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Zujko ME, Witkowska AM. Antioxidant Potential and Polyphenol Content of Selected Food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903176584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata E. Zujko
- a Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology , Medical University , Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna M. Witkowska
- a Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology , Medical University , Bialystok, Poland
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52
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Kim YH, Lee YS, Choi EM. Chrysoeriol isolated from Eurya cilliata leaves protects MC3T3-E1 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 30:666-73. [PMID: 20981859 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chrysoeriol is a flavonoid compound found in several tropical medicinal plants. To elucidate the protective effects of chrysoeriol isolated from Eurya cilliata on the response of osteoblasts to oxidative stress, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated with chrysoeriol and/or H₂O₂, and markers of osteoblast function and oxidative damage were examined. Chrysoeriol treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the cytotoxic effect of H₂O₂ and increased collagen content, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition of osteoblasts in the presence of H₂O₂. These effects were blocked by ICI182780, suggesting that chrysoeriol's effect might be partly involved in estrogen action. Moreover, H₂O₂-induced reduction of osteocalcin was recovered in the presence of chrysoeriol. Chrysoeriol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, interleukin-6, protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde of MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of H₂O₂. These results demonstrate that chrysoeriol isolated from E. cilliata can protect osteoblasts from oxidative stress-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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53
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Bouhlel I, Limem I, Skandrani I, Nefatti A, Ghedira K, Dijoux-Franca MG, Leila CG. Assessment of isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside from Acacia salicina: protective effects toward oxidation damage and genotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 and nifuroxazide. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 30:551-8. [PMID: 20809543 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside, isolated from the leaves of Acacia salicina, was determined by the ability of this compound to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity and to scavenge the free radical 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(.-)) diammonium salt. Antigenotoxic activity was assessed using the SOS chromotest assay. This compound has the ability to scavenge the ABTS(.+) radical by a hydrogen donating mechanism. We also envisaged the study of the antioxidant effect of this compound by the enzymatic xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XOD) assay. Results indicated that isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside was a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and superoxide anion scavengers. Moreover, this compound induced an inhibitory activity against nifuroxazide and aflatoxine B1 (AFB1) induced genotoxicity. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside isolated from the leaves of A. salicina is able to protect cells against the consequences of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bouhlel
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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54
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Improvement of quality and antioxidant properties of dried mulberry leaves with combined far-infrared radiation and air convection in Thai tea process. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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55
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Chang WH, Hu SP, Huang YF, Yeh TS, Liu JF. Effect of purple sweet potato leaves consumption on exercise-induced oxidative stress and IL-6 and HSP72 levels. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1710-5. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00205.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of purple sweet potato leaves (PSPL) consumption on oxidative stress markers in a healthy, nontrained, young male population after completing a running exercise protocol. A crossover design was applied, with 15 subjects participating in a two-step dietary intervention period. Each subject was given a high- (PSPL group) or low-polyphenol (control group) diet for 7 days with a 14-day washout period. After each dietary intervention period, all subjects performed 1 h of treadmill running at a speed corresponding to 70% of each subject's individual maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Blood samples were taken before exercise and at 0, 1, and 3 h after exercise. Compared with the control group, PSPL consumption significantly increased plasma total polyphenols concentration and total antioxidant power (i.e., the ferric-reducing ability of plasma) in the PSPL group. The markers of oxidative damage, plasma TBARS and protein carbonyl, significantly decreased. Plasma IL-6 concentration also decreased. However, no significant difference was found in HSP72 levels between the two groups. These findings indicate that consuming a high-polyphenol diet for 7 days can modulate antioxidative status and decrease exercise-induced oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shene-Pin Hu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fen Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shao Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fang Liu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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56
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57
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Akanitapichat P, Phraibung K, Nuchklang K, Prompitakkul S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of five eggplant varieties. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3017-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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58
