51
|
Liu J, Zhang W, Shi H, Yang K, Wang G, Wang P, Ji J, Chu PK. In situ plasma fabrication of ceramic-like structure on polymeric implant with enhanced surface hardness, cytocompatibility and antibacterial capability. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1102-12. [PMID: 26825052 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are commonly found in orthopedic implants due to their unique mechanical properties and biocompatibility but the poor surface hardness and bacterial infection hamper many biomedical applications. In this study, a ceramic-like surface structure doped with silver is produced by successive plasma implantation of silicon (Si) and silver (Ag) into the polyamine 66 (PA66) substrate. Not only the surface hardness and elastic modulus are greatly enhanced due to the partial surface carbonization and the ceramic-like structure produced by the reaction between energetic Si and the carbon chain of PA66, but also the antibacterial activity is improved because of the combined effects rendered by Ag and SiC structure. Furthermore, the modified materials which exhibit good cytocompatibility upregulate bone-related genes and proteins expressions of the contacted bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). For the first time, it explores out that BMSCs osteogenesis on the antibacterial ceramic-like structure is mediated via the iNOS and nNOS signal pathways. The results reveal that in situ plasma fabrication of an antibacterial ceramic-like structure can endow PA66 with excellent surface hardness, cytocompatibility, as well as antibacterial capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haigang Shi
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Gexia Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Pingli Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Effect of near-infrared light on in vitro cellular ATP production of osteoblasts and fibroblasts and on fracture healing with intramedullary fixation. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2016; 7:234-241. [PMID: 27857496 PMCID: PMC5106470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of near-infrared light (NIR) on immediate production of ATP by osteoblasts and fibroblasts in vitro, and the healing process of rat femur fractures with intramedullary fixation. BACKGROUND NIR is one potential treatment option for complications of fracture healing, which has shown to stimulate cellular proliferation and to enhance the healing process. METHODS Cell culture - MC3T3-E1 and 3T3-A31 cells were subjected to NIR at 660 nm, 830 nm, or both combined. ATP was assayed at 5, 10, 20, and 45 min after exposure. Animal study - 18 rats had surgery with retrograde intramedullary pins inserted into their femurs, which then underwent closed, transverse femur fracture. Rats were randomly divided into 3 study groups of 6 each: nonirradiated controls, 660 nm, and 830 nm NIR. Healing process was assessed by a blinded radiologist, assigning a healing score of 1-6 for radiographs taken on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS Cell culture - All groups gave significant increase in ATP within 5-10 min, with decay to baseline by 45 min. 660 nm NIR was significantly more effective than 830 nm with fibroblasts or either wavelength with osteoblasts. Animal study - A significant increase in the fracture healing grade in the 660 nm group at day 14, but with no differences at day 21. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated an immediate increase in ATP production in vitro and an initial acceleration of callus formation in the fracture healing process, in the presence of NIR.
Collapse
|
53
|
Ehnes DD, Geransar RM, Rancourt DE, Zur Nieden NI. Exogenous nitric oxide enhances calcification in embryonic stem cell-derived osteogenic cultures. Differentiation 2015; 89:97-103. [PMID: 25929821 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the involvement of nitric oxide in bone formation, homeostasis and healing has been extensively characterized, its role in directing pluripotent stem cells to the osteogenic lineage has not been described. Yet, the identification of chemical inducers that improve differentiation output to a particular lineage is highly valuable to the development of such cells for the cell-based treatment of osteo-degenerative diseases. This study aimed at investigating the instructive role of nitric oxide (NO) and its synthesizing enzymes on embryonic stem cell (ESC) osteogenic differentiation. Our findings showed that NO levels may support osteogenesis, but that the effect of nitric oxide on osteoblast differentiation may be specific to a particular time phase during the development of osteoblasts in vitro. Endogenously, nitric oxide was specifically secreted by osteogenic cultures during the calcification period. Simultaneously, messenger RNAs for both the endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) were upregulated during this late phase development. However, the specific eNOS inhibitor L-N(5)-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithine dihydrochloride attenuated calcification more so than the specific iNOS inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium. Exogenous stage-specific supplementation of culture medium with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine increased the percentage of cells differentiating into osteoblasts and enhanced calcification. Our results point to a primary role for eNOS as a pro-osteogenic trigger in ESC differentiation and expand on the variety of supplements that may be used to direct ESC fate to the osteogenic lineage, which will be important in the development of cell-based therapies for osteo-degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Ehnes
- University of California Riverside, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - R M Geransar
- Institute of Maternal & Child Health, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1
| | - D E Rancourt
- Institute of Maternal & Child Health, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1
| | - N I Zur Nieden
- University of California Riverside, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Institute of Maternal & Child Health, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Windhausen T, Squifflet S, Renn J, Muller M. BMP Signaling Regulates Bone Morphogenesis in Zebrafish through Promoting Osteoblast Function as Assessed by Their Nitric Oxide Production. Molecules 2015; 20:7586-601. [PMID: 25919279 PMCID: PMC6272212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control many developmental and physiological processes, including skeleton formation and homeostasis. Previous studies in zebrafish revealed the crucial importance of proper BMP signaling before 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) for cartilage formation in the skull. Here, we focus on the involvement of the BMP pathway between 48 and 96 hpf in bone formation after 96 hpf. Using BMP inhibitors and the expression of a dominant-negative BMP receptor, we analyze whether the loss of BMP signaling affects osteoblastogenesis, osteoblast function and bone mineralization. To this end, we used the transgenic zebrafish line Tg(osterix:mCherry), detection of nitric oxide (NO) production, and alizarin red staining, respectively. We observed that inhibition of BMP signaling between 48 and 72 hpf led to a reduction of NO production and bone mineralization. Osteoblast maturation and chondrogenesis, on the other hand, seemed unchanged. Osteoblast function and bone formation were less affected when BMP signaling was inhibited between 72 and 96 hpf. These results suggest that for the onset of bone formation, proper BMP signaling between 48 and 72 hpf is crucial to ensure osteoblast function and ossification. Furthermore, detection of NO in developing zebrafish larvae appears as an early indicator of bone calcification activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Windhausen
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, Université de Liège, GIGA-R B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Steeve Squifflet
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, Université de Liège, GIGA-R B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jörg Renn
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, Université de Liège, GIGA-R B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, Université de Liège, GIGA-R B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ehnes DD, Price FD, Shrive NG, Hart DA, Rancourt DE, zur Nieden NI. Embryonic stem cell-derived osteocytes are capable of responding to mechanical oscillatory hydrostatic pressure. J Biomech 2015; 48:1915-21. [PMID: 25936968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts can be derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by a 30 day differentiation process, whereupon cells spontaneously differentiate upon removal of LIF and respond to exogenously added 1,25α(OH)2 vitamin D3 with enhanced matrix mineralization. However, bone is a load-bearing tissue that has to perform under dynamic pressure changes during daily movement, a capacity that is executed by osteocytes. At present, it is unclear whether ESC-derived osteogenic cultures contain osteocytes and whether these are capable of responding to a relevant cyclic hydrostatic compression stimulus. Here, we show that ESC-osteoblastogenesis is followed by the generation of osteocytes and then mechanically load ESC-derived osteogenic cultures in a compression chamber using a cyclic loading protocol. Following mechanical loading of the cells, iNOS mRNA was upregulated 31-fold, which was consistent with a role for iNOS as an immediate early mechanoresponsive gene. Further analysis of matrix and bone-specific genes suggested a cellular response in favor of matrix remodeling. Immediate iNOS upregulation also correlated with a concomitant increase in Ctnnb1 and Tcf7l2 mRNAs along with increased nuclear TCF transcriptional activity, while the mRNA for the repressive Tcf7l1 was downregulated, providing a possible mechanistic explanation for the noted matrix remodeling. We conclude that ESC-derived osteocytes are capable of responding to relevant mechanical cues, at least such that mimic oscillatory compression stress, which not only provides new basic understanding, but also information that likely will be important for their use in cell-based regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Ehnes
