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Sabeel S, Motaung B, Ozturk M, Mukasa S, Kengne AP, Blom D, Sliwa K, Nepolo E, Günther G, Wilkinson RJ, Schacht C, Thienemann F, Guler R. Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis: impact of statins as immune-modulatory agents on inflammatory markers in adults with chronic diseases. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039034. [PMID: 32792452 PMCID: PMC7430409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, are lipid-lowering agents that are central in preventing or reducing the complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Because statins have anti-inflammatory properties, there is considerable interest in their therapeutic potential in other chronic inflammatory conditions. We aim to identify the statin with the greatest ability to reduce systemic inflammation, independent of the underlying disease entity. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to conduct a comprehensive search of published and peer-reviewed randomised controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention arm of a Food & Drug Administration-licensed or European Medicines Agency-licensed statin and a minimum treatment duration of 12 weeks. Our objective is to investigate the effect of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin) on lipid profile, particularly, cholesterol low-density lipoprotein and inflammation markers such as high-sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), CRP, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) or sCD16 in adults, published in the last 20 years (between January 1999 and December 2019). We aim to identify the most potent statin to reduce systemic inflammation and optimal dosing. The following databases will be searched: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews. The risk of bias of included studies will be assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. The quality of studies will be assessed, to show uncertainty, by the Jadad Score. If sufficient evidence is identified, a meta-analysis will be conducted with risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs in addition to mean differences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as no primary data will be collected. Results will be presented at conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020169919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solima Sabeel
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bongani Motaung
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Mukasa
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gunar Günther
- University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
- Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Friedrich Thienemann
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Copsel SN, Malek TR, Levy RB. Medical Treatment Can Unintentionally Alter the Regulatory T-Cell Compartment in Patients with Widespread Pathophysiologic Conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2000-2012. [PMID: 32745461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are non-redundant mediators of immune tolerance that are critical to prevent autoimmune disease and promote an anti-inflammatory tissue environment. Many individuals experience chronic diseases and physiologic changes associated with aging requiring long-term medication. Unfortunately, adverse effects accompany every pharmacologic intervention and may affect overall outcomes. We focus on medications typically prescribed during the treatment of prevalent chronic diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, and menopausal symptoms, that affect >200 million individuals in the United States. Increasing studies continue to report that treatment of patients with estrogen, metformin, statins, vitamin D, and tumor necrosis factor blockers are unintentionally modulating the Treg compartment. Effects of these medications likely comprise direct and/or indirect interaction with Tregs via other immune and parenchymal populations. Differing and sometimes opposing effects on the Treg compartment have been observed using the same medication. The length of treatment, dosing regimen and stage of disease, patient age, ethnicity, and sex may account for such findings and determine the specific signaling pathways affected by the medication. Enhancing the Treg compartment can skew the patient's immune system toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and therefore could provide unanticipated benefit. Currently, multiple medicines prescribed to large numbers of patients influence the Treg compartment; however, how such effects affect their disease outcome and long-term health remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Copsel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert B Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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Gachpazan M, Kashani H, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Rezayi M, Asgharzadeh F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The Impact of Statin Therapy on the Survival of Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:738-747. [PMID: 30539694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181211165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors that may play an important role in the evolution of cancers, due to their effects on cancer cell metabolism. Statins affect several potential pathways, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastasis. The number of trials assessing the putative clinical benefits of statins in cancer is increasing. Currently, there are several trials listed on the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from these trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant gastrointestinal cancer setting. However, randomized controlled trials on specific cancer types in relation to statin use, as well as studies on populations without a clinical indication for using statins, have elucidated some potential underlying biological mechanisms, and the investigation of different statins is probably warranted. It would be useful for these trials to incorporate the assessment of tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in their design. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical studies that assess the application of statins in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers with particular emphasize on their association with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Gachpazan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Kashani
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ricci G, Ciccone MM, Giordano P, Cortese F. Statins: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:213-221. [PMID: 29984667 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180706144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases secondary to atherosclerosis are the primary causes of early death and disability worldwide and dyslipidaemia represents one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Among lipid abnormalities that define it, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary target of therapy, since multiple randomized controlled trials have shown the positive impact of its reduction on atherosclerosis development. For their ability to lower LDL-C levels, statins are the most studied drugs in cardiovascular disease prevention, of proven utility in slowing the progression or even determining regression of atherosclerosis. In addition, they have ancillary proprieties, with positive effects on the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the so-called "pleiotropic mechanisms". Although sharing the same mechanism of action, the different chemical and pharmacological characteristics of each kind of statins affect their absorption, bioavailability, plasma protein binding properties, excretion and solubility. In this overview, we analysed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of this class of drugs, specifying the differences among the molecules, along with the economic aspects. Detailed knowledge of characteristics and differences of each kind of available statin could help the physician in the correct choice, based also on patient's clinical profile, of this essential tool with a demonstrated high cost-effectiveness both in primary than in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ricci
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, "Monsignor Dimiccoli" Hospital, Barletta, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, "Monsignor Dimiccoli" Hospital, Barletta, Italy
