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Abstract
Salient aspects of the anatomy and function of the blood-barrier barrier (BBB) are reviewed in relation to migraine pathophysiology and treatment. The main function of the BBB is to limit the access of circulating substances to the neuropile. Smaller lipophilic substances have some access to the central nervous system by diffusion, whereas other substances can cross the BBB by carrier-mediated influx transport, receptor-mediated transcytosis and absorptive-mediated transcytosis. Studies of drugs relevant to migraine pathophysiology and treatment have been examined with the pressurized arteriography method. The drugs, given both luminally and abluminally, provide important notions regarding antimigraine site of action, probably abluminal to the BBB. The problems with the BBB in animal models designed to study the pathophysiology, acute treatment models and preventive treatments are discussed with special emphasize on the triptans and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The human experimental headache model, especially the use of glycerol trinitrate (the nitric oxide model), and experiences with CGRP administrations utilize the systemic administration of the agonists with effects on other vascular beds also. We discuss how this can be related to genuine migraine attacks. Our view is that there exists no clear proof of breakdown or leakage of the BBB during migraine attacks, and that antimigraine drugs need to pass the BBB for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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52
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Molecular Mechanisms of Sensitization of Pain-transducing P2X3 Receptors by the Migraine Mediators CGRP and NGF. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 37:83-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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53
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Lennerz JK, Rühle V, Ceppa EP, Neuhuber WL, Bunnett NW, Grady EF, Messlinger K. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminovascular system: Differences between peripheral and central CGRP receptor distribution. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1277-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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54
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Maassenvandenbrink A, Chan KY. Neurovascular pharmacology of migraine. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:313-9. [PMID: 18423447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a paroxysmal neurovascular disorder, which affects a significant proportion of the population. Since dilation of cranial blood vessels is likely to be responsible for the headache experienced in migraine, many experimental models for the study of migraine have focussed on this feature. The current review discusses a model that is based on the constriction of carotid arteriovenous anastomoses in anaesthetized pigs, which has during the last decades proven of great value in identifying potential antimigraine drugs acting via a vascular mechanism. Further, the use of human isolated blood vessels in migraine research is discussed. Thirdly, we describe an integrated neurovascular model, where dural vasodilatation in response to trigeminal perivascular nerve stimulation can be studied. Such a model not only allows an in-depth characterization of directly vascularly acting drugs, but also of drugs that are supposed to act via inhibition of vasodilator responses to endogenous neuropeptides, or of drugs that inhibit the release of these neuropeptides. We discuss the use of this model in a study on the influence of female sex hormones on migraine. Finally, the implementation of this model in mice is considered. Such a murine model allows the use of genetically modified animals, which will lead to a better understanding of the ion channel mutations that are found in migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Maassenvandenbrink
- Division of Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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55
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Treatment of migraine attacks based on the interaction with the trigemino-cerebrovascular system. J Headache Pain 2008; 9:5-12. [PMID: 18217201 PMCID: PMC2245994 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary headaches such as migraine are among the most prevalent neurological disorders, affecting up to one-fifth of the adult population. The scientific work in the last decade has unraveled much of the pathophysiological background of migraine, which is now considered to be a neurovascular disorder. It has been discovered that the trigemino-cerebrovascular system plays a key role in migraine headache pathophysiology by releasing the potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This neuropeptide is released in parallel with the pain and its concentration correlates well with the intensity of the headache. The development of drugs of the triptan class has provided relief for the acute attacks but at the cost of, mainly cardiovascular, side effects. Thus, the intention to improve treatment led to the development of small CGRP receptor antagonists such as olcegepant (BIBN4096BS) and MK-0974 that alleviate the acute migraine attack without acute side events. The purpose of this review is to give a short overview of the pathological background of migraine headache and to illustrate the mechanisms behind the actions of triptans and the promising CGRP receptor blockers.
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56
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Edvinsson L. Novel migraine therapy with calcitonin gene-regulated peptide receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1179-88. [PMID: 17845144 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.9.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Primary headaches, for example, migraine and cluster headaches represent the most prevalent neurological disorders, affecting up to 15-20% of the adult population. There is a clear association between head pain and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In this review the role of CGRP in human cranial circulation is described and the role for specific CGRP antagonism elucidated. It is well known that triptans (5-HT(1B/1D) agonist) alleviate headache in part through normalisation of CGRP levels. The central role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology has resulted in the development of small-molecule CGRP antagonists with no cardiovascular side effects. Such compounds have high selectivity for human CGRP receptors and are efficacious in the relief of acute migraine attacks. Research indicates that they effect the abluminal side of the blood-brain barrier and that they are not vasoconstrictive, providing a new dimension in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Lund University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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57
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Gupta S, Villalón CM, Mehrotra S, de Vries R, Garrelds IM, Saxena PR, MaassenVanDenbrink A. Female sex hormones and rat dural vasodilatation to CGRP, periarterial electrical stimulation and capsaicin. Headache 2007; 47:225-35. [PMID: 17300362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of migraine is 2 to 3-fold higher in females than in males, and it is intricately related to the levels of female sex hormones. These hormones may regulate the synthesis and receptor expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which mediates neurogenic dural vasodilatation and is implicated in migraine pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the female sex steroids, 17beta-estradiol and progesterone, separately and in combination, on dural vasodilatation induced by alphaCGRP, periarterial electrical stimulation and capsaicin in ovariectomized rats, using intravital microscopy. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and, 7 days later, subcutaneously implanted with 21-day release pellets of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, their combination or placebo. On day 19 to 21, the animals were anesthetized, overlying bone thinned to visualize the middle meningeal artery and vasodilator responses to alphaCGRP (10 to 3000 ng kg(-1)), periarterial electrical stimulation (25 to 125 microA) and capsaicin (0.3 to 18 microg kg(-1)) elicited. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the vasodilator potency or efficacy of alphaCGRP or capsaicin in the different groups studied. In contrast, the vasodilator response to electrical stimulation was significantly higher in rats treated with 17beta-estradiol (Emax:157 +/- 19%) as compared to those observed after placebo treatment (Emax:93 +/- 11%). CONCLUSION Our results show that, in contrast to CGRP- or capsaicin-induced dural vasodilatation, 17beta-estradiol enhanced neurogenic vasodilatation, suggesting increased CGRP release from perivascular nerves. This may be one of the mechanisms through which 17beta-estradiol exacerbates migraine in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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58
