51
|
Respaud R, Marchand D, Pelat T, Tchou-Wong KM, Roy CJ, Parent C, Cabrera M, Guillemain J, Mac Loughlin R, Levacher E, Fontayne A, Douziech-Eyrolles L, Junqua-Moullet A, Guilleminault L, Thullier P, Guillot-Combe E, Vecellio L, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Development of a drug delivery system for efficient alveolar delivery of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to treat pulmonary intoxication to ricin. J Control Release 2016; 234:21-32. [PMID: 27173943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high toxicity of ricin and its ease of production have made it a major bioterrorism threat worldwide. There is however no efficient and approved treatment for poisoning by ricin inhalation, although there have been major improvements in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. We describe the development of an anti-ricin neutralizing monoclonal antibody (IgG 43RCA-G1) and a device for its rapid and effective delivery into the lungs for an application in humans. The antibody is a full-length IgG and binds to the ricin A-chain subunit with a high affinity (KD=53pM). Local administration of the antibody into the respiratory tract of mice 6h after pulmonary ricin intoxication allowed the rescue of 100% of intoxicated animals. Specific operational constraints and aerosolization stresses, resulting in protein aggregation and loss of activity, were overcome by formulating the drug as a dry-powder that is solubilized extemporaneously in a stabilizing solution to be nebulized. Inhalation studies in mice showed that this formulation of IgG 43RCA-G1 did not induce pulmonary inflammation. A mesh nebulizer was customized to improve IgG 43RCA-G1 deposition into the alveolar region of human lungs, where ricin aerosol particles mostly accumulate. The drug delivery system also comprises a semi-automatic reconstitution system to facilitate its use and a specific holding chamber to maximize aerosol delivery deep into the lung. In vivo studies in monkeys showed that drug delivery with the device resulted in a high concentration of IgG 43RCA-G1 in the airways for at least 6h after local deposition, which is consistent with the therapeutic window and limited passage into the bloodstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Respaud
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1100, CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacie, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Denis Marchand
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Aerodrug, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; Brétigny sur Orge, France; BIOTEM, Parc d'activité Bièvre Dauphine, Apprieu, France
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christelle Parent
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Maria Cabrera
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Joël Guillemain
- SESAME, Expertise en toxicologie, Chambray-les-tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Guilleminault
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Emmanuelle Guillot-Combe
- DGA, Direction de la Stratégie (DS), Mission pour la recherche et l'Innovation scientifique (MRIS), France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Aerodrug, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France; INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Martins JP, Kennedy PJ, Santos HA, Barrias C, Sarmento B. A comprehensive review of the neonatal Fc receptor and its application in drug delivery. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 161:22-39. [PMID: 27016466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) biology and function have demonstrated that this receptor, primarily identified for the transfer of passive immunity from mother infant, is involved in several biological and immunological processes. In fact, FcRn is responsible for the long half-life of IgG and albumin in the serum, by creating an intracellular protein reservoir, which is protected from lysosomal degradation and, importantly, trafficked across the cell. Such discovery has led researchers to hypothesize the role for this unique receptor in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents. A great amount of FcRn-based strategies are already under extensive investigation, in which FcRn reveals to have profound impact on the biodistribution and half-life extension of therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the main findings on FcRn biology, function and distribution throughout different tissues, together with the main advances on the FcRn-based therapeutic opportunities and model systems, which indicate that this receptor is a potential target for therapeutic regimen modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI -00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Fc Receptors and Fc Receptor-Like Molecules within the Immunoreceptor Family. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152311 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.02017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcRs) account for most cell-mediated biological activities of antibodies. The majority of FcRs are encoded by a set of genes, clustered in the fcr locus, on chromosome 1 in humans and on chromosome 1 and 3 in mice. Eight (in humans) and six (in mice) new genes were found, intermixed with FcR genes in corresponding fcr loci, which encode FcR-like molecules (FcRLs). FcRs and FcRLs are genetically, phylogenetically, structurally, and functionally related. FcRs and FcRLs, however, markedly differ by their ligands, their tissue distribution, and, therefore, by the biological functions they control. A systematic comparison of their biological properties leads to the conclusion that FcRLs are not like FcRs. They altogether form a single family within the immunoreceptor family, whose members fulfill distinct but complementary roles in immunity by differentially controlling innate and adaptive responses.
Collapse
|
54
|
Ternant D, Arnoult C, Pugnière M, Dhommée C, Drocourt D, Perouzel E, Passot C, Baroukh N, Mulleman D, Tiraby G, Watier H, Paintaud G, Gouilleux-Gruart V. IgG1 Allotypes Influence the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies through FcRn Binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:607-13. [PMID: 26685205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because IgG1 allotypes might have different half-lives, their influence on infliximab (G1m17,1 allotype) pharmacokinetics was investigated in a group of spondyloarthritis patients. Infliximab was found to have a shorter half-life in patients homozygous for the G1m17,1 allotypes than in those carrying the G1m3 with no G1m1 (G1m3,-1) allotype. Because the neonatal FcR (FcRn) is involved in the pharmacokinetics of mAbs, the interaction of different IgG1 allotypes with FcRn was examined using cellular assays and surface plasmon resonance. G1m17,1 mAbs, such as infliximab and rituximab, were shown to bind more efficiently to FcRn and to be transcytosed better than the G1m3,-1 mAb cetuximab, which explains why infliximab is a better competitor for endogenous IgG1 in G1m3,-1 allotype-bearing patients. A set of four allotype variants of adalimumab (G1m17,1; G1m17,-1; G1m3,1; and G1m3,-1) was also tested for its binding to FcRn, revealing that the G1m3,1 variant, not present in commercial mAbs, binds more efficiently to FcRn and is transcytosed better than the other three variants, all of which are found in therapeutic mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ternant
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- INSERM, U1194, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier; Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Christine Dhommée
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Passot
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| | - Nadine Baroukh
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Denis Mulleman
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | | | - Hervé Watier
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| | - Gilles Paintaud
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Cervenak J, Kurrle R, Kacskovics I. Accelerating antibody discovery using transgenic animals overexpressing the neonatal Fc receptor as a result of augmented humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:269-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Ltd; Budakeszi Hungary
- Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pyzik M, Rath T, Lencer WI, Baker K, Blumberg RS. FcRn: The Architect Behind the Immune and Nonimmune Functions of IgG and Albumin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4595-603. [PMID: 25934922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal FcR (FcRn) belongs to the extensive and functionally divergent family of MHC molecules. Contrary to classical MHC family members, FcRn possesses little diversity and is unable to present Ags. Instead, through its capacity to bind IgG and albumin with high affinity at low pH, it regulates the serum half-lives of both of these proteins. In addition, FcRn plays an important role in immunity at mucosal and systemic sites through its ability to affect the lifespan of IgG, as well as its participation in innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the details of its biology are still emerging, the ability of FcRn to rescue albumin and IgG from early degradation represents an attractive approach to alter the plasma half-life of pharmaceuticals. We review some of the most novel aspects of FcRn biology, immune as well as nonimmune, and provide some examples of FcRn-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nueremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115; and