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Roy S, Hyman D, Ayyala S, Bakhshi A, Kim SH, Anoruo N, Weinstock J, Balogun A, D'Souza M, Filatova N, Penabad J, Shah P, Perez C, Mehta A, Hunter K. Cognitive Function Assessment in Patients on Moderate- or High-Intensity Statin Therapy. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:255-265. [PMID: 32362974 PMCID: PMC7188372 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the USA. Statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events significantly. Cognitive impairment has been reported with statin therapy but there is a lack of consensus. We analyzed the cognitive functions of adult patients who were on moderate-intensity statin therapy (MIST) or high-intensity statin therapy (HIST). Methods A total of 213 patients underwent cognitive assessment testing. Cognitive function scores were correlated with the durations of statin therapy, age, and level of education by using Pearson correlation. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean cognitive function score to the gender, race, type of statin therapy, and comorbid conditions. Results Mean age of all the patients was 55.4 years. Majority of the patients (66.2%) were on MIST while the rest (33.8%) were on HIST. Cognitive impairment was observed in 17.8% of the studied patients. A total of 41.7% of the patients in the HIST group and 5.7% in the MIST group had cognitive impairment (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between cognitive function score and age (r = -0.106), weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score (r = 0.252), and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score (r = -0.283). In the group of patients on HIST with cognitive impairment, the proportion of patients on atorvastatin 40 - 80 mg was significantly higher than the proportion of patients on rosuvastatin 20 - 40 mg (66.7% vs. 33.3%; P < 0.05). In the group of patients on MIST with cognitive impairment, atorvastatin 10 - 20 mg was the most commonly used statin therapy (50%), followed by rosuvastatin 10 mg (25%), simvastatin 20 - 40 mg (12.5%) and pravastatin 40 - 80 mg (12.5%). Conclusions We found a significantly higher association of cognitive impairment in patients who were on MIST or HIST compared to the general population. We found no correlation between cognitive function score and age, weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score, and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score. HIST was associated with a higher frequency of cognitive impairment compared to the MIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Ayyala
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Aditya Bakhshi
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy Anoruo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ayobamidele Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Michelle D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nika Filatova
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jesus Penabad
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Perez
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Anita Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Pharmacologic Management of Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Crit Care Nurs Q 2020; 43:138-156. [DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ponticelli C, Arnaboldi L, Moroni G, Corsini A. Treatment of dyslipidemia in kidney transplantation. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:257-267. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1732921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ponticelli
- Divisione di Nefrologia, Istituto Scientifico Ospedale Maggiore, Milano, Italy (retired)
| | - Lorenzo Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nefrologia e Dialisi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milano, Italy
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Bahrami A, Bo S, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on ageing: Molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101024. [PMID: 32006687 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human ageing is determined by degenerative alterations and processes with different manifestations such as gradual organ dysfunction, tissue function loss, increased population of aged (senescent) cells, incapability of maintaining homeostasis and reduced repair capacity, which collectively lead to an increased risk of diseases and death. The inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the most widely used lipid-lowering agents, which can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence has documented several pleiotropic effects of statins in addition to their lipid-lowering properties. Recently, several studies have highlighted that statins may have the potential to delay the ageing process and inhibit the onset of senescence. In this review, we focused on the anti-ageing mechanisms of statin drugs and their effects on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases.
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Rana R, Sharma R, Kumar A. Repurposing of Existing Statin Drugs for Treatment of Microbial Infections: How Much Promising? Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:224-237. [PMID: 30081793 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180806123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Today's microbial infections' resistance to approved drugs, the emergence of new infectious diseases and lack of vaccines, create a huge threat to human health. Thus, there is an urgent need to create novel antimicrobial agents, but the high cost and prolonged timeline of novel drug discovery and development is the major barrier to make new drugs. Therefore, there is a need for specific cost effective approaches in order to identify new drugs for the treatment of various microbial infections. Drug repurposition is an alternative technique to find existing clinically approved drugs for other indications. This approach may enhance the portfolio of Pharmaceutical companies by reducing the time and money required for the development of new chemical entity. In literature, various studies have reported some encouraging results regarding the antimicrobial use of existing statin drugs. Further, some clinical studies have also shown the protective effect of statin drugs in reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to many infectious diseases but complete understanding is still lacking. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the use of statin drugs, especially in the context of antimicrobial effects. In this review, we try to summarize the use of statin drugs in various infectious diseases and their proposed antimicrobial mechanism of action. Further, current challenges and future perspectives of repurposition of statin drugs as antimicrobial agents have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Pharmacy College (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Institute of Professional Studies (ISFIPS), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Pharmacy College (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
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Oinotkinova OS, Nikonov EL, Kryukov EV, Baranov AP, Voevoda MI. Evolution of dyslipidemia: from etiological mechanisms to new targets of personalized preventive nutraceutical therapy with red yeast rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2019-6-88-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Sh. Oinotkinova
- Moscow State University; Research Institute of Public Health and Healthcare Management
| | - E. L. Nikonov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | | | - A. P. Baranov
- Moscow State University; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - M. I. Voevoda
- Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine
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Wang L, Wang Y, Chen A, Teli M, Kondo R, Jalali A, Fan Y, Liu S, Zhao X, Siegel A, Minami K, Agarwal M, Li BY, Yokota H. Pitavastatin slows tumor progression and alters urine-derived volatile organic compounds through the mevalonate pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:13710-13721. [PMID: 31585508 PMCID: PMC6894072 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901388r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site of metastasis from breast cancer, and a desirable drug could suppress tumor growth as well as metastasis-linked bone loss. Currently, no drug is able to cure breast cancer-associated bone metastasis. In this study, we focused on statins that are known to inhibit cholesterol production and act as antitumor agents. After an initial potency screening of 7 U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved statins, we examined pitavastatin as a drug candidate for inhibiting tumor and tumor-induced bone loss. In vitro analysis revealed that pitavastatin acted as an inhibitor of tumor progression by altering stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and reducing Snail and matrix metalloproteinase 9. In bone homeostasis, it blocked osteoclast development by suppressing transcription factors c-Fos and JunB, but stimulated osteoblast mineralization by regulating bone morphogenetic protein 2 and p53. In a mouse model, pitavastatin presented a dual role in tumor inhibition in the mammary fat pad, as well as in bone protection in the osteolytic tibia. In mass spectrometry-based analysis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were linked to lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis were elevated in mice from the tumor-grown placebo group. Notably, pitavastatin-treated mice reduced specific VOCs that are linked to lipid metabolites in the mevalonate pathway. Collectively, the results lay a foundation for further investigation of pitavastatin's therapeutic efficacy in tumor-induced bone loss, as well as VOC-based diagnosis of tumor progression and treatment efficacy.-Wang, L., Wang, Y., Chen, A., Teli, M., Kondo, R., Jalali, A., Fan, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, X., Siegel, A., Minami, K., Agarwal, M., Li, B.-Y., Yokota, H. Pitavastatin slows tumor progression and alters urine-derived volatile organic compounds through the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Meghana Teli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rika Kondo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Aydin Jalali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Amanda Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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64