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Zhang Z, Winborn CS, Marquez de Prado B, Russo AF. Sensitization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors by receptor activity-modifying protein-1 in the trigeminal ganglion. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2693-703. [PMID: 17344407 PMCID: PMC6672495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4542-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the trigeminal ganglion has been established as a key player in the pathogenesis of migraine. In this study, we provide evidence that the responsiveness of neuronal CGRP receptors is strongly enhanced in vitro and in vivo by expression of human receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (hRAMP1), an obligatory subunit of the CGRP receptor. We first demonstrated that activation of CGRP receptors on cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons increased endogenous CGRP mRNA levels and promoter activity. The promoter activation was cAMP dependent and blocked by the antagonist BIBN4096BS [1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5-amino-l-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-l-piperazinyl]carbonyl]pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)], a new antimigraine drug. Gene transfer using an adenoviral hRAMP1 expression vector increased the maximal production of cAMP by 1.8 +/- 0.2-fold and decreased the EC50 to 2.3 +/- 0.8 nM from 9.0 +/- 5.9 nM and 15.6 +/- 5.2 nM in uninfected and control-infected cultures, respectively. To establish whether RAMP1 is limiting in vivo as indicated from the culture studies, a transgenic mouse expressing hRAMP1 in the nervous system was generated. After CGRP injection into the whiskerpad, the hRAMP1 transgenic mice displayed 2.2 +/- 0.2-fold greater plasma extravasation, which is a measure of neurogenic inflammation. These results demonstrate that RAMP1 is functionally rate limiting for CGRP receptor activity in the trigeminal ganglion, which raises the possibility that elevated RAMP1 might sensitize some individuals to CGRP actions in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew F. Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and
- Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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59
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Abstract
An understanding of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of migraine has been driven by astute clinical observations, elegant experimental medicine studies and importantly by the introduction of highly effective selective anti-migraine agents such as the Triptan 5-HT(1B/1D) agonists. New investigational migraine therapies such CGRP antagonists target key components of the trigeminal sensory neuroinflammatory response and show promise for the future. Cutting edge molecular profiling studies looking at gene expression during chronic pain are now being used to reveal the cell biology of pain and new potential therapeutic targets. Translational neuroimaging research can link the laboratory and the clinic and is now being used to help understand the neural systems biology of migraine. Research into migraine has generated sophisticated hypotheses that encompass primary CNS dysfunction, trigeminovascular activation, pain perception and activation of associated neural circuits involved in affective functions providing a rich framework within which to design and test future migraine treatment strategies.
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60
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Edvinsson L, Nilsson E, Jansen-Olesen I. Inhibitory effect of BIBN4096BS, CGRP(8-37), a CGRP antibody and an RNA-Spiegelmer on CGRP induced vasodilatation in the perfused and non-perfused rat middle cerebral artery. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:633-40. [PMID: 17245362 PMCID: PMC2189771 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A new concept for the inhibition of CGRP signalling has been developed by interaction with the CGRP molecule per se by using a CGRP antibody or a CGRP binding RNA-Spiegelmer (NOX-C89). We have compared these CGRP scavengers with two known receptor antagonists (CGRP8-37 and BIBN4096BS) on CGRP-induced relaxations in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA). Furthermore, the role of the endothelial barrier has been studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the luminally perfused MCA in an arteriograph, pressurized to 85 mm Hg and myograph studies of isolated ring segments of the MCA. KEY RESULTS In myograph studies and in the perfusion system during abluminal application, alphaCGRP and betaCGRP induced concentration-dependent dilatation of the MCA. Given luminally neither peptide was significantly vasodilator. Adrenomedullin and amylin induced weak dilatations. In myograph experiments, relaxation induced by alphaCGRP was prevented by the four CGRP blockers (CGRP8-37, BIBN4096BS, the CGRP antibody and NOX-C89.). In abluminal perfusion experiments, the relaxant response to alphaCGRP was prevented by these agents to a varying degree. Dilatation induced by abluminal application of alphaCGRP was inhibited by luminal CGRP8-37 but not by luminal BIBN4096BS, CGRP antibody or NOX-C89. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS alpha or betaCGRP acted on smooth muscle cell CGRP receptors in rat MCA and were effectively prevented from reaching these receptors by the endothelial barrier. The CGRP blockers significantly inhibited alphaCGRP induced relaxation but were also prevented from reaching the CGRP receptors by the arterial endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Edvinsson
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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61
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Gupta S, Lozano-Cuenca J, Villalón CM, de Vries R, Garrelds IM, Avezaat CJJ, van Kats JP, Saxena PR, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Pharmacological characterisation of capsaicin-induced relaxations in human and porcine isolated arteries. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 375:29-38. [PMID: 17295025 PMCID: PMC1915621 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, a pungent constituent from red chilli peppers, activates sensory nerve fibres via transient receptor potential vanilloid receptors type 1 (TRPV1) to release neuropeptides like calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P. Capsaicin-sensitive nerves are widely distributed in human and porcine vasculature. In this study, we examined the mechanism of capsaicin-induced relaxations, with special emphasis on the role of CGRP, using various pharmacological tools. Segments of human and porcine proximal and distal coronary arteries, as well as cranial arteries, were mounted in organ baths. Concentration response curves to capsaicin were constructed in the absence or presence of the CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant (BIBN4096BS, 1 μM), the neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist L-733060 (0.5 μM), the voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker ruthenium red (100 μM), the TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine (5 μM), the nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester HCl (l-NAME; 100 μM), the gap junction blocker 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (10 μM), as well as the RhoA kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (1 μM). Further, we also used the K+ channel inhibitors 4-aminopyridine (1 mM), charybdotoxin (0.5 μM) + apamin (0.1 μM) and iberiotoxin (0.5 μM) + apamin (0.1 μM). The role of the endothelium was assessed by endothelial denudation in distal coronary artery segments. In distal coronary artery segments, we also measured levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after exposure to capsaicin, and in human segments, we also assessed the amount of CGRP released in the organ bath fluid after exposure to capsaicin. Capsaicin evoked concentration-dependent relaxant responses in precontracted arteries, but none of the above-mentioned inhibitors did affect these relaxations. There was no increase in the cAMP levels after exposure to capsaicin, unlike after (exogenously administered) α-CGRP. Interestingly, there were significant increases in CGRP levels after exposure to vehicle (ethanol) as well as capsaicin, although this did not induce relaxant responses. In conclusion, the capsaicin-induced relaxations of the human and porcine distal coronary arteries are not mediated by CGRP, NK1, NO, vanilloid receptors, voltage-sensitive calcium channels, K+ channels or cAMP-mediated mechanisms. Therefore, these relaxant responses to capsaicin are likely to be attributed to a non-specific, CGRP-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jair Lozano-Cuenca