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Casado R, Landa A, Calvo JJ, Del Carmen Terencio M, Calvo MI. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jungia paniculata. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:897-905. [PMID: 20673177 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903311128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Jungia paniculata (DC.) A. Gray (Asteraceae), used traditionally in Peru. The dry leaves were extracted with methanol, 50% methanol, and water. The anti-inflammatory activity of this plant was studied using in vitro (nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and sPLA(2) inhibition assay) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and TPA-induced ear edema in mice) model systems. The antioxidant activity of extracts was studied using three in vitro model systems (DPPH(*) radical-scavenging assay, ABTS(*+) assay, and superoxide radical-scavenging activity). The results have been correlated with total phenolics and total flavonoids contents. In the NO test of the extracts of Jungia paniculata, no significant cytotoxicities were observed at the concentrations determined by MTT assay. Only the MeOH50 extract of Jungia paniculata significantly inhibited PLA(2) enzyme activity (82.3 +/- 2.6%). At 3 h, the 50% methanol extract of Jungia paniculata at an oral dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant suppression of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (36.36%). The same extract induced a 93.99% reduction in TPA-induced edema in topical administration. The extracts exhibited a high antioxidant activity and contained high total levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. There was a significant linear correlation between total phenolics and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity in the three models used. In conclusion, Jungia paniculata possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which confirm the use of this plant in folk medicine as a topical anti-inflammatory herbal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Casado
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica (Farmacognosia), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Navarra, Spain
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59
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Limem I, Bouhlel I, Bouchemi M, Kilani S, Boubaker J, Ben-Sghaier M, Skandrani I, Behouri W, Neffati A, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Phlomis mauritanica Extracts Reduce the Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Scavenge the Superoxide Anions, and Inhibit the Aflatoxin B1-, Sodium Azide-, and 4-Nitrophenyldiamine-Induced Mutagenicity in Bacteria. J Med Food 2010; 13:717-24. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilef Limem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Bouhlel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Bouchemi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Kilani
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jihed Boubaker
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ben-Sghaier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Skandrani
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Behouri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Neffati
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unity of Pharmacognosy/Molecular Biology 99/UR/07-03, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
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60
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Halbwirth H. The creation and physiological relevance of divergent hydroxylation patterns in the flavonoid pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:595-621. [PMID: 20386656 PMCID: PMC2852856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and biochemically-related chalcones are important secondary metabolites, which are ubiquitously present in plants and therefore also in human food. They fulfill a broad range of physiological functions in planta and there are numerous reports about their physiological relevance for humans. Flavonoids have in common a basic C(6)-C(3)-C(6) skeleton structure consisting of two aromatic rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C) containing one oxygen atom, whereas chalcones, as the intermediates in the formation of flavonoids, have not yet established the heterocyclic C-ring. Flavonoids are grouped into eight different classes, according to the oxidative status of the C-ring. The large number of divergent chalcones and flavonoid structures is from the extensive modification of the basic molecules. The hydroxylation pattern influences physiological properties such as light absorption and antioxidative activity, which is the base for many beneficial health effects of flavonoids. In some cases antiinfective properties are also effected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Halbwirth
- Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/1665, A-1060 Wien, Austria; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +43-1-58801-17311; Fax: +43-1-58801-17399
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61
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LEE JUNGMIN, LEE SEUNGCHEOL. THE EFFECTS OF FAR-INFRARED IRRADIATION ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LICORICE (GLYCYRRHIZA URALENSISFISCH) ROOT. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Kim JW, Kim MC, Nam KC, Lee SC. Effect of Electron-beam Irradiation on Polymethoxylated Flavones Content of Citrus unshiu Pomaces. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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63
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Li NG, Shi ZH, Tang YP, Yang JP, Duan JA. An efficient partial synthesis of 4'-O-methylquercetin via regioselective protection and alkylation of quercetin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:60. [PMID: 20300474 PMCID: PMC2839915 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient partial 5-step synthesis of 4'-O-methylquercetin from quercetin in 63% yield is reported. This strategy relies on the selective protection of the catechol group with dichlorodiphenylmethane in diphenyl ether as solvent and on the selective protection of the hydroxyl groups at positions 3 and 7 with chloromethyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Guang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