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Sharma M, Mehta I. Surface stabilized atorvastatin nanocrystals with improved bioavailability, safety and antihyperlipidemic potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16105. [PMID: 31695118 PMCID: PMC6834591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin, a favored option for hyperlipidemia exhibits the problem of poor gastric solubility and low absolute bioavailability (12%) along with higher pre-systemic clearance (>80%). Therefore, to circumvent these limitations, atorvastatin nanocrystals were prepared using poloxamer-188 as stabilizer via high pressure homogenization technique followed by lyophilization. Various variables like drug to poloxamer-188 ratio, homogenization cycle, homogenization pressure, type and concentration of cryoprotectant were optimized to achieve uniform nanosized crystals with good dispersibility. Solid state characterization by ATR-FTIR and DSC revealed no incompatible physicochemical interaction between drug and excipients in formulation while DSC and PXRD collectively corroborated the reduced crystallinity of drug in nanocrystals. Size analysis and SEM confirmed nanometric size range of nanocrystals (225.43 ± 24.36 nm). Substantial improvement in gastric solubility (~40 folds) and dissolution rate of drug in nanocrystals was observed. Pharmacokinetic study in wistar rats revealed significant improvement in oral bioavailability (~2.66 folds) with atorvastatin nanocrystals compared to pure drug. Furthermore, reduction in serum total lipid cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride content justified the effectiveness of formulation at 50% less dose of atorvastatin along with improved plasma safety profile in comparison of pure drug. In conclusion, atorvastatin nanocrystals are safe and efficacious drug delivery system confirming potent competence in treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions with ease of scalability for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Isha Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
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65
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Kwon J, Giri BR, Song ES, Bae J, Lee J, Kim DW. Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Atorvastatin Calcium for Improved Supersaturation and Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E461. [PMID: 31500147 PMCID: PMC6781288 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) technique has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the in vitro/in vivo characteristic of hydrophobic drugs. The low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATO), a lipid-lowering drug, present challenges for effective drug delivery. The objective of this work was to improve the aqueous solubility, in vitro dissolution, and oral absorption of ATO with amorphous solid dispersion technique prepared by spray-drying method. The optimized ternary formulation comprising of ATO; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), as a hydrophilic polymer; and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), as a surfactant, at a weight ratio of 1/1/0.1, showed significant improvement in aqueous solubility by ~18-fold compared to that of the free drug, and a cumulative release of 94.09% compared to a release of 59.32% of the free drug. Further, physicochemical studies via scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction revealed a change from the crystalline state of the free drug to its amorphous state in the ASD. Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats demonstrated 1.68- and 2.39-fold increments in AUC and Cmax, respectively, in the ASD over the free drug. Altogether, hydrophilic carrier-based ASDs prepared by the spray-drying technique represent a promising strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical performance of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Bhupendra Raj Giri
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Eon Soo Song
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jinju Bae
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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66
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Tatham LM, Liptrott NJ, Rannard SP, Owen A. Long-Acting Injectable Statins-Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? Molecules 2019; 24:E2685. [PMID: 31344834 PMCID: PMC6695729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in pharmaceutical processing technologies have resulted in development of medicines that provide therapeutic pharmacokinetic exposure for a period ranging from weeks to months following a single parenteral administration. Benefits for adherence, dose and patient satisfaction have been witnessed across a range of indications from contraception to schizophrenia, with a range of long-acting medicines also in development for infectious diseases such as HIV. Existing drugs that have successfully been formulated as long-acting injectable formulations have long pharmacokinetic half-lives, low target plasma exposures, and low aqueous solubility. Of the statins that are clinically used currently, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin may have compatibility with this approach. The case for development of long-acting injectable statins is set out within this manuscript for this important class of life-saving drugs. An overview of some of the potential development and implementation challenges is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Tatham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
- Tandem Nano Ltd., Liverpool L22 3GL, UK
| | - Neill J Liptrott
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK.
- Tandem Nano Ltd., Liverpool L22 3GL, UK.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zeng C, Li B, Zhang C, Li W, Hou X, Dong Y. Targeted delivery of atorvastatin via asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2187-2191. [PMID: 31005367 PMCID: PMC6535107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery platforms can increase the concentration of drugs in specific cell populations, reduce adverse effects, and hence improve the therapeutic effect of drugs. Herein, we designed two conjugates by installing the targeting ligand GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) onto atorvastatin (AT). Compared to the parent drug, these two conjugates, termed G2-AT and G2-K-AT, showed increased hepatic cellular uptake. Moreover, both conjugates were able to release atorvastatin, and consequently showed dramatic inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and increased LDL receptors on cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan Eastern Road, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunxi Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Wenqing Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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68
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Simvastatin nanoliposome induces myocardial and hepatic toxicities due to its absorption enhancement in mice. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:112-120. [PMID: 32175023 PMCID: PMC7066038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposome is a useful dosage form to increase solubility and absorption of simvastatin (SMV), and consequently improves its therapeutic effects. However, in vivo toxicity of SMV could also be elevated accompanied by the absorption enhancement, which is a decisive factor for the clinical application of SMV nanoliposome (SMV-Lipo), but has not been studied systematically and reported so far. In this study, organ toxicity of SMV-Lipo was evaluated in mice in the presence and absence of isoproterenol and compared to those of free SMV. Results demonstrated that compared to free SMV, the SMV-Lipo administrated at an equal dose of 25 mg/kg/d led to severe myocardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity at baseline and more pronounced liver injury with elevation of alanine aminotransferase. In addition, muscular adverse effect was also observed in SMV-Lipo treated group but not in SMV group. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that compared to free SMV, the SMV-Lipo administration significantly improved the plasma SMV concentration, and the oral bioavailability was 6.5 times of free SMV. Notably, when the dosage of free SMV increased to 50 mg/kg/d, yielding the comparable plasma concentration as SMV-Lipo given at 25 mg/kg/d, the myocardiotoxicity was observed in free SMV treated mice as well, which further confirmed that the enhanced absorption of SMV by the nanoliposomal formulation resulted in more severe myocardiotoxicity than the equal dose of free SMV.
