60 steers (initial age ± SE = 198 ± 2 d) were weighed and evaluated for temperament score 35 d after weaning (d -29). On d -28, steers were ranked by these variables and assigned to receive an acclimation treatment or not (control). Acclimated steers were processed through a handling facility twice weekly for 4 wk (d -28 to -1) whereas control steers remained undisturbed on pasture. On d 0, all steers were transported for 24 h and returned to the research facility (d 1). On arrival, steers were ranked by BW within treatment and randomly assigned to 20 feedlot pens for a 28-d feedlot receiving period. Acclimated steers had decreased temperament score and plasma cortisol compared with controls on d 0 (P = 0.02). During feedlot receiving, acclimated steers had decreased ADG (P < 0.01) and G:F (P = 0.03) and tended to have decreased DMI (P = 0.07) compared with controls. Acclimated steers had greater plasma haptoglobin on d 4 (P = 0.04) and greater ceruloplasmin from d 0 to 10 (P ≤ 0.04) and tended to have greater cortisol on d 1 (P = 0.08) than controls. In conclusion, temperament affects productivity of beef operations based on Bos taurus feeder cattle reared in extensive rangeland systems until weaning whereas acclimation to handling ameliorated cattle temperament but did not benefit feedlot receiving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Francisco
- Oregon State University-Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA
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73
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Sutherland MA, Rogers AR, Verkerk GA. The effect of temperament and responsiveness towards humans on the behavior, physiology and milk production of multi-parous dairy cows in a familiar and novel milking environment. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:329-37. [PMID: 22939763 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate whether; 1) temperament or 2) behavioral responsiveness to humans, can affect the behavior, physiology and productivity of dairy cows being milked in a familiar and novel milking environment. Temperament of multi-parous cows was defined based on exit time from a restraint device, as High Responders (HR; n=10), Medium Responders (MR; n=10) or Low Responders (LR; n=10). The behavioral response of cows to humans was assessed using four tests: restraint, exit speed, avoidance distance test and a voluntary approach test. Cows were milked according to their established routines in a rotary (familiar) milking parlor and behavioral, physiological and production data were collected over five consecutive days, including heart rate, cortisol and oxytocin concentrations and milk yield. The following week, cows were milked in a novel environment (herringbone parlor within the same farm facility) over five consecutive days, and the data and sample collection program was repeated. Cows were then given an exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge to measure adrenal responsiveness. Exit time was negatively correlated with the behavioral responses of cows to restraint and human avoidance distance (HAD) in the paddock and arena. The behavioral response of cows to the milking process was greater in MR than LR and HR cows in the familiar and novel milking environments. Milk yields were greater in LR than HR cows in the novel but not the familiar milking parlor. Oxytocin concentrations increased during milking in the novel environment, regardless of cow temperament. In the familiar and novel environments, heart rates were higher in HR than LR cows before and during milking and rMSSD was lower in HR cows during milking in a novel environment. There was no difference in cortisol concentrations between LR and HR cows in response to an ACTH challenge, but HR cows had higher baseline cortisol levels than LR cows. The number of leg lifts cows performed when restrained in the crush was associated with several physiological and milk production measures. These results indicate that cows with different temperaments vary in their basal physiology as well as their behavioral and physiological responses to milking and stress associated with being milked in a novel environment.