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14330 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Carlos M. Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14330 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - René de Vries
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. Garrelds
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. J. Avezaat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge P. van Kats
- Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pramod R. Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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62
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Samsam M, Coveñas R, Ahangari R, Yajeya J, Narváez J. Role of neuropeptides in migraine: where do they stand in the latest expert recommendations in migraine treatment? Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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63
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Mehrotra S, Gupta S, Garrelds IM, Villalón CM, Saxena PR, Bogers AJJC, Maassenvandenbrink A. Effects of current and prospective antimigraine drugs on the porcine isolated meningeal artery. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 374:163-75. [PMID: 17103145 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vasoconstriction to agonists at serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors, as well as vasodilatation induced by alpha-CGRP, have been well described in the porcine carotid circulation in vivo. The present study sets out to investigate the effects of current and prospective antimigraine drugs on porcine meningeal artery segments in vitro. Sumatriptan, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, isometheptene and clonidine failed to contract the meningeal artery, but 5-HT, noradrenaline and phenylephrine induced concentration-dependent contractions. The contractions to 5-HT were competitively antagonized by the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist ketanserin, whilst those to noradrenaline were antagonized by alpha(1)-(prazosin), alpha(2)-(rauwolscine and yohimbine) and alpha(2C/2B)-(OPC-28326) adrenoceptor antagonists. Whilst dobutamine and salbutamol were ineffective, alpha-CGRP produced concentration-dependent relaxations that were antagonized by the CGRP(1) receptor antagonist olcegepant. In agreement with their lack of contractile effect, sumatriptan and ergotamine failed to influence forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in the porcine meningeal artery; in contrast, both compounds decreased forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in the human isolated saphenous vein, where they induced contractions. Finally, using RT-PCR, we could demonstrate the presence of mRNAs encoding for several 5-HT receptors (5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(1F), 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(7)) and adrenoceptors (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D), alpha(2A), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), beta(1) and beta(2)), as well as that for the calcitonin receptor like receptor, a component of the CGRP(1) receptor. These results suggest that: (i) the porcine meningeal artery may not be involved in the vasoconstriction of the carotid vascular bed elicited by antimigraine drugs in anaesthetized pigs, and (ii) the mismatch between the presence of receptor mRNA and the lack of response to sumatriptan, dobutamine and salbutamol implies that mRNAs for the 5-HT(1B) receptor and beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors are probably unstable, or that their density is too low for being translated as receptor protein in sufficient quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneet Mehrotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Arulmani U, Gupta S, VanDenBrink AM, Centurión D, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Experimental migraine models and their relevance in migraine therapy. Cephalalgia 2006; 26:642-59. [PMID: 16686903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the understanding of migraine pathophysiology is incomplete, it is now well accepted that this neurovascular syndrome is mainly due to a cranial vasodilation with activation of the trigeminal system. Several experimental migraine models, based on vascular and neuronal involvement, have been developed. Obviously, the migraine models do not entail all facets of this clinically heterogeneous disorder, but their contribution at several levels (molecular, in vitro, in vivo) has been crucial in the development of novel antimigraine drugs and in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology. One important vascular in vivo model, based on an assumption that migraine headache involves cranial vasodilation, determines porcine arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow. Other models utilize electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion/nerve to study neurogenic dural inflammation, while the superior sagittal sinus stimulation model takes into account the transmission of trigeminal nociceptive input in the brainstem. More recently, the introduction of integrated models, namely electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or systemic administration of capsaicin, allows studying the activation of the trigeminal system and its effect on the cranial vasculature. Studies using in vitro models have contributed enormously during the preclinical stage to characterizing the receptors in cranial blood vessels and to studying the effects of several putative antimigraine agents. The aforementioned migraine models have advantages as well as some limitations. The present review is devoted to discussing various migraine models and their relevance to antimigraine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arulmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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65
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Abstract
CGRP is an important neuropeptide found throughout the cardiovascular system. However, until recently it has been difficult to define its pharmacology or physiological role because of the lack of suitable antagonists. BIBN4096BS is a high-affinity, nonpeptide antagonist that shows much greater selectivity for human CGRP1 receptors compared to any other drug. Its pharmacology has been defined with studies on transfected cells or cell lines endogenously expressing receptors of known composition. These have allowed confirmation that in many human blood vessels, CGRP is working via CGRP1 receptors. However, it also interacts with other CGRP-activated receptors, of unknown composition. In vivo, clinical studies have shown that BIBN4096BS is likely to be useful in the treatment of migraine. It has also been used to define the role of CGRP in phenomena such as plasma extravasation and cardioprotection following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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66