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Schneider Z, Jani PK, Szikora B, Végh A, Kövesdi D, Iliás A, Cervenak J, Balogh P, Kurucz I, Kacskovics I. Overexpression of Bovine FcRn in Mice Enhances T-Dependent Immune Responses by Amplifying T Helper Cell Frequency and Germinal Center Enlargement in the Spleen. Front Immunol 2015; 6:357. [PMID: 26257730 PMCID: PMC4507463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays key roles in IgG and albumin homeostasis, maternal IgG transport, and antigen presentation of IgG-opsonized antigens. Previously, we reported that transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress the bovine FcRn (bFcRn) have augmented T-dependent humoral immune response with increased IgG protection, higher level of antigen-specific antibodies, greater number of antigen-specific B cells, and effective immune response even against weakly immunogenic epitopes. In the current study, we analyzed the localization of the bFcRn in secondary lymphoid organs, and focused to demonstrate the in vivo impact of its overexpression in the spleen on the course of antibody production. bFcRn was highly expressed by red pulp macrophages and marginal zone macrophages in the spleen and by subcapsular sinus macrophages and macrophage-like cells in the interfollicular areas in the lymph node cortex. We also demonstrated that splenic dendritic cells of Tg mice express bFcRn and intraperitoneal immunization of these mice with T-dependent antigens led to more than threefold increase in the number of antigen-specific activated T helper cells with increased size and numbers of germinal centers compared to wild-type controls. bFcRn expression in splenic B cells was also detected and that may also contribute to the enhanced B cell activation. Finally, we demonstrated that these Tg mice developed efficient immune response against very low dose of antigen, reflecting another important practical benefit of these Tg mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Schneider
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Végh
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary ; ImmunoGenes Kft , Budakeszi , Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary ; ImmunoGenes Kft , Budakeszi , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ward ES, Ober RJ. Commentary: "There's been a Flaw in Our Thinking". Front Immunol 2015; 6:351. [PMID: 26236309 PMCID: PMC4503918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Sally Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, TX , USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) possesses powerful local and global immunosuppressive capabilities that modulate unwanted inflammatory reactions in nervous tissue. These same immune-modulatory mechanisms are also co-opted by malignant brain tumors and pose a formidable challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy. Routes by which malignant gliomas coordinate immunosuppression include the mechanical and functional barriers of the CNS; immunosuppressive cytokines and catabolites; immune checkpoint molecules; tumor-infiltrating immune cells; and suppressor immune cells. The challenges to overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression, however, are not unique to the brain, and several analogous immunosuppressive mechanisms also exist for primary tumors outside of the CNS. Ultimately, the immune responses in the CNS are linked and complementary to immune processes in the periphery, and advances in tumor immunotherapy in peripheral sites may therefore illuminate novel approaches to brain tumor immunotherapy, and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Powell Perng
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Rath T, Baker K, Dumont JA, Peters RT, Jiang H, Qiao SW, Lencer WI, Pierce GF, Blumberg RS. Fc-fusion proteins and FcRn: structural insights for longer-lasting and more effective therapeutics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 35:235-54. [PMID: 24156398 PMCID: PMC4876602 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.834293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 350 IgG-based therapeutics are approved for clinical use or are under development for many diseases lacking adequate treatment options. These include molecularly engineered biologicals comprising the IgG Fc-domain fused to various effector molecules (so-called Fc-fusion proteins) that confer the advantages of IgG, including binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) to facilitate in vivo stability, and the therapeutic benefit of the specific effector functions. Advances in IgG structure-function relationships and an understanding of FcRn biology have provided therapeutic opportunities for previously unapproachable diseases. This article discusses approved Fc-fusion therapeutics, novel Fc-fusion proteins and FcRn-dependent delivery approaches in development, and how engineering of the FcRn-Fc interaction can generate longer-lasting and more effective therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Grevys A, Bern M, Foss S, Bratlie DB, Moen A, Gunnarsen KS, Aase A, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Fc Engineering of Human IgG1 for Altered Binding to the Neonatal Fc Receptor Affects Fc Effector Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5497-508. [PMID: 25904551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineering of the constant Fc part of monoclonal human IgG1 (hIgG1) Abs is an approach to improve effector functions and clinical efficacy of next-generation IgG1-based therapeutics. A main focus in such development is tailoring of in vivo half-life and transport properties by engineering the pH-dependent interaction between IgG and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), as FcRn is the main homeostatic regulator of hIgG1 half-life. However, whether such engineering affects binding to other Fc-binding molecules, such as the classical FcγRs and complement factor C1q, has not been studied in detail. These effector molecules bind to IgG1 in the lower hinge-CH2 region, structurally distant from the binding site for FcRn at the CH2-CH3 elbow region. However, alterations of the structural composition of the Fc may have long-distance effects. Indeed, in this study we show that Fc engineering of hIgG1 for altered binding to FcRn also influences binding to both the classical FcγRs and complement factor C1q, which ultimately results in alterations of cellular mechanisms such as Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and Ab-dependent complement-mediated cell lysis. Thus, engineering of the FcRn-IgG1 interaction may greatly influence effector functions, which has implications for the therapeutic efficacy and use of Fc-engineered hIgG1 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Grevys
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Diane Bryant Bratlie
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Moen
- Department of Biosciences and the Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Kristin Støen Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Aase
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Einar Michaelsen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Eculizumab treatment during pregnancy does not affect the complement system activity of the newborn. Immunobiology 2015; 220:452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
63
|
Targeting FcRn for the modulation of antibody dynamics. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:131-41. [PMID: 25766596 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, is a multitasking protein that transports its IgG ligand within and across cells of diverse origins. The role of this receptor as a global regulator of IgG homeostasis and transport, combined with knowledge of the molecular details of FcRn-IgG interactions, has led to opportunities to modulate the in vivo dynamics of antibodies and their antigens through protein engineering. Consequently, the generation of half-life extended antibodies has shown a rapid expansion over the past decade. Further, FcRn itself can be targeted by inhibitors to induce decreased levels of circulating IgGs, which could have applications in multiple clinical settings. The engineering of antibody-antigen interactions to reduce antibody-mediated buffering of soluble ligand has also developed into an active area of investigation, leading to novel antibody platforms designed to result in more effective antigen clearance. Similarly, the target-mediated elimination of antibodies by internalizing, membrane bound antigens (receptors) can be decreased using novel engineering approaches. These strategies, combined with subcellular trafficking analyses of antibody/antigen/FcRn behavior in cells to predict in vivo behavior, have considerable promise for the production of next generation therapeutics and diagnostics.