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74
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Cooke RF, Carroll JA, Dailey J, Cappellozza BI, Bohnert DW. Bovine acute-phase response after different doses of corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2337-44. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Cooke
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - J. A. Carroll
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - J. Dailey
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - B. I. Cappellozza
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - D. W. Bohnert
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
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75
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Burdick N, Carroll J, Dailey J, Randel R, Falkenberg S, Schmidt T. Development of a self-contained, indwelling vaginal temperature probe for use in cattle research. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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Probst JK, Spengler Neff A, Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Hillmann E. Gentle touching in early life reduces avoidance distance and slaughter stress in beef cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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77
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Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Cherian G, Carroll JA. Effects of camelina meal supplementation on ruminal forage degradability, performance, and physiological responses of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4042-54. [PMID: 22585784 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments compared ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of beef steers consuming hay ad libitum and receiving grain-based supplements without (control) or with (CAM) the inclusion of camelina meal. In Exp. 1, 9 steers fitted with ruminal cannulas received CAM (2.04 kg of DM/d; n = 5) or control (2.20 kg of DM/d; n = 4). Steers receiving CAM had reduced (P = 0.01) total DMI and tended to have reduced (P = 0.10) forage DMI compared with control. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.35) for ruminal hay degradability parameters. In Exp. 2, 14 steers fed CAM (1.52 kg of DM/d; n = 7) or control (1.65 kg of DM/d; n = 7) were assigned to a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 0.1 μg/kg of BW) and a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 0.33 μg/kg of BW) challenge. Steers fed CAM had greater (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of PUFA compared with control before challenges. Upon CRH infusion, plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended (P = 0.10) to be reduced and ceruloplasmin concentrations increased at a lesser rate in CAM steers compared with control (treatment × time; P < 0.01). Upon TRH infusion, no treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.55) for serum thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. In Exp. 3, 60 steers were allocated to 20 pens. Pens were assigned randomly to receive CAM (2.04 kg of DM/steer daily; n = 10) or control (2.20 kg of DM/steer daily; n = 10) during preconditioning (PC; d -28 to 0). On d 0, steers were transported for 24 h. Upon arrival, pens were assigned randomly to receive CAM or control during feedlot receiving (FR; d 1 to 29). During PC, CAM steers had reduced (P < 0.01) forage and total DMI, and tended to have reduced (P = 0.10) ADG compared with control. Plasma linolenic acid concentrations increased during PC for CAM steers, but not for control (treatment × day; P = 0.02). During FR, steers fed CAM during PC had reduced (P < 0.01) forage and total DMI, but tended (P = 0.10) to have greater G:F compared with control. Steers fed CAM during FR had greater (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of PUFA, and reduced rectal temperature and concentrations of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin during FR compared with control. In summary, CAM supplementation to steers impaired forage and total DMI, did not alter thyroid gland function, increased circulating concentrations of PUFA, and lessened the acute-phase protein reaction elicited by neuroendocrine stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cappellozza
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA
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78
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Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Cappellozza BI, Mueller CJ, Delcurto T. Effects of temperament and acclimation to handling on reproductive performance of Bos taurus beef females. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3547-55. [PMID: 22585788 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of temperament and acclimation to handling on reproductive performance of Bos taurus beef females. In Exp. 1, 433 multiparous, lactating Angus × Hereford cows were sampled for blood and evaluated for temperament before the breeding season. Cow temperament was assessed by chute score and exit velocity. Chute score was assessed on a 5-point scale according to behavioral responses during chute restraining. Exit score was calculated by dividing exit velocity into quintiles and assigning cows with a score from 1 to 5 (1 = slowest, 5 = fastest cows). Temperament score was calculated by averaging chute and exit scores. Cows were classified for temperament type according to temperament score (≤ 3 = adequate, > 3 = aggressive). Plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in cows with aggressive vs. adequate temperament. Cows with aggressive temperament had reduced (P ≤ 0.05) pregnancy and calving rate and tended to have reduced (P = 0.09) weaning rate compared with cows with adequate temperament. Hence, kilogram of calf born per cow was reduced (P = 0.05) and kilogram of calf weaned per cow tended to be reduced (P = 0.08) in aggressive cows. In Exp. 2, 88 Angus × Hereford heifers (initial age = 206 ± 2 d) were weighed (d 0 and 10) and evaluated for temperament score (d 10). On d 11, heifers were ranked by these variables and assigned to receive or not (control) an acclimation treatment. Acclimated heifers were processed through a handling facility 3 times weekly for 4 wk (d 11 to 39; Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays), whereas control heifers remained undisturbed on pasture. Heifer puberty status, evaluated via plasma progesterone concentrations, was assessed on d 0 and 10, d 40 and 50, 70 and 80, 100 and 110, 130 and 140, 160 and 170, and 190 and 200. Blood samples collected on d 10 and 40 were also analyzed for plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin. Temperament score was assessed again on d 40 and d 200. Acclimated heifers had reduced (P = 0.01) concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin on d 40 and reduced (P = 0.02) exit velocity on d 200 compared with control heifers. Puberty was hastened in acclimated heifers compared with control (P = 0.01). Results from this study indicate that B. taurus beef cows with aggressive temperament have impaired reproductive performance compared with cohorts with adequate temperament, whereas acclimation to human handling after weaning hastens reproductive development of replacement heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Cooke
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns 97720, USA.