- University of California Riverside, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - F D Price
- The Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - N G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - D A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - D E Rancourt
- The Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - N I zur Nieden
- University of California Riverside, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; The Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cao Y, Gomes SA, Rangel EB, Paulino EC, Fonseca TL, Li J, Teixeira MB, Gouveia CH, Bianco AC, Kapiloff MS, Balkan W, Hare JM. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent PPARγ denitrosylation participates in MSC-derived adipogenesis and osteogenesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1679-91. [PMID: 25798618 DOI: 10.1172/jci73780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a common precursor of both adipocytes and osteoblasts. While it is appreciated that PPARγ regulates the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, the roles of additional regulators of this process remain controversial. Here, we show that MSCs isolated from mice lacking S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, a denitrosylase that regulates protein S-nitrosylation, exhibited decreased adipogenesis and increased osteoblastogenesis compared with WT MSCs. Consistent with this cellular phenotype, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient mice were smaller, with reduced fat mass and increased bone formation that was accompanied by elevated bone resorption. WT and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs exhibited equivalent PPARγ expression; however, S-nitrosylation of PPARγ was elevated in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs, diminishing binding to its downstream target fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). We further identified Cys 139 of PPARγ as an S-nitrosylation site and demonstrated that S-nitrosylation of PPARγ inhibits its transcriptional activity, suggesting a feedback regulation of PPARγ transcriptional activity by NO-mediated S-nitrosylation. Together, these results reveal that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent modification of PPARγ alters the balance between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation and provides checkpoint regulation of the lineage bifurcation of these 2 lineages. Moreover, these findings provide pathophysiological and therapeutic insights regarding MSC participation in adipogenesis and osteogenesis.
Collapse
|
57
|
Upregulation of BMSCs osteogenesis by positively-charged tertiary amines on polymeric implants via charge/iNOS signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9369. [PMID: 25791957 PMCID: PMC4366815 DOI: 10.1038/srep09369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positively-charged surfaces on implants have a similar potential to upregulate osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as electromagnetic therapy approved for bone regeneration. Generally, their osteogenesis functions are generally considered to stem from the charge-induced adhesion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins without exploring the underlying surface charge/cell signaling molecule pathways. Herein, a positively-charged surface with controllable tertiary amines is produced on a polymer implant by plasma surface modification. In addition to inhibiting the TNF-α expression, the positively-charged surface with tertiary amines exhibits excellent cytocompatibility as well as remarkably upregulated osteogenesis-related gene/protein expressions and calcification of the contacted BMSCs. Stimulated by the charged surface, these BMSCs display high iNOS expressions among the three NOS isoforms. Meanwhile, downregulation of the iNOS by L-Can or siRNA inhibit osteogenic differentiation in the BMSCs. These findings suggest that a positively-charged surface with tertiary amines induces osteogenesis of BMSCs via the surface charge/iNOS signaling pathway in addition to elevated ECM protein adhesion. Therefore, creating a positively-charged surface with tertiary amines is a promising approach to promote osseointegration with bone tissues.
Collapse
|
58
|
Cowin SC, Cardoso L. Blood and interstitial flow in the hierarchical pore space architecture of bone tissue. J Biomech 2015; 48:842-54. [PMID: 25666410 PMCID: PMC4489573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There are two main types of fluid in bone tissue, blood and interstitial fluid. The chemical composition of these fluids varies with time and location in bone. Blood arrives through the arterial system containing oxygen and other nutrients and the blood components depart via the venous system containing less oxygen and reduced nutrition. Within the bone, as within other tissues, substances pass from the blood through the arterial walls into the interstitial fluid. The movement of the interstitial fluid carries these substances to the cells within the bone and, at the same time, carries off the waste materials from the cells. Bone tissue would not live without these fluid movements. The development of a model for poroelastic materials with hierarchical pore space architecture for the description of blood flow and interstitial fluid flow in living bone tissue is reviewed. The model is applied to the problem of determining the exchange of pore fluid between the vascular porosity and the lacunar-canalicular porosity in bone tissue due to cyclic mechanical loading and blood pressure. These results are basic to the understanding of interstitial flow in bone tissue that, in turn, is basic to understanding of nutrient transport from the vasculature to the bone cells buried in the bone tissue and to the process of mechanotransduction by these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cowin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Luis Cardoso
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, Grove School of Engineering of The City College, The Graduate School of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Bone metabolism is regulated by the action of two skeletal cells: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This process is controlled by many genetic, hormonal and lifestyle factors, but today more and more studies have allowed us to identify a neuronal regulation system termed 'bone-brain crosstalk', which highlights a direct relationship between bone tissue and the nervous system. The first documentation of an anatomic relationship between nerves and bone was made via a wood cut by Charles Estienne in Paris in 1545. His diagram demonstrated nerves entering and leaving the bones of a skeleton. Later, several studies were conducted on bone innervation and, as of today, many observations on the regulation of bone remodeling by neurons and neuropeptides that reside in the CNS have created a new research field, that is, neuroskeletal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Metozzi
- a 1 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bonamassa
- a 1 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Brandi
- b 2 Public Mental Health system 1-4 of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- c 3 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, AOUC Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50138 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Schröder K. NADPH oxidases in bone homeostasis and osteoporosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:25-38. [PMID: 25167924 PMCID: PMC11114015 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation and degradation are perfectly coordinated. In case of an imbalance of these processes diseases occur associated with exaggerated formation of new bone or bone loss as in osteoporosis. Most studies investigating osteoporosis either focus on osteoblast or osteoclast function and differentiation. Both processes have been suggested to be affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides a potentially harmful role of ROS, these small molecules are important second messengers. The family of NADPH oxidases produces ROS in a controlled and targeted manner, to specifically regulate signal transduction. This review will highlight the role of reactive oxygen species in bone cell differentiation and bone-loss associated disease with a special focus on osteoporosis and NADPH oxidases as specialized sources of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 reduces bone mass by suppression of canonical Wnt signaling. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1544. [PMID: 25429621 PMCID: PMC4260761 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) are widely used to treat erectile
dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in clinics. PDE5, cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (cGMP), and protein kinase G (PKG) are important components of the
non-canonical Wnt signaling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PDE5
inhibition on canonical Wnt signaling and osteoblastogenesis, using both in
vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models. In the in
vitro experiments, PDE5 inhibition resulted in activation of cGMP-dependent
protein kinase 2 and consequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase
3β phosphorylation, destabilization of cytosolic
β-catenin and the ultimate suppression of canonical Wnt signaling and
reduced osteoblastic differentiation in HEK293T and C3H10T1/2 cells. In animal
experiments, systemic inhibition of PDE5 suppressed the activity of canonical Wnt
signaling and osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow-derived stromal cells, resulting in
the reduction of bone mass in wild-type adult C57B/6 mice, significantly
attenuated secreted Frizzled-related protein-1 (SFRP1) deletion-induced activation of
canonical Wnt signaling and excessive bone growth in adult
SFRP1−/− mice. Together, these results uncover a
hitherto uncharacterized role of PDE5/cGMP/PKG signaling in bone homeostasis
and provide the evidence that long-term treatment with PDE5 inhibitors at a high
dosage may potentially cause bone catabolism.