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Juhl L, Petersen KA, Larsen EH, Jansen-Olesen I, Olesen J. The in vivo effect of adrenomedullin on rat dural and pial arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 538:101-7. [PMID: 16643888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin is related to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family and is present in cerebral blood vessels. It may be involved in migraine mechanisms. We measured the change in dural and pial artery diameter, mean arterial blood pressure and local cerebral blood flow flux (LCBF(Flux)) after intravenous (i.v.) infusion of adrenomedullin. The study was performed in the presence or absence of the CGRP1 (calcitonin-receptor-like-receptor (CALCRL)/receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1)) receptor antagonists BIBN4096BS, CGRP-(8-37) and the adrenomedullin receptor antagonist adrenomedullin-(22-52). I.v. infusion of 15 mug kg(-1) adrenomedullin (n=8) induced dilatation of dural (32+/-7.5%) and pial (18+/-5.5%) arteries, a reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (19+/-3%) and an increase in LCBF(Flux) (16+/-8.4%). The duration of the responses was 25 min for the dural artery, while the response of the pial artery lasted for 15 min. The CGRP1-receptor antagonists BIBN4096BS and CGRP-(8-37) and the adrenomedullin receptor antagonist adrenomedullin-(22-52) significantly inhibited the effect of adrenomedullin (n=7, P<0.05 for both arteries) on dural and pial artery diameter and mean arterial blood pressure. No significant inhibition of LCBF(Flux) was found. The antagonist alone had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure or LCBF(Flux). In conclusion, we suggest that adrenomedullin in the rat cranial circulation dilates dural and pial arteries, reduces mean arterial blood pressure and increases LCBF(Flux), probably via a CGRP1-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Juhl
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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67
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Fischer MJM, Koulchitsky S, Messlinger K. The nonpeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS lowers the activity of neurons with meningeal input in the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus. J Neurosci 2006; 25:5877-83. [PMID: 15976076 PMCID: PMC6724801 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0869-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of migraines and other primary headaches. CGRP may be involved in the control of neuronal activity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN), which integrates nociceptive afferent inputs from trigeminal tissues, including intracranial afferents. The activity of STN neurons is thought to reflect the activity of central trigeminal nociceptive pathways causing facial pain and headaches in humans. In a rat model of meningeal nociception, single neuronal activity in the STN was recorded. All units had receptive fields located in the exposed parietal dura mater. Heat and cold stimuli were repetitively applied to the dura in a fixed pattern of ramps and steps. The nonpeptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS was topically applied onto the exposed dura or infused intravenously. BIBN4096BS (300 microg/kg, i.v.) reduced spontaneous activity by approximately 30%, the additional dose of 900 microg/kg intravenously by approximately 50% of the initial activity, whereas saline had no effect. The activity evoked by heat ramps was also reduced after BIBN4096BS (900 microg/kg, i.v.) by approximately 50%. Topical administration of BIBN4096BS (1 mm) did not significantly change the spontaneous neuronal activity within 15 min. We conclude that the endogenous release of CGRP significantly contributes to the maintenance of spontaneous activity in STN neurons. Blockade of CGRP receptors, possibly at central and peripheral sites, may therefore be an effective way to decrease nociceptive transmission. This may offer a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of facial pain and primary headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jochen Marco Fischer
- Institute of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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68
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Gupta S, Mehrotra S, Avezaat CJJ, Villalón CM, Saxena PR, Maassenvandenbrink A. Characterisation of CGRP receptors in the human isolated middle meningeal artery. Life Sci 2006; 79:265-71. [PMID: 16458930 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the understanding of migraine pathophysiology is still incomplete, there seems to be little doubt that dilatation of cranial blood vessels, including meningeal arteries, is involved in the headache phase of migraine. Since calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been implicated in this vasodilatation, the present study set out to compare the relaxant effects of the endogenous ligand h-alphaCGRP, and [ethylamide-Cys(2,7)]h-alphaCGRP ([Cys(Et)(2,7)]h-alphaCGRP), a CGRP(2) receptor agonist, on human isolated middle meningeal artery segments, precontracted with KCl. Classical Schild plot analysis was used to characterise the receptor population in this artery using BIBN4096BS and h-alphaCGRP(8-37) as antagonists. h-alphaCGRP relaxed arterial segments more potently than [Cys(Et)(2,7)]h-alphaCGRP (pEC(50): 8.51+/-0.16 and 7.48+/-0.24, respectively), while the maximal responses to these agonists were not significantly different. BIBN4096BS equipotently blocked the relaxations induced by both agonists with a pA(2) of approximately 10 and with a Schild plot slope not significantly different from unity. h-alphaCGRP(8-37) also antagonised the response to h-alphaCGRP with a pA(2) of 6.46+/-0.16 and a Schild plot slope not different from unity. Furthermore, the results obtained from RT-PCR studies confirmed the presence of all the essential components required for a functional CGRP(1) receptor in these arteries. Considering the high antagonist potency of BIBN4096BS, coupled to the lower agonist potency of [Cys (Et)(2,7)]h-alphaCGRP, it is reasonable to suggest a predominant role of CGRP(1) receptors in the human middle meningeal artery. This view is reinforced by Schild plot analysis, which revealed a slope of unity in all experiments, giving further evidence for a homogeneous CGRP receptor population in this vascular preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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69
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Gupta S, Mehrotra S, Villalón CM, Garrelds IM, de Vries R, van Kats JP, Sharma HS, Saxena PR, Maassenvandenbrink A. Characterisation of CGRP receptors in human and porcine isolated coronary arteries: evidence for CGRP receptor heterogeneity. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 530:107-16. [PMID: 16375887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study sets out to characterise calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in human and porcine isolated proximal and distal coronary arteries using BIBN4096BS. Human (h)-alphaCGRP induced relaxations that were blocked by BIBN4096BS in all arteries studied. In contrast to the other vessels, the Schild plot slope in the human distal coronary artery segments (0.68 +/- 0.07) was significantly less than unity and BIBN4096BS potently blocked these responses (pK(b) (10 nM): 9.29 +/- 0.34, n = 5). In the same preparation, h-alphaCGRP(8-37) behaved as a weak antagonist of h-alphaCGRP-induced relaxations (pK(b) (3 microM): 6.28 +/- 0.17, n = 4), with also a Schild plot slope smaller than unity. The linear agonists, [ethylamide-Cys(2,7)]-h-alphaCGRP ([Cys(Et)(2,7)]-h-alphaCGRP) and [acetimidomethyl-Cys(2,7)]-h-alphaCGRP ([Cys(Acm)(2,7)]-h-alphaCGRP), had a high potency (pEC(50): 8.21 +/- 0.25 and 7.25 +/- 0.14, respectively), suggesting the presence of CGRP(2) receptors, while the potent blockade by BIBN4096BS (pK(b) (10 nM): 10.13 +/- 0.29 and 9.95 +/- 0.11, respectively) points to the presence of CGRP(1) receptors. Using RT-PCR, mRNAs encoding for the essential components for functional CGRP(1) receptors were demonstrated in both human proximal and distal coronary artery. Further, h-alphaCGRP (100 nM) increased cAMP levels, and this was attenuated by BIBN4096BS (1 microM). The above results demonstrate the presence of CGRP(1) receptors in all coronary artery segments investigated, but the human distal coronary artery segments seem to have an additional population of CGRP receptors not complying with the currently classified CGRP(1) or CGRP(2) receptors.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology
- Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/physiology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/physiology
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Receptors, Calcitonin/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Swine
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor Brn-3A/genetics
- Transcription Factor Brn-3A/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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70