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69
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Li S, Shi CH, Liu XJ, Li YS, Li SH, Song B, Xu YM. Association of CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 With the 1-year Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Han Chinese Population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:1860-1865. [PMID: 31064695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that common variants within CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are associated with statin pharmacokinetics and the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the association of variants in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 with the prognosis of ischemic stroke remains undetermined. Therefore, we investigated this herein. METHODS Four hundred thirty-three consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke were recruited. The outcome at the 1-year follow-up was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Two variants, CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3, were genotyped by the improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction platform. RESULTS Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the CYP3A4*1G/*1G homozygote was associated with poor outcome at 1 year (mRS score ≥2) after adjustment for conventional factors in the additive model (odds ratio [OR] = 2.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-7.98; P = .037) and recessive model (OR = 3.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-9.04; P = .016). Subgroup analysis indicated that the CYP3A4*1G/*1G homozygote was associated with poor prognosis at 1 year among patients with stable high-intensity atorvastatin therapy (40-80 mg/d) after adjustment for conventional factors in the additive model (OR = 8.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.50-44.44; P = .015) and recessive model (OR = 9.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.72-47.64; P = .009). No significant association was identified between CYP3A5*3 and the 1-year outcome of patients with ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings suggest that the CYP3A4*1G/CYP3A4*1G genotype may be associated with poor prognosis at 1 year after acute ischemic stroke in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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70
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Poli A. Primary prevention and hypercholesterolaemia: 'Doc, please, give me the natural statin'. Eur Heart J Suppl 2019; 21:B71-B72. [PMID: 30948955 PMCID: PMC6439924 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milano, Italy
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Ma YB, Chan P, Zhang Y, Tomlinson B, Liu Z. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin + ezetimibe in a fixed-dose combination for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:917-928. [PMID: 30908086 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1594776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bin Ma
- The Department of Pharmacy, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals with Lipid Lowering Properties. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2019; 26:113-118. [PMID: 30877602 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-019-00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowering total and, in particular, LDL cholesterol reduces cardiovascular risk and clinical events. Cholesterol-lowering strategies are manifold. Better diets and positive lifestyle changes are the foremost approach; the use of functional foods, of food supplements/nutraceuticals, and pharmacological treatment must be considered in patients with increasing lipid abnormalities and or increasing cardiovascular risk. Here, we briefly review the most frequently occurring cholesterol-lowering substances found in functional foods or nutraceuticals, i.e. plant sterols and stanols, monacolin K found in red yeast rice, berberine and beta-glucans. We intentionally use a colloquial style to convey our message, which physicians can forward to their patients. We underscore that these preparations are effective either alone or in combination, but that patients should use them after careful discussion with primary care physicians or specialists.
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Mechanisms of insulin resistance by simvastatin in C2C12 myotubes and in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:23-33. [PMID: 30796916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and lower serum LDL-cholesterol levels. They are generally well tolerated, but can cause insulin resistance in patients. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the statin-induced insulin resistance. We used mice and C2C12 myotubes (murine cell line): mice (n = 10) were treated with oral simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) or water (control) for 21 days and C2C12 cells were exposed to 10 μM simvastatin for 24 h. After intraperitoneal glucose application (2 g/kg), simvastatin-treated mice had higher glucose but equal insulin plasma concentrations than controls and lower glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Similarly, glucose uptake by C2C12 myotubes exposed to 10 μM simvastatin for 24 h was impaired compared to control cells. In simvastatin-treated C2C12 myotubes, mRNA and protein expression of the insulin receptor (IR) β-chain was increased, but the phosphorylation (Tyr1361) was impaired. Simvastatin decreased numerically Akt/PKB Thr308 phosphorylation (via insulin signaling pathway) and significantly Akt/PKB Ser473 phosphorylation (via mTORC2), which was explained by impaired phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2448. Reduced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB impaired downstream phosphorylation of GSK3β, leading to impaired translocation of GLUT4 into plasma membranes of C2C12 myotubes. In contrast, reduced phosphorylation of AS160 could be excluded as a reason for impaired GLUT4 translocation. In conclusion, simvastatin caused insulin resistance in mice and impaired glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. The findings in myotubes can be explained by diminished activation of Akt/PKB by mTORC2 and downstream effects on GSK3β, impairing the translocation of GLUT4 and the uptake of glucose.