Collapse
|
64
|
Monnet C, Jorieux S, Urbain R, Fournier N, Bouayadi K, De Romeuf C, Behrens CK, Fontayne A, Mondon P. Selection of IgG Variants with Increased FcRn Binding Using Random and Directed Mutagenesis: Impact on Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:39. [PMID: 25699055 PMCID: PMC4316771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the reasonably long half-life of immunoglogulin G (IgGs), market pressure for higher patient convenience while conserving efficacy continues to drive IgG half-life improvement. IgG half-life is dependent on the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which among other functions, protects IgG from catabolism. FcRn binds the Fc domain of IgG at an acidic pH ensuring that endocytosed IgG will not be degraded in lysosomal compartments and will then be released into the bloodstream. Consistent with this mechanism of action, several Fc-engineered IgG with increased FcRn affinity and conserved pH dependency were designed and resulted in longer half-life in vivo in human FcRn-transgenic mice (hFcRn), cynomolgus monkeys, and recently in healthy humans. These IgG variants were usually obtained by in silico approaches or directed mutagenesis in the FcRn-binding site. Using random mutagenesis, combined with a pH-dependent phage display selection process, we isolated IgG variants with improved FcRn-binding, which exhibited longer in vivo half-life in hFcRn mice. Interestingly, many mutations enhancing Fc/FcRn interaction were located at a distance from the FcRn-binding site validating our random molecular approach. Directed mutagenesis was then applied to generate new variants to further characterize our IgG variants and the effect of the mutations selected. Since these mutations are distributed over the whole Fc sequence, binding to other Fc effectors, such as complement C1q and FcγRs, was dramatically modified, even by mutations distant from these effectors’ binding sites. Hence, we obtained numerous IgG variants with increased FcRn-binding and different binding patterns to other Fc effectors, including variants without any effector function, providing distinct “fit-for-purpose” Fc molecules. We therefore provide evidence that half-life and effector functions should be optimized simultaneously as mutations can have unexpected effects on all Fc receptors that are critical for IgG therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
65
|
Cervenak J, Doleschall M, Bender B, Mayer B, Schneider Z, Doleschall Z, Zhao Y, Bősze Z, Hammarström L, Oster W, Kacskovics I. NFκB induces overexpression of bovine FcRn: a novel mechanism that further contributes to the enhanced immune response in genetically modified animals carrying extra copies of FcRn. MAbs 2015; 5:860-71. [PMID: 24492342 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many functions of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) for IgG, it binds to IgG-opsonized antigen complexes and propagates their traffic into lysosomes where antigen processing occurs. We previously reported that transgenic (Tg) mice and rabbits that carry multiple copies and overexpress FcRn have augmented humoral immune responses. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is a critical molecule in the signaling cascade in the immune response. NFκB induces human FcRn expression and our previous in silico analysis suggested NFκB binding sites in the promoter region of the bovine (b) FcRn α-chain gene (FCGRT). Here, we report the identification of three NFκB transcription binding sites in the promoter region of this gene using luciferase reporter gene technology, electromobility shift assay and supershift analysis. Stimulation of primary bovine endothelial cells with the Toll-like receptor-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mediates its effect via NFκB, resulted in rapid upregulation of the bFcRn expression and a control gene, bovine E-selectin. This rapid bFcRn gene induction was also observed in the spleen of bFcRn Tg mice treated with intraperitoneally injected LPS, analyzed by northern blot analysis. Finally, NFκB-mediated bFcRn upregulation was confirmed at the protein level in macrophages isolated from the bFcRn Tg mice using flow cytometry with a newly developed FcRn specific monoclonal antibody that does not cross-react with the mouse FcRn. We conclude that NFκB regulates bFcRn expression and thus optimizes its functions, e.g., in the professional antigen presenting cells, and contributes to the much augmented humoral immune response in the bFcRn Tg mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Márton Doleschall
- Molecular Medicine Research Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Schneider
- Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics; National Institute of Oncology; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Kft; Budakeszi, Hungary; Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Devanaboyina SC, Lynch SM, Ober RJ, Ram S, Kim D, Puig-Canto A, Breen S, Kasturirangan S, Fowler S, Peng L, Zhong H, Jermutus L, Wu H, Webster C, Ward ES, Gao C. The effect of pH dependence of antibody-antigen interactions on subcellular trafficking dynamics. MAbs 2015; 5:851-9. [PMID: 24492341 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A drawback of targeting soluble antigens such as cytokines or toxins with long-lived antibodies is that such antibodies can prolong the half-life of the target antigen by a "buffering" effect. This has motivated the design of antibodies that bind to target with higher affinity at near neutral pH relative to acidic endosomal pH (~pH 6.0). Such antibodies are expected to release antigen within endosomes following uptake into cells, whereas antibody will be recycled and exocytosed in FcRn-expressing cells. To understand how the pH dependence of antibody-antigen interactions affects intracellular trafficking, we generated three antibodies that bind IL-6 with different pH dependencies in the range pH 6.0-7.4. The behavior of antigen in the presence of these antibodies has been characterized using a combination of fixed and live cell fluorescence microscopy. As the affinity of the antibody:IL-6 interaction at pH 6.0 decreases, an increasing amount of antigen dissociates from FcRn-bound antibody in early and late endosomes, and then enters lysosomes. Segregation of antibody and FcRn from endosomes in tubulovesicular transport carriers (TCs) into the recycling pathway can also be observed in live cells, and the extent of IL-6 association with TCs correlates with increasing affinity of the antibody:IL-6 interaction at acidic pH. These analyses result in an understanding, in spatiotemporal terms, of the effect of pH dependence of antibody-antigen interactions on subcellular trafficking and inform the design of antibodies with optimized binding properties for antigen elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra M Lynch
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Sripad Ram
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Alberto Puig-Canto
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Breen
- Department of Oncology; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Srinath Kasturirangan
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susan Fowler
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Department of Oncology; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Carl Webster
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering; Medimmune; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Respaud R, Vecellio L, Diot P, Heuzé-Vourc’h N. Nebulization as a delivery method for mAbs in respiratory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1027-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.999039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
68
|
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) lacks a mucosa but is part of the mucosal immune system because of its role in passive mucosal immunity. The MG is not an inductive site for mucosal immunity. Rather, synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig)A by plasma cells stimulated at distal inductive sites dominate in the milk of rodents, humans, and swine whereas IgG1 derived from serum predominates in ruminants. Despite the considerable biodiversity in the role of the MG, IgG passively transfers the maternal systemic immunological experience whereas IgA transfers the mucosal immunological experience. Although passive antibodies are protective, they and other lacteal constituents can be immunoregulatory. Immune protection of the MG largely depends on the innate immune system; the monocytes–macrophages group together with intraepithelial lymphocytes is dominant in the healthy gland. An increase in somatic cells (neutrophils) and various interleukins signal infection (mastitis) and a local immune response in the MG. The major role of the MG to mucosal immunity is the passive immunity supplied to the suckling neonate.