Collapse
|
62
|
Klein-Nulend J, van Oers RFM, Bakker AD, Bacabac RG. Nitric oxide signaling in mechanical adaptation of bone. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1427-37. [PMID: 24322479 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious healthcare problems in the world is bone loss and fractures due to a lack of physical activity in elderly people as well as in bedridden patients or otherwise inactive youth. Crucial here are the osteocytes. Buried within our bones, these cells are believed to be the mechanosensors that stimulate bone formation in the presence of mechanical stimuli and bone resorption in the absence of such stimuli. Intercellular signaling is an important physiological phenomenon involved in maintaining homeostasis in all tissues. In bone, intercellular communication via chemical signals like NO plays a critical role in the dynamic process of bone remodeling. If bones are mechanically loaded, fluid flows through minute channels in the bone matrix, resulting in shear stress on the cell membrane that activates the osteocyte. Activated osteocytes produce signaling molecules like NO, which modulate the activity of the bone-forming osteoblasts and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts, thereby orchestrating bone adaptation to mechanical loading. In this review, we highlight current insights in the role of NO in the mechanical adaptation of bone mass and structure, with emphasis on its role in local bone gain and loss as well as in remodeling supervised by osteocytes. Since mechanical stimuli and NO production enhance bone strength and fracture resistance, these new insights may facilitate the development of novel osteoporosis treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Joshua J, Kalyanaraman H, Marathe N, Pilz RB. Nitric oxide as a mediator of estrogen effects in osteocytes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 96:247-63. [PMID: 25189390 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800254-4.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency is a major health problem, and available therapies rely largely on the inhibition of bone resorption, because estrogen replacement is associated with risks. Estrogen promotes bone health in large part by increasing osteocyte survival, but the molecular mechanisms involved are only partly understood. We showed that estradiol stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in osteocytes, leading to increased cGMP synthesis and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). Moreover, we found that 17β-estradiol protects osteocytes against apoptosis via the NO/cGMP signaling pathway: type II PKG mediates estradiol-induced activation of the prosurvival kinases Erk and Akt, whereas type I PKG contributes to prosurvival signaling by directly phosphorylating and inactivating the cell death protein BAD. Preclinical data support an important role of NO in bone biology, and clinical trials suggest that NO donors may prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Our data provide novel insights into estrogen signaling through the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and a rationale for using NO donors and other cGMP-elevating agents for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Joshua
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nisha Marathe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Bucur RC, Reid LS, Hamilton CJ, Cummings SR, Jamal SA. Nitrates and bone turnover (NABT) - trial to select the best nitrate preparation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:284. [PMID: 24010992 PMCID: PMC3847792 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organic nitrates uncouple bone turnover, improve bone mineral density, and improve trabecular and cortical components of bone. These changes in turnover, strength and geometry may translate into an important reduction in fractures. However, before proceeding with a large fracture trial, there is a need to identify the nitrate formulation that has both the greatest efficacy (with regards to bone turnover markers) and gives the fewest headaches. Ascertaining which nitrate formulation this may be is the purpose of the current study. Methods and design This will be an open-label randomized, controlled trial conducted at Women’s College Hospital comparing five formulations of nitrates for their effects on bone turnover markers and headache. We will recruit postmenopausal women age 50 years or older with no contraindications to nitroglycerin. Our trial will consist of a run-in phase and a treatment phase. We will enroll 420 women in the run-in phase, each to receive all of the 5 potential treatments in random order for 2 days, each with a 2-day washout period between treatments. Those who tolerate all formulations will enter the 12-week treatment phase and be randomly assigned to one of five groups: 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin tablet, 0.6 mg of the sublingual tablet, a 20 mg tablet of isosorbide mononitrate, a 160 mg nitroglycerin transdermal patch (used for 8 h), and 15 mg of nitroglycerin ointment as used in a previous trial by our group. We will continue enrolment until we have randomized 210 women or 35 women per group. Concentrations of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide) and bone resorption (C-telopeptides of collagen crosslinks and N-terminal crosslinks of collagen) agents will be measured in samples taken at study entry (the start of the run in phase) and 12 weeks. Subjects will record the frequency and severity of headaches daily during the run-in phase and then monthly after that. We will use the ‘multiple comparisons with the best’ approach for data analyses, as this strategy allows practical considerations of ease of use and tolerability to guide selection of the preparation for future studies. Discussion Data from this protocol will be used to develop a randomized, controlled trial of nitrates to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01387672. Controlled-Trials.com: ISRCTN08860742.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana C Bucur
- Women's College Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kim HS, Bae SC, Kim TH, Kim SY. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and the risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosus. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:2289-96. [PMID: 23775455 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO), a short-lived gaseous free radical, is a potent mediator of biological responses involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nitric oxide also serves as an important signal in physiological processes, including angiogenesis, thrombosis, and bone turnover, which are known to be related to the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis. We investigated whether NOS3 gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). METHODS Five polymorphisms in the NOS3 gene were genotyped using TaqMan assays in 306 controls, 150 SLE patients, and 50 SLE patients with ONFH (SLE_ONFH). RESULTS We found that Asp258Asp and Glu298Asp (G894T) polymorphisms in the NOS3 gene were significantly associated with risk of ONFH. Additionally, we calculated haplotype frequencies of a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in NOS3 (rs1799983 - rs1800780) and tested for haplotype associations. The haplotypes G-A and T-A showed significant protective (P = 1.6 × 10(-3); OR 0.39, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.22-0.7) and increased risk (P = 2.0 x 10(-5)-6.0 x 10(-4); OR 3.17-3.73) effects for ONFH, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exonic NOS3 polymorphisms may increase the risk of ONFH in Korean SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak Soo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Jamal SA, Reid LS, Hamilton CJ. The effects of organic nitrates on osteoporosis: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:763-70. [PMID: 23306823 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for osteoporosis are limited by lack of effect on cortical bone, side effects, and, in some cases, cost. Organic nitrates, which act as nitric oxide donors, may be a potential alternative. This systematic review summarizes the clinical data that reports on the effects of organic nitrates and bone. Organic nitrates, which act as nitric oxide donors, are novel agents that have several advantages over the currently available treatments for osteoporosis. This systematic review summarizes the clinical data that reports on the effects of organic nitrates on bone. We searched Medline (1966 to November 2012), EMBASE (1980 to November 2012), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 11, 2012). Keywords included nitrates, osteoporosis, bone mineral density (BMD), and fractures. We identified 200 citations. Of these, a total of 29 were retrieved for more detailed evaluation and we excluded 19 manuscripts: 15 because they did not present original data and four because they did not provide data on the intervention or outcome of interest. As such, we included ten studies in literature review. Of these ten studies two were observational cohort studies reporting nitrate use was associated with increased BMD; two were case control studies reporting that use of nitrates were associated with lower risk of hip fracture; two were randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing alendronate to organic nitrates for treatment of postmenopausal women and demonstrating that both agents increased lumbar spine BMD. The two largest RCT with the longest follow-up, both of which compared effects of organic nitrates to placebo on BMD in women without osteoporosis, reported conflicting results. Headaches were the most common adverse event among women taking nitrates. No studies have reported on fracture efficacy. Further research is needed before recommending organic nitrates for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Jamal