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79
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Scientific Opinion on the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA J 2012; 10:2669. [PMID: 32313568 PMCID: PMC7163673 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information given in previous Opinions "Welfare of cattle kept for beef production" (SCAHAW, 2001) and "The risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems" (EFSA, 2006) is updated and recent scientific evidence on the topics reviewed. Risks of poor welfare are identified using a structured analysis, and issues not identified in the SCAHAW (2001) beef Opinion, especially effects of housing and management on enteric and respiratory diseases are reviewed. The Opinion covers all systems of beef production, although the welfare of suckler cows or breeding bulls is not considered. The Chapter on beef cattle presents new evidence and recommendations in relation to heat and cold stress, mutilations and pain management, digestive disorders linked to high concentrate feeds and respiratory disorders linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment. Major welfare problems in cattle kept for beef production, as identified by risk assessment, were respiratory diseases linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment, digestive disorders linked to intensive concentrate feeding, lack of physically effective fibre in the diet, and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floor space, and co-mingling in the feedlot. Major hazards for white veal calves were considered to be iron-deficiency anaemia, a direct consequence of dietary iron restriction, enteric diseases linked to high intakes of liquid feed and inadequate intake of physically effective fibre, discomfort and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floors and floor space.
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80
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Gold JR, Cohen ND, Welsh TH. Association of adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol concentrations with peripheral blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression in septic and nonseptic neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:654-61. [PMID: 22443385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) is influenced by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in critically ill humans. Information about the association of cytokines with the HPA axis in neonatal foals is lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objectives were to describe for hospitalized septic and nonseptic foals (1) temporal changes in blood concentrations of ACTH, and cortisol, and leukocyte cytokine gene expression, and (2) coassociation of these HPA axis hormones with blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression. ANIMALS Hospitalized septic foals (N = 15) and hospitalized nonseptic foals (N = 11). METHODS Blood samples, obtained from study foals at admission (T = 0), and 24 (T = 1), 48 (T = 2), 72 (T = 3), and 96 (T = 4) hours after admission, were processed to isolate RNA from leukocytes and to harvest plasma and serum for hormone assays. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Leukocyte mRNA expression of IL-1β IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α was determined using RT-PCR. RESULTS Cortisol concentrations were greater (P < .05) in foals at admission than at other time points. The expressions of IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA were lower (P < .05) at each time point in septic than in nonseptic foals. Among septic foals, ACTH was positively associated (P = .0026) with IL-6 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis influences secretion of the HPA axis hormones and expression of cytokines in foals. A positive association with the HPA axis and IL-6 expression was detected. The clinical importance of these findings requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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81
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82
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Innate immune responses of temperamental and calm cattle after transportation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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83
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Burdick N, Carroll J, Randel R, Willard S, Vann R, Chase C, Lawhon S, Hulbert L, Welsh T. Influence of temperament and transportation on physiological and endocrinological parameters in bulls. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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84
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Cafe LM, Robinson DL, Ferguson DM, Geesink GH, Greenwood PL. Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits in Brahman steers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:230-40. [PMID: 21414739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Associations between temperament, stress physiology, and productivity were studied in yearling Brahman steers (n = 81). Steers differed in calpain system gene marker status; 41 were implanted with a hormonal growth promotant at feedlot entry. Temperament was assessed with repeated measurements of flight speed (FS) and crush score (CS) during 6 mo of backgrounding at pasture and 117 d of grain finishing. Adrenal responsiveness was assessed with ACTH challenge, with plasma samples collected immediately before and 60 min after challenge. Steers with higher FS and CS had higher prechallenge plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. The ACTH-induced cortisol response was unrelated to FS or CS, but glucose remained higher after challenge in flightier steers. The hormonal growth promotant reduced adrenal responsiveness; tenderness genotype had no effect. When temperament assessments and cortisol concentrations before and after challenge were combined in a principal components analysis, four vectors accounting for 38%, 25%, 18%, and 9% of the variation were identified. The first vector had significant loadings on temperament and prechallenge cortisol; increasing scores were associated with increased plasma glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acid and with reductions in BW and feedlot growth rates, carcass fatness, and muscle pH. The second vector loaded only on ACTH-induced cortisol response; increased scores related to increased residual feed intake, number of daily feed sessions, and meat marbling score. The third and fourth vectors had different loadings on FS and CS and appeared to identify different aspects of temperament measured by FS or CS. Fewer associations were found between the third or fourth vectors and productivity traits, possibly because of lower variance accounted for by these vectors. In conclusion, temperament was related to prechallenge cortisol but not to ACTH-induced cortisol response. Principal components analysis separated these traits into separate components, which in turn had different relations with productivity traits. The largest component of temperament was described similarly by FS and CS, but there were smaller components that these described differently. There were some temperament-related differences in the metabolic status of the steers which were not related to the variation in cortisol, suggesting involvement of the sympatho-adrenal-medullary axis in these temperament-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Cafe
- Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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85
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Cooke RF, Bohnert DW. Technical note: Bovine acute-phase response after corticotrophin-release hormone challenge1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:252-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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86
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Curley KO, Neuendorff DA, Lewis AW, Rouquette F, Randel RD, Welsh TH. The effectiveness of vasopressin as an ACTH secretagogue in cattle differs with temperament. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:699-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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88
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Reproductive performance of prepubertal Bos indicus heifers after progesterone-based treatments. Theriogenology 2010; 74:903-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Burdick NC, Carroll JA, Hulbert LE, Dailey JW, Ballou MA, Randel RD, Willard ST, Vann RC, Welsh TH. Temperament influences endotoxin-induced changes in rectal temperature, sickness behavior, and plasma epinephrine concentrations in bulls. Innate Immun 2010; 17:355-64. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425910379144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the influence of temperament on endotoxin-induced changes in body temperature, sickness behavior, and stress hormone concentrations in cattle. Brahman bulls were selected based on temperament score measured 28 d prior to weaning. In dwelling recording devices were used to monitor rectal temperature, and jugular catheters were used to collect blood samples to determine cortisol and epinephrine concentrations before and after LPS administration (0.5 μg/kg body weight). Temperamental bulls had the lowest peak rectal temperature and sickness behavior scores relative to the Calm and Intermediate bulls. Prior to the administration of LPS, Temperamental bulls had greater cortisol and epinephrine concentrations than Calm or Intermediate bulls. Cortisol concentrations increased following LPS administration but were not affected by temperament. Epinephrine concentrations peaked 1 h after LPS administration in Calm bulls. Temperamental bulls did not exhibit an epinephrine response to LPS challenge. These data demonstrate that the temperament of calves can modulate the physiological, behavioral, and endocrine responses of pre-pubertal Brahman bulls to endotoxin challenge. Specifically, temperament differentially affected the rectal temperature, sickness behavior and epinephrine, but not cortisol, responses to LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Burdick
- Texas AgriLife Research and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, USA, USDA ARS Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Ballou
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Scott T Willard
- Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rhonda C Vann
- Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Raymond, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Texas AgriLife Research and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, USA
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90
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Vieira F, Lopes C, Cappellozza B, Scarpa A, Cooke R, Vasconcelos J. Effects of intravenous glucose infusion and nutritional balance on serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and progesterone in nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3047-55. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Relationships between temperament and transportation with rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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92
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Relationships of stress responses with plasma oxytocin and prolactin in heifer calves. Physiol Behav 2010; 99:362-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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93
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Cooke RF, Arthington JD, Araujo DB, Lamb GC. Effects of acclimation to human interaction on performance, temperament, physiological responses, and pregnancy rates of Brahman-crossbred cows. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:4125-32. [PMID: 19717779 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate, over 2 consecutive years, the effects of acclimation to human interaction on performance, temperament, plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites, and pregnancy rates of Brahman-crossbred cows. A total of 160 Braford and 235 Brahman x British cows were assigned to the 2-yr study. Approximately 45 d after weaning (August 2006) in yr 1, cows were evaluated for BW, BCS, and temperament (chute score, pen score, and exit velocity), stratified by these measurements in addition to breed and age, and randomly allocated to 14 groups (Braford = 8; Brahman x British = 6). Groups were randomly assigned to the control or acclimation treatment. In yr 2, cows were reevaluated within 45 d after weaning (August 2007) for BW, BCS, and temperament, stratified, and divided into 14 groups similarly as in yr 1, but in such a way that cows received the same treatment assigned in yr 1. Cows were acclimated to human interaction from August to January, and the acclimation process consisted of the same person visiting groups twice weekly and offering approximately 0.05 kg of range cubes per cow (as-fed basis). In January of both years, cow temperament, BW, and BCS were reassessed and cows were exposed to a 90-d breeding season. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the acclimation period (August) and breeding season (January) for determination of plasma cortisol, IGF-I, and acute phase proteins. A treatment x breed interaction was detected during yr 1 (P < 0.01) for pregnancy analysis because acclimated Braford cows conceived earlier and at a greater percentage (P < 0.01) compared with control cows. According to values obtained at the beginning of breeding and pooled across treatments and breeds, IGF-I concentrations and BCS affected quadratically (P < 0.05), and concentrations of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin decreased linearly (P < 0.05), the probability of pregnancy during both years. Temperament and cortisol concentrations decreased the probability of pregnancy linearly (P < 0.05) during yr 1 (only Braford cows for cortisol analysis) and affected the probability of pregnancy quadratically (P < 0.05) during yr 2. Results from this study indicate that acclimation did not affect cow temperament and physiological responses but did increase pregnancy rates of Braford cows during yr 1. Further, measurements and physiological responses associated with temperament influenced the probability of cows becoming pregnant during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Cooke