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Kamińska M, Aliko A, Hellvard A, Bielecka E, Binder V, Marczyk A, Potempa J, Delaleu N, Kantyka T, Mydel P. Effects of statins on multispecies oral biofilm identify simvastatin as a drug candidate targeting Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2018; 90:637-646. [PMID: 30506795 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins effectively reduce risk of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or type 2 diabetes. In addition to lowering cholesterol levels, several studies have attributed statins with immunomodulatory and bactericidal properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate statins' antimicrobial activity against periodontal homeostasis bacteria. METHODS Statin effect on bacterial growth was tested using planktonic monocultures and multibacterial biofilms. The latter consisted of five microbial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii, Tannerella forsythia, and Streptococcus gordonii) associated with dysbiosis of the oral microbiota underlying establishment and perpetuation of periodontitis. RESULTS All four tested statins efficiently inhibited P. gingivalis growth and significantly decreased the cumulative bacterial load in developing and established biofilms. Simvastatin was most efficient and decreased P. gingivalis counts more than 1,300-fold relative to the control. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that similar effects on bacterial composition of the dental plaque may occur in vivo in patients on statins, thus, leading to a shift of the oral microbiome from a dysbiotic to a more homeostatic one. Simvastatin, being highly effective against P. gingivalis while not affecting commensal microbiota, possesses many properties qualifying it as a potential adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether similar effects on bacterial composition of the dental plaque may occur in vivo in patients on statins, thus, leading to a shift of the oral microflora from dysbiotic to a more homeostatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kamińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ardita Aliko
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Veronika Binder
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Agata Marczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,2C SysBioMed, Contra, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Galiullina LF, Scheidt HA, Huster D, Aganov A, Klochkov V. Interaction of statins with phospholipid bilayers studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:584-593. [PMID: 30578770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins are drugs that specifically inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and thereby reduce the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which represents a well-established risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The results of several clinical trials have shown that there are important intermolecular differences responsible for the broader pharmacologic actions of statins, even beyond HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. According to one hypothesis, the biological effects exerted by these compounds depend on their localization in the cellular membrane. The aim of the current work was to study the interactions of different statins with phospholipid membranes and to investigate their influence on the membrane structure and dynamics using various solid-state NMR techniques. Using 1H NOESY MAS NMR, it was shown that atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, and some percentage of pravastatin intercalate the lipid-water interface of POPC membranes to different degrees. Based on cross-relaxation rates, the different average distribution of the individual statins in the bilayer was determined quantitatively. Investigation of the influence of the investigated statins on membrane structure revealed that lovastatin had the least effect on lipid packing and chain order, pravastatin significantly lowered lipid chain order, while the other statins slightly decreased lipid chain order parameters mostly in the middle segments of the phospholipid chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisan F Galiullina
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Aganov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Klochkov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
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Kong R, Zhu X, Meteleva ES, Polyakov NE, Khvostov MV, Baev DS, Tolstikova TG, Dushkin AV, Su W. Atorvastatin calcium inclusion complexation with polysaccharide arabinogalactan and saponin disodium glycyrrhizate for increasing of solubility and bioavailability. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1200-1213. [PMID: 30039497 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of atorvastatin calcium (ATV), a poorly water-soluble drug with larch polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) and disodium glycyrrhizate (Na2GA) as carriers of drug delivery systems for improving its bioavailability. The interactions of ATV with AG or Na2GA were investigated by DSC, XRD, SEM, and NMR techniques. The molecular weights of supramolecular systems-inclusion complexes and micelles-which are the hosts for ATV molecules were measured. On the other hand, the rapid storage assay (+ 40 °C for 3 months) showed that the chemical stability of ATV/AG and ATV/Na2GA complexes had been enhanced compared with pure ATV. In vitro drug release showed a significant increase in ATV's dissolution rate after formation of a complex with Na2GA or AG. Pharmacokinetic tests in vivo on laboratory animals showed a significant increase in ATV's bioavailability after its introduction as a complex with Na2GA or AG. Moreover, ATV/AG and ATV/Na2GA complexes showed a more prominent decrease of total cholesterol (TC) level compared to net ATV. Therefore, the novel mechanochemically synthesized complexes of ATV with AG or Na2GA as drug delivery systems might be potential and promising candidates for hypercholesterolemia treatment and deserved further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Elizaveta S Meteleva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630128
| | - Nikolay E Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Khvostov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Baev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatjana G Tolstikova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Dushkin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630128.
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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77
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Jiang SY, Li H, Tang JJ, Wang J, Luo J, Liu B, Wang JK, Shi XJ, Cui HW, Tang J, Yang F, Qi W, Qiu WW, Song BL. Discovery of a potent HMG-CoA reductase degrader that eliminates statin-induced reductase accumulation and lowers cholesterol. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5138. [PMID: 30510211 PMCID: PMC6277434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, and have been clinically used to treat cardiovascular disease. However, a paradoxical increase of reductase protein following statin treatment may attenuate the effect and increase the side effects. Here we present a previously unexplored strategy to alleviate statin-induced reductase accumulation by inducing its degradation. Inspired by the observations that cholesterol intermediates trigger reductase degradation, we identify a potent degrader, namely Cmpd 81, through structure-activity relationship analysis of sterol analogs. Cmpd 81 stimulates ubiquitination and degradation of reductase in an Insig-dependent manner, thus dramatically reducing protein accumulation induced by various statins. Cmpd 81 can act alone or synergistically with statin to lower cholesterol and reduce atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Collectively, our work suggests that inducing reductase degradation by Cmpd 81 or similar chemicals alone or in combination with statin therapy can be a promising strategy for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-You Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Kai Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Wei Cui
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wen-Wei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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78
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Askarizadeh A, Butler AE, Badiee A, Sahebkar A. Liposomal nanocarriers for statins: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics appraisal. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1219-1229. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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79
