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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight the past and more current literature related to the multifaceted pathogenic programs that contribute to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) with a focus on the contribution of developmental programs. RECENT FINDINGS Calcification of the aortic valve is an active process characterized by calcific nodule formation on the aortic surface leading to a less supple and more stiffened cusp, thereby limiting movement and causing clinical stenosis. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenic changes are largely unknown, but emerging studies have suggested that signaling pathways common to valvulogenesis and bone development play significant roles and include Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt, Notch, and Sox9. This comprehensive review of the literature highlights the complex nature of CAVD but concurrently identifies key regulators that can be targeted in the development of mechanistic-based therapies beyond surgical intervention to improve patient outcome.
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Peng Y, Song L, Li D, Kesterson R, Wang J, Wang L, Rokosh G, Wu B, Wang Q, Jiao K. Sema6D acts downstream of bone morphogenetic protein signalling to promote atrioventricular cushion development in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 112:532-542. [PMID: 28172500 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Peng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lanying Song
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Horner E, Cattin ME, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. In Vitro Modeling of Congenital Heart Defects Associated with an NKX2-5 Mutation Revealed a Dysregulation in BMP/Notch-Mediated Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:514-526. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashida F. Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ellias Horner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G. Burgon
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology); University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Harris AP, Ismail KA, Nunez M, Martopullo I, Lencinas A, Selmin OI, Runyan RB. Trichloroethylene perturbs HNF4a expression and activity in the developing chick heart. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:113-120. [PMID: 29306027 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) is linked to formation of congenital heart defects in humans and animals. Prior interactome analysis identified the transcription factor, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4a), as a potential target of TCE exposure. As a role for HNF4a is unknown in the heart, we examined developing avian hearts for HNF4a expression and for sensitivity to TCE and the HNF4a agonist, Benfluorex. In vitro analysis using a HNF4a reporter construct showed both TCE and HFN4a to be antagonists of HNF4a-mediated transcription at the concentrations tested. HNF4a mRNA is expressed transiently in the embryonic heart during valve formation and cardiac development. Embryos were examined for altered gene expression in the presence of TCE or Benfluorex. TCE altered expression of selected mRNAs including HNF4a, TRAF6 and CYP2C45. There was a transition between inhibition and induction of marker gene expression in embryos as TCE concentration increased. Benfluorex was largely inhibitory to selected markers. Echocardiography of exposed embryos showed reduced cardiac function with both TCE and Benfluorex. Cardiac contraction was reduced by 29% and 23%, respectively at 10 ppb. The effects of TCE and Benfluorex on autocrine regulation of HNF4a, selected markers and cardiac function argue for a functional interaction of TCE and HNF4a. Further, the dose-sensitive shift between inhibition and induction of marker expression may explain the nonmonotonic-like dose response observed with TCE exposure in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alondra P Harris
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Kareem A Ismail
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Martha Nunez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Ira Martopullo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Alejandro Lencinas
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States
| | - Raymond B Runyan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, United States.
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Odelin G, Faure E, Coulpier F, Di Bonito M, Bajolle F, Studer M, Avierinos JF, Charnay P, Topilko P, Zaffran S. Krox20 defines a subpopulation of cardiac neural crest cells contributing to arterial valves and bicuspid aortic valve. Development 2018; 145:dev.151944. [PMID: 29158447 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac neural crest cells are required at early stages of arterial valve development, their contribution during valvular leaflet maturation remains poorly understood. Here, we show in mouse that neural crest cells from pre-otic and post-otic regions make distinct contributions to the arterial valve leaflets. Genetic fate-mapping analysis of Krox20-expressing neural crest cells shows a large contribution to the borders and the interleaflet triangles of the arterial valves. Loss of Krox20 function results in hyperplastic aortic valve and partially penetrant bicuspid aortic valve formation. Similar defects are observed in neural crest Krox20-deficient embryos. Genetic lineage tracing in Krox20-/- mutant mice shows that endothelial-derived cells are normal, whereas neural crest-derived cells are abnormally increased in number and misplaced in the valve leaflets. In contrast, genetic ablation of Krox20-expressing cells is not sufficient to cause an aortic valve defect, suggesting that adjacent cells can compensate this depletion. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role for Krox20 in arterial valve development and reveal that an excess of neural crest cells may be associated with bicuspid aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Odelin
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Faure
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- INSERM, U1024, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Di Bonito
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes (M3C), Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Avierinos
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,Service de cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- INSERM, U1024, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Piotr Topilko
- INSERM, U1024, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, IBENS, École normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Jiménez-Amilburu V, Rasouli SJ, Staudt DW, Nakajima H, Chiba A, Mochizuki N, Stainier DYR. In Vivo Visualization of Cardiomyocyte Apicobasal Polarity Reveals Epithelial to Mesenchymal-like Transition during Cardiac Trabeculation. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2687-2699. [PMID: 27926871 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding cardiac trabeculation, many mechanistic aspects remain unclear. To elucidate how cardiomyocyte shape changes are regulated during this process, we engineered transgenes to label their apical and basolateral membranes. Using these tools, we observed that compact-layer cardiomyocytes are clearly polarized while delaminating cardiomyocytes have lost their polarity. The apical transgene also enabled the imaging of cardiomyocyte apical constriction in real time. Furthermore, we found that Neuregulin signaling and blood flow/cardiac contractility are required for cardiomyocyte apical constriction and depolarization. Notably, we observed the activation of Notch signaling in cardiomyocytes adjacent to those undergoing apical constriction, and we showed that this activation is positively regulated by Neuregulin signaling. Inhibition of Notch signaling did not increase the percentage of cardiomyocytes undergoing apical constriction or of trabecular cardiomyocytes. These studies provide information about cardiomyocyte polarization and enhance our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying ventricular morphogenesis and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Jiménez-Amilburu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - S Javad Rasouli
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David W Staudt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Ayano Chiba
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Growth and Morphogenesis during Early Heart Development in Amniotes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040020. [PMID: 29367549 PMCID: PMC5753121 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the growth and morphogenesis of the developing heart, an aspect of cardiovascular development to which Antoon Moorman and colleagues have extensively contributed. Over the last decades, genetic studies and characterization of regionally regulated gene programs have provided abundant novel insights into heart development essential to understand the basis of congenital heart disease. Heart morphogenesis, however, is inherently a complex and dynamic three-dimensional process and we are far from understanding its cellular basis. Here, we discuss recent advances in studying heart morphogenesis and regionalization under the light of the pioneering work of Moorman and colleagues, which allowed the reinterpretation of regional gene expression patterns under a new morphogenetic framework. Two aspects of early heart formation will be discussed in particular: (1) the initial formation of the heart tube and (2) the formation of the cardiac chambers by the ballooning process. Finally, we emphasize that in addition to analyses based on fixed samples, new approaches including clonal analysis, single-cell sequencing, live-imaging and quantitative analysis of the data generated will likely lead to novel insights in understanding early heart tube regionalization and morphogenesis in the near future.