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64
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Bouhlel I, Skandrani I, Nefatti A, Valenti K, Ghedira K, Mariotte AM, Hininger-Favier I, Laporte F, Dijoux-Franca MG, Chekir-Ghedira L. Antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of isorhamnetin 3-O neohesperidoside from Acacia salicina. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:258-67. [PMID: 19538023 DOI: 10.1080/01480540902882192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin 3-O neohesperidoside (I3ON), isolated from the leaves of Acacia salicina, was determined by the ability of this compound to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to protect against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in pKS plasmid DNA and Escherichia coli cultures. Antigenotoxic activity was assessed by using the comet assay. The IC(50) value of the inhibitory activity toward lipid peroxidation by I3ON is 0.6 mM. This compound was also able to protect against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in pKS plasmid DNA. Moreover, this compound induced an inhibitory activity toward H2O2-induced genotoxicity. The protective effect exhibited by this molecule was also determined by analysis of gene expression as a response to an oxidative stress, using a cDNA microarray. Transcription of several genes related to the antioxidant system (HMOX2 and TXNL) and to the DNA repair pathway (XPC, POLD1, POLD2, PCNA, DDIT3, APEX, and LIG4) were upregulated after incubation with I3ON. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that the I3ON, isolated from the leaves of A. salicina, is able to protect cells against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bouhlel
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie/Médecine Dentaire de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
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65
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Huvaere K, Olsen K, Skibsted LH. Quenching of Triplet-Excited Flavins by Flavonoids. Structural Assessment of Antioxidative Activity. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7283-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Huvaere
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karsten Olsen
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leif H. Skibsted
- Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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66
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Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of three flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae) : A structure-activity relationship study. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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67
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Singh UP, Singh DP, Maurya S, Maheshwari R, Singh M, Dubey RS, Singh RB. Investigation on the Phenolics of Some Spices Having Pharmacotherapeutic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j157v04n04_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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68
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69
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Cherkaoui-Tangi K, Lachkar M, Wibo M, Morel N, Gilani AH, Lyoussi B. Pharmacological studies on hypotensive, diuretic and vasodilator activities of chrysin glucoside from Calycotome villosa in rats. Phytother Res 2008; 22:356-61. [PMID: 18058990 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken in normotensive anaesthetized male rats that received a continuous perfusion of a chrysin glucoside isolated from the flowers and leaves of Calycotome villosa subsp intermedia at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, or furosemide (control diuretic) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Compared with the control rats receiving NaCl (0.9%), the urine flow, glomerular filtration and electrolyte excretion (Na+, K+) increased significantly in rats treated with chrysin glucoside (p < 0.001). A similar effect was observed in the rats perfused with furosemide. Intravenous injections of bolus doses (1-3 mg/kg) of the chrysin glucoside to anaesthetized rats elicited an immediate and dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). Pretreatment of the rats with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-NOArg (10 mg/kg), reduced partially, but significantly (p < 0.01), the maximal decrease in MABP elicited by chrysin glucoside. In the rat isolated aorta preparation, chrysin glucoside (10-100 microm) inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the noradrenaline (1 microm) induced contractions (IC(50) = 52 microm). This relaxant activity of chrysin glucoside was significantly reduced by incubation of the endothelium-intact rings with l-NOArg (100 microm), (80 +/- 4.7% vs 48 +/- 5.06% in the absence of L-NOArg). In conclusion, these results demonstrate a diuretic and hypotensive action of a chrysin glucoside from Calycotome villosa in anaesthetized rats and indicating an action on renal function, and an active vascular relaxation mediated partially through nitric oxide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cherkaoui-Tangi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Pharmacologie et Santé Environnementale, Faculté des Sciences, Dhar-El mehraz, Fès, Morocco
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70