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Verheggen R, Wojtas K, Webel M, Hoffmann S, Kaumann AJ. BIBN4096BS and CGRP(8-37) antagonize the relaxant effects of alpha-CGRP more than those of beta-CGRP in human extracranial arteries. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 371:383-92. [PMID: 15983761 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-005-1064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that dilatation of extracranial arteries during migraine could be caused by CGRP. We compared the relaxant effects of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP) and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide (beta-CGRP) and the antagonism by BIBN4096BS and CGRP(8-37) on rings of human temporal and occipital arteries precontracted with KCl. beta-CGRP relaxed temporal (-logEC50M = 8.1) and occipital arteries (-logEC50M = 7.6) with 19-fold and 29-fold lower potencies respectively than alpha-CGRP. Nearly maximal effective concentrations of alpha-CGRP (4 nM) and beta-CGRP (50 nM) caused stable relaxations of the temporal artery for 4 h without fading. BIBN4094BS antagonized the effects of alpha-CGRP (pK(B) = 10.1 and 9.9, respectively) more than beta-CGRP (pK(B) = 9.3 and 9.2 respectively) on both temporal and occipital arteries. CGRP(8-37) antagonized the effects of alpha-CGRP (pK(B) = 6.6 and 6.4 respectively) more than beta-CGRP (pK(B) = 5.7 and 5.5 respectively) on both temporal and occipital arteries. Antagonism of the relaxant effects of alpha-CGRP (4 nM) and beta-CGRP (50 nM) by BIBN4096BS (10 and 100 nM) was reversible for beta-CGRP, but irreversible for alpha-CGRP, 1 h after BIBN4096BS washout. We conclude that alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP interact either at different binding sites of the same CGRP receptor system or all together with different receptor systems in human extracranial arteries. BIBN4096BS binds more firmly to the receptor activated by alpha-CGRP than to the receptor activated by beta-CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Verheggen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Arulmani U, Maassenvandenbrink A, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 500:315-30. [PMID: 15464043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder that is associated with an increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels. CGRP, a neuropeptide released from activated trigeminal sensory nerves, dilates intracranial blood vessels and transmits vascular nociception. Therefore, it is propounded that: (i) CGRP may have an important role in migraine pathophysiology, and (ii) inhibition of trigeminal CGRP release or CGRP-induced cranial vasodilatation may abort migraine. In this regard, triptans ameliorate migraine headache primarily by constricting the dilated cranial blood vessels and by inhibiting the trigeminal CGRP release. In order to explore the potential role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology, the advent of a selective CGRP receptor antagonist was obligatory. The introduction of di-peptide CGRP receptor antagonists, namely BIBN4096BS (1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5-amino-1-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl] pentyl] amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)-, [R-(R*,S*)]-), is a breakthrough in CGRP receptor pharmacology and can be used as a tool to investigate the role of CGRP in migraine headaches. Preclinical investigations in established migraine models that are predictive of antimigraine activity have shown that BIBN4096BS is a potent CGRP receptor antagonist and that it has antimigraine potential. Indeed, a recently published clinical study has reported that BIBN409BS is effective in treating acute migraine attacks without significant side effects. The present review will discuss mainly the potential role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine and the various treatment modalities that are currently available to target this neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayasankar Arulmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute "COEUR", Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
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72
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Petersen KA, Lassen LH, Birk S, Lesko L, Olesen J. BIBN4096BS Antagonizes Human α-calcitonin Gene Related Peptide–induced Headache and Extracerebral Artery Dilatation*. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 77:202-13. [PMID: 15735614 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a pivotal role in migraine pathogenesis. BIBN4096BS is the first CGRP receptor antagonist available for human studies, and its efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine has been demonstrated. We investigated the ability of BIBN4096BS to inhibit human alphaCGRP (h-alphaCGRP)-induced headache and cerebral hemodynamic changes in healthy volunteers. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with 2.5 mg BIBN4096BS and placebo as pretreatments before a 20-minute intravenous infusion of h-alphaCGRP (1.5 microg/min). Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA); regional and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by xenon 133 inhalation single-photon emission computed tomography. The temporal and radial artery diameter was measured by high-frequency ultrasound. Systemic hemodynamics, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO(2)), and headache were monitored. RESULTS Of the 10 volunteers, 6 had a CGRP-induced headache during the in-hospital phase after placebo pretreatment but none after BIBN4096BS (P = .031). BIBN4096BS did not affect changes in the diameter of the MCA or changes in CBF induced by h-alphaCGRP. Vasodilatation of the extracranial arteries was, however, significantly inhibited (P < .001 for temporal artery and P = .001 for radial artery). CONCLUSIONS These results show that BIBN4096BS effectively prevents CGRP-induced headache and extracerebral vasodilatation but does not significantly affect the induced cerebral hemodynamic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Petersen
- Danish Headache Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Glostrup University Hospital, KAS Glostrup, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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73
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Tyndall JDA, Pfeiffer B, Abbenante G, Fairlie DP. Over One Hundred Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors Recognize Ligands with Turn Structure. Chem Rev 2005; 105:793-826. [PMID: 15755077 DOI: 10.1021/cr040689g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D A Tyndall
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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74
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Abstract
Basal studies have shown that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a major sensory neuronal messenger in the trigeminovascular system, the pathway conveying intracranial pain. In migraine and cluster headache attacks, CGRP is released in parallel with the pain and successful treatment of the attacks abort both the associated pain and the CGRP release. The search for a potent small molecule CGRP antagonist has been successful and such an agent has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The aim of the present study was to examine current knowledge on the clinical pharmacology of systemic BIBN4096BS, which has been shown in man to abort acute migraine attacks as well or better than oral sumatriptan. BIBN4096BS is a specific and potent CGRP receptor antagonist in humans. In safety and tolerability studies the substance is well tolerated with no or only mild side effects. In acute migraine attacks the overall response was 66% with the drug and 27% with placebo. A difference as compared to placebo was seen at 30 min; the response was still rising at 4 h suggesting a long duration of action. At 24 h the pain-free rate was better than that with triptans, suggesting a lower grade of rebound and perhaps even a prophylactic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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75