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Elseweidy MM, Mohamed HE, Elrashidy RA, Atteia HH, Elnagar GM, Ali AEM. Potential therapeutic roles of 10-dehydrogingerdione and/or pentoxifylline against calcium deposition in aortic tissues of high dietary cholesterol-fed rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 453:131-142. [PMID: 30173373 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of 10-dehydrogingerdione (10-DHGD) and pentoxifylline (PTX) either individually or in combined form on calcium deposition in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rabbits as compared to atorvastatin (ATOR), and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Three-months-old male New Zealand white rabbits received either normal chow or HCD for 12 weeks. The latter group was subdivided into five groups and concurrently treated either with vehicle (dyslipidemic control), ATOR, 10-DHGD, PTX or combined 10-DHGD and PTX. Blood samples and aortic tissue were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. HCD-fed rabbits displayed dyslipidemia, inflammation, atherosclerotic lesions, and calcium deposition in aortas as compared to normal group. This was associated with up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), wingless-type MMTV integration site family 3A (Wnt3a) mRNA levels and osteopontin expression in their aortic tissue, along with higher serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. Furthermore, a marked decrease in osteoprotegerin, along with a significant increase in receptor activator of NF-κB(RANK) levels, was found in aortic tissue of dyslipidemic rabbits. 10-DHGD and PTX monotherapy significantly modulated the afore-mentioned calcification markers and attenuated aortic calcification to greater extent than ATOR. Combination of 10-DHGD and PTX exerted more anti-calcifying effect than either individual drug. Our findings suggested therapeutic roles of 10-DHGD and PTX against aortic calcium deposition in dyslipidemic rabbits, likely mediated by HDL-raising effect and attenuation of associated inflammation. Combination of 10-DHGD and PTX may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for aortic calcification associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elseweidy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hoda E Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rania A Elrashidy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah H Atteia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehad M Elnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Monem Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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80
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Galiullina L, Musabirova G, Latfullin I, Aganov A, Klochkov V. Spatial structure of atorvastatin and its complex with model membrane in solution studied by NMR and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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81
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Poli A, Barbagallo CM, Cicero AF, Corsini A, Manzato E, Trimarco B, Bernini F, Visioli F, Bianchi A, Canzone G, Crescini C, de Kreutzenberg S, Ferrara N, Gambacciani M, Ghiselli A, Lubrano C, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Montemurro V, Parretti D, Pedretti R, Perticone F, Stella R, Marangoni F. Nutraceuticals and functional foods for the control of plasma cholesterol levels. An intersociety position paper. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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82
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Forouzanfar F, Butler AE, Banach M, Barreto GE, Sahbekar A. Modulation of heat shock proteins by statins. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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83
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Thompson JM, Alvarez A, Singha MK, Pavesic MW, Nguyen QH, Nelson LJ, Fruman DA, Razorenova OV. Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway Suppresses VHL-Deficient CC-RCC through an HIF-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1781-1792. [PMID: 29720560 PMCID: PMC6072609 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options available for advanced stages. The objective of this study was to investigate HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, as potential therapeutics for CC-RCC. Importantly, treatment with statins was found to be synthetically lethal with the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, which occurs in 90% of CC-RCC driving the disease. This effect has been confirmed in three different CC-RCC cell lines with three different lipophilic statins. Inhibition of mevalonate synthesis by statins causes a profound cytostatic effect at nanomolar concentrations and becomes cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations in VHL-deficient CC-RCC. The synthetic lethal effect can be fully rescued by both mevalonate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, but not by squalene, indicating that the effect is due to disruption of small GTPase isoprenylation and not the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Inhibition of Rho and Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling contributes to the synthetic lethality effect, and overactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor signaling resulting from VHL loss is required. Finally, statin treatment is able to inhibit both tumor initiation and progression of subcutaneous 786-OT1-based CC-RCC tumors in mice. Thus, statins represent potential therapeutics for the treatment of VHL-deficient CC-RCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1781-92. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Thompson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Alejandro Alvarez
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Monika K Singha
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Matthew W Pavesic
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Quy H Nguyen
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Luke J Nelson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David A Fruman
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Olga V Razorenova
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
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84
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Statin therapy modulates thickness and inflammatory profile of human epicardial adipose tissue. Int J Cardiol 2018; 274:326-330. [PMID: 30454723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and pro-inflammatory status has been shown to be associated with several cardiac diseases, including aortic stenosis (AS). Thus, cardiac visceral fat could represent a potential new target for drugs. In the present study we evaluate the effect of statin therapy on EAT accumulation and inflammation. METHODS Echocardiographic EAT thickness was assessed in 193 AS patients taking (n.87) and not taking (n.106) statins, undergoing cardiac surgery. To explore the association between statin therapy and EAT inflammation, EAT biopsies were obtained for cytokines immunoassay determination in EAT secretomes. An in vitro study was also conducted and the modulation of EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) secretomes by atorvastatin was assessed in paired biopsies. RESULTS Statin therapy was significantly associated with lower EAT thickness (p < 0.0001) and with lower levels of EAT-secreted inflammatory mediators (p < 0.0001). Of note, there was a significant correlation between EAT thickness and its pro-inflammatory status. In vitro, atorvastatin showed a direct anti-inflammatory effect on EAT which was significantly higher compared to the SCAT response to statin incubation (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates a robust association between statin therapy and reduced EAT accumulation in patients with AS. The present data also suggest a direct relationship between EAT thickness and its inflammatory status, both modulated by statin therapy. The in vitro results support the hypothesis of a direct action of statins on EAT secretory profile. Overall our data suggest EAT as a potential new therapeutic target for statin therapy.
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85
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Nakashima Y, Miyagi-Shiohira C, Noguchi H, Omasa T. Atorvastatin Inhibits the HIF1α-PPAR Axis, Which Is Essential for Maintaining the Function of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1715-1734. [PMID: 29929789 PMCID: PMC6036234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a novel mechanism of action of statin preparations using a new drug discovery method. Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) was identified from the secretory component of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) as a cell adhesion-promoting factor effective for screening active cellular agents of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in vitro using electrochemical impedance. Our analyses showed that atorvastatin did not cause death in myocardial cells differentiated from hiPSCs but reduced the pluripotent cell survival in vitro when using serum- and albumin-free media, and inhibited the ability to form teratomas in mice. This result could have been already the cytopathic effect of atorvastatin, and complete elimination of hiPSCs was confirmed in the xenotransplantation assay. The administration of atorvastatin to hiPSCs caused the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α mRNA to be unchanged at 6 hr and downregulated at 24 hr. In addition, the inhibition of the survival of hiPSCs was confirmed by HIF1α-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) axis inhibition. These results suggest that the addition of atorvastatin to hiPSC cultures reduces the survival of pluripotent cells by suppressing the HIF1α-PPAR axis. In summary, the HIF1α-PPAR axis has an important role in maintaining the survival of pluripotent hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakashima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan; Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Chika Miyagi-Shiohira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan; Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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86