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Leo L, Leone A, Longo C, Lombardi DA, Raimo F, Zacheo G. Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity in "early potatoes". JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4154-4163. [PMID: 18476702 DOI: 10.1021/jf073322w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant content and the antioxidant capacity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant extracts from four "early potato" cultivars, grown in two different locations (Racale and Monteroni), were examined. There was a considerable variation in carotenoid content and weak differences in the ascorbic acid concentration of the examined cultivars of "early potato" and between the harvested locations. An increase in both methanol/water (8:2 v/v) and phosphate buffer soluble (PBS) free phenols (70%) and bound phenols (28%) in the extracts from the cultivars grown at Racale site was found and discussed. Examination of individual phenols revealed that chlorogenic acid and catechin were the major phenols present in potato tuber extracts; a moderate amount of caffeic acid and ferulic acid was also detected. The total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was higher in the Racale extracts and a highly positive linear relationship ( R (2) = 0.8193) between TEAC values and total phenolic content was observed. The oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) of methanol/water and PBS extracts of peel and whole potatoes against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals was also analyzed. A highly significant linear correlation ( R (2) = 0.9613) between total antioxidant capacity (as a sum of peroxyl radicals + peroxynitrite) and total phenol content of methanol/water extracts was established. Moreover, proliferation of human mammalian cancer (MCF-7) cells was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to potato extracts. These data can be useful for "early potato" tuber characterization and suggest that the "early potato" has a potential as a dietary source of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Leo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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71
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Ammar RB, Sghaier MB, Boubaker J, Bhouri W, Naffeti A, Skandrani I, Bouhlel I, Kilani S, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of aflatoxin B1-, nifuroxazide-, and sodium azide-induced mutagenicity by extracts from Rhamnus alaternus L. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:1-10. [PMID: 18511029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of extracts obtained from Rhamnus alaternus L. leaves on genotoxicity and SOS response induced by aflatoxin B(1) (10 microg/assay) as well as nifuroxazide (20 microg/assay) was investigated in a bacterial assay system, i.e., the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic actions of the same extracts against the sodium azide (1.5 microg/plate)-induced mutagenicity was assayed using the Salmonella typhimurium assay system. The R. alaternus tested extracts exhibited no genotoxicity either with or without the external S9 activation mixture. However, all the extracts, particularly aqueous extract (A) and its chloroformic fraction (A(2)) significantly decreased the genotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B(1) and nifuroxazide. Moreover, the different extracts showed no mutagenicity when tested with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA1538 either with or without the S9 mix. Aqueous extract as well as its A(2) fraction exhibited the highest level of protection towards the direct mutagen, sodium azide-induced response in TA1535 strain with mutagenicity inhibition percentages of 83.6% and 91.4%, respectively, at a dose of 250 microg/plate. The results obtained by the Ames test assay confirm those of SOS chromotest. These same active extracts exhibited high xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibiting with respective IC(50) values of 208 and 137 microg/ml, and superoxide anion-scavenging effects (IC(50) values of 132 and 117 microg/ml) when tested in the XOD enzymatic assay system. Our findings emphasize the potential of R. alaternus to prevent mutations and also its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebai Ben Ammar
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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72
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Es-Safi NE, Beauhaire J, Guerneve CL, Ducrot PH. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Modified (+)-Catechin Derivatives. Structure-Activity Relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2007.618.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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73
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Es-Safi NE, Ghidouche S, Ducrot PH. Flavonoids: hemisynthesis, reactivity, characterization and free radical scavenging activity. Molecules 2007; 12:2228-58. [PMID: 17962740 PMCID: PMC6149145 DOI: 10.3390/12092228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds form one of the main classes of secondary metabolites. They display a large range of structures and they are responsible for the major organoleptic characteristics of plant-derived-foods and beverages, particularly color and taste properties and they also contribute to the nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables. Phenolic compounds are also highly unstable compounds which undergo numerous enzymatic and chemical reactions during postharvest food storage and processing thus adding to the complexity of plant polyphenol composition. Among these compounds flavonoids constitute one of the most ubiquitous groups of all plant phenolics. Owing to their importance in food organoleptic properties and in human health, a better understanding of their structures, their reactivity and chemical properties in addition to the mechanisms generating them appears essential to predict and control food quality. The purpose of this work is an overview of our findings concerning the hemisynthesis, the reactivity and the enzymatic oxidation of some flavonoids and shed light on the mechanisms involved in some of these processes and the structures of the resulting products. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the synthesized compounds is also presented and a structure-activity relationship is discussed. The first part of this review concerns the synthesis and structural characterization of modified monomeric flavanols. The use of these compounds as precursor for the preparation of natural and modified dimeric procyanidin derivatives was then explored through different coupling reactions. The full characterization of the synthesized compounds was achieved by concerted use of NMR and ESI-MS techniques. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the synthesized compounds was investigated. The second part of this review concerns the enzymatic oxidation of several flavonols by Trametes versicolor laccase. Most of the major oxidation products have been isolated as pure compounds and their structures unambiguously established through spectroscopic methods. Correlation between the structure of the oxidation product and the substitution pattern of the starting materials allows mechanistic features of this transformation to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Es-Safi