- Oregon State University, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720, USA
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94
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Cooke R, Arthington J. Plasma progesterone concentrations as puberty criteria for Brahman-crossbred heifers. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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95
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Dikmen S, Alava E, Pontes E, Fear JM, Dikmen BY, Olson TA, Hansen PJ. Differences in thermoregulatory ability between slick-haired and wild-type lactating Holstein cows in response to acute heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3395-402. [PMID: 18765598 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animals inheriting the slick hair gene have a short, sleek, and sometimes glossy coat. The objective of the present study was to determine whether slick-haired Holstein cows regulate body temperature more effectively than wild-type Holstein cows when exposed to an acute increase in heat stress. Lactating slick cows (n = 10) and wild-type cows (n = 10) were placed for 10 h in an indoor environment with a solid roof, fans, and evaporative cooling or in an outdoor environment with shade cloth and no fans or evaporative cooling. Cows were exposed to both environments in a single reversal design. Vaginal temperature, respiration rate, surface temperature, and sweating rate were measured at 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 h (replicate 1) or 1200 and 1500 h (replicate 2), and blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol concentration. Cows in the outdoor environment had higher vaginal and surface temperatures, respiration rates, and sweating rates than cows in the indoor environment. In both environments, slick-haired cows had lower vaginal temperatures (indoor: 39.0 vs. 39.4 degrees C; outdoor 39.6 vs. 40.2 degrees C; SEM = 0.07) and respiration rate (indoor: 67 vs. 79 breaths/ min; outdoor 97 vs. 107 breaths/min; SEM = 5.5) than wild-type cows and greater sweating rates in unclipped areas of skin (indoor: 57 vs. 43 g x h(-1)/m(2); outdoor 82 vs. 61 g x h(-1)/m(2); SEM = 8). Clipping the hair at the site of sweating measurement eliminated the difference between slick-haired and wild-type cows. Results indicate that slick-haired Holstein cows can regulate body temperature more effectively than wild-type cows during heat stress. One reason slick-haired animals are better able to regulate body temperature is increased sweating rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dikmen
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
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96
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Gutiérrez-Gil B, Ball N, Burton D, Haskell M, Williams JL, Wiener P. Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting cattle temperament. J Hered 2008; 99:629-38. [PMID: 18784067 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esn060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its potential contribution to improving animal welfare, the study of the genetics of cattle behavior may provide more general insights into the genetic control of such complex traits. We carried out a genome scan in a Holstein x Charolais cross cattle population to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing temperament-related traits. Individuals belonging to the second-generation of this population (F(2) and backcross individuals) were subjected to 2 behavioral tests. The flight from feeder (FF) test measured the distance at which the animal moved away from an approaching human observer, whereas the social separation (SS) test categorized different activities which the animal engaged in when removed from its penmates. The entire population was genotyped with 165 microsatellite markers. A regression interval mapping analysis identified 29 regions exceeding the 5% chromosome-wide significance level, which individually explained a relatively small fraction of the phenotypic variance of the traits (from 3.8% to 8.4%). One of the significant associations influencing an FF test trait on chromosome 29 reached the 5% genome-wide significance level. Eight other QTL, all associated with an SS test trait, reached the 1% chromosome-wide significance level. The location of some QTL coincided with other previously reported temperament QTL in cattle, whereas those that are reported for the first time here may represent general loci controlling temperament differences between cattle breeds. No overlapping QTL were identified for the traits measured by the 2 different tests, supporting the hypothesis that different genetic factors influence behavioral responses to different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil
- Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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97
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Schuehle Pfeiffer CE, King DA, Lucia LM, Cabrera-Diaz E, Acuff GR, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Oliphint RA, Curley KO, Vann RC, Savell JW. Influence of transportation stress and animal temperament on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2008; 81:300-6. [PMID: 22064167 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To test the influence of transportation stress and temperament on shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7, cattle (n=150) were classified at various stages of production as Excitable, Intermediate or Calm based on a variety of disposition scores. Presence of E. coli O157:H7 was determined by rectal swabs from live animals and from colons collected postmortem. Percentage of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7 at arrival at the feedlot was approximately equal among temperament groups. Before shipment to the processing facility, a higher (P=0.03) proportion of cattle from the Calm group shed E. coli O157:H7 compared to the other temperament groups. When pooled across all sampling periods, cattle from the Calm group had a greater percentage test positive for E. coli O157:H7. Neither the acute stressor of transportation nor a more excitable temperament led to increased shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Schuehle Pfeiffer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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