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Azeem M, Saleem Y, Hussain Z, Zahoor S, Javed MM. Optimization of Culture Conditions for the Production of Lovastatin by Aspergillus Terreus in Submerged Fermentation. Pharm Chem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Sychev DA, Ashraf GM, Svistunov AA, Maksimov ML, Tarasov VV, Chubarev VN, Otdelenov VA, Denisenko NP, Barreto GE, Aliev G. The cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and some new opportunities for the prediction of negative drug interaction in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1147-1156. [PMID: 29780235 PMCID: PMC5951216 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s149069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome (CYP) 450 isoenzymes are the basic enzymes involved in Phase I biotransformation. The most important role in biotransformation belongs to CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2. Inhibition and induction of CYP isoenzymes caused by drugs are important and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic mechanisms of drug interaction. Investigation of the activity of CYP isoenzymes by using phenotyping methods (such as the determination of the concentration of specific substrates and metabolites in biological fluids) during drug administration provides the prediction of negative side effects caused by drug interaction. In clinical practice, the process of phenotyping of CYP isoenzymes and some endogenous substrates in the ratio of cortisol to 6β-hydroxycortisol in urine for the evaluation of CYP3A4 activity has been deemed to be a quite promising, safe and minimally invasive method for patients nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij A Sychev
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Studies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maksim L Maksimov
- Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kazan State Medical Academy, Volga Region, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA.,School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, USA.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
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88
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Tu J, Li W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Song Y, Kang L, Liu W, Wang K, Li S, Hua W, Yang C. Simvastatin Inhibits IL-1β-Induced Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Degradation by Suppressing the NF-kB and MAPK Pathways in Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Inflammation 2018; 40:725-734. [PMID: 28188410 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway. Some studies have shown that statins may have the potential to inhibit intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration (IDD). Interleukin (IL)-1β, a catabolic cytokine, is a key regulator of IDD. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of simvastatin on IDD. The viability of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells was determined by the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The apoptosis of NP cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and western blotting of relevant apoptotic proteins. The protein levels of catabolic factors and anabolic factors were determined by western blotting. The cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of simvastatin to investigate the effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5, type II collagen, and aggrecan expression. Our findings indicate that simvastatin considerably inhibited IL-1β-induced apoptosis in NP cells. We also found that simvastatin attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5 activities and also reduced the decrease in type II collagen and aggrecan expression. In addition, simvastatin considerably suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-KB) by inhibiting p65 phosphorylation and translocation and blocking inhibitor kB-α degradation. It also inhibited MAPK pathway activation by blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK phosphorylation. The results of our study revealed that simvastatin is a potential agent for IDD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentian Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., 430207, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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89
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Schultz BG, Patten DK, Berlau DJ. The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: a tale of two mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:5. [PMID: 29507718 PMCID: PMC5830056 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 30% of adults 40 years and older in the United States are on a statin. Their widespread use heightens the importance of careful consideration of their varied effects on the body. Although randomized controlled trials have not confirmed cognitive impairing effects with statins, continuing evidence suggests statins have the ability to cause reversible cognitive impairment in some patients. Paradoxically, statins have also been shown to decrease the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and improve cognitive impairment in some cases. However, randomized controlled trials have similarly failed to find the beneficial effect. Supporting evidence for both claims is compelling whereas known limitations of the clinical trials may explain the lack of findings. This narrative review aims to explain why there is still controversy and how both effects can, and may, be possible. The mechanisms that have been hypothesized for each effect are seemingly independent from one another and may explain the contradicting results. Being mindful of the complex effects of statins, health care providers need to be able to identify patients who are at risk for or already experiencing cognitive impairment from statin use while also identifying those who could potentially decrease their risk of dementia with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob G. Schultz
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Denise K. Patten
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Daniel J. Berlau
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
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90
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Schneiders FL, Huijts CM, Reijm M, Bontkes HJ, Verheul HM, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. The effects of systemic treatment with aminobisphosphonates and statins on circulating Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in patients with advanced cancer. Immunobiology 2018; 223:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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91
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Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a common feature of various renal diseases. This perturbed lipid metabolism results in accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Treatment of dyslipidemia, in addition to normalization of blood pressure and reduction of proteinuria, could provide additional means to retard the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. Possible therapeutic approaches include mainly dietary and life-style modifications, selective use of some technical components of dialysis systems, and the judicious prescriptions of lipid-lowering drugs. Even with relatively normal lipid and lipoprotein profiles statin therapy seems to prevent atherogenesis acceleration. A wide range of therapeutic interventions, targeting the lipid abnormalities that may develop in chronic renal patients and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are currently available, though still without convincing evidence based on long-term prospective studies which clearly demonstrate a significant reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of ESRD patients. However, extensive investigations, concerning the best long-term therapeutic strategy for this high-risk population of patients, are still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stefanovic
- Institute of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Faculty of Medicine, Nis - Serbia.