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France; E-mails: (Guidouche); (Ducrot)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et d’Etudes Physico-Chimiques, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie. Ecole Normale Supérieure, B.P 5118 Takaddoum Rabat, Morocco
| | - Souhila Ghidouche
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France; E-mails: (Guidouche); (Ducrot)
| | - Paul Henri Ducrot
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France; E-mails: (Guidouche); (Ducrot)
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74
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Barbehenn RV, Jones CP, Hagerman AE, Karonen M, Salminen JP. Ellagitannins have greater oxidative activities than condensed tannins and galloyl glucoses at high pH: potential impact on caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2007; 32:2253-67. [PMID: 17019621 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a diversity of tannin structures but little is known about whether these different types have different oxidative activities in herbivores. Oxidative activities of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins were compared at pH 10 with two methods: EPR spectrometry was used to quantify semiquinone radicals in anoxic conditions and a spectrophotometric assay was used to measure the rate of browning of phenolics oxidized in ambient oxygen conditions. A little-studied group of hydrolyzable tannins (ellagitannins) contained the most active tannins examined, forming high concentrations of semiquinone radicals and browning at the highest rates. On average, galloyl glucoses and high-molecular-weight gallotannins had intermediate to low oxidative activities. Condensed tannins generally formed low levels of semiquinone radicals and browned most slowly. The results suggest that ellagitannin-rich plants have active oxidative defenses against herbivores, such as caterpillars, whereas the opposite may hold true for plants that contain predominantly condensed tannins or high-molecular-weight gallotannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond V Barbehenn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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75
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Bilušić Vundać V, Brantner AH, Plazibat M. Content of polyphenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of some Stachys taxa. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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76
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Khlebnikov AI, Schepetkin IA, Domina NG, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT. Improved quantitative structure-activity relationship models to predict antioxidant activity of flavonoids in chemical, enzymatic, and cellular systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:1749-70. [PMID: 17166721 PMCID: PMC2013303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are useful in understanding how chemical structure relates to the biological activity of natural and synthetic chemicals and for design of newer and better therapeutics. In the present study, 46 flavonoids and related polyphenols were evaluated for direct/indirect antioxidant activity in three different assay systems of increasing complexity (chemical, enzymatic, and intact phagocytes). Based on these data, two different QSAR models were developed using (i) physicochemical and structural (PC&S) descriptors to generate multiparameter partial least squares (PLS) regression equations derived from optimized molecular structures of the tested compounds and (ii) a partial 3D comparison of the 46 compounds with local fingerprints obtained from fragments of the molecules by the frontal polygon (FP) method. We obtained much higher QSAR correlation coefficients (r) for flavonoid end-point antioxidant activity in all three assay systems using the FP method (0.966, 0.948, and 0.965 for datasets evaluated in the biochemical, enzymatic, and whole cell assay systems, respectively). Furthermore, high leave-one-out cross-validation coefficients (q2) of 0.907, 0.821, and 0.897 for these datasets, respectively, indicated enhanced predictive ability and robustness of the model. Using the FP method, structural fragments (submolecules) responsible for the end-point antioxidant activity in the three assay systems were also identified. To our knowledge, this is the first QSAR model derived for description of flavonoid direct/indirect antioxidant effects in a cellular system, and this model could form the basis for further drug development of flavonoid-like antioxidant compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I. Khlebnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul 656038, Russia
- *Corresponding Authors: Dr. Andrei I. Khlebnikov, Department of Chemistry. Altai State Technical University. 46 Lenin Avenue. Barnaul 656038. Russia. Phone: +7-3852-245513; +7-3852-522436. Fax +7-3852-367864,
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Nina G. Domina
- Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul 656038, Russia
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- *Corresponding Authors: Dr. Andrei I. Khlebnikov, Department of Chemistry. Altai State Technical University. 46 Lenin Avenue. Barnaul 656038. Russia. Phone: +7-3852-245513; +7-3852-522436. Fax +7-3852-367864,
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77
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Wagner C, Fachinetto R, Dalla Corte CL, Brito VB, Severo D, de Oliveira Costa Dias G, Morel AF, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT. Quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, prevents lipid peroxidation in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1107:192-8. [PMID: 16828712 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been demonstrated to be associated with a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Flavonoid compounds have been investigated for their protective action against oxidative mechanisms in different in vivo and in vitro models, which seems to be linked to their antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examine the protective mechanism of quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, against the production of TBARS induced by different agents. TBARS production was stimulated by the incubation of rat brain homogenate with Fe2+, Fe2+ plus EDTA, quinolinic acid (QA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and potassium ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-). Quercitrin was able to prevent the formation of TBARS induced by pro-oxidant agents tested; however, it was more effective against potassium ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-, IC50=2.5), than quinolinic acid (QA, IC50=6 microg/ml) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, IC50=5.88 microg/ml) than Fe2+ (Fe2+, IC50=14.81 microg/ml), Fe2+ plus EDTA (Fe2+ plus EDTA, IC50=48.15 microg/ml). The effect of quercitrin on the Fenton reaction was also investigated (deoxyribose degradation). Quercitrin caused a significant decrease in deoxyribose degradation that was not dependent on the concentration. Taken together, the data presented here indicate that quercitrin exhibits a scavenger and antioxidant role, and these effects probably are mediated via different mechanisms, which may involve the negative modulation of the Fenton reaction and NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wagner
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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78
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Lee SC, Jeong SM, Kim SY, Park HR, Nam K, Ahn D. Effect of far-infrared radiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of water extracts from peanut hulls. Food Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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79
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Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:577-86. [PMID: 16111877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are wide variety of compounds that occur in fruits and vegetables, wine, tea, extra virgin olive oil, chocolate and other cocoa products. Several polyphenols have been demonstrated to have clear antioxidant properties in vitro, and many of their biological actions have been attributed to their intrinsic reducing capabilities. However, this concept appears now to be a simplistic way to conceive their activity. Evidence is indeed accumulating that polyphenols might exert several other specific biological effects that are as yet poorly understood. In this article we review the most recent data on the subject and describe the additional functions that polyphenols can have in biological systems, focusing on their effects on glutathione and its related enzymes. Experimental data indicate that polyhenols may offer an indirect protection by activating endogenous defense systems. Several lines of evidence suggest a tight connection between exogenous and endogenous antioxidants that appear to act in a coordinated fashion. It is reasonable to hypothesize that this is achieved, at least in part, through antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) present in the promoter regions of many of the genes inducible by oxidative and chemical stress. The latest studies strongly suggest that dietary polyphenols can stimulate antioxidant transcription and detoxification defense systems through ARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Masella
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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80
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Zhao X, Sun H, Hou A, Zhao Q, Wei T, Xin W. Antioxidant properties of two gallotannins isolated from the leaves of Pistacia weinmannifolia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1725:103-10. [PMID: 15925448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pistacia weinmannifolia J. Poisson ex Franch (Anacardiaceae) is a shrub or arbor widely found in Yunnan province of China and its leaves are used as traditional Chinese medicine by herbalists. The leaves of P. weinmannifolia are rich in phenolic compounds, among which two novel gallotannins, Pistafolin A and Pistafolin B, are identified. In the present investigation, the antioxidant efficiency of Pistafolin A and Pistafolin B in preventing lipid, protein and DNA from reactive oxygen species-mediated damage was studied. Both Pistafolin A and Pistafolin B inhibited the peroxyl-radical induced lipid peroxidation of l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine liposomes dose-dependently and prevented the bovine serum albumin from peroxyl-induced oxidative damage. Pistafolin A and Pistafolin B also inhibited copper (II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex-induced DNA oxidative damage. Both Pistafolin A and Pistafolin B scavenged the hydrophilic 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt-free radicals and the hydrophobic 1,1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals effectively, suggesting they may act as hydrogen donating antioxidants. The protective effects of the two gallotannins against oxidative damage of biomacromolecules were due to their strong free radical scavenging ability. Pistafolin A with three galloyl moieties showed stronger antioxidant ability than Pistafolin B with two galloyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhao
- Center for Structural and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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81
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Torres JL, Lozano C, Maher P. Conjugation of catechins with cysteine generates antioxidant compounds with enhanced neuroprotective activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2032-7. [PMID: 16153406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds derived from the conjugation of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate with cysteine and cysteine derivatives protected HT-22 nerve cells (EC50 between 36 and 65 microM) from death triggered by glutamate while underivatized (-)-epicatechin was almost inactive (EC50=610 microM). Differences in free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH assay) could not account for the improvement in neuroprotective activity upon derivatization of (-)-epicatechin with thiols. Moreover, while the gallate-containing compounds are more efficient radical scavengers than their non-galloylated counterparts, they are only equally or less potent as neuroprotective agents. Although all of the conjugates were able to scavenge mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells, the majority of their neuroprotective activity appeared to be dependent upon their ability to maintain glutathione levels. These results suggest that a mechanism other than ROS scavenging is involved in the neuroprotective action exerted by the epicatechin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Torres
- Pure and Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute for Chemical and Environmental Research (IIQAB-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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82
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El Antri A, Messouri I, Tlemçani RC, Bouktaib M, El Alami R, El Bali B, Lachkar M. Flavone glycosides from Calycotome villosa Subsp. Intermedia. Molecules 2004; 9:568-73. [PMID: 18007456 DOI: 10.3390/90700568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The known flavonoid chrysin-7-O-(beta-D-glycopyranoside) (chrysin glucoside,1) as a major fraction and a new glycoside flavone, chrysin-7-O-beta-D-[(6"-acetyl)glycopyranoside] (2) were isolated from the flowers and leaves of Calycotome Villosa Subsp. Intermedia, They were identified by UV-Vis, 1R, (1)H-, (13)C-NMR and ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El Antri
- Laboratoire d'Analyses, d'Essais et d'Environnement (L.A.E.E.), Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Dhar Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, 30000 Fès, Morocco
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83
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Williams RJ, Spencer JPE, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:838-49. [PMID: 15019969 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1246] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many studies are accumulating that report the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive actions of dietary flavonoids. While there has been a major focus on the antioxidant properties, there is an emerging view that flavonoids, and their in vivo metabolites, do not act as conventional hydrogen-donating antioxidants but may exert modulatory actions in cells through actions at protein kinase and lipid kinase signalling pathways. Flavonoids, and more recently their metabolites, have been reported to act at phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signalling cascades. Inhibitory or stimulatory actions at these pathways are likely to affect cellular function profoundly by altering the phosphorylation state of target molecules and by modulating gene expression. A clear understanding of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids, either as antioxidants or modulators of cell signalling, and the influence of their metabolism on these properties are key to the evaluation of these potent biomolecules as anticancer agents, cardioprotectants, and inhibitors of neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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84
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Yilmaz Y, Toledo RT. Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:255-60. [PMID: 14733505 DOI: 10.1021/jf030117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed <26% to the antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC on the basis of the corrected concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in grape byproducts. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities of phenolics present in grape seeds or skins in decreasing order were resveratrol > catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7610, USA
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85
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Priyadarsini KI, Maity DK, Naik GH, Kumar MS, Unnikrishnan MK, Satav JG, Mohan H. Role of phenolic O-H and methylene hydrogen on the free radical reactions and antioxidant activity of curcumin. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:475-84. [PMID: 12927597 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the relative importance of phenolic O-H and the CH-H hydrogen on the antioxidant activity and the free radical reactions of Curcumin, (1,7-bis[4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), biochemical, physicochemical, and density functional theory (DFT) studies were carried out with curcumin and dimethoxy curcumin (1,7-bis[3, 4-dimethoxy phenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione). The antioxidant activity of these compounds was tested by following radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes, and the results suggested that at equal concentration, the efficiency to inhibit lipid peroxidation is changed from 82% with curcumin to 24% with dimethoxy curcumin. Kinetics of reaction of (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH, a stable hydrogen abstracting free radical was tested with these two compounds using stopped-flow spectrometer and steady state spectrophotometer. The bimolecular rate constant for curcumin was found to be approximately 1800 times greater than that for the dimethoxy derivative. Cyclic voltammetry studies of these two systems indicated two closely lying oxidation peaks at 0.84 and 1.0 V vs. SCE for curcumin, while only one peak at 1.0 V vs. SCE was observed for dimethoxy curcumin. Pulse radiolysis induced one-electron oxidation of curcumin and dimethoxy curcumin was studied at neutral pH using (*)N(3) radicals. This reaction with curcumin produced phenoxyl radicals absorbing at 500 nm, while in the case of dimethoxy curcumin a very weak signal in the UV region was observed. These results suggest that, although the energetics to remove hydrogen from both phenolic OH and the CH(2) group of the beta-diketo structure are very close, the phenolic OH is essential for both antioxidant activity and free radical kinetics. This is further confirmed by DFT calculations where it is shown that the -OH hydrogen is more labile for abstraction compared to the -CH(2) hydrogen in curcumin. Based on various experimental and theoretical results it is definitely concluded that the phenolic OH plays a major role in the activity of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Indira Priyadarsini