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58
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Lin X, Liu X, Wang L, Jiang J, Sun Y, Zhu Q, Chen Z, He Y, Hu P, Xu Q, Gao F, Lin Y, Jaiswal S, Xiang M, Wang J. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified ADAMTS5 as novel genetic substrate in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Int J Cardiol 2017; 252:150-155. [PMID: 29162281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart disease, affecting >1% of the general population. Up to date, three genes, NOTCH1, GATA5 and SMAD6, have been linked to the isolated form of BAV. However, potential genetic determinants remain largely unknown in most BAV patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing of 7 BAV candidate genes (NOTCH1, GATA5, SMAD6, NOS3, ADAMTS5, Alk2 and SMAD2) was performed in 32 BAV patients. Additional 35 BAV patients and 238 tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients, consisting of 107 patients from the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) registry and 131 patients from the coronary artery disease (CAD) registry, were selected for further genotyping. RESULTS We found 2 rare non-synonymous variants in 2/7 genes in 3 BAV patients: one was NOTCH1:c.4297G>A and the other one was ADMTS5:c.935C>A that shared by two patients. NOTCH1:c.4297G>A has not been reported previously. ADMTS5:c.935C>A was predicted to be pathogenic by all applied algorithms. Alignment of protein sequences from all available species revealed that ADMTS5:p.Arg312Leu, produced by ADMTS5:c.935C>A, is located in a highly conserved region. The minor allele frequency of ADMTS5:c.935C>A in BAV patients was significantly higher than the matched population in TAV group (0.015 vs. 0, P=0.048). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that ADMTS5:c.935C>A are potentially associated with BAV. Further studies, such as large sample case-control replication test and functional research, are needed to explore the role of this rare variant in the development of BAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lihan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jubo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qifeng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Po Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qiyuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Sanjay Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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Goddard LM, Duchemin AL, Ramalingan H, Wu B, Chen M, Bamezai S, Yang J, Li L, Morley MP, Wang T, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Frank DB, Engleka KA, Jameson SC, Morrisey EE, Carroll TJ, Zhou B, Vermot J, Kahn ML. Hemodynamic Forces Sculpt Developing Heart Valves through a KLF2-WNT9B Paracrine Signaling Axis. Dev Cell 2017; 43:274-289.e5. [PMID: 29056552 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemodynamic forces play an essential epigenetic role in heart valve development, but how they do so is not known. Here, we show that the shear-responsive transcription factor KLF2 is required in endocardial cells to regulate the mesenchymal cell responses that remodel cardiac cushions to mature valves. Endocardial Klf2 deficiency results in defective valve formation associated with loss of Wnt9b expression and reduced canonical WNT signaling in neighboring mesenchymal cells, a phenotype reproduced by endocardial-specific loss of Wnt9b. Studies in zebrafish embryos reveal that wnt9b expression is similarly restricted to the endocardial cells overlying the developing heart valves and is dependent upon both hemodynamic shear forces and klf2a expression. These studies identify KLF2-WNT9B signaling as a conserved molecular mechanism by which fluid forces sensed by endothelial cells direct the complex cellular process of heart valve development and suggest that congenital valve defects may arise due to subtle defects in this mechanotransduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goddard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Harini Ramalingan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Pediatric, and Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharika Bamezai
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt A Engleka
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Pediatric, and Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is required for AV endocardial cushion maturation and remodeling. Dev Biol 2017; 430:113-128. [PMID: 28790014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of the endocardial cushion mesenchyme in the atrioventricular (AV) canal are the essential morphogenetic events during four-chambered heart formation. Mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions give rise to the AV valves and the membranous ventricular septum (VS). Failure of these processes results in several human congenital heart defects. Despite this clinical relevance, the mechanisms governing how mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions mature and remodel into the membranous VS and AV valves have only begun to be elucidated. The role of BMP signaling in the myocardial and secondary heart forming lineage has been well studied; however, little is known about the role of BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage. To fill this knowledge gap, we generated Bmp2 endocardial lineage-specific conditional knockouts (referred to as Bmp2 cKOEndo) by crossing conditionally-targeted Bmp2flox/flox mice with a Cre-driver line, Nfatc1Cre, wherein Cre-mediated recombination was restricted to the endocardial cells and their mesenchymal progeny. Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos did not exhibit failure or delay in the initial AV endocardial cushion formation at embryonic day (ED) 9.5-11.5; however, significant reductions in AV cushion size were detected in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos when compared to control embryos at ED13.5 and ED16.5. Moreover, deletion of Bmp2 from the endocardial lineage consistently resulted in membranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and mitral valve deficiencies, as evidenced by the absence of stratification of mitral valves at birth. Muscular VSDs were not found in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse hearts. To understand the underlying morphogenetic mechanisms leading to a decrease in cushion size, cell proliferation and cell death were examined for AV endocardial cushions. Phospho-histone H3 analyses for cell proliferation and TUNEL assays for apoptotic cell death did not reveal significant differences between control and Bmp2 cKOEndo in AV endocardial cushions. However, mRNA expression of the extracellular matrix components, versican, Has2, collagen 9a1, and periostin was significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. Expression of transcription factors implicated in the cardiac valvulogenesis, Snail2, Twist1 and Sox9, was also significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. These data provide evidence that BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is essential for the distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of AV endocardial cushions into the normal membranous VS and the stratified AV valves.
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Tavares ALP, Brown JA, Ulrich EC, Dvorak K, Runyan RB. Runx2-I is an Early Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Cell Transition in the Chick Embryo. Dev Dyn 2017. [PMID: 28631378 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although normally linked to bone and cartilage development, the Runt-related transcription factor, RUNX2, was reported in the mouse heart during development of the valves. We examined RUNX2 expression and function in the developing avian heart as it related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the atrioventricular canal. EMT can be separated into an activation stage involving hypertrophy and cell separation and an invasion stage where cells invade the extracellular matrix. The localization and activity of RUNX2 was explored in relation to these steps in the heart. As RUNX2 was also reported in cancer tissues, we examined its expression in the progression of esophageal cancer in staged tissues. RESULTS A specific isoform, RUNX2-I, is present and required for EMT by endothelia of the atrioventricular canal. Knockdown of RUNX2-I inhibits the cell-cell separation that is characteristic of initial activation of EMT. Loss of RUNX2-I altered expression of EMT markers to a greater extent during activation than during subsequent cell invasion. Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) mediates activation during cardiac endothelial EMT. Consistent with a role in activation, RUNX2-I is regulated by TGFβ2 and its activity is independent of similarly expressed Snai2 in regulation of EMT. Examination of RUNX2 expression in esophageal cancer showed its upregulation concomitant with the development of dysplasia and continued expression in adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS These data introduce the RUNX2-I isoform as a critical early transcription factor mediating EMT in the developing heart after induction by TGFβ2. Its expression in tumor tissue suggests a similar role for RUNX2 in the EMT of metastasis. Developmental Dynamics 247:542-554, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jessie A Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emily C Ulrich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Katerina Dvorak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Raymond B Runyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Dahal S, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation is induced by altered extracellular matrix in aortic valve endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2729-2741. [PMID: 28589644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in shear stress, mechanical deformation, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and exposure to inflammatory conditions are known to cause endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). This change in endothelial phenotype has only recently been linked to adult pathologies such as cancer progression, organ fibrosis, and calcific aortic valve disease; and its function in adult physiology, especially in response to tissue mechanics, has not been rigorously investigated. EndMT is a response to mechanical and biochemical signals that results in the remodeling of underlying tissues. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the collagen-rich valve fibrosa, and are deposited near calcified nodules. In this study, in vitro models of early and late-stage valve disease were developed by incorporating the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate into 3D collagen hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β1 to simulate EndMT in response to microenvironmental changes. High levels of CS induced the highest rate of EndMT and led to the most collagen I and GAG production by mesenchymally transformed cells, which indicates a cell phenotype most likely to promote fibrotic disease. Mesenchymal transformation due to altered ECM was found to depend on cell-ECM bond strength and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 signaling. Determining the environmental conditions that induce and promote EndMT, and the subsequent behavior of mesenchymally transformed cells, will advance understanding on the role of endothelial cells in tissue regeneration or disease progression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2729-2741, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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63
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Peng Y, Yan S, Chen D, Cui X, Jiao K. Pdgfrb is a direct regulatory target of TGFβ signaling in atrioventricular cushion mesenchymal cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175791. [PMID: 28426709 PMCID: PMC5398542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushion formation is the initial step for the development of valvuloseptal structures in mammalian hearts. TGFβ signaling plays critical roles in multiple steps of cushion morphogenesis. We used a newly developed conditional immortal atrioventricular cushion mesenchymal cell line, tsA58-AVM, to identify the TGFβ regulatory target genes through microarray analysis. Expression of ~1350 genes was significantly altered by TGFβ1 treatment. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of TGFβ activated genes revealed that PDGF-BB signaling is the top hit as the potential upstream regulator. Among the 37 target molecules, 10 genes known to be involved in valve development and hemostasis were selected for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Our results confirmed that they are all upregulated by TGFβ1 stimulation in tsA58-AVM cells and in primary atrioventricular cushion cells. We focused on examining regulation of Pdgfrb by TGFβ1, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor for PDGF-BB. We found that the ~150bp Pdgfrb promoter can respond to TGFβ stimulation and that this response relies on the two SP1 binding sites within the promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed SP1 interacts with SMAD2 in a TGFβ-dependent fashion. Furthermore, SMAD2 is associated with the Pdgfrb promoter and this association is diminished by knocking down expression of Sp1. Our data therefore collectively suggest that upon TGFβ stimulation, SP1 recruits SMAD2 to the promoter of Pdgfrb to up-regulate its expression and thus Pdgfrb is a direct downstream target of the TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Peng
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shun Yan
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kai Jiao
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Li YJ, Yang YQ. An update on the molecular diagnosis of congenital heart disease: focus on loss-of-function mutations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:393-401. [PMID: 28274167 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wu B, Wang Y, Xiao F, Butcher JT, Yutzey KE, Zhou B. Developmental Mechanisms of Aortic Valve Malformation and Disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:21-41. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingruo Wu
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Yidong Wang
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Feng Xiao
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229;
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
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66
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Midgett M, López CS, David L, Maloyan A, Rugonyi S. Increased Hemodynamic Load in Early Embryonic Stages Alters Endocardial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Physiol 2017; 8:56. [PMID: 28228731 PMCID: PMC5296359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal blood flow is essential for proper heart formation during embryonic development, as abnormal hemodynamic load (blood pressure and shear stress) results in cardiac defects seen in congenital heart disease. However, the progressive detrimental remodeling processes that relate altered blood flow to cardiac defects remain unclear. Endothelial-mesenchymal cell transition is one of the many complex developmental events involved in transforming the early embryonic outflow tract into the aorta, pulmonary trunk, interventricular septum, and semilunar valves. This study elucidated the effects of increased hemodynamic load on endothelial-mesenchymal transition remodeling of the outflow tract cushions in vivo. Outflow tract banding was used to increase hemodynamic load in the chicken embryo heart between Hamburger and Hamilton stages 18 and 24. Increased hemodynamic load induced increased cell density in outflow tract cushions, fewer cells along the endocardial lining, endocardium junction disruption, and altered periostin expression as measured by confocal microscopy analysis. In addition, 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analysis determined that a portion of endocardial cells adopted a migratory shape after outflow tract banding that is more irregular, elongated, and with extensive cellular projections compared to normal cells. Proteomic mass-spectrometry analysis quantified altered protein composition after banding that is consistent with a more active stage of endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Outflow tract banding enhances the endothelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype during formation of the outflow tract cushions, suggesting that endothelial-mesenchymal transition is a critical developmental process that when disturbed by altered blood flow gives rise to cardiac malformation and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Midgett
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S López
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA; Multiscale Microscopy Core, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Larry David
- Proteomics Core, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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Bischoff J, Casanovas G, Wylie-Sears J, Kim DH, Bartko PE, Guerrero JL, Dal-Bianco JP, Beaudoin J, Garcia ML, Sullivan SM, Seybolt MM, Morris BA, Keegan J, Irvin WS, Aikawa E, Levine RA. CD45 Expression in Mitral Valve Endothelial Cells After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2016; 119:1215-1225. [PMID: 27750208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ischemic mitral regurgitation, a complication after myocardial infarction (MI), induces adaptive mitral valve (MV) responses that may be initially beneficial but eventually lead to leaflet fibrosis and MV dysfunction. We sought to examine the MV endothelial response and its potential contribution to ischemic mitral regurgitation. OBJECTIVE Endothelial, interstitial, and hematopoietic cells in MVs from post-MI sheep were quantified. MV endothelial CD45, found post MI, was analyzed in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovine MVs, harvested 6 months after inferior MI, showed CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, colocalized with von Willebrand factor, an endothelial marker. Flow cytometry of MV cells revealed significant increases in CD45+ endothelial cells (VE-cadherin+/CD45+/α-smooth muscle actin [SMA]+ and VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA- cells) and possible fibrocytes (VE-cadherin-/CD45+/αSMA+) in inferior MI compared with sham-operated and normal sheep. CD45+ cells correlated with MV fibrosis and mitral regurgitation severity. VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA+ cells suggested that CD45 may be linked to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). MV endothelial cells treated with transforming growth factor-β1 to induce EndMT expressed CD45 and fibrosis markers collagen 1 and 3 and transforming growth factor-β1 to 3, not observed in transforming growth factor-β1-treated arterial endothelial cells. A CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor blocked induction of EndMT and fibrosis markers and inhibited EndMT-associated migration of MV endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS MV endothelial cells express CD45, both in vivo post MI and in vitro in response to transforming growth factor-β1. A CD45 phosphatase inhibitor blocked hallmarks of EndMT in MV endothelial cells. These results point to a novel, functional requirement for CD45 phosphatase activity in EndMT. The contribution of CD45+ endothelial cells to MV adaptation and fibrosis post MI warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Bischoff
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.).