- Women's College Research Institute, 790 Bay Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Bakker AD, Huesa C, Hughes A, Aspden RM, van't Hof RJ, Klein-Nulend J, Helfrich MH. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is not essential for nitric oxide production by osteoblasts subjected to fluid shear stress in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 2013. [PMID: 23203546 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has long been held responsible for NO production by mechanically stimulated osteoblasts, but this has recently been disputed. We investigated whether one of the three known NOS isoforms is essential for NO production by mechanically stimulated osteoblasts in vitro and revisited the bone phenotype of the eNOS-/- mouse. Osteoblasts, obtained as outgrowths from mouse calvaria or long bones of wild-type (WT), eNOS-/-, inducible NOS-/- (iNOS-/-), or neuronal NOS-/- (nNOS-/-) mice, were subjected to mechanical stimulation by means of pulsating fluid flow (PFF); and NO production was determined. Tibiae and femora from 8-week-old mice were subjected to μCT and three-point bending tests. Deletion of single NOS isoforms did not lead to significant upregulation of alternate isoforms in cultured osteoblasts from WT, eNOS-/-, iNOS-/-, or nNOS-/- mice. Expression of eNOS mRNA in osteoblasts was below our detection limit, and no differences in growth between WT and eNOS-/- osteoblasts were found. PFF increased NO production by approximately fourfold in WT and eNOS-/- osteoblasts and significantly stimulated NO production in iNOS-/- and nNOS-/- osteoblasts. Tibiae and femora from WT and eNOS-/- mice showed no difference in bone volume and architecture or in mechanical parameters. Our data suggest that mechanical stimuli can enhance NO production by cultured osteoblasts singly deficient for each known NOS isoform and that lack of eNOS does not significantly affect bone mass and strength at 8 weeks of age. Our data challenge the notion that eNOS is a key effector of mechanically induced bone maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Research Institute MOVE, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hamilton CJ, Reid LS, Jamal SA. Organic nitrates for osteoporosis: an update. BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:259. [PMID: 24422039 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The number of osteoporotic fractures is increasing worldwide as populations age. An inexpensive and widely available treatment is necessary to alleviate this increase in fractures. Current treatments decrease fractures at trabecular bone sites (spine) but have limited effects at cortical sites (hip, legs, forearm and upper arm)-the most common sites of osteoporotic fracture. Treatments are also limited by costs, side effects and lack of availability. Nitric oxide (NO) is a novel agent that has the potential to influence cortical bone, is inexpensive, widely available and has limited side effects. In this review, we will evaluate the in vitro and in vivo data that support the concept that NO is important in bone cell function, review the observational, case control and randomized trial data on organic nitrates and the effects of these agents on bone turnover, geometry and strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste J Hamilton
- Multidisciplinary Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, Women's College Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren S Reid
- Multidisciplinary Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie A Jamal
- Multidisciplinary Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Women's College Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
de Andrés MC, Kingham E, Imagawa K, Gonzalez A, Roach HI, Wilson DI, Oreffo ROC. Epigenetic regulation during fetal femur development: DNA methylation matters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54957. [PMID: 23383012 PMCID: PMC3557259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. DNA methylation has been implicated in the control of several cellular processes including differentiation, gene regulation, development, genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. Methylated cytosine residues at CpG dinucleotides are commonly associated with gene repression; conversely, strategic loss of methylation during development could lead to activation of lineage-specific genes. Evidence is emerging that bone development and growth are programmed; although, interestingly, bone is constantly remodelled throughout life. Using human embryonic stem cells, human fetal bone cells (HFBCs), adult chondrocytes and STRO-1+ marrow stromal cells from human bone marrow, we have examined a spectrum of developmental stages of femur development and the role of DNA methylation therein. Using pyrosequencing methodology we analysed the status of methylation of genes implicated in bone biology; furthermore, we correlated these methylation levels with gene expression levels using qRT-PCR and protein distribution during fetal development evaluated using immunohistochemistry. We found that during fetal femur development DNA methylation inversely correlates with expression of genes including iNOS (NOS2) and COL9A1, but not catabolic genes including MMP13 and IL1B. Furthermore, significant demethylation was evident in the osteocalcin promoter between the fetal and adult developmental stages. Increased TET1 expression and decreased expression of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in adult chondrocytes compared to HFBCs could contribute to the loss of methylation observed during fetal development. HFBC multipotency confirms these cells to be an ideal developmental system for investigation of DNA methylation regulation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the role of epigenetic regulation, specifically DNA methylation, in bone development, informing and opening new possibilities in development of strategies for bone repair/tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C. de Andrés
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emmajayne Kingham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kei Imagawa
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Helmtrud I. Roach
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Wilson
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Das-Gupta V, Williamson RA, Pitsillides AA. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein is not necessary for mechanical strain-induced nitric oxide production by cultured osteoblasts. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:2635-47. [PMID: 22402674 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production is considered essential in mechanical load-related osteogenesis. We examined whether osteoblast endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-derived NO production was regulated by HSP90. We found that HSP90 is essential for strain-related NO release but appears to be independent of eNOS in cultured osteoblasts. INTRODUCTION NO is a key regulator of bone mass, and its production by bone cells is regarded as essential in mechanical strain-related osteogenesis. We sought to identify whether bone cell NO production relied upon eNOS, considered to be the predominant NOS isoform in bone, and whether this was regulated by an HSP90-dependent mechanism. METHODS Using primary rat long bone-derived osteoblasts, the ROS 17/2.8 cell line and primary mouse osteoblasts, derived from wild-type and eNOS-deficient (eNOS(-/-)) mice, we examined by immunoblotting the expression of eNOS using a range of well-characterised antibodies and extraction methods, measured NOS activity by monitoring the conversion of radiolabelled L-arginine to citrulline and examined the production of NO by bone cells subjected to mechanical strain application under various conditions. RESULTS Our studies have revealed that eNOS protein and activity were both undetectable in osteoblast-like cells, that mechanical strain-induced NO production was retained in bone cells from eNOS-deficient mice, but that this strain-related induction of NO production was, however, dependent upon HSP90. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies indicate that HSP90 activity is essential for strain-related NO release by cultured osteoblasts and that this is highly likely to be achieved by an eNOS-independent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Das-Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Basic Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
DI SHENGMENG, MENG RUI, QIAN AIRONG, TIAN ZONGCHENG, LI JINGBAO, ZHANG RONG, SHANG PENG. IMPACT OF OSTEOCLAST PRECURSORS SUBJECTED TO RANDOM POSITIONING MACHINE ON OSTEOBLASTS. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519412005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast-osteoclast interaction plays an important role in the bone remodeling. During long duration space flight, astronauts undergo serious bone loss mainly due to the disruption of equivalence between bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoclast precursors often operate under the control of osteoblasts. However, here we show that the osteoclast precursors could in turn influence osteoblasts. RAW264.7 cells, the murine osteoclast precursors, were treated in the simulated weightlessness produced by a Random Positioning Machine (RPM). After 72 h, conditioned mediums (CM) by the RAW264.7 cells from RPM (RCM) or static control (CCM) were collected and were used to culture osteoblastic-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that the RCM culture inhibited cell viability and slightly altered cell cycle, but the morphology of the MC3T3-E1 cells was not changed by RCM compared to that of CCM. Furthermore, the intracellular ALP level, NO release and expression of osteoblastic marker genes were all down-regulated by RCM culture. These results suggest that osteoclast precursors subjected to RPM exert negative regulation on osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SHENGMENG DI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RUI MENG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - AIRONG QIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - ZONGCHENG TIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - JINGBAO LI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RONG ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - PENG SHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Ding H, Keller KC, Martinez IKC, Geransar RM, zur Nieden KO, Nishikawa SG, Rancourt DE, zur Nieden NI. NO-β-catenin crosstalk modulates primitive streak formation prior to embryonic stem cell osteogenic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5564-77. [PMID: 22946055 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play a crucial role in bone formation in vivo. We sought to determine the temporal effect of NO on murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) under culture conditions that promote osteogenesis. Expression profiles of NO pathway members and osteoblast-specific markers were analyzed using appropriate assays. We found that NO was supportive of osteogenesis specifically during an early phase of in vitro development (days 3-5). Furthermore, ESCs stably overexpressing the inducible NO synthase showed accelerated and enhanced osteogenesis in vitro and in bone explant cultures. To determine the role of NO in early lineage commitment, a stage in ESC differentiation equivalent to primitive streak formation in vivo, ESCs were transfected with a T-brachyury-GFP reporter. Expression levels of T-brachyury and one of its upstream regulators, β-catenin, the major effector in the canonical Wnt pathway, were responsive to NO levels in differentiating primitive streak-like cells. Our results indicate that NO may be involved in early differentiation through regulation of β-catenin and T-brachyury, controlling the specification of primitive-streak-like cells, which may continue through differentiation to later become osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Ding
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Applied Stem Cell Technologies Unit, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Nichols SP, Storm WL, Koh A, Schoenfisch MH. Local delivery of nitric oxide: targeted delivery of therapeutics to bone and connective tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1177-88. [PMID: 22433782 PMCID: PMC3383916 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive treatment of injuries and disorders affecting bone and connective tissue remains a significant challenge facing the medical community. A treatment route that has recently been proposed is nitric oxide (NO) therapy. Nitric oxide plays several important roles in physiology with many conditions lacking adequate levels of NO. As NO is a radical, localized delivery via NO donors is essential to promoting biological activity. Herein, we review current literature related to therapeutic NO delivery in the treatment of bone, skin and tendon repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Jiang R, Wang S, Takahashi K, Fujita H, Fruci CR, Breyer MD, Harris RC, Takahashi T. Generation of a conditional allele for the mouse endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Genesis 2012; 50:685-92. [PMID: 22467476 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deletions have defined the crucial role of eNOS in vascular development, homeostasis, and pathology. However, cell specific eNOS function has not been determined, although an important role of eNOS has been suggested in multiple cell types. Here, we have generated a floxed eNOS allele in which exons 9-12, encoding the sites essential to eNOS activity, are flanked with loxP sites. Mice homozygous for the floxed allele showed normal eNOS protein levels and no overt phenotype. Conversely, homozygous mice with Cre-deleted alleles displayed truncated eNOS protein, lack of vascular NO production, and exhibited similar phenotype to eNOS knockout mice, including hypertension, low heart rate, and focal renal scarring. These findings demonstrate that the floxed allele is normal and it can be converted to a non-functional eNOS allele through Cre recombination. This mouse will allow time- and cell-specific eNOS deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Jiang
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Walsh JS, Newman C, Eastell R. Heart drugs that affect bone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:163-8. [PMID: 22136934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been important developments in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis, and several of these mechanisms also underlie atherosclerosis. Drugs given to treat cardiovascular disease may impact on bone health in either a beneficial or a harmful way. There is evidence that nitrates are beneficial to bone, but evidence for the benefit of statins, thiazide diuretics, and β-blockers is weaker. By contrast, it is likely to be that some drugs such as loop-acting diuretics are harmful to bone, whereas evidence for harm caused by drugs such as warfarin is weaker. These observations point towards opportunities for new drug development for bone diseases, and possibly the development of treatments that will benefit more than one disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Walsh
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Disease at University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
The idea that osteoblasts, or their progenitors, support osteoclast formation by expressing the cytokine receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is a widely held tenet of skeletal biology. Two recent studies provide evidence that osteocytes, and not osteoblasts or their progenitors, are the major source of RANKL driving osteoclast formation in cancellous bone. The goal of this review is to highlight the results of these new studies and discuss their implications for our understanding of bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Xiong
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
The number of osteoporotic fractures is increasing worldwide as populations age. An inexpensive and widely available treatment is necessary to alleviate this increase in fractures. Current treatments decrease fractures at trabecular bone sites (spine) but have limited effects at cortical sites (hip, legs, forearm, and upper arm)-the most common sites of osteoporotic fracture. Treatments are also limited by costs, side effects, and lack of availability. Nitric oxide is a novel agent that has the potential to influence cortical bone, is inexpensive, is widely available, and has limited side effects. In this review we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo data which support the concept that nitric oxide is important in bone cell function, review the observational and case-control studies reporting on subjects taking organic nitrates that act as nitric oxide donors, and review the effects of nitrates on bone mineral density measurements and fracture risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Jamal
- Multidisciplinary Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, 790 Bay Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Yin H, Shi ZG, Yu YS, Hu J, Wang R, Luan ZP, Guo DH. Protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of nitric oxide formation in aged and ovariectomized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:200-6. [PMID: 22130356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been used as a cholesterol-lowering drug to treat hyperlipidemia clinically. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicates the possible beneficial effect of statins on osteoporosis. The aim of present study was to investigate whether protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of nitric oxide (NO) formation in aged and ovariectomized rats. The aged and ovariectomized rats were used as two models of osteoporosis for evaluation of the effect of simvastatin. It was found that simvastatin abated oxidative stress, increased NO production, subsequently attenuating osteoporosis in two models. In the in vitro studies, the protective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury were examined in the MG-63 human osteoblastic cells. It was found that simvastatin ameliorated H(2)O(2)-induced cell loss and cell apoptosis and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in osteoblastic cells. Simvastatin abated oxidative stress through enhancing catalase, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and suppressing NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, simvastatin raised nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and eNOS expression at basal condition; inhibited NOS activity and iNOS expression when treated with H(2)O(2). In conclusion, protection against osteoporosis by statins is linked to a reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of NO formation in aged and ovariectomized rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Arslan A, Orkun S, Aydin G, Keles I, Tosun A, Arslan M, Caglayan O. Effects of ovariectomy and ascorbic acid supplement on oxidative stress parameters and bone mineral density in rats. Libyan J Med 2011; 6:LJM-6-5965. [PMID: 21980320 PMCID: PMC3188298 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v6i0.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ovariectomy on bone mineral density (BMD) and oxidative state in rats, and the alterations in these effects that vitamin C supplementation may produce. MATERIALS AND METHODS TWENTY FEMALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS: control (C, n=6); ovariectomy (O, n=7); and ovariectomy+vitamin C supplement (OV, n=7). Oxidative stress (OS) was assessed 100 days postovariectomy by measuring the activity of several enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total sulfhydryl groups in plasma and bone homogenates. RESULTS A significant decrease in BMD was observed in O group compared with C group (p=0.015), and a significant increase was observed in OV compared with O group (p=0.003). When groups were compared with respect to parameters of OS, MDA and NO levels in bone tissue were significantly higher in O than in C (p=0.032, p=0.022) and were significantly lower in OV than in O (p=0.025, p=0.018). SOD activity was significantly higher in O than in C (p=0.032). In plasma, MDA activity was significantly higher in O than in C (p=0.022) and NO level was significantly higher in O than in C and OV (p=0.017, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ovariectomy may produce osteoporosis and OS in females, and vitamin C supplementation may provide alterations regarding improvement in OS and BMD values. We assume that studies including more subjects are needed to make a decisive conclusion about OS-BMD relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Arslan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Duque G, Huang DC, Dion N, Macoritto M, Rivas D, Li W, Yang XF, Li J, Lian J, Marino FT, Barralet J, Lascau V, Deschênes C, Ste-Marie LG, Kremer R. Interferon-γ plays a role in bone formation in vivo and rescues osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1472-83. [PMID: 21308779 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon γ (IFN-γ) is a cytokine produced locally in the bone microenvironment by cells of immune origin as well as mesenchymal stem cells. However, its role in normal bone remodeling is still poorly understood. In this study we first examined the consequences of IFN-γ ablation in vivo in C57BL/6 mice expressing the IFN-γ receptor knockout phenotype (IFNγR1(-/-)). Compared with their wild-type littermates (IFNγR1(+/+)), IFNγR1(-/-) mice exhibit a reduction in bone volume associated with significant changes in cortical and trabecular structural parameters characteristic of an osteoporotic phenotype. Bone histomorphometry of IFNγR1(-/-) mice showed a low-bone-turnover pattern with a decrease in bone formation, a significant reduction in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers, and a reduction in circulating levels of bone-formation and bone-resorption markers. Furthermore, administration of IFN-γ (2000 and 10,000 units) to wild-type C57BL/6 sham-operated (SHAM) and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice significantly improved bone mass and microarchitecture, mechanical properties of bone, and the ratio between bone formation and bone resorption in SHAM mice and rescued osteoporosis in OVX mice. These data therefore support an important physiologic role for IFN-γ signaling as a potential new anabolic therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Duque
- Ageing Bone Research Program, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Guan XX, Zhou Y, Li JY. Reciprocal roles of angiotensin II and Angiotensin II Receptors Blockade (ARB) in regulating Cbfa1/RANKL via cAMP signaling pathway: possible mechanism for hypertension-related osteoporosis and antagonistic effect of ARB on hypertension-related osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4206-13. [PMID: 21845073 PMCID: PMC3155346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Animal and epidemiological studies demonstrate that high blood pressure is associated with increased calcium loss, elevated parathyroid hormone, and increased calcium movement from bone. However, the mechanism responsible for hypertension-related osteoporosis remains elusive. Recent epidemiological studies indicate the benefits of Angiotensin II Receptors Blockade (ARB) on decreasing fracture risks. Since receptors for angiotensin II, the targets of ARB, are expressed in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, we postulated that angiotensin II plays an important role in hypertension-related osteoporosis. Cbfa1 and RANKL, the important factors for maintaining bone homeostasis and key mediators in controlling osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, are both regulated by cAMP-dependent signaling. Angiotensin II along with factors such as LDL, HDL, NO and homocysteine that are commonly altered both in hypertension and osteoporosis, can down-regulate the expression of Cbfa1 but up-regulate RANKL expression via the cAMP signaling pathway. We thus hypothesized that, by altering the ratio of Cbfa1/RANKL expression via the cAMP-dependent pathway, angiotensin II differently regulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation leading to enhanced bone resorption and reduced bone formation. Since ARB can antagonize the adverse effect of angiotensin II on bone by lowering cAMP levels and modifying other downstream targets, including LDL, HDL, NO and Cbfa1/RANKL, we propose the hypothesis that the antagonistic effects of ARB may also be exerted via cAMP signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ji-Yao Li
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-28-85501439; Fax: +86-28-85527829
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Saini V, McCormick S. Changes in NO, iNOS and eNOS Expression in MLO-Y4 Cells After Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment With or Without Shear Stress Exposure. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
83
|
Durual S, Pernet F, Rieder P, Mekki M, Cattani-Lorente M, Wiskott HWA. Titanium nitride oxide coating on rough titanium stimulates the proliferation of human primary osteoblasts. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 22:552-9. [PMID: 21087318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Titanium is widely used in contemporary endosseous implantology and there is considerable thrust to further promote osseointegration by implant surface modifications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a titanium-nitride-oxide (TiNOx) coating on commercially pure microroughened titanium by assessing the proliferation and differentiation of human primary osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation, gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin secretion were analyzed for a time course of 3 weeks, with or without additional stimulation by 1.25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3) 100 nM. RESULTS A 1.5-fold increase in the proliferation rate of cells grown on TiNOx-coated titanium as compared with uncoated surfaces was observed. SEM views indicated that the cells' normal morphology with their numerous extensions was maintained. The differentiation process on the TiNOx surface was only affected to a minor degree and translated into a slight delay in osteoblast maturation when compared to uncoated titanium. CONCLUSION Pending confirmation of these results in vivo, TiNOx coatings could potentially accelerate and enhance osseointegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Durual
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins on Osteoblast Cells: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Calcium, Inorganic Phosphate, and Nitric Oxide Levels. IMPLANT DENT 2010; 19:419-27. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e3181e5d5d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
85
|