- Radiation Chemistry and Chemical Dynamics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
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86
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Mishra B, Priyadarsini KI, Kumar MS, Unnikrishnan MK, Mohan H. Effect of O-glycosilation on the antioxidant activity and free radical reactions of a plant flavonoid, chrysoeriol. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2677-85. [PMID: 12788341 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chrysoeriol and its glycoside (chrysoeriol-6-O-acetyl-4'-beta-D-glucoside) are two natural flavonoids extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus. The aqueous solutions of both the flavonoids were tested for their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by gamma-radiation, Fe (III) and Fe (II). In all these assays chrysoeriol showed better protecting effect than the glycoside. The compounds were also found to inhibit enzymatically produced superoxide anion by xanthine/xanthine oxidase system; here the glycoside is more effective than the aglycone. The rate constants for the reaction of the compounds with superoxide anion determined by using stopped-flow spectrometer were found to be nearly same. Chrysoeriol glycoside reacts with DPPH radicals at millimolar concentration, but the aglycone showed no reaction. Using nanosecond pulse radiolysis technique, reactions of these compounds with hydroxyl, azide, haloperoxyl radicals and hydrated electron were studied. The bimolecular rate constants for these reactions and the transient spectra of the one-electron oxidized species indicated that the site of oxidation for the two compounds is different. Reaction of hydrated electron with the two compounds was carried out at pH 7, where similar reactivity was observed with both the compounds. Based on all these studies it is concluded that chrysoeriol exhibits potent antioxidant activity. O-glycosylation of chrysoeriol decreases its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and reaction with peroxyl radicals. However the glycoside is a more efficient scavenger of DPPH radicals and a better inhibitor of xanthine/xanthine oxidase than the aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Mishra
- Radiation Chemistry & Chemical Dynamics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
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87
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Bors W, Michel C, Stettmaier K, Lu Y, Foo LY. Pulse radiolysis, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of caffeic acid oligomer radicals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1620:97-107. [PMID: 12595078 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven representative compounds isolated from Salvia officinalis, among them caffeic acid, the dimer rosmarinic acid and oligomers of caffeic acid, were investigated with regard to their antioxidant potential both expressed by the radical scavenging activity and the stability and structure of the intermediate radicals. Pulse-radiolytic investigation revealed very high rate constants with both hydroxyl and azide radicals. Evidence from kinetic modelling calculations suggested unusual complex behavior due to the presence of both O(4)- and O(3)-semiquinones and - in two cases - formation and decay of a hydroxyl radical adduct at the vinyl side chain. EPR spectroscopy studies, which included dihydrocaffeic acid as a model for the saturated side chains of the oligomers, confirmed that the radical structures after oxidation in slightly alkaline solutions are representing dissociated O(4)-semiquinones. While according to calculations based on hybrid density-functional theory the other radical structures are valid intermediates, they cannot be observed except by pulse radiolysis due to their fast decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Bors
- Institut für Strahlenbiologie, GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, GSF Research Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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88
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Sestili P, Diamantini G, Bedini A, Cerioni L, Tommasini I, Tarzia G, Cantoni O. Plant-derived phenolic compounds prevent the DNA single-strand breakage and cytotoxicity induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide via an iron-chelating mechanism. Biochem J 2002; 364:121-8. [PMID: 11988084 PMCID: PMC1222553 DOI: 10.1042/bj3640121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of selected members from a series of caffeic acid esters and flavonoids were tested in various toxicity paradigms using U937 cells, previously shown to be sensitive to either iron chelators or bona fide radical scavengers or to both classes of compounds. It was found that all the protective polyphenols were active at very low concentrations and that their effects were observed only under those conditions in which iron chelators also afforded protection. Consistently, active polyphenolic compounds, unlike the inactive ones, effectively chelated iron in an in vitro system. It follows that, at least under the experimental conditions utilized in the present study, the most prominent activity of these polyphenolic compounds resides in their ability to chelate iron. Further studies revealed that the protective effects afforded by the caffeic acid esters and flavonoids were largely mediated by the catechol moiety and that the relative biological potency of these compounds was a direct function of their lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sestili
- Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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