Collapse
|
69
|
Ko SY, Pegu A, Rudicell RS, Yang ZY, Joyce MG, Chen X, Wang K, Bao S, Kraemer TD, Rath T, Zeng M, Schmidt SD, Todd JP, Penzak SR, Saunders KO, Nason MC, Haase AT, Rao SS, Blumberg RS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Enhanced neonatal Fc receptor function improves protection against primate SHIV infection. Nature 2014; 514:642-5. [PMID: 25119033 PMCID: PMC4433741 DOI: 10.1038/nature13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) must be active at the portals of viral entry in the gastrointestinal or cervicovaginal tracts. The localization and persistence of antibodies at these sites is influenced by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), whose role in protecting against infection in vivo has not been defined. Here, we show that a bnAb with enhanced FcRn binding has increased gut mucosal tissue localization, which improves protection against lentiviral infection in non-human primates. A bnAb directed to the CD4-binding site of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein (denoted VRC01) was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to increase its binding affinity for FcRn. This enhanced FcRn-binding mutant bnAb, denoted VRC01-LS, displayed increased transcytosis across human FcRn-expressing cellular monolayers in vitro while retaining FcγRIIIa binding and function, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, at levels similar to VRC01 (the wild type). VRC01-LS had a threefold longer serum half-life than VRC01 in non-human primates and persisted in the rectal mucosa even when it was no longer detectable in the serum. Notably, VRC01-LS mediated protection superior to that afforded by VRC01 against intrarectal infection with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). These findings suggest that modification of FcRn binding provides a mechanism not only to increase serum half-life but also to enhance mucosal localization that confers immune protection. Mutations that enhance FcRn function could therefore increase the potency and durability of passive immunization strategies to prevent HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Rectal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- HIV/chemistry
- HIV/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/analysis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antibodies/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- Half-Life
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunization, Passive
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Rectum/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Transcytosis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Rebecca S Rudicell
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Zhi-yong Yang
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Saran Bao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Thomas D Kraemer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Scott R Penzak
- 1] Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700A Rockledge Drive, Room 5235, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham &Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 4502, MSC-3005, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA [2] Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (R.S.R., Z.-Y.Y. and G.J.N.); Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8505, USA (M.Z.); University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-340J, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA (S.R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Sand KMK, Bern M, Nilsen J, Dalhus B, Gunnarsen KS, Cameron J, Grevys A, Bunting K, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Interaction with both domain I and III of albumin is required for optimal pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34583-94. [PMID: 25344603 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is an abundant blood protein that acts as a transporter of a plethora of small molecules like fatty acids, hormones, toxins, and drugs. In addition, it has an unusual long serum half-life in humans of nearly 3 weeks, which is attributed to its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn protects albumin from intracellular degradation via a pH-dependent cellular recycling mechanism. To understand how FcRn impacts the role of albumin as a distributor, it is of importance to unravel the structural mechanism that determines pH-dependent binding. Here, we show that although the C-terminal domain III (DIII) of human serum albumin (HSA) contains the principal binding site, the N-terminal domain I (DI) is important for optimal FcRn binding. Specifically, structural inspection of human FcRn (hFcRn) in complex with HSA revealed that two exposed loops of DI were in proximity with the receptor. To investigate to what extent these contacts affected hFcRn binding, we targeted selected amino acid residues of the loops by mutagenesis. Screening by in vitro interaction assays revealed that several of the engineered HSA variants showed decreased binding to hFcRn, which was also the case for two missense variants with mutations within these loops. In addition, four of the variants showed improved binding. Our findings demonstrate that both DI and DIII are required for optimal binding to FcRn, which has implications for our understanding of the FcRn-albumin relationship and how albumin acts as a distributor. Such knowledge may inspire development of novel HSA-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, and Novozymes Biopharma UK Ltd., Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard, NG7 1FD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Støen Gunnarsen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason Cameron
- Novozymes Biopharma UK Ltd., Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard, NG7 1FD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Algirdas Grevys
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen Bunting
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, P. O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway,
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Brülisauer L, Valentino G, Morinaga S, Cam K, Thostrup Bukrinski J, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Bio-reduction of Redox-Sensitive Albumin Conjugates in FcRn-Expressing Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
72
|
Brülisauer L, Valentino G, Morinaga S, Cam K, Thostrup Bukrinski J, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Bio-reduction of Redox-Sensitive Albumin Conjugates in FcRn-Expressing Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8392-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
73
|
Pang G, Qiao D, Chen Q, Hu Z, Xie J. Heterogeneous IgG interacts with FcRn and its transport across gastrointestinal barrier. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.918588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
74
|
Swiercz R, Chiguru S, Tahmasbi A, Ramezani SM, Hao G, Challa DK, Lewis MA, Kulkarni PV, Sun X, Ober RJ, Mason RP, Ward ES. Use of Fc-Engineered Antibodies as Clearing Agents to Increase Contrast During PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1204-7. [PMID: 24868106 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.136481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite promise for the use of antibodies as molecular imaging agents in PET, their long in vivo half-lives result in poor contrast and radiation damage to normal tissue. This study describes an approach to overcome these limitations. METHODS Mice bearing human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-overexpressing tumors were injected with radiolabeled ((124)I, (125)I) HER2-specific antibody (pertuzumab). Pertuzumab injection was followed 8 h later by the delivery of an engineered, antibody-based inhibitor of the receptor, FcRn. Biodistribution analyses and PET were performed at 24 and 48 h after pertuzumab injection. RESULTS The delivery of the engineered, antibody-based FcRn inhibitor (or Abdeg, for antibody that enhances IgG degradation) results in improved tumor-to-blood ratios, reduced systemic exposure to radiolabel, and increased contrast during PET. CONCLUSION Abdegs have considerable potential as agents to stringently regulate antibody dynamics in vivo, resulting in increased contrast during molecular imaging with PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Swiercz
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Amir Tahmasbi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Saleh M Ramezani
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Guiyang Hao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Dilip K Challa
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew A Lewis
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Padmakar V Kulkarni
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Sand KMK, Dalhus B, Christianson GJ, Bern M, Foss S, Cameron J, Sleep D, Bjørås M, Roopenian DC, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Dissection of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-albumin interface using mutagenesis and anti-FcRn albumin-blocking antibodies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17228-39. [PMID: 24764301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood and plays a pivotal role as a multitransporter of a wide range of molecules such as fatty acids, metabolites, hormones, and toxins. In addition, it binds a variety of drugs. Its role as distributor is supported by its extraordinary serum half-life of 3 weeks. This is related to its size and binding to the cellular receptor FcRn, which rescues albumin from intracellular degradation. Furthermore, the long half-life has fostered a great and increasing interest in utilization of albumin as a carrier of protein therapeutics and chemical drugs. However, to fully understand how FcRn acts as a regulator of albumin homeostasis and to take advantage of the FcRn-albumin interaction in drug design, the interaction interface needs to be dissected. Here, we used a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed towards human FcRn in combination with site-directed mutagenesis and structural modeling to unmask the binding sites for albumin blocking antibodies and albumin on the receptor, which revealed that the interaction is not only strictly pH-dependent, but predominantly hydrophobic in nature. Specifically, we provide mechanistic evidence for a crucial role of a cluster of conserved tryptophan residues that expose a pH-sensitive loop of FcRn, and identify structural differences in proximity to these hot spot residues that explain divergent cross-species binding properties of FcRn. Our findings expand our knowledge of how FcRn is controlling albumin homeostasis at a molecular level, which will guide design and engineering of novel albumin variants with altered transport properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- the Department for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Malin Bern
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Foss
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason Cameron
- Novozymes Biopharma UK, Ltd., Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard, NG7 1FD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Darrell Sleep
- Novozymes Biopharma UK, Ltd., Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard, NG7 1FD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- the Department for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Inger Sandlie
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway, N-0424 Oslo, Norway,
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ward ES, Velmurugan R, Ober RJ. Targeting FcRn for therapy: from live cell imaging to in vivo studies in mice. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:158-62. [PMID: 24572175 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of FcRn in regulating antibody levels and transport in the body is well documented. The use of fluorescence microscopy to investigate the subcellular trafficking behavior of FcRn and its IgG ligand has led to insight into the function of this receptor, including the identification of new intracellular pathways. The inhibition of FcRn using engineered antibodies that bind to this receptor with increased affinity through their Fc region can be exploited to treat antibody mediated autoimmunity. The efficacy of this approach in mouse models of arthritis and multiple sclerosis has been demonstrated. Finally, the cross-species difference between mouse and man for FcRn-IgG interactions needs to be considered when engineering antibodies for improved activities in FcRn-mediated functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas TX 75390, USA.