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Bader JE, Deckert CM, Koglin N, Pluder F, Mörl K, Koczan D, Thiesen HJ, Beck-Sickinger AG. From Transcription Profile to Expression: The Signaling Repertoire of the SK-N-MC Neuroepithelioma Cell-Line. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2004; 24:257-82. [PMID: 15648446 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200035220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cells are routinely cultured and widely used as a model system in biochemical and pharmacological experiments. To clarify the gene expression patterns of SK-N-MC cells with respect to G protein-coupled receptors and signaling network components, we describe in this report the transcription profile of the cell line. Following the traditional pathway from genome to proteome, selected examples are further examined at the level of protein expression and by functional assays. cRNA targets derived from total RNA extracts were hybridized to Affymetrix Human Genome U133A GeneChip arrays, and the data were analyzed and grouped according to functional aspects. Results obtained for neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1, Y5, and orexin Ox1 receptors were confirmed by RT-PCR. It is surprising that we found the presence of both NPY receptor subtypes and the absence of the orexin receptor at the mRNA level. Receptor-binding experiments confirmed NPY binding of the Y1 receptor in the nanomolar range but gave no evidence for high expression levels of Y5 receptor subtypes on the cell surface. Protein expression was assayed with immunoblots by using antibodies directed against selected Galpha protein subunits. The presence of at least Galphas, Galphai3, and Galphai2 subunits was indicated.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Orexin Receptors
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen E Bader
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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76
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Edvinsson L, Uddman R. Neurobiology in primary headaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 48:438-56. [PMID: 15914251 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary headaches such as migraine and cluster headache are neurovascular disorders. Migraine is a painful, incapacitating disease that affects a large portion of the adult population with a substantial economic burden on society. The disorder is characterised by recurrent unilateral headaches, usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia. A number of hypothesis have emerged to explain the specific causes of migraine. Current theories suggest that the initiation of a migraine attack involves a primary central nervous system (CNS) event. It has been suggested that a mutation in a calcium gene channel renders the individual more sensitive to environmental factors, resulting in a wave of cortical spreading depression when the attack is initiated. Genetically, migraine is a complex familial disorder in which the severity and the susceptibility of individuals are most likely governed by several genes that vary between families. Genom wide scans have been performed in migraine with susceptibility regions on several chromosomes some are associated with altered calcium channel function. With positron emission tomography (PET), a migraine active region has been pointed out in the brainstem. In cluster headache, PET studies have implicated a specific active locus in the posterior hypothalamus. Both migraine and cluster headache involve activation of the trigeminovascular system. In support, there is a clear association between the head pain and the release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the trigeminovascular system. In cluster headache there is, in addition, release of the parasympathetic neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) that is coupled to facial vasomotor symptoms. Triptan administration, activating the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors, causes the headache to subside and the levels of neuropeptides to normalise, in part through presynaptic inhibition of the cranial sensory nerves. These data suggest a central role for sensory and parasympathetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of primary headaches. The positive clinical trial with a CGRP receptor antagonist offers a new promising way of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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77
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Hay DL, Conner AC, Howitt SG, Takhshid MA, Simms J, Mahmoud K, Poyner DR. The pharmacology of CGRP-responsive receptors in cultured and transfected cells. Peptides 2004; 25:2019-26. [PMID: 15501536 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Historically, CGRP receptors have been classified as CGRP(1) or CGRP(2) subtypes, chiefly depending on their affinity for the antagonist CGRP(8-37). It has been shown that the complex between calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR or CL) and receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) 1 provides a molecular correlate for the CGRP(1) receptor; however, this does not explain the range of affinities seen for CGRP(8-37) in isolated tissues. It is suggested that these may largely be explained by a combination of methodological factors and CGRP-responsive receptors generated by CL and RAMP2 or RAMP3 and complexes of RAMPs with the calcitonin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hay
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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78
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Petersen KA, Birk S, Doods H, Edvinsson L, Olesen J. Inhibitory effect of BIBN4096BS on cephalic vasodilatation induced by CGRP or transcranial electrical stimulation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:697-704. [PMID: 15504760 PMCID: PMC1575927 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine via activation of CGRP receptors in the trigeminovascular system. The CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS, has proven efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine attacks and represents a new therapeutic principle. We used an improved closed cranial window model to measure changes of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and cortical pial artery/arteriole diameter (PA) and changes in local cortical cerebral blood flow (LCBF(Flux)) in anaesthetised artificially ventilated rats. The ability of BIBN4096BS (i.v.) to prevent the vasodilatatory actions of rat-alphaCGRP, betaCGRP and endogenously released CGRP following transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) was investigated. BIBN4096BS was per se without vasoactive effect on any of the measured variables and significantly inhibited the hypotension induced by both types of CGRP (P < 0.001). The alphaCGRP induced MMA dilatation was reduced from 97.4 +/- 14 to 2.1 +/- 1.3% (P < 0.001) and the betaCGRP induced dilatation was fully blocked by BIBN4096BS. ID(50) was 5.4 +/- 1.6 microg kg(-1) for alphaCGRP and 16.3 +/- 1.6 microg kg(-1) for betaCGRP. Transcranial electrical stimulation induced a 119.1 +/- 6.9% increase in MMA diameter. BIBN4096BS (333 microg kg(-1)) attenuated this increase (19.8 +/- 2.1%) (P < 0.001). Systemic CGRP and TES induced an increase in PA diameter that was not significantly inhibited by BIBN4096BS. The CGRP induced increase in LCBF(Flux) was similar not prevented by the antagonist. We suggest that systemic BIBN4096BS exerts its inhibitory action mainly on large dural blood vessels (MMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Petersen
- Danish Headache Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Glostrup University Hospital, Ndr. Ringvej 57, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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79
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Arulmani U, Schuijt MP, Heiligers JPC, Willems EW, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Effects of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS on alpha-CGRP-induced regional haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 94:291-7. [PMID: 15228501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist may have antimigraine properties, most probably via the inhibition of CGRP-induced cranial vasodilatation. We recently showed that the novel selective CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS (1-piperidinecarboxamide, -N-[2-[[5-amino-1-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl] carbonyl] pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)-, [[R-(R,(R*,S*)]), attenuated the CGRP-induced porcine carotid vasodilatation in a model predictive of antimigraine activity. In order to evaluate the potential safety of BIBN4096BS in migraine therapy, this study was designed to investigate the effects of intravenous BIBN4096BS on alpha-CGRP-induced systemic and regional haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised rats, using radioactive microspheres. In vehicle-pretreated animals, consecutive intravenous infusions of alpha-CGRP (0.25, 0.5 and 1 microg kg(-1) min.(-1)) dose-dependently decreased mean arterial blood pressure with an accompanying increase in heart rate and systemic vascular conductance whereas cardiac output remained unchanged. Alpha-CGRP also increased the vascular conductance to the heart, brain, gastrointestinal tract, adrenals, skeletal muscles and skin, whilst that to the kidneys, spleen, mesentery/pancreas and liver remained unaltered. The above systemic and regional haemodynamic responses to alpha-CGRP were clearly attenuated in BIBN4096BS (3 mg kg(-1) intravenously)-pretreated animals. These results indicate that exogenously administered alpha-CGRP dilates regional vascular beds via CGRP receptors on the basis of the antagonism produced by BIBN4096BS. Moreover, the fact that BIBN4096BS did not alter baseline haemodynamics suggests that endogenously produced CGRP does not play an important role in regulating the systemic and regional haemodynamics under resting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayasankar Arulmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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80
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Sheykhzade M, Lind H, Edvinsson L. Noncompetitive antagonism of BIBN4096BS on CGRP-induced responses in human subcutaneous arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:1066-73. [PMID: 15477223 PMCID: PMC1575951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antagonistic effect of 1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5amino-l-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-l-piperazinyl]carbonyl]pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl) (BIBN4096BS) on the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced responses by using isometric myograph and FURA-2 technique in human subcutaneous arteries removed in association with abdominal surgery. BIBN4096BS, at the concentration of 1 pm, had no significant effect on the CGRP-induced relaxation in these vessels. At the concentration of 10 pM, BIBN4096BS had a competitive antagonistic-like behaviour characterized by parallel rightward shift in the log CGRP concentration-tension curve with no depression of the E(max). At the higher concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM), BIBN4096BS had a concentration-dependent noncompetitive antagonistic effect on the CGRP-induced responses. The efficacy and potency of CGRP was significantly greater in the smaller (lumen diameter approximately 200 microM) human subcutaneous arteries compared to the larger ones. The apparent agonist equilibrium dissociation constant, K(A), for CGRP(1) receptors in the human subcutaneous arteries was approximately 1 nM. Analysis of the relationship between receptor occupancy and response to CGRP indicates that the receptor reserve is relatively small. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the presence of mRNA sequences encoding the calcitonin receptor-like receptor, receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP1, RAMP2, RAMP3) and receptor component protein were demonstrated in human subcutaneous arteries, indicating the presence of CGRP(1)-like receptor and the necessary component for the receptor activation. In conclusion, the inhibitory action of BIBN4096BS at the low concentration (10 pM) on the CGRP-tension curve (but not intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) resembles what is seen with a reversible competitive antagonist. However, at the higher concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM), BIBN4096BS acts as a selective noncompetitive inhibitor at CGRP(1) receptors in human subcutaneous arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Pharmacology, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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81
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Jansen-Olesen I, Jørgensen L, Engel U, Edvinsson L. In-depth characterization of CGRP receptors in human intracranial arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 481:207-16. [PMID: 14642788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the effects of human (h) alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on intracranial arteries from man and to investigate the presence of mRNA for the calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR) and the receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) 1, 2 and 3, in cerebral and middle meningeal arteries with and without endothelium, in microvessels and in the endothelial cells isolated from the human basilar artery. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of CRLR, RAMP 1, RAMP 2 and RAMP 3 in cerebral and middle meningeal arteries with and without endothelium as well as in microvessels and in the endothelial cells. Human and rat alpha- and beta-CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin and [acetamidomethyl-Cys(2,7)]human CGRP induced strong concentration-dependent relaxation of human cerebral and middle meningeal arteries. Removal of the endothelium neither changed the maximum relaxant response nor the pIC(50) values for alpha- and beta-CGRP as compared to the responses in arteries with an intact endothelium. Human alpha-CGRP-(8-37) caused a shift of h alpha- and h beta-CGRP-induced relaxations in cerebral and middle meningeal arteries. Calculation of pK(B) values revealed that h alpha-CGRP-(8-37) could not significantly discriminate between relaxations induced by h alpha-CGRP (pK(B) around 6.8) and h beta-CGRP (pK(B) around 5.4). There was no significant difference in pK(B) value of h alpha-CGRP-(8-37) on h beta-CGRP-induced relaxation of human cerebral and middle meningeal arteries with and without endothelium. In conclusion, our molecular and pharmacological data support the existence of a single type of CGRP(1) receptors in the human intracranial circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Jansen-Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 57 Dk-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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82
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Kapoor K, Arulmani U, Heiligers JPC, Garrelds IM, Willems EW, Doods H, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Effects of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS on capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:329-38. [PMID: 12970078 PMCID: PMC1574043 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator released from capsaicin-sensitive trigeminal sensory nerves, seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Hence, CGRP receptor antagonists may serve as a novel treatment for migraine. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of BIBN4096BS (100, 300 and 1000 microg kg-1, i.v.), a potent and selective CGRP receptor antagonist, on capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised pigs. Both vagosympathetic trunks were cut and phenylephrine was infused into the carotid artery (i.c.) to support carotid vascular tone. 2. Infusions of capsaicin (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) did not alter the heart rate, but dose-dependently increased the mean arterial blood pressure. This moderate hypertensive effect was not modified by BIBN4096BS. 3. Capsaicin infusion (10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) increased total carotid, arteriovenous anastomotic and tissue blood flows and conductances as well as carotid pulsations, but decreased the difference between arterial and jugular venous oxygen saturations. These responses to capsaicin were dose-dependently blocked by BIBN4096BS. 4. Capsaicin infusion (10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) more than doubled the jugular venous plasma concentration of CGRP. This effect was not blocked, but rather increased, by BIBN4096BS. 5. The above results show that BIBN4096BS behaves as a potent antagonist of capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes that are mediated via the release of CGRP. Therefore, this compound may prove effective in the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Kapoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Udayasankar Arulmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P C Heiligers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin W Willems
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Doods
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, 14330 México D.F., México
| | - Pramod R Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘COEUR', Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: http://www.eur.nl/fgg/pharm/
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83
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Kapoor K, Arulmani U, Heiligers JPC, Willems EW, Doods H, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Effects of BIBN4096BS on cardiac output distribution and on CGRP-induced carotid haemodynamic responses in the pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 475:69-77. [PMID: 12954361 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, since plasma CGRP levels increase during the headache phase. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a novel CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS (1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5-amino-1-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl] pentyl] amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)-, [R-(R*,S*)]-), on the regional cardiac output distribution and on the carotid haemodynamic changes induced by alpha-CGRP in anaesthetised pigs. Treatment with BIBN4096BS (100, 300 and 1000 microg kg(-1), i.v.) did not affect the heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure or systemic vascular conductance, but a small decrease in cardiac output was noticed; the latter was, however, not significantly different from that in vehicle-treated animals. The highest dose of BIBN4096BS moderately decreased vascular conductance in the lungs, kidneys, spleen and adrenals. Vascular conductance in other tissues including the brain, heart, gastrointestinal system, skin and skeletal muscles remained unchanged. Intracarotid artery infusions of alpha-CGRP (10, 30 and 100 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) during 3 min) increased the total carotid blood flow and conductance, but decreased the arterial blood pressure. These responses were dose-dependently blocked by BIBN4096BS. The above results show that BIBN4096BS is a CGRP receptor antagonist in the porcine carotid and systemic circulations, but the endogenous CGRP does not seem to play an important physiological role in regulating basal vascular tone. These findings suggest that BIBN4096BS may have therapeutic usefulness in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Kapoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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84
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Abstract
The primary headaches are among the most prevalent neurological disorders, afflicting up to 16% of the adult population. The associated pain originates from intracranial blood vessels that are innervated by sensory nerves storing several neurotransmitters. In primary headaches, there is a clear association between the headache and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but not other neuronal messengers. The specific purpose of this review is to describe CGRP in the human cranial circulation and to elucidate a possible role for a specific antagonist in the treatment of primary headaches. Acute treatment with administration of a 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist (triptan) results in alleviation of the headache and normalisation of the CGRP level. The mechanism of action of triptans involves vasoconstriction of intracranial vessels and a presynaptic inhibitory effect of sensory nerves. The central role of CGRP in migraine and cluster headache pathophysiology has led to the search for small-molecule CGRP antagonists, which are predicted to have fewer cardiovascular side effects in comparison to the triptans. The initial pharmacological profile of such a group of compounds has recently been disclosed. These compounds have high selectivity for human CGRP receptors and are reportedly efficacious in the relief of acute attacks of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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85
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Hasbak P, Saetrum Opgaard O, Eskesen K, Schifter S, Arendrup H, Longmore J, Edvinsson L. Investigation of CGRP receptors and peptide pharmacology in human coronary arteries. Characterization with a nonpeptide antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:326-33. [PMID: 12490608 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.037754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), adrenomedullin (AM), and amylin are structurally related peptides mediating vasorelaxation in the coronary circulation possibly via CGRP receptors (subtypes 1 or 2). Functional CGRP1 receptors appear to consist of at least three different kinds of proteins: the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) and the receptor component protein (RCP). No CGRP2 receptor has yet been cloned. Using reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction, the presence of mRNA sequences encoding CRLR, RCP and RAMPs was demonstrated in human coronary arteries. Relaxant responses were studied on isolated segments of coronary arteries after precontraction with U46619 (9,11-dideoxy-11alpha,9alpha-epoxymethano-prostaglandin F(2alpha)). The human peptides alphaCGRP, AM, and amylin induced relaxation with mean pEC50 values of 8.6, 6.8, and 6.3 M, respectively. Preincubation with alphaCGRP(8-37) (10(-7) -10(-5) M) and a novel nonpeptide CGRP antagonist "Compound 1" (WO98/11128) (10(-7)-10(-5) M) caused a dose-dependent rightward shift of the concentration-response curves for alphaCGRP with pA(2) values of 7.0 and 7.1, respectively. Preincubation with alphaCGRP(8-37) (10(-6) M) and Compound 1 (10(-6) M) caused significant rightward shift of the concentration-response curves for AM and amylin as well with pK B values between 6.6 and 7.5. Preincubation with AM(22-52) had no antagonistic effect on the AM and amylin response, neither did diacetoamidomethyl cysteine CGRP cause any concentration dependent (10(-11)-10(-6) M) dilatation. In conclusion, mRNA for the components forming CGRP1 and AM receptors was detected in the human left anterior descending coronary arteries. alphaCGRP, AM, and amylin mediated vasorelaxation via the CGRP1 receptor. Compound 1 acted as a nonpeptide antagonist at the CGRP1 receptor and could thus become a tool for the study of CGRP-mediated functional responses in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasbak
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
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86
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Hay DL, Howitt SG, Conner AC, Doods H, Schindler M, Poyner DR. A comparison of the actions of BIBN4096BS and CGRP(8-37) on CGRP and adrenomedullin receptors expressed on SK-N-MC, L6, Col 29 and Rat 2 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:80-6. [PMID: 12183333 PMCID: PMC1573470 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The ability of the CGRP antagonist BIBN4096BS to antagonize CGRP and adrenomedullin has been investigated on cell lines endogenously expressing receptors of known composition. 2. On human SK-N-MC cells (expressing human calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1)), BIBN4096BS had a pA(2) of 9.95 although the slope of the Schild plot (1.37 +/- 0.16) was significantly greater than 1. 3. On rat L6 cells (expressing rat CRLR and RAMP1), BIBN4096BS had a pA(2) of 9.25 and a Schild slope of 0.89 +/- 0.05, significantly less than 1. 4. On human Colony (Col) 29 cells, CGRP(8-37) had a significantly lower pA(2) than on SK-N-MC cells (7.34 +/- 0.19 (n = 7) compared to 8.35 +/- 0.18, (n = 6)). BIBN4096BS had a pA(2) of 9.98 and a Schild plot slope of 0.86 +/- 0.19 that was not significantly different from 1. At concentrations in excess of 3 nM, it was less potent on Col 29 cells than on SK-N-MC cells. 5. On Rat 2 cells, expressing rat CRLR and RAMP2, BIBN4096BS was unable to antagonize adrenomedullin at concentrations up to 10 microM. CGRP(8-37) had a pA(2) of 6.72 against adrenomedullin. 6. BIBN4096BS shows selectivity for the human CRLR/RAMP1 combination compared to the rat counterpart. It can discriminate between the CRLR/RAMP1 receptor expressed on SK-N-MC cells and the CGRP-responsive receptor expressed by the Col 29 cells used in this study. Its slow kinetics may explain its apparent 'non-competitive' behaviour. At concentrations of up to 10 micro M, it has no antagonist actions at the adrenomedullin, CRLR/RAMP2 receptor, unlike CGRP(8-37).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN
| | - Stephen G Howitt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET
| | - Alex C Conner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET
| | - Henri Doods
- Cardiovascular Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Marcus Schindler
- Cardiovascular Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - David R Poyner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET
- Author for correspondence:
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