Hsieh TP, Sheu SY, Sun JS, Chen MH, Liu MH. Icariin isolated from Epimedium pubescens regulates osteoblasts anabolism through BMP-2, SMAD4, and Cbfa1 expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:414-23. [PMID: 19747809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epimedii herba is one of the most frequently used herbs in formulas prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis in China. The main active flavonoid glucoside extracted from Epimedium pubescens is Icariin, which has been reported to enhance bone healing and reduce osteoporosis occurrence. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this present study, we examine the molecular mechanisms of icariin by using primary osteoblast cell cultures obtained from adult mice. The osteoblast cells were harvested from 8-month old female Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice. The effects of icariin stimulation on the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts were examined. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and caspase-3 were analyzed, along with the gene expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, and RANKL. The viability of the osteoblasts reached its maximum at 10(-8)M icariin. At this concentration, icariin increased the proliferation and matrix mineralization of osteoblasts and promoted NO synthesis. With icariin treatment, the BMP-2, SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, and OPG gene expressions were up-regulated; the RANKL gene expression was however down-regulated. Concurrent treatment involving the BMP antagonist (Noggin) or the NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) diminished the icariin-induced cell proliferation, ALP activity, NO production, as well as the BMP-2, SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, RANKL gene expressions. In this study, we demonstrate that in vitro icariin is a bone anabolic agent that may exert its osteogenic effects through the induction of BMP-2 and NO synthesis, subsequently regulating Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, and RANKL gene expressions. This effect may contribute to its action on the induction of osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation, resulting in bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Pei Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Shin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
|
87
|
Liu SZ, Yan H, Hou WK, Xu P, Tian J, Tian LF, Zhu BF, Ma J, Lu SM. Relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:609-18. [PMID: 19650200 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0920137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) G894T and 27 bp-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal women of Chinese Han nationality. METHODS In the present study, 281 postmenopausal women from Xi'an urban area in West China were recruited, and divided into osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups according to the diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). The bone mineral density (BMD) values of lumbar vertebrae and left hips were determined by QDR-2000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were tested for plasma biochemical indicators including testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin, osteocalcin, and procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by spectrophotometric method, and the content of nitric oxide by Griess method. Genome DNA was extracted from whole blood, and G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene was analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and 27 bp-VNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene was genotyped by PCR method. Then the relationships between genotypes and biochemical indicators, genotypes and osteoporosis, and haplotypes and osteoporosis were analyzed. RESULTS The average BMD values of the femoral neck, ward's triangle and lumbar vertebrae 1-4 (L1-L4) in the subjects with T/T genotype in eNOS G894T locus were significantly higher than those in the subjects with G/T and G/G genotypes (P<0.05). The average BMD of the femoral neck in the subjects with a/a genotype of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR locus was evidently higher than that in the subjects with b/b genotype (P<0.05). The plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations in the subjects of eNOS G894T G/T genotype were evidently higher than those in the subjects of other genotypes (P<0.05); the plasma estradiol concentration in the subjects of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype was obviously higher than that in the subjects of b/b genotype (P<0.01). eNOS G/G homozygous frequencies in osteoporosis women, osteopenia women, and normal women were 85.37%, 76.38%, and 83.87%, respectively (P>0.05). 0% osteoporosis woman, 0.79% osteopenia women, and 3.23% normal women were eNOS a/a homozygous (P<0.05). The frequencies of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a allele were 5.33% in the osteoporosis group, 10.24% in the osteopenia group, and 16.13% in the normal group (P<0.05, odds ratio (OR)=0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.11-0.77), suggesting that a/a genotype and a allele might have protective effects on osteoporosis. The haplotype analysis showed that G-b was 87.7% (214/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=2.48, 95% CI=1.18-5.18). G-a was 5.3% (13/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.11-0.77). G-b was a risk factor for osteoporosis, and G-a a protective factor. CONCLUSION eNOS G894T G/T genotype influenced the plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations, and T/T genotype influenced BMD. eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype increased plasma estradiol concentration to have a protective effect on osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-zhi Liu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: A controlled study. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
89
|
Papachristou DJ, Papachroni KK, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Signaling networks and transcription factors regulating mechanotransduction in bone. Bioessays 2009; 31:794-804. [PMID: 19444851 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation has a critical role in the development and maintenance of the skeleton. This function requires the perception of extracellular stimuli as well as their conversion into intracellular biochemical responses. This process is called mechanotransduction and is mediated by a plethora of molecular events that regulate bone metabolism. Indeed, mechanoreceptors, such as integrins, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, and stretch-activated Ca(2+) channels, together with their downstream effectors coordinate the transmission of load-induced signals to the nucleus and the expression of bone-related genes. During the past decade, scientists have gained increasing insight into the molecular networks implicated in bone mechanotransduction. In the present paper, we consider the major signaling cascades and transcription factors that control bone and cartilage mechanobiology and discuss the influence of the mechanical microenvironment on the determination of skeletal morphology.
Collapse
|
90
|
Wimalawansa SJ, Grimes JP, Wilson AC, Hoover DR. Transdermal nitroglycerin therapy may not prevent early postmenopausal bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3356-64. [PMID: 19549739 PMCID: PMC2741715 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoporosis is common among postmenopausal women; animal studies and human pilot studies support the concept of nitric oxide (NO) donors reducing bone mineral density loss. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate whether NO donor, nitroglycerin, prevents postmenopausal bone loss. DESIGN This was a 3-yr randomized, double blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING The single-center study was conducted at the University of Medicine and Dentistry-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (New Brunswick, NJ). PARTICIPANTS Participants included 186 postmenopausal women aged 40-65 yr, with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores of 0 to -2.5. INTERVENTION Women, stratified by lumbar T-score (<-1.50 and >or=-1.50) and years since menopause (5 yr), were randomized to receive nitroglycerin ointment (22.5 mg as Nitro-Bid) or placebo ointment received daily for 3 yr. Both groups took 630 mg daily calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D supplements. MEASUREMENTS BMD was measured at 6 months and annually by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Percent change in lumbar vertebrae BMD was the primary outcome. Hip BMD, total body bone mineral content, and height were secondary outcomes. RESULTS After 36 months of therapy, changes of -2.1% in the active group (n = 88) and -2.5% in the placebo group (n = 82) in lumbar spine BMD were seen (P = 0.59; 95% confidence interval -1.001, 1.975). Secondary outcomes also did not differ by intervention arm. The active group reported more headaches compared with the placebo group (57 vs. 14%, P < 0.001). Other adverse and serious adverse events were not different. CONCLUSIONS BMD changes did not substantially differ between postmenopausal women who received the dose of nitroglycerin tested, in comparison with a placebo. Once-daily dosing with 22.5 mg of transdermal-administered nitroglycerin was not effective (compliance adjusted dose was only approximately 16 mg/d); a sub-therapeutic dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0019, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
|
92
|
Rangaswami H, Marathe N, Zhuang S, Chen Y, Yeh JC, Frangos JA, Boss GR, Pilz RB. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates osteoblast mechanotransduction. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14796-808. [PMID: 19282289 PMCID: PMC2685661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806486200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous bone remodeling in response to mechanical loading is critical for skeletal integrity, and interstitial fluid flow is an important stimulus for osteoblast/osteocyte growth and differentiation. However, the biochemical signals mediating osteoblast anabolic responses to mechanical stimulation are incompletely understood. In primary human osteoblasts and murine MC3T3-E1 cells, we found that fluid shear stress induced rapid expression of c-fos, fra-1, fra-2, and fosB/DeltafosB mRNAs; these genes encode transcriptional regulators that maintain skeletal integrity. Fluid shear stress increased osteoblast nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, leading to activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Pharmacological inhibition of the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway blocked shear-induced expression of all four fos family genes. Induction of these genes required signaling through MEK/Erk, and Erk activation was NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent. Treating cells with a membrane-permeable cGMP analog partly mimicked the effects of fluid shear stress on Erk activity and fos family gene expression. In cells transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNA) specific for membrane-bound PKG II, shear- and cGMP-induced Erk activation and fos family gene expression was nearly abolished and could be restored by transducing cells with a virus encoding an siRNA-resistant form of PKG II; in contrast, siRNA-mediated repression of the more abundant cytosolic PKG I isoform was without effect. Thus, we report a novel function for PKG II in osteoblast mechanotransduction, and we propose a model whereby NO/cGMP/PKG II-mediated Erk activation and induction of c-fos, fra-1, fra-2, and fosB/DeltafosB play a key role in the osteoblast anabolic response to mechanical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Rangaswami
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Tan SD, Xie R, Klein-Nulend J, van Rheden RE, Bronckers ALJJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Von den Hoff JW, Maltha JC. Orthodontic force stimulates eNOS and iNOS in rat osteocytes. J Dent Res 2009; 88:255-60. [PMID: 19329460 DOI: 10.1177/0022034508330861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive osteocytes are essential for bone remodeling. Nitric oxide, an important regulator of bone remodeling, is produced by osteocytes through the activity of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We hypothesized that these enzymes regulate the tissue response to orthodontic force, and therefore we investigated eNOS and iNOS expression in osteocytes during orthodontic force application. The upper rat molars were moved mesially by NiTi coil springs (10 cN, 120 hrs) in a split-mouth design. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that, in the tension area, eNOS-positive osteocytes increased from 24 hrs on, while iNOS-positive osteocytes remained largely constant. In the compression area, iNOS-positive osteocytes increased after 6 hrs, while eNOS- positive osteocytes increased after 24 hrs. This suggests that eNOS mediates bone formation in the tension area, while iNOS mediates inflammation-induced bone resorption in the compression area. Both eNOS and iNOS seem to be important regulators of bone remodeling during orthodontic force application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Tan
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Nitric oxide enhances osteoclastogenesis possibly by mediating cell fusion. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:27-36. [PMID: 19389479 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated bone resorbing cells which form by fusion of pre-osteoclasts. Here, we investigate how nitric oxide (NO) affects osteoclastogenesis. Time lapse photomicrography, using the fluorescent NO indicator dye, 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, revealed an intense NO signal in pre-osteoclasts preceding cell fusion. Osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells increased when exposed to the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NMMA (0.25 microM), for the initial 48 h. In contrast, pre-osteoclast fusion decreased when RAW264.7 cells were exposed to L-NMMA from 48 to 96 h. Both NO synthase inhibitors, L-NMMA and L-NAME, decreased osteoclast formation during this time period. The inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on osteoclast formation was abolished with increasing concentrations (25-200 ng/ml) of sRANKL suggesting signaling cross talk. NO donors increased osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner, with greatest stimulation at 15 microM NOC-12 (2.3 fold) and 5 microM NOC-18 (2.4 fold). Measuring nitrite (NO end product) daily from culture media of RAW264.7 cells undergoing osteoclastogenesis revealed that an increase in NO production coincided with the fusion of pre-osteoclasts (day 4). Inhibiting fusion by plating cells on polystyrene dishes pre-coated with poly-(L-lysine) decreased both osteoclast formation and NO production. To address if NO mediates fusion through the actin cytoskeleton, actin free barbed ends were measured. 0.25 microM L-NMMA decreased, while 15 microM NOC-12 and 5 microM NOC-18 increased actin free barbed ends. We hypothesize that while NO initially negatively regulates pre-osteoclast differentiation; it later facilitates the fusion of mononuclear pre-osteoclasts, possibly by up regulating actin remodeling.
Collapse
|
95
|
Ohnishi T, Bandow K, Kakimoto K, Machigashira M, Matsuyama T, Matsuguchi T. Oxidative stress causes alveolar bone loss in metabolic syndrome model mice with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:43-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
96
|
Lee SK, Choi HI, Yang YS, Jeong GS, Hwang JH, Lee SI, Kang KH, Cho JH, Chae JM, Lee SK, Kim YC, Kim EC. Nitric Oxide Modulates Osteoblastic Differentiation with Heme Oxygenase-1 via the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathways in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1328-34. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Hee-In Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Yun-Seok Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Eulgi University
| | | | - Joo-Hee Hwang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Sang-Im Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Jin-Hyung Cho
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Jong-Moon Chae
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Suk-Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Kangnung National University
| | | | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Orciani M, Trubiani O, Vignini A, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Di Primio R, Salvolini E. Nitric oxide production during the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:15-24. [PMID: 18554689 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The critical tissues that require regeneration in the periodontium are of mesenchymal origin; therefore, the ability to identify, characterize and manipulate mesenchymal stem cells within the periodontium is of considerable clinical significance. In particular, recent findings suggest that periodontal ligament cells may possess many osteoblast-like properties. In the present study, periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells obtained from healthy volunteers were maintained in culture until confluence and then induced to osteogenic differentiation. Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) concentration and nitric oxide, important signalling molecules in the bone, were measured along with cell differentiation. Alkaline phosphatase activity was assayed and bone nodule-like structures were evaluated by means of morphological and histochemical analysis. Our results showed that the periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells underwent an in vitro osteogenic differentiation, resulting in the appearance of active osteoblast-like cells together with the formation of calcified deposits. Differentiating cells were also characterized by an increase of [Ca2+](i) and nitric oxide production. In conclusion, our data show a link between nitric oxide and the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells, thus suggesting that local reimplantation of expanded cells in conjugation with a nitric oxide donor could represent a promising method for treatment of periodontal defects.
Collapse
|
98
|
Biocompatibility markers for the study of interactions between osteoblasts and composite biomaterials. Biomaterials 2009; 30:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
99
|
Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from osteopenic rats subjected to physical activity with and without nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Nitric Oxide 2008; 19:320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
100
|
Nabhan AF, Rabie NH. Isosorbide mononitrate versus alendronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 103:213-6. [PMID: 18805524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness, safety, and affordability of isosorbide mononitrate with alendronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS A randomized controlled trial of 60 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 20 mg daily of isosorbide mononitrate or 70 mg weekly of alendronate for 12 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvement in BMD. Isosorbide mononitrate yielded a comparable effect to alendronate for BMD and T-score at the end of the follow-up period. For BMD and T score the mean differences between the 2 groups were -0.005 (95% CI, -0.02 to 0.03) and 0.31 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.64), respectively. A 10.8% and 12.1% change in BMD after 12 months was seen for isosorbide mononitrate and alendronate, respectively. CONCLUSION Isosorbide mononitrate is comparable to alendronate. Nitric oxide donors may be an effective and affordable therapy to improve bone mineral density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf F Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ain Shams, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | |
Collapse
|