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Monnet C, Jorieux S, Souyris N, Zaki O, Jacquet A, Fournier N, Crozet F, de Romeuf C, Bouayadi K, Urbain R, Behrens CK, Mondon P, Fontayne A. Combined glyco- and protein-Fc engineering simultaneously enhance cytotoxicity and half-life of a therapeutic antibody. MAbs 2014; 6:422-36. [PMID: 24492301 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While glyco-engineered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with improved antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are reaching the market, extensive efforts have also been made to improve their pharmacokinetic properties to generate biologically superior molecules. Most therapeutic mAbs are human or humanized IgG molecules whose half-life is dependent on the neonatal Fc receptor FcRn. FcRn reduces IgG catabolism by binding to the Fc domain of endocytosed IgG in acidic lysosomal compartments, allowing them to be recycled into the blood. Fc-engineered mAbs with increased FcRn affinity resulted in longer in vivo half-life in animal models, but also in healthy humans. These Fc-engineered mAbs were obtained by alanine scanning, directed mutagenesis or in silico approach of the FcRn binding site. In our approach, we applied a random mutagenesis technology (MutaGen™) to generate mutations evenly distributed over the whole Fc sequence of human IgG1. IgG variants with improved FcRn-binding were then isolated from these Fc-libraries using a pH-dependent phage display selection process. Two successive rounds of mutagenesis and selection were performed to identify several mutations that dramatically improve FcRn binding. Notably, many of these mutations were unpredictable by rational design as they were located distantly from the FcRn binding site, validating our random molecular approach. When produced on the EMABling(®) platform allowing effector function increase, our IgG variants retained both higher ADCC and higher FcRn binding. Moreover, these IgG variants exhibited longer half-life in human FcRn transgenic mice. These results clearly demonstrate that glyco-engineering to improve cytotoxicity and protein-engineering to increase half-life can be combined to further optimize therapeutic mAbs.
Collapse
|
78
|
FcRn: from molecular interactions to regulation of IgG pharmacokinetics and functions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:249-72. [PMID: 25116104 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is related to MHC class I with respect to its structure and association with β2microglobulin (β2m). However, by contrast with MHC class I molecules, FcRn does not bind to peptides, but interacts with the Fc portion of IgGs and belongs to the Fc receptor family. Unlike the 'classical' Fc receptors, however, the primary functions of FcRn include salvage of IgG (and albumin) from lysosomal degradation through the recycling and transcytosis of IgG within cells. The characteristic feature of FcRn is pH-dependent binding to IgG, with relatively strong binding at acidic pH (<6.5) and negligible binding at physiological pH (7.3-7.4). FcRn is expressed in many different cell types, and endothelial and hematopoietic cells are the dominant cell types involved in IgG homeostasis in vivo. FcRn also delivers IgG across cellular barriers to sites of pathogen encounter and consequently plays a role in protection against infections, in addition to regulating renal filtration and immune complex-mediated antigen presentation. Further, FcRn has been targeted to develop both IgGs with extended half-lives and FcRn inhibitors that can lower endogenous antibody levels. These approaches have implications for the development of longer lived therapeutics and the removal of pathogenic or deleterious antibodies.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Antibodies are major molecular effectors of adaptive immune responses. Most, if not all, biological activities of antibodies, however, depend on the functional properties of cells that express receptors for the Fc portion of antibodies (FcR). Most FcR are activating receptors; some are inhibitory. When engaged by antibodies and antigen, the various FcR expressed by a given cell trigger a mixture of positive and negative signals whose integration determines cellular responses. Responses of cell populations can be either protective or pathogenic. As a consequence, FcR are potential target/tools in a variety of diseases including infection, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
Most biological activities of antibodies depend on their ability to engage Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcRs) on a variety of cell types. As FcRs can trigger positive and negative signals, as these signals control several biological activities in individual cells, as FcRs are expressed by many cells of hematopoietic origin, mostly of the myeloid lineage, as these cells express various combinations of FcRs, and as FcR-expressing cells have different functional repertoires, antibodies can exert a wide spectrum of biological activities. Like B and T Cell Receptors (BCRs and TCRs), FcRs are bona fide immunoreceptors. Unlike BCRs and TCRs, however, FcRs are immunoreceptors with an adaptive specificity for antigen, with an adaptive affinity for antibodies, with an adaptive structure and with an adaptive signaling. They induce adaptive biological responses that depend on their tissue distribution and on FcR-expressing cells that are selected locally by antibodies. They critically determine health and disease. They are thus exquisitely adaptive therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Andersen JT, Cameron J, Plumridge A, Evans L, Sleep D, Sandlie I. Single-chain variable fragment albumin fusions bind the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in a species-dependent manner: implications for in vivo half-life evaluation of albumin fusion therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24277-85. [PMID: 23818524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin has a serum half-life of 3 weeks in humans. This has been utilized to extend the serum persistence of biopharmaceuticals that are fused to albumin. In light of the fact that the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a key regulator of albumin homeostasis, it is crucial to address how fusion of therapeutics to albumin impacts binding to FcRn. Here, we report on a detailed molecular investigation on how genetic fusion of a short peptide or an single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fragment to human serum albumin (HSA) influences pH-dependent binding to FcRn from mouse, rat, monkey, and human. We have found that fusion to the N- or C-terminal end of HSA only slightly reduces receptor binding, where the most noticeable effect is seen after fusion to the C-terminal end. Furthermore, in contrast to the observed strong binding to human and monkey FcRn, HSA and all HSA fusions bound very poorly to mouse and rat versions of the receptor. Thus, we demonstrate that conventional rodents are limited as preclinical models for analysis of serum half-life of HSA-based biopharmaceuticals. This finding is explained by cross-species differences mainly found within domain III (DIII) of albumin. Our data demonstrate that although fusion, particularly to the C-terminal end, may slightly reduce the affinity for FcRn, HSA is versatile as a carrier of biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Sleep D, Cameron J, Evans LR. Albumin as a versatile platform for drug half-life extension. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5526-34. [PMID: 23639804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, is highly soluble, very stable and has an extraordinarily long circulatory half-life as a direct result of its size and interaction with the FcRn mediated recycling pathway. In contrast, many therapeutic molecules are smaller than the renal filtration threshold and are rapidly lost from the circulation thereby limiting their therapeutic potential. Albumin can be used in a variety of ways to increase the circulatory half-life of such molecules. SCOPE OF REVIEW This article will review the mechanisms which underpin albumin's extraordinarily long circulatory half-life and how the understanding of these processes are currently being employed to extend the circulatory half-life of drugs which can be engineered to bind to albumin, or are conjugated to, or genetically fused to, albumin. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The recent and growing understanding of the pivotal role of FcRn in maintaining the extended circulatory half-life of albumin will necessitate a greater and more thorough investigation of suitable pre-clinical model systems for assessing the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs associated, conjugated or fused to albumin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Association, conjugation or fusion of therapeutic drugs to albumin is a well-accepted and established half-life extension technology. The manipulation of the albumin-FcRn interaction will facilitate the modulation of the circulatory half-life of albumin-enabled drugs, leading to superior pharmacokinetics tailored to the disease state and increased patient compliance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Serum Albumin.
Collapse
|
83
|
Chang C. The pathogenesis of neonatal autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
84
|
Particle shape enhances specificity of antibody-displaying nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3270-5. [PMID: 23401509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216893110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are used in numerous therapeutic and diagnostic applications; however, their efficacy is contingent on specificity and avidity. Here, we show that presentation of antibodies on the surface of nonspherical particles enhances antibody specificity as well as avidity toward their targets. Using spherical, rod-, and disk-shaped polystyrene nano- and microparticles and trastuzumab as the targeting antibody, we studied specific and nonspecific uptake in three breast cancer cell lines: BT-474, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231. Rods exhibited higher specific uptake and lower nonspecific uptake in all cells compared with spheres. This surprising interplay between particle shape and antibodies originates from the unique role of shape in determining binding and unbinding of particles to cell surface. In addition to exhibiting higher binding and internalization, trastuzumab-coated rods also exhibited greater inhibition of BT-474 breast cancer cell growth in vitro to a level that could not be attained by soluble forms of the antibody. The effect of trastuzumab-coated rods on cells was enhanced further by replacing polystyrene particles with pure chemotherapeutic drug nanoparticles of comparable dimensions made from camptothecin. Trastuzumab-coated camptothecin nanoparticles inhibited cell growth at a dose 1,000-fold lower than that required for comparable inhibition of growth using soluble trastuzumab and 10-fold lower than that using BSA-coated camptothecin. These results open unique opportunities for particulate forms of antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics.
Collapse
|
85
|
Gan Z, Ram S, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Using multifocal plane microscopy to reveal novel trafficking processes in the recycling pathway. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1176-88. [PMID: 23345403 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major outstanding issue in cell biology is the lack of understanding of the contribution of tubulovesicular transport carriers (TCs) to intracellular trafficking pathways within 3D cellular environments. This is primarily due to the challenges associated with the use of microscopy techniques to track these highly motile, small compartments. In the present study we have used multifocal plane microscopy with localized photoactivation to overcome these limitations. Using this approach, we have characterized individual components constituting the recycling pathway of the receptor FcRn. Specifically, several different pathways followed by TCs that intersect with larger, relatively static sorting endosomes have been defined. These pathways include a novel 'looping' process in which TCs leave and return to the same sorting endosome. Significantly, TCs with different itineraries can be identified by associations with distinct complements of Rab GTPases, APPL1 and SNX4. These studies provide a framework for further analyses of the recycling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Gan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Andersen JT, Gonzalez-Pajuelo M, Foss S, Landsverk OJB, Pinto D, Szyroki A, de Haard HJ, Saunders M, Vanlandschoot P, Sandlie I. Selection of nanobodies that target human neonatal Fc receptor. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1118. [PMID: 23346375 PMCID: PMC3552320 DOI: 10.1038/srep01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
FcRn is a key player in several immunological and non-immunological processes, as it mediates maternal-fetal transfer of IgG, regulates the serum persistence of IgG and albumin, and transports both ligands between different cellular compartments. In addition, FcRn enhances antigen presentation. Thus, there is an intense interest in studies of how FcRn binds and transports its cargo within and across several types of cells, and FcRn detection reagents are in high demand. Here we report on phage display-selected Nanobodies that target human FcRn. The Nanobodies were obtained from a variable-domain repertoire library isolated from a llama immunized with recombinant human FcRn. One candidate, Nb218-H4, was shown to bind FcRn with high affinity at both acidic and neutral pH, without competing ligand binding and interfering with FcRn functions, such as transcytosis of IgG. Thus, Nb218-H4 can be used as a detection probe and as a tracker for visualization of FcRn-mediated cellular transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ellinger I, Fuchs R. HFcRn-mediated transplacental immunoglobulin G transport: protection of and threat to the human fetus and newborn. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:207-13. [PMID: 22717875 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In human newborns, endogenous levels of plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) begin to rise slowly after birth following exposure to the environment. For immunoprotection during fetal and early neonatal life, maternal IgG is provided by transplacental transport. While cellular immunoprotective IgG effects are mainly triggered by FcγRI, -RII and -RIII, transplacental IgG transfer is mediated by the MHC class I-like neonatal Fc-receptor, hFcRn. This compact review explains the mechanism of hFcRn-mediated IgG transcytosis across the placental barrier - syncytiotrophoblast and fetal endothelial cells. Restrictions of this IgG transport are summarized. These include IgG subclass discrimination and limited IgG transport before the third trimester that can cause insufficient protection from infections of preterm (≤ 35 th week) delivered babies. As hFcRn does not discriminate beneficial from hazardous IgGs, maternal auto- and alloimmune as well as therapeutic antibodies can reach the fetus. The consequences including severe diseases of the newborn are summarized in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ellinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Tian Z, Zhang X. Progress on research of chicken IgY antibody-FcRY receptor combination and transfer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2012; 32:231-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.703207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
89
|
Ladinsky MS, Huey-Tubman KE, Bjorkman PJ. Electron tomography of late stages of FcRn-mediated antibody transcytosis in neonatal rat small intestine. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2537-45. [PMID: 22573886 PMCID: PMC3386217 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal immunoglobulin (IgG) across epithelia to confer passive immunity to mammalian young. In newborn rodents, FcRn transcytoses IgG from ingested milk across the intestinal epithelium for release into the bloodstream. We used electron tomography to examine FcRn transport of Nanogold-labeled Fc (Au-Fc) in neonatal rat jejunum, focusing on later aspects of transport by chasing Au-Fc before fixation. We observed pools of Au-Fc in dilated regions of the lateral intercellular space (LIS), likely representing exit sites where Au-Fc accumulates en route to the blood. Before weaning, the jejunum functions primarily in IgG transport and exhibits unusual properties: clathrin-rich regions near/at the basolateral LIS and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) expressing early endosomal markers. To address whether these features are related to IgG transport, we examined LIS and endocytic/transcytotic structures from neonatal and weaned animals. Weaned samples showed less LIS-associated clathrin. MVBs labeled with late endosomal/lysosomal markers were smaller than their neonatal counterparts but contained 10 times more internal compartments. These results are consistent with hypotheses that clathrin-rich basolateral regions in neonatal jejunum are involved in IgG exocytosis and that MVBs function in IgG transport while FcRn is expressed but switch to degradative functions after weaning, when the jejunum does not express FcRn or transport IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
FcRn overexpression in transgenic mice results in augmented APC activity and robust immune response with increased diversity of induced antibodies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36286. [PMID: 22558422 PMCID: PMC3340356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that overexpression of bovine FcRn (bFcRn) in transgenic (Tg) mice leads to an increase in the humoral immune response, characterized by larger numbers of Ag-specific B cells and other immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs and higher levels of circulating Ag-specific antibodies (Abs). To gain additional insights into the mechanisms underlying this increase in humoral immune response, we further characterized the bFcRn Tg mice. Our Western blot analysis showed strong expression of the bFcRn transgene in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow derived dendritic cells; and a quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression ratios of the bFcRn to mFcRn were 2.6- and 10-fold in these cells, respectively. We also found that overexpression of bFcRn enhances the phagocytosis of Ag-IgG immune complexes (ICs) by both macrophages and dendritic cells and significantly improves Ag presentation by dendritic cells. Finally, we determined that immunized bFcRn mice produce a much greater diversity of Ag-specific IgM, whereas only the levels, but not the diversity, of IgG is increased by overexpression of bFcRn. We suggest that the increase in diversity of IgG in Tg mice is prevented by a selective bias towards immunodominant epitopes of ovalbumin, which was used in this study as a model antigen. These results are also in line with our previous reports describing a substantial increase in the levels of Ag-specific IgG in FcRn Tg mice immunized with Ags that are weakly immunogenic and, therefore, not affected by immunodominance.
Collapse
|
91
|
Fc receptor-targeted therapies for the treatment of inflammation, cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:311-31. [PMID: 22460124 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The direct or indirect targeting of antibody Fc receptors (FcRs) presents unique opportunities and interesting challenges for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection. Biological responses induced via the Fc portions of antibodies are powerful, complex and unusual, and comprise both activating and inhibitory effects. These properties can be exploited in the engineering of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to improve their activity in vivo. FcRs have also emerged as key participants in the pathogenesis of several important autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Therapeutic approaches based on antagonizing FcR function with small molecules or biological drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant soluble FcR ectodomains have gained momentum. This Review addresses various strategies to manipulate FcR function to overcome immune complex-mediated inflammatory diseases, and considers approaches to improve antibody-based anticancer therapies.
Collapse
|
92
|
Jefferis R. Isotype and glycoform selection for antibody therapeutics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:159-66. [PMID: 22465822 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We live in a hostile environment but are protected by the innate and adaptive immune system. A major component of the latter is mediated by antibody molecules that bind to pathogens, with exquisite specificity, and the immune complex formed activates cellular mechanisms leading to the removal and destruction of the complex. Five classes of antibody are identified; however, the IgG class predominates in serum and a majority of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are based on the IgG format. Selection within the antibody repertoire allows the generation of (mAb) having specificity for any selected target, including human antigens. This review focuses on the structure and function of the Fc region of IgG molecules that mediates biologic functions, within immune complexes, by interactions with cellular Fc receptors (FcγR) and/or the C1q component of complement. A property of IgG that is suited to its use as a therapeutic is the long catabolic half life of ~21 days, mediated through the structurally distinct neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Our understanding of structure/function relationships is such that we can contemplate engineering the IgG-Fc to enhance or eliminate biologic activities to generate therapeutics considered optimal for a given disease indication. There are four subclasses of human IgG that exhibit high sequence homology but a unique profile of biologic activities. The FcγR and the C1q binding functions are dependent on glycosylation of the IgG-Fc. Normal human serum IgG is comprised of multiple glycoforms and biologic activities, other than catabolism, varies between glycoforms.
Collapse
|
93
|
Christianson GJ, Sun VZ, Akilesh S, Pesavento E, Proetzel G, Roopenian DC. Monoclonal antibodies directed against human FcRn and their applications. MAbs 2012; 4:208-16. [PMID: 22453095 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The MHC class I-like Fc receptor (FcRn) is an intracellular trafficking Fc receptor that is uniquely responsible for the extended serum half-life of antibodies of the IgG subclass and their ability to transport across cellular barriers. By performing these functions, FcRn affects numerous facets of antibody biology and pathobiology. Its critical role in controlling IgG pharmacokinetics has been leveraged for the design of therapeutic antibodies and related biologics. FcRn also traffics serum albumin and is responsible for the enhanced pharmacokinetic properties of albumin-conjugated therapeutics. The understanding of FcRn and its therapeutic applications has been limited by a paucity of reliable serological reagents against human FcRn. Here, we describe the properties of a new panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human FcRn with diverse epitope specificities. We show that this antibody panel can be used to study the tissue expression pattern of human FcRn, to selectively block IgG and serum albumin binding to human FcRn in vitro and to inhibit FcRn function in vivo. This mAb panel provides a powerful resource for probing the biology of human FcRn and for the evaluation of therapeutic FcRn blockade strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shreeram Akilesh
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, ME USA; Current address: Barnes-Jewish Hospital; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Emanuele Pesavento
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, ME USA; Current address: VIB Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions; Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit; Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
|
95
|
Linkage haplotype for allotypic variants of porcine IgA and IgG subclass genes. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:469-73. [PMID: 22350166 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Six putative subclasses of expressed porcine IgG have been described from gene sequences and allotypic variants for five of these have been proposed. We tested this hypothesis by studying the transcription of these 11 variants in outbred hemizygous farm pigs. Since Cγ subclass genes are closely linked, they are most likely inherited as a haplotype. Since hemizygous pigs can only express genes encoded on one chromosome, identifying the expressed genes can indicate which allelic variants are linked as well as testing whether the putative alleles are indeed alleles or separate subclass genes. The procedure for producing B cell knockout pigs has recently been described; our study examines transcripts from the hemizygous parents and offspring generated by this technology. More than 570 Cγ gene clones from hemizygous animals were identified according to subclass and allotype by a combination of clone hybridization and sequencing. IgG3 accounted for 80% in newborn animals but <5% in adults. IgG1 accounted for ~50% of all clones recovered from adults and IgG4 was the least frequently recovered (4%). Results indicate that IgG1(b), IgG2(a), IgG3, IgG4(a), IgG5(a), and IgG6(a) are linked and also linked to IgA(a). This comprises a haplotype for domesticated swine. For simplicity, we propose that the current nomenclature for the allotypes of IgG1 be reversed so that all genes in the Cγ(a)-Cα(a) haplotype are designated "a".
Collapse
|
96
|
Catunda Lemos AP, Cervenak J, Bender B, Hoffmann OI, Baranyi M, Kerekes A, Farkas A, Bősze Z, Hiripi L, Kacskovics I. Characterization of the rabbit neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and analyzing the immunophenotype of the transgenic rabbits that overexpresses FcRn. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28869. [PMID: 22247762 PMCID: PMC3256154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes an active role in phagocytosis, and delivers antigen for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic mice significantly improves the humoral immune response. Because rabbits are an important source of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, adaptation of our FcRn overexpression technology in this species would bring significant advantages. We cloned the full length cDNA of the rabbit FcRn alpha-chain and found that it is similar to its orthologous analyzed so far. The rabbit FcRn - IgG contact residues are highly conserved, and based on this we predicted pH dependent interaction, which we confirmed by analyzing the pH dependent binding of FcRn to rabbit IgG using yolk sac lysates of rabbit fetuses by Western blot. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected strong FcRn staining in the endodermal cells of the rabbit yolk sac membrane, while the placental trophoblast cells and amnion showed no FcRn staining. Then, using BAC transgenesis we generated transgenic rabbits carrying and overexpressing a 110 kb rabbit genomic fragment encoding the FcRn. These transgenic rabbits--having one extra copy of the FcRn when hemizygous and two extra copies when homozygous--showed improved IgG protection and an augmented humoral immune response when immunized with a variety of different antigens. Our results in these transgenic rabbits demonstrate an increased immune response, similar to what we described in mice, indicating that FcRn overexpression brings significant advantages for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amnion/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Animals, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Animals, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Chickens
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rabbits
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Yolk Sac/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anita Farkas
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Kft, Budakeszi, Hungary
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Structure-based mutagenesis reveals the albumin-binding site of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Commun 2012; 3:610. [PMID: 22215085 PMCID: PMC3272563 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood where it has a pivotal role as a transporter of fatty acids and drugs. Like IgG, albumin has long serum half-life, protected from degradation by pH-dependent recycling mediated by interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. Although the FcRn interaction with IgG is well characterized at the atomic level, its interaction with albumin is not. Here we present structure-based modelling of the FcRn–albumin complex, supported by binding analysis of site-specific mutants, providing mechanistic evidence for the presence of pH-sensitive ionic networks at the interaction interface. These networks involve conserved histidines in both FcRn and albumin domain III. Histidines also contribute to intramolecular interactions that stabilize the otherwise flexible loops at both the interacting surfaces. Molecular details of the FcRn–albumin complex may guide the development of novel albumin variants with altered serum half-life as carriers of drugs. Albumin transport proteins circulate in the blood and are protected from degradation by interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor. Andersen et al. investigate the albumin binding site of the neonatal Fc receptor and find pH sensitive ionic networks at the binding interface.
Collapse
|
98
|
Stein C, Kling L, Proetzel G, Roopenian DC, de Angelis MH, Wolf E, Rathkolb B. Clinical chemistry of human FcRn transgenic mice. Mamm Genome 2011; 23:259-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
99
|
Vllasaliu D, Alexander C, Garnett M, Eaton M, Stolnik S. Fc-mediated transport of nanoparticles across airway epithelial cell layers. J Control Release 2011; 158:479-86. [PMID: 22200577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a study directed towards non-invasive delivery of therapeutic biomacromolecules, we examined whether surface modification of sub-200 nm model nanoparticles with the Fc portion of IgG promotes their cell uptake and transport across the airway epithelial cells. The study initially confirms the expression of the relevant receptor, namely neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), by Calu-3 cell layers simulating the airway epithelium and demonstrates FcRn-mediated cell association, internalization and transcellular transport of molecular IgG. Surface decoration of nanoparticles with the Fc portion of IgG enhanced both cell uptake and translocation of the particulate system across the cell layers, in a manner strongly suggesting FcRn involvement in these processes. The study further demonstrates the potential of Fc-modified nanoparticles to 'shuttle' a model therapeutic antibody fragment across the epithelial cell layers. Fc-modified nanoparticles are transported in the μg/h/cm(2) range, presenting a substantial increase in transport capacity in comparison to molecular IgG (ng/h/cm(2) range), therefore warranting consideration of the FcRn transcytotic pathway for further investigation as a means to achieve transmucosal delivery of nanoparticulate systems that could act as carriers of a range of biotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vllasaliu
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Intracellular neutralization of viral infection in polarized epithelial cells by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated IgG transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18406-11. [PMID: 22042859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115348108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG was traditionally thought to neutralize virions by blocking their attachment to or penetration into mucosal epithelial cells, a common site of exposure to viruses. However, we describe an intracellular neutralizing action for an influenza hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibody, Y8-10C2 (Y8), which has neutralizing activity only at an acidic pH. When Y8 was applied to the basolateral surface of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing the rat neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn), it significantly reduced viral replication following apical exposure of the cell monolayer to influenza virus. Virus neutralization by Y8 mAb was dependent on FcRn expression and its transport of IgG. As both FcRn and Y8 mAb bind their partners only at acidic pH, the Y8 mAb is proposed to carry out its antiviral activity intracellularly. Furthermore, the virus, Y8 mAb, and FcRn colocalized within endosomes, possibly inhibiting the fusion of viral envelopes with endosomal membranes during primary uncoating, and preventing the accumulation of the neutralized viral nucleoprotein antigen in the nucleus. Prophylactic administration of Y8 mAb before viral challenge in WT mice, but not FcRn-KO mice, conferred protection from lethality, prevented weight loss, resulted in a significant reduction in pulmonary virus titers, and largely reduced virus-induced lung pathology. Thus, this study reveals an intracellular mechanism for viral neutralization in polarized epithelial cells that is dependent on FcRn-mediated transport of neutralizing IgG.
Collapse
|