| | - Guillem Casanovas
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
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Ayoub S, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Schoen FJ, Sacks MS. Heart Valve Biomechanics and Underlying Mechanobiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1743-1780. [PMID: 27783858 PMCID: PMC5537387 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves control unidirectional blood flow within the heart during the cardiac cycle. They have a remarkable ability to withstand the demanding mechanical environment of the heart, achieving lifetime durability by processes involving the ongoing remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The focus of this review is on heart valve functional physiology, with insights into the link between disease-induced alterations in valve geometry, tissue stress, and the subsequent cell mechanobiological responses and tissue remodeling. We begin with an overview of the fundamentals of heart valve physiology and the characteristics and functions of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We then provide an overview of current experimental and computational approaches that connect VIC mechanobiological response to organ- and tissue-level deformations and improve our understanding of the underlying functional physiology of heart valves. We conclude with a summary of future trends and offer an outlook for the future of heart valve mechanobiology, specifically, multiscale modeling approaches, and the potential directions and possible challenges of research development. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1743-1780, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frederick J. Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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69
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Lauriol J, Cabrera JR, Roy A, Keith K, Hough SM, Damilano F, Wang B, Segarra GC, Flessa ME, Miller LE, Das S, Bronson R, Lee KH, Kontaridis MI. Developmental SHP2 dysfunction underlies cardiac hypertrophy in Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2989-3005. [PMID: 27348588 PMCID: PMC4966304 DOI: 10.1172/jci80396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of mortality in congenital heart disease (CHD). Many gene abnormalities are associated with cardiac hypertrophy, but their function in cardiac development is not well understood. Loss-of-function mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2, are implicated in CHD and cause Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), a condition that often presents with cardiac hypertrophic defects. Here, we found that NSML-associated hypertrophy stems from aberrant signaling mechanisms originating in developing endocardium. Trabeculation and valvular hyperplasia were diminished in hearts of embryonic mice expressing a human NSML-associated variant of SHP2, and these defects were recapitulated in mice expressing NSML-associated SHP2 specifically in endothelial, but not myocardial or neural crest, cells. In contrast, mice with myocardial- but not endothelial-specific NSML SHP2 expression developed ventricular septal defects, suggesting that NSML-associated mutations have both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous functions in cardiac development. However, only endothelial-specific expression of NSML-associated SHP2 induced adult-onset cardiac hypertrophy. Further, embryos expressing the NSML-associated SHP2 mutation exhibited aberrant AKT activity and decreased downstream forkhead box P1 (FOXP1)/FGF and NOTCH1/EPHB2 signaling, indicating that SHP2 is required for regulating reciprocal crosstalk between developing endocardium and myocardium. Together, our data provide functional and disease-based evidence that aberrant SHP2 signaling during cardiac development leads to CHD and adult-onset heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janel R. Cabrera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashbeel Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Keith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara M. Hough
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Federico Damilano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriel C. Segarra
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Meaghan E. Flessa
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maria I. Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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Haack T, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. The force within: endocardial development, mechanotransduction and signalling during cardiac morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:373-86. [PMID: 26839341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocardial cells are cardiac endothelial cells that line the interior of the heart tube. Historically, their contribution to cardiac development has mainly been considered from a morphological perspective. However, recent studies have begun to define novel instructive roles of the endocardium, as a sensor and signal transducer of biophysical forces induced by blood flow, and as an angiocrine signalling centre that is involved in myocardial cellular morphogenesis, regeneration and reprogramming. In this Review, we discuss how the endocardium develops, how endocardial-myocardial interactions influence the developing embryonic heart, and how the dysregulation of blood flow-responsive endocardial signalling can result in pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Haack
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
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71
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Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E, Bischoff J, Guerrero JL, Hjortnaes J, Beaudoin J, Szymanski C, Bartko PE, Seybolt MM, Handschumacher MD, Sullivan S, Garcia ML, Mauskapf A, Titus JS, Wylie-Sears J, Irvin WS, Chaput M, Messas E, Hagège AA, Carpentier A, Levine RA. Myocardial Infarction Alters Adaptation of the Tethered Mitral Valve. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:275-87. [PMID: 26796392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with myocardial infarction (MI), leaflet tethering by displaced papillary muscles induces mitral regurgitation (MR), which doubles mortality. Mitral valves (MVs) are larger in such patients but fibrosis sets in counterproductively. The investigators previously reported that experimental tethering alone increases mitral valve area in association with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the clinically relevant situation of tethering and MI, testing the hypothesis that ischemic milieu modifies mitral valve adaptation. METHODS Twenty-three adult sheep were examined. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, the papillary muscle tips in 6 sheep were retracted apically to replicate tethering, short of producing MR (tethered alone). Papillary muscle retraction was combined with apical MI created by coronary ligation in another 6 sheep (tethered plus MI), and left ventricular remodeling was limited by external constraint in 5 additional sheep (left ventricular constraint). Six sham-operated sheep were control subjects. Diastolic mitral valve surface area was quantified by 3-dimensional echocardiography at baseline and after 58 ± 5 days, followed by histopathology and flow cytometry of excised leaflets. RESULTS Tethered plus MI leaflets were markedly thicker than tethered-alone valves and sham control subjects. Leaflet area also increased significantly. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, detected as α-smooth muscle actin-positive endothelial cells, significantly exceeded that in tethered-alone and control valves. Transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinase expression, and cellular proliferation were markedly increased. Uniquely, tethering plus MI showed endothelial activation with vascular adhesion molecule expression, neovascularization, and cells positive for CD45, considered a hematopoietic cell marker. Tethered plus MI findings were comparable with external ventricular constraint. CONCLUSIONS MI altered leaflet adaptation, including a profibrotic increase in valvular cell activation, CD45-positive cells, and matrix turnover. Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying leaflet adaptation and fibrosis could yield new therapeutic opportunities for reducing ischemic MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Dal-Bianco
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Luis Guerrero
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Beaudoin
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Szymanski
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France
| | - Philipp E Bartko
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margo M Seybolt
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark D Handschumacher
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne Sullivan
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L Garcia
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Mauskapf
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James S Titus
- Surgical Cardiovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Whitney S Irvin
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Chaput
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Messas
- Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, INSERM Unit 633, Paris, France
| | - Albert A Hagège
- Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, INSERM Unit 633, Paris, France
| | - Alain Carpentier
- Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, INSERM Unit 633, Paris, France
| | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Leducq Transatlantic Mitral Network, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, INSERM Unit 633, Paris, France.
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Functions of miRNAs during Mammalian Heart Development. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050789. [PMID: 27213371 PMCID: PMC4881605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles during mammalian heart development and have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. The mammalian embryonic heart is mainly derived from four major cell types during development. These include cardiomyocytes, endocardial cells, epicardial cells, and neural crest cells. Recent data have identified various miRNAs as critical regulators of the proper differentiation, proliferation, and survival of these cell types. In this review, we briefly introduce the contemporary understanding of mammalian cardiac development. We also focus on recent developments in the field of cardiac miRNAs and their functions during the development of different cell types.
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73
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Menon V, Junor L, Balhaj M, Eberth JF, Potts JD. A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27213265 DOI: 10.3791/53955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The new model presented here can be used to understand the influence of hemodynamics on specific cardiac developmental processes, at the cellular and molecular level. To alter intracardiac hemodynamics, fertilized chicken eggs are incubated in a humidified chamber to obtain embryos of the desired stage (HH17). Once this developmental stage is achieved, the embryo is maintained ex ovo and hemodynamics in the embryonic heart are altered by partially constricting the outflow tract (OFT) with a surgical suture at the junction of the OFT and ventricle (OVJ). Control embryos are also cultured ex ovo but are not subjected to the surgical intervention. Banded and control embryos are then incubated in a humidified incubator for the desired period of time, after which 2D ultrasound is employed to analyze the change in blood flow velocity at the OVJ as a result of OFT banding. Once embryos are maintained ex ovo, it is important to ensure adequate hydration in the incubation chamber so as to prevent drying and eventually embryo death. Using this new banded model, it is now possible to perform analyses of changes in the expression of key players involved in valve development and to understand the role of hemodynamics on cellular responses in vivo, which could not be achieved previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina
| | - Lorain Junor
- Instrumentation Resource Facility, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina
| | - Marwa Balhaj
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina
| | - John F Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina; Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina
| | - Jay D Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina; Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina;
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Ladd AN. New Insights Into the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of Heart Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:125-85. [PMID: 27017008 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression during development takes place both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate pre-mRNA processing, mRNA localization, stability, and translation. Many RBPs are expressed in the heart and have been implicated in heart development, function, or disease. This chapter will review the current knowledge about RBPs in the developing heart, focusing on those that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. The involvement of RBPs at each stage of heart development will be considered in turn, including the establishment of specific cardiac cell types and formation of the primitive heart tube, cardiac morphogenesis, and postnatal maturation and aging. The contributions of RBPs to cardiac birth defects and heart disease will also be considered in these contexts. Finally, the interplay between RBPs and other regulatory factors in the developing heart, such as transcription factors and miRNAs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Ladd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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75
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Atrioventricular septal defect: From embryonic development to long-term follow-up. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:784-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li J, Yue Y, Zhao Q. Retinoic Acid Signaling Is Essential for Valvulogenesis by Affecting Endocardial Cushions Formation in Zebrafish Embryos. Zebrafish 2015; 13:9-18. [PMID: 26671342 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in many stages of heart morphogenesis. Zebrafish embryos treated with exogenous RA display defective atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) specification. However, whether endogenous RA signaling takes part in cardiac valve formation remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of RA signaling in cardiac valve development by knocking down aldh1a2, the gene encoding an enzyme that is mainly responsible for RA synthesis during early development, in zebrafish embryos. The results showed that partially knocking down aldh1a2 caused defective formation of primitive cardiac valve leaflets at 108 hpf (hour post-fertilization). Inhibiting endogenous RA signaling by 4-diethylaminobenzal-dehyde revealed that 16-26 hpf was a key time window when RA signaling affects the valvulogenesis. The aldh1a2 morphants had defective formation of endocardial cushion (EC) at 76 hpf though they had almost normal hemodynamics and cardiac chamber specification at early development. Examining the expression patterns of AVC marker genes including bmp4, bmp2b, nppa, notch1b, and has2, we found the morphants displayed abnormal development of endocardial AVC but almost normal development of myocardial AVC at 50 hpf. Being consistent with the reduced expression of notch1b in endocardial AVC, the VE-cadherin gene cdh5, the downstream gene of Notch signaling, was ectopically expressed in AVC of aldh1a2 morphants at 50 hpf, and overexpression of cdh5 greatly affected the formation of EC in the embryos at 76 hpf. Taken together, our results suggest that RA signaling plays essential roles in zebrafish cardiac valvulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyun Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
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Garside VC, Cullum R, Alder O, Lu DY, Vander Werff R, Bilenky M, Zhao Y, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Underhill TM, Hoodless PA. SOX9 modulates the expression of key transcription factors required for heart valve development. Development 2015; 142:4340-50. [PMID: 26525672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve formation initiates when endothelial cells of the heart transform into mesenchyme and populate the cardiac cushions. The transcription factor SOX9 is highly expressed in the cardiac cushion mesenchyme, and is essential for heart valve development. Loss of Sox9 in mouse cardiac cushion mesenchyme alters cell proliferation, embryonic survival, and valve formation. Despite this important role, little is known about how SOX9 regulates heart valve formation or its transcriptional targets. Therefore, we mapped putative SOX9 binding sites by ChIP-Seq in E12.5 heart valves, a stage at which the valve mesenchyme is actively proliferating and initiating differentiation. Embryonic heart valves have been shown to express a high number of genes that are associated with chondrogenesis, including several extracellular matrix proteins and transcription factors that regulate chondrogenesis. Therefore, we compared regions of putative SOX9 DNA binding between E12.5 heart valves and E12.5 limb buds. We identified context-dependent and context-independent SOX9-interacting regions throughout the genome. Analysis of context-independent SOX9 binding suggests an extensive role for SOX9 across tissues in regulating proliferation-associated genes including key components of the AP-1 complex. Integrative analysis of tissue-specific SOX9-interacting regions and gene expression profiles on Sox9-deficient heart valves demonstrated that SOX9 controls the expression of several transcription factors with previously identified roles in heart valve development, including Twist1, Sox4, Mecom and Pitx2. Together, our data identify SOX9-coordinated transcriptional hierarchies that control cell proliferation and differentiation during valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Olivia Alder
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Daphne Y Lu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Ryan Vander Werff
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Mikhail Bilenky
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
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78
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Khan MI, Hamid A, Adhami VM, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. Role of epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate tumorigenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:1240-8. [PMID: 25506896 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666141211120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the cancer associated deaths are generally attributed to the spread of cancerous cells or their features to the nearby or distant secondary organs by a process known as metastasis. Among other factors, the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells is attributed to the reactivation of an evolutionary conserved developmental program known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, fully differentiated epithelial cells undergo a series of dramatic changes in their morphology, along with loss of cell to cell contact and matrix remodeling into less differentiated and invasive mesenchymal cells. Many studies provide evidence for the existence of EMT like states in prostate cancer (PCa) and suggest its possible involvement in PCa progression and metastasis. At the same time, the lack of conclusive evidence regarding the presence of full EMT in human PCa samples has somewhat dampened the interest in the field. However, ongoing EMT research provides new perspectives and unveils the enormous potential of this field in tailoring new therapeutic regimens for PCa management. This review summarizes the role of many transcription factors and other molecules that drive EMT during prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Science Center, Rm B-25, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706.
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Coram RJ, Stillwagon SJ, Guggilam A, Jenkins MW, Swanson MS, Ladd AN. Muscleblind-like 1 is required for normal heart valve development in vivo. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:36. [PMID: 26472242 PMCID: PMC4608261 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Development of the valves and septa of the heart depends on the formation and remodeling of the endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. These cushions are populated by mesenchyme produced from the endocardium by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The endocardial cushions are remodeled into the valves at post-EMT stages via differentiation of the mesenchyme and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling has been implicated in both the induction of EMT in the endocardial cushions and the remodeling of the valves at post-EMT stages. We previously identified the RNA binding protein muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) as a negative regulator of TGFβ signaling and EMT in chicken endocardial cushions ex vivo. Here, we investigate the role of MBNL1 in endocardial cushion development and valvulogenesis in Mbnl1∆E3/∆E3 mice, which are null for MBNL1 protein. Methods Collagen gel invasion assays, histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, optical coherence tomography, and echocardiography were used to evaluate EMT and TGFβ signaling in the endocardial cushions, and morphogenesis, ECM composition, and function of the heart valves. Results As in chicken, the loss of MBNL1 promotes precocious TGFβ signaling and EMT in the endocardial cushions. Surprisingly, this does not lead to the production of excess mesenchyme, but later valve morphogenesis is aberrant. Adult Mbnl1∆E3/∆E3 mice exhibit valve dysmorphia with elevated TGFβ signaling, changes in ECM composition, and increased pigmentation. This is accompanied by a high incidence of regurgitation across both inflow and outflow valves. Mbnl1∆E3/∆E3 mice also have a high incidence of ostium secundum septal defects accompanied by atrial communication, but do not develop overt cardiomyopathy. Conclusions Together, these data indicate that MBNL1 plays a conserved role in negatively regulating TGFβ signaling, and is required for normal valve morphogenesis and homeostasis in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0087-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Coram
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave. NC10, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Present Address: Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Samantha J Stillwagon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave. NC10, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Anuradha Guggilam
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave. NC10, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Andrea N Ladd
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave. NC10, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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80
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Brougham CM, Levingstone TJ, Jockenhoevel S, Flanagan TC, O'Brien FJ. Incorporation of fibrin into a collagen-glycosaminoglycan matrix results in a scaffold with improved mechanical properties and enhanced capacity to resist cell-mediated contraction. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:205-14. [PMID: 26297884 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin has many uses as a tissue engineering scaffold, however many in vivo studies have shown a reduction in function resulting from the susceptibility of fibrin to cell-mediated contraction. The overall aim of the present study was to develop and characterise a reinforced natural scaffold using fibrin, collagen and glycosaminoglycan (FCG), and to examine the cell-mediated contraction of this scaffold in comparison to fibrin gels. Through the use of an injection loading technique, a homogenous FCG scaffold was developed. Mechanical testing showed a sixfold increase in compressive modulus and a thirtyfold increase in tensile modulus of fibrin when reinforced with a collagen-glycosaminoglycan backbone structure. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) were successfully incorporated into the FCG scaffold and demonstrated excellent viability over 7 days, while proliferation of these cells also increased significantly. VSMCs were seeded into both FCG and fibrin-only gels at the same seeding density for 7 days and while FCG scaffolds did not demonstrate a reduction in size, fibrin-only gels contracted to 10% of their original diameter. The FCG scaffold, which is composed of natural biomaterials, shows potential for use in applications where dimensional stability is crucial to the functionality of the tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fibrin is a versatile scaffold for tissue engineering applications, but its weak mechanical properties leave it susceptible to cell-mediated contraction, meaning the dimensions of the fibrin construct will change over time. We have reinforced fibrin with a collagen glycosaminoglycan matrix and characterised the mechanical properties and bioactivity of the reinforced fibrin (FCG). This is the first scaffold manufactured from all naturally derived materials that resists cell-mediated contraction. In fact, over 7 days, the FCG scaffold fully resisted cell-mediated contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells. This FCG scaffold has many potential applications where natural scaffold materials can encourage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Brougham
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton St, Dublin 1, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
| | - Tanya J Levingstone
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Flanagan
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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81
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Association of TGFBR2 rs6785358 Polymorphism with Increased Risk of Congenital Ventricular Septal Defect in a Chinese Population. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1476-82. [PMID: 26022443 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) plays a central role in normal heart development, and we investigated whether TGFBR2 polymorphism confers the risk of congenital ventricular septal defect (CVSD). The case-control study included 115 CVSD children and 188 healthy children in a Chinese population. TGFBR2 rs6785358 polymorphism was genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to detect serum TGFBR2 levels. The genotype and allele frequency of TGFBR2 rs6785358 were significantly higher in the CVSD group than in the controls (all P < 0.05). The G allele carriers were associated with increased CVSD risk compared with the A allele carriers in CVSD group (OR 3.503, 95 % CI 2.670-4.596). Stratified analysis by gender revealed that the TGFBR2 rs6785358 genotype and allele frequency were significantly different between the CVSD case and controls, in both the male subgroup and the female subgroup (all P < 0.001). The G allele carriers were more susceptible to CVSD risk than the A allele carriers in both the male subgroup (OR 9.096, 95 % CI 5.398-15.33) and the female subgroup (OR 3.148, 95 % CI 1.764-5.618). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, gender and genotype were associated with the risk of CVSD (all P < 0.05). The study findings revealed that TGFBR2 rs6785358 polymorphism contributes to CVSD susceptibility, and the G allele may increase the risk of CVSD.
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82
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Horne TE, VandeKopple M, Sauls K, Koenig SN, Anstine LJ, Garg V, Norris RA, Lincoln J. Dynamic Heterogeneity of the Heart Valve Interstitial Cell Population in Mitral Valve Health and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:214-232. [PMID: 26527432 PMCID: PMC4625550 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart valve interstitial cell (VIC) population is dynamic and thought to mediate lay down and maintenance of the tri-laminar extracellular matrix (ECM) structure within the developing and mature valve throughout life. Disturbances in the contribution and distribution of valve ECM components are detrimental to biomechanical function and associated with disease. This pathological process is associated with activation of resident VICs that in the absence of disease reside as quiescent cells. While these paradigms have been long standing, characterization of this abundant and ever-changing valve cell population is incomplete. Here we examine the expression pattern of Smooth muscle α-actin, Periostin, Twist1 and Vimentin in cultured VICs, heart valves from healthy embryonic, postnatal and adult mice, as well as mature valves from human patients and established mouse models of disease. We show that the VIC population is highly heterogeneous and phenotypes are dependent on age, species, location, and disease state. Furthermore, we identify phenotypic diversity across common models of mitral valve disease. These studies significantly contribute to characterizing the VIC population in health and disease and provide insights into the cellular dynamics that maintain valve structure in healthy adults and mediate pathologic remodeling in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Horne
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Matthew VandeKopple
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Kimberly Sauls
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Sara N Koenig
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Lindsey J Anstine
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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Hjortnaes J, Shapero K, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Keegan J, Kluin J, Mayer JE, Bischoff J, Aikawa E. Valvular interstitial cells suppress calcification of valvular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:251-260. [PMID: 26232165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in the Western world. We previously proposed that valvular endothelial cells (VECs) replenish injured adult valve leaflets via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT); however, whether EndMT contributes to valvular calcification is unknown. We hypothesized that aortic VECs undergo osteogenic differentiation via an EndMT process that can be inhibited by valvular interstitial cells (VICs). APPROACH AND RESULTS VEC clones underwent TGF-β1-mediated EndMT, shown by significantly increased mRNA expression of the EndMT markers α-SMA (5.3 ± 1.2), MMP-2 (13.5 ± 0.6) and Slug (12 ± 2.1) (p < 0.05), (compared to unstimulated controls). To study the effects of VIC on VEC EndMT, clonal populations of VICs were derived from the same valve leaflets, placed in co-culture with VECs, and grown in control/TGF-β1 supplemented media. In the presence of VICs, EndMT was inhibited, shown by decreased mRNA expression of α-SMA (0.1 ± 0.5), MMP-2 (0.1 ± 0.1), and Slug (0.2 ± 0.2) (p < 0.05). When cultured in osteogenic media, VECs demonstrated osteogenic changes confirmed by increase in mRNA expression of osteocalcin (8.6 ± 1.3), osteopontin (3.7 ± 0.3), and Runx2 (5.5 ± 1.5). The VIC presence inhibited VEC osteogenesis, demonstrated by decreased expression of osteocalcin (0.4 ± 0.1) and osteopontin (0.2 ± 0.1) (p < 0.05). Time course analysis suggested that EndMT precedes osteogenesis, shown by an initial increase of α-SMA and MMP-2 (day 7), followed by an increase of osteopontin and osteocalcin (day 14). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that EndMT may precede VEC osteogenesis. This study shows that VICs inhibit VEC EndMT and osteogenesis, indicating the importance of VEC-VIC interactions in valve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kayle Shapero
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joshua Keegan
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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84
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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85
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Plein A, Calmont A, Fantin A, Denti L, Anderson NA, Scambler PJ, Ruhrberg C. Neural crest-derived SEMA3C activates endothelial NRP1 for cardiac outflow tract septation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2661-76. [PMID: 26053665 DOI: 10.1172/jci79668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the outflow tract (OFT) of the developing heart septates into the base of the pulmonary artery and aorta to guide deoxygenated right ventricular blood into the lungs and oxygenated left ventricular blood into the systemic circulation. Accordingly, defective OFT septation is a life-threatening condition that can occur in both syndromic and nonsyndromic congenital heart disease. Even though studies of genetic mouse models have previously revealed a requirement for VEGF-A, the class 3 semaphorin SEMA3C, and their shared receptor neuropilin 1 (NRP1) in OFT development, the precise mechanism by which these proteins orchestrate OFT septation is not yet understood. Here, we have analyzed a complementary set of ligand-specific and tissue-specific mouse mutants to show that neural crest-derived SEMA3C activates NRP1 in the OFT endothelium. Explant assays combined with gene-expression studies and lineage tracing further demonstrated that this signaling pathway promotes an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition that supplies cells to the endocardial cushions and repositions cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs) within the OFT, 2 processes that are essential for septal bridge formation. These findings elucidate a mechanism by which NCCs cooperate with endothelial cells in the developing OFT to enable the postnatal separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
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86
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Menon V, Eberth JF, Goodwin RL, Potts JD. Altered Hemodynamics in the Embryonic Heart Affects Outflow Valve Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:108-124. [PMID: 26878022 PMCID: PMC4751060 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac valve structure and function are primarily determined during early development. Consequently, abnormally-formed heart valves are the most common type of congenital heart defects. Several adult valve diseases can be backtracked to abnormal valve development, making it imperative to completely understand the process and regulation of heart valve development. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the development of heart valves. Though hemodynamics is vital to valve development, its role in regulating EMT is still unknown. In this study, intracardiac hemodynamics were altered by constricting the outflow tract (OFT)/ventricle junction (OVJ) of HH16–17 (Hamilton and Hamburger (HH) Stage 16–17) chicken embryos, ex ovo for 24 h. The constriction created an increase in peak and time-averaged centerline velocity along the OFT without changes to volumetric flow or heart rate. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate the level of increased spatially-averaged wall shear stresses on the OFT cushion from AMIRA reconstructions. OFT constriction led to a significant decrease in OFT cushion volume and the number of invaded mesenchyme in the OFT cushion. qPCR analysis revealed altered mRNA expression of a representative panel of genes, vital to valve development, in the OFT cushions from banded hearts. This study indicates the importance of hemodynamics in valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
| | - John F. Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Richard L. Goodwin
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jay D. Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-803-216-3820; Fax: +1-803-216-3846
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87
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Bosman A, Letourneau A, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Ronzoni F, Kuziakiv R, Tohonen V, Zucchelli M, Santoni F, Guipponi M, Dumevska B, Hovatta O, Antonarakis SE, Jaconi ME. Perturbations of Heart Development and Function in Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Trisomy 21. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1434-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bosman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Martina Del Lungo
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Flavio Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuziakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Virpi Tohonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Outi Hovatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Clinical Science; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marisa E. Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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88
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Jana S, Tranquillo RT, Lerman A. Cells for tissue engineering of cardiac valves. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 10:804-824. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Robert T. Tranquillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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89
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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90
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Liu MM, Flanagan TC, Lu CC, French AT, Argyle DJ, Corcoran BM. Culture and characterisation of canine mitral valve interstitial and endothelial cells. Vet J 2015; 204:32-9. [PMID: 25747697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VICs) have an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in the dog. Furthermore, there is evidence that valve endothelial cells (VECs) also contribute to disease development. In addition to examining native valve tissue to understand MMVD, another strategy is to separately examine VIC and VEC biology under in vitro culture conditions. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise canine mitral VICs and VECs from normal dog valves using a combination of morphology, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Canine mitral VECs and VICs were isolated and cultured in vitro. The two cell populations exhibited different morphologies and growth patterns. VECs, but not VICs, expressed the endothelial markers, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1 or CD31) and acetylated low density lipoprotein (Dil-Ac-LDL). Both VECs and VICs expressed vimentin and embryonic non-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb), an activated mesenchymal cell marker. The myofibroblast marker, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), was detected at the mRNA level in both VEC and VIC cultures, but only at the protein level in VIC cultures. The morphological heterogeneity and expression of non-endothelial phenotypic markers in VEC cultures suggested that a mixture of cell types was present, which might be due to cell contamination and/or endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). The use of a specific endothelial culture medium for primary VEC cultures enhanced the endothelial properties of the cells and reduced α-SMA and SMemb expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-M Liu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - T C Flanagan
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C-C Lu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - A T French
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - D J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - B M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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91
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Abstract
Advances made in the understanding of the molecular biology of the cardiac valves have been truly spectacular. Not all of those investigating these aspects, however, have an appropriate understanding of the underlying anatomy. Partly, this reflects problems in describing the components of the various valves, a difficulty also emphasised by surgeons who repair or replace the valves. In this review, we describe briefly the overall anatomy of the cardiac valves, pointing to their similarities and differences. We then suggest that uniform terms can be developed to account for the components of the valves, treating them as complexes that guard the atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial junctions. The atrioventricular valvar complex is made up of an annulus, leaflets, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles. The tension apparatus is required to hold the leaflets together against the force of ventricular systole. The ventriculo-arterial complex is also based on the leaflets, but supported within the valvar sinuses, and limited distally by the sinutubular junction. It is the semilunar nature of the leaflets that underscores their snug closure during ventricular diastole. The complexes thus defined can be separated to produce paired valves in the normal arrangement, or to produce common valves in the congenitally malformed hearts. Knowledge of development now permits accurate inferences to be made regarding the origin of the various components, and their relevance to valvar disease. The valvar leaflets are developed from the endocardial cushions formed in the atrioventricular canal and the outflow tract by a process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. The papillary muscles of the atrioventricular valves are then derived from the trabecular layer of the developing ventricular walls, whereas the sinuses of the ventriculo-arterial valves are formed by additional growth of the non-myocardial tissues, concomitant with excavation of the outflow cushions to form the leaflets.
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92
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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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93
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten C, Baaijens F, de la Pompa JL. How to make a heart valve: from embryonic development to bioengineering of living valve substitutes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013912. [PMID: 25368013 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease is a significant cause of ill health and death worldwide, and valve replacement remains one of the most common cardiac interventions in high-income economies. Despite major advances in surgical treatment, long-term therapy remains inadequate because none of the current valve substitutes have the potential for remodeling, regeneration, and growth of native structures. Valve development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and environmental cues that cause disease when perturbed. Cardiac valves develop from endocardial cushions that become populated by valve precursor mesenchyme formed by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mesenchymal precursors, subsequently, undergo directed growth, characterized by cellular compartmentalization and layering of a structured extracellular matrix (ECM). Knowledge gained from research into the development of cardiac valves is driving exploration into valve biomechanics and tissue engineering directed at creating novel valve substitutes endowed with native form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baaijens
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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94
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Bressan M, Yang PB, Louie JD, Navetta AM, Garriock RJ, Mikawa T. Reciprocal myocardial-endocardial interactions pattern the delay in atrioventricular junction conduction. Development 2014; 141:4149-57. [PMID: 25273084 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient blood flow depends on two developmental processes that occur within the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) of the heart: conduction delay, which entrains sequential chamber contraction; and valve formation, which prevents retrograde fluid movement. Defects in either result in severe congenital heart disease; however, little is known about the interplay between these two crucial developmental processes. Here, we show that AVJ conduction delay is locally assigned by the morphogenetic events that initiate valve formation. Our data demonstrate that physical separation from endocardial-derived factors prevents AVJ myocardium from becoming fast conducting. Mechanistically, this physical separation is induced by myocardial-derived factors that support cardiac jelly deposition at the onset of valve formation. These data offer a novel paradigm for conduction patterning, whereby reciprocal myocardial-endocardial interactions coordinate the processes of valve formation with establishment of conduction delay. This, in turn, synchronizes the electrophysiological and structural events necessary for the optimization of blood flow through the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bressan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - PoAn Brian Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Jonathan D Louie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Alicia M Navetta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Robert J Garriock
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
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95
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Lauriol J, Jaffré F, Kontaridis MI. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in cardiac development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:73-81. [PMID: 25256404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common human developmental disorder, affecting ∼1:100 newborns, and is the primary cause of birth-defect related deaths worldwide. As a major regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), cytokine and G-protein coupled receptor signaling, the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 plays a critical role in normal cardiac development and function. Indeed, SHP2 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and cell-cell communication. Moreover, human activating and inactivating mutations of SHP2 are responsible for two related developmental disorders called Noonan and LEOPARD Syndromes, respectively, which are both characterized, in part, by congenital heart defects. Structural, enzymologic, biochemical, and SHP2 mouse model studies have together greatly enriched our knowledge of SHP2 and, as such, have also uncovered the diverse roles for SHP2 in cardiac development, including its contribution to progenitor cell specification, cardiac morphogenesis, and maturation of cardiac valves and myocardial chambers. By delineating the precise mechanisms by which SHP2 is involved in regulating these processes, we can begin to better understand the pathogenesis of cardiac disease and find more strategic and effective therapies for treatment of patients with congenital heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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96
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Zhao Z. TGFβ and Wnt in cardiac outflow tract defects in offspring of diabetic pregnancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:364-70. [PMID: 25231192 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy causes defects in infant heart, including the outflow tracts (OFTs). Development of the aorta and pulmonary artery, which are derived from the common OFT in the embryo, is regulated by the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and Wnt families, and can be perturbed by hyperglycemia-generated intracellular stress conditions. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain to be delineated. METHODS Female mice were induced diabetic with streptozotocin. Embryonic and fetal OFTs were examined morphologically and histologically. Cell proliferation was assessed using 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and TGFβ factors were detected using immunohistochemistry. The expression of genes in the Wnt-signaling system was assessed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array. The role of activin-A in cell proliferation was addressed by treating embryos cultured in high glucose with activin-A. RESULTS Maternal diabetes caused complex abnormalities in the OFTs, including aortic and pulmonary stenosis and persistent truncus arteriosus. The development of the endocardial cushions was suppressed, manifested with insufficient cellularization of the tissues. Cell proliferation was significantly decreased under oxidative and ER stress conditions. The expression of genes in the Wnt signaling was significantly altered. Activin-A and Smad3 were found to be expressed in the OFT. Treatment with activin-A rescued cell proliferation in the endocardial cushions. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes generates oxidative and ER stress conditions, suppresses TGFβ and Wnt signaling, inhibits cell proliferation and cellularization of the endocardial cushions, leading to OFT septal defects. Activin-A plays a role in hyperglycemia-suppressed proliferation of the endocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lindsey SE, Butcher JT, Yalcin HC. Mechanical regulation of cardiac development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:318. [PMID: 25191277 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00318/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are essential contributors to and unavoidable components of cardiac formation, both inducing and orchestrating local and global molecular and cellular changes. Experimental animal studies have contributed substantially to understanding the mechanobiology of heart development. More recent integration of high-resolution imaging modalities with computational modeling has greatly improved our quantitative understanding of hemodynamic flow in heart development. Merging these latest experimental technologies with molecular and genetic signaling analysis will accelerate our understanding of the relationships integrating mechanical and biological signaling for proper cardiac formation. These advances will likely be essential for clinically translatable guidance for targeted interventions to rescue malforming hearts and/or reconfigure malformed circulations for optimal performance. This review summarizes our current understanding on the levels of mechanical signaling in the heart and their roles in orchestrating cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dogus University Istanbul, Turkey
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Lindsey SE, Butcher JT, Yalcin HC. Mechanical regulation of cardiac development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:318. [PMID: 25191277 PMCID: PMC4140306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are essential contributors to and unavoidable components of cardiac formation, both inducing and orchestrating local and global molecular and cellular changes. Experimental animal studies have contributed substantially to understanding the mechanobiology of heart development. More recent integration of high-resolution imaging modalities with computational modeling has greatly improved our quantitative understanding of hemodynamic flow in heart development. Merging these latest experimental technologies with molecular and genetic signaling analysis will accelerate our understanding of the relationships integrating mechanical and biological signaling for proper cardiac formation. These advances will likely be essential for clinically translatable guidance for targeted interventions to rescue malforming hearts and/or reconfigure malformed circulations for optimal performance. This review summarizes our current understanding on the levels of mechanical signaling in the heart and their roles in orchestrating cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dogus University Istanbul, Turkey
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Aoki H. Tenascin-C and mechanotransduction in the development and diseases of cardiovascular system. Front Physiol 2014; 5:283. [PMID: 25120494 PMCID: PMC4114189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living tissue is composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). In the heart and blood vessels, which are constantly subjected to mechanical stress, ECM molecules form well-developed fibrous frameworks to maintain tissue structure. ECM is also important for biological signaling, which influences various cellular functions in embryonic development, and physiological/pathological responses to extrinsic stimuli. Among ECM molecules, increased attention has been focused on matricellular proteins. Matricellular proteins are a growing group of non-structural ECM proteins highly up-regulated at active tissue remodeling, serving as biological mediators. Tenascin-C (TNC) is a typical matricellular protein, which is highly expressed during embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer invasion. The expression is tightly regulated, dependent on the microenvironment, including various growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical stress. In the heart, TNC appears in a spatiotemporal-restricted manner during early stages of development, sparsely detected in normal adults, but transiently re-expressed at restricted sites associated with tissue injury and inflammation. Similarly, in the vascular system, TNC is strongly up-regulated during embryonic development and under pathological conditions with an increase in hemodynamic stress. Despite its intriguing expression pattern, cardiovascular system develops normally in TNC knockout mice. However, deletion of TNC causes acute aortic dissection (AAD) under strong mechanical and humoral stress. Accumulating reports suggest that TNC may modulate the inflammatory response and contribute to elasticity of the tissue, so that it may protect cardiovascular tissue from destructive stress responses. TNC may be a key molecule to control cellular activity during development, adaptation, or pathological tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan ; Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University Kurume, Japan
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Pavone LM, Norris RA. Distinct signaling pathways activated by "extracellular" and "intracellular" serotonin in heart valve development and disease. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:819-28. [PMID: 23605455 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valve diseases are often due to developmental anomalies that progressively lead to the abnormal distribution and organization of extracellular matrix proteins overtime. Whereas mechanisms underlying adult valvulopathies are unknown, previous work has shown a critical involvement of the monoamine serotonin in disease pathogenesis. In particular, the interaction of serotonin with its receptors can activate transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, which in turn promotes extracellular matrix gene expression. Elevated levels of circulating serotonin can lead to aberrant TGF-β1 signaling with significant effects on cardiac valve structure and function. Additional functions of serotonin have recently been reported in which internalization of serotonin, through the serotonin transporter SERT, can exert important cytoskeletal functions in lieu of simply being degraded. Recent findings demonstrate that intracellular serotonin regulates cardiac valve remodeling, and perturbation of this pathway can also lead to heart valve defects. Thus, both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms of serotonin action appear to be operative in heart valve development, functionality, and disease. This review summarizes some of the salient aspects of serotonin activity during cardiac valve development and disease pathogenesis with an understanding that further elaboration of intracellular and extracellular serotonin pathways may lead to beneficial treatments for heart valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy,
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