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92
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Sapey E, Patel JM, Greenwood HL, Walton GM, Hazeldine J, Sadhra C, Parekh D, Dancer RCA, Nightingale P, Lord JM, Thickett DR. Pulmonary Infections in the Elderly Lead to Impaired Neutrophil Targeting, Which Is Improved by Simvastatin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:1325-1336. [PMID: 28657793 PMCID: PMC5694832 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201704-0814oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Dysregulated neutrophil functions with age and sepsis are described. Statins are associated with improved infection survival in some observational studies, but trials in critically ill patients have not shown benefit. Statins also alter neutrophil responses in vitro. OBJECTIVES To assess neutrophil migratory accuracy with age during respiratory infections and determine if and how a statin intervention could alter these blunted responses. METHODS The migratory accuracy of blood neutrophils from young (aged <35 yr) and old (aged >60 yr) patients in health and during a lower respiratory tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia, and pneumonia associated with sepsis was assessed with and without simvastatin. In vitro results were confirmed in a double-blind randomized clinical trial in healthy elders. Cell adhesion markers were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In vitro neutrophil migratory accuracy in the elderly deteriorated as the severity of the infectious pulmonary insult increased, without recovery at 6 weeks. Simvastatin rescued neutrophil migration with age and during mild to moderate infection, at high dose in older adults, but not during more severe sepsis. Confirming in vitro results, high-dose (80-mg) simvastatin improved neutrophil migratory accuracy without impeding other neutrophil functions in a double-blind randomized clinical trial in healthy elders. Simvastatin modified surface adhesion molecule expression and activity, facilitating accurate migration in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Infections in older adults are associated with prolonged, impaired neutrophil migration, potentially contributing to poor outcomes. Statins improve neutrophil migration in vivo in health and in vitro in milder infective events, but not in severe sepsis, supporting their potential utility as an early intervention during pulmonary infections. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu (2011-002082-38).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jaimin M. Patel
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hannah L. Greenwood
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Georgia M. Walton
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Charendeep Sadhra
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel C. A. Dancer
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Medical Statistics, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - David R. Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
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93
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease and their use is expanding, especially in elderly. Statins are prescribed on a long-term basis and may undergo drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other drugs. Statins have different safety and tolerability, and this might affect the possibility of DDIs with other cardiovascular drugs, increasing the risk of statin-associated myopathy and hepatotoxicity. Polypharmacy and pharmacogenetic variability are potential causes of statin DDIs. Thus, the safety and adverse effects of statins, particularly in patients receiving multiple medications at risk of DDIs, are a matter of special concern. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this manuscript is to give an update on the potential statin DDIs and related adverse drug reactions (myopathy and hepatotoxicity), with special considerations on polypharmacy in elderly population, HIV patients, cardiovascular drugs and liver toxicities. The potential DDIs among statins and monoclonal antibodies including the recently approved PCSK9 inhibitors are also extensively discussed in the present review. EXPERT OPINION A better understanding of the incidence and clinical significance of statin DDIs will help physicians in fine-tuning the lipid-lowering therapeutic interventions thus providing their patients with an evidence-based, safe and cost-effective clinical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bellosta
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,b IRCCS MultiMedica , Milan , Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,b IRCCS MultiMedica , Milan , Italy
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94
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Hattori Y, Hattori K, Suzuki T, Matsuda N. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and molecular basis of sepsis-associated organ dysfunction: Novel therapeutic implications and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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95
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Caparrós-Martín JA, Lareu RR, Ramsay JP, Peplies J, Reen FJ, Headlam HA, Ward NC, Croft KD, Newsholme P, Hughes JD, O'Gara F. Statin therapy causes gut dysbiosis in mice through a PXR-dependent mechanism. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:95. [PMID: 28793934 PMCID: PMC5550934 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are a class of therapeutics used to regulate serum cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease. Although statins are highly effective in removing cholesterol from the blood, their consumption has been linked to potential adverse effects in some individuals. The most common events associated with statin intolerance are myopathy and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the pathological mechanism through which statins cause these adverse effects is not well understood. RESULTS Using a murine model, we describe for the first time profound changes in the microbial composition of the gut following statin treatment. This remodelling affected the diversity and metabolic profile of the gut microbiota and was associated with reduced production of butyrate. Statins altered both the size and composition of the bile acid pool in the intestine, tentatively explaining the observed gut dysbiosis. As also observed in patients, statin-treated mice trended towards increased fasting blood glucose levels and weight gain compared to controls. Statin treatment affected the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Using gene knockout mice, we demonstrated that the observed effects were mediated through pregnane X receptor (PXR). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that statin therapy drives a profound remodelling of the gut microbiota, hepatic gene deregulation and metabolic alterations in mice through a PXR-dependent mechanism. Since the demonstrated importance of the intestinal microbial community in host health, this work provides new perspectives to help prevent the statin-associated unintended metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Caparrós-Martín
- Human Microbiome Programme. School of Biomedical Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ricky R Lareu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua P Ramsay
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jörg Peplies
- Ribocon GmbH, Fahrenheitstr 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Henrietta A Headlam
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeffery D Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- Human Microbiome Programme. School of Biomedical Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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96
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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97
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Lee TC, Wang YH, Huang SH, Chen CH, Ho ML, Fu YC, Wang CK. Evaluations of clinical-grade bone substitute-combined simvastatin carriers to enhance bone growth: In vitro and in vivo analyses. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517720813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated in a value-added study that the combination of calcium phosphate–based bone substitute (MaxiBone® bioceramics) and simvastatin/poly lactic- co-glycolic acid (SIMm) carriers which were fabricated by GMP pharmaceutical company and underwent our patterned double-emulsion technique can promote bone growth. The average size distribution of SIMm, the encapsulation efficacy, and the in vitro release profile of simvastatin in SIMm over 14 days were investigated in this study. Based on the results of Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase activity, the released simvastatin of SIMm can effectively induce osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (D1 cells). In the non-union fracture model of animal study, the MaxiBone bioceramics group and MaxiBone bioceramics with SIMm group showed a significant increase in the percentages of new bone matrix compared with the control group and SIMm groups at the 8th and 10th weeks. Moreover, the MaxiBone bioceramics with SIMm group showed the strongest effect in new bone formation among these groups. We concluded that the calcium phosphate–based ceramics of MaxiBone combined with SIMm can accelerate osteogenic differentiation and bone growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide a proof of concept that SIMm can play as an osteoinductive material and the combination with bone substitutes with osteoconductive property effectively enhance bone growth, and this treatment is value added for clinical application, especially in the healing of large bone defects or non-union. Graphical abstract. The clinical-grade calcium phosphate–based bone substitute combined SIM/PLGA/HAp microspheres were fabricated by GMP pharmaceutical company to promote bone growth in bone defect model of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Ching Lee
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Huang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chih Fu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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98
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Nayir E, Cor S, Altintas ZM, Buyukafsar K, Tiftik RN, Ata A, Arican A. Comparative investigation of antitumoral effectiveness of Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632, pravastatin and atorvastatin in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell culture. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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99
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Pećin I, Hartgers ML, Hovingh GK, Dent R, Reiner Ž. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: The role of PCSK9 inhibitors. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017. [PMID: 28644091 PMCID: PMC5574519 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317717346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterised by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and consequently an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Familial hypercholesterolaemia is relatively common, but is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Cardiologists are likely to encounter many individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia; however, patients presenting with premature ASCVD are rarely screened for familial hypercholesterolaemia and fasting lipid levels are infrequently documented. Given that individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia and ASCVD are at a particularly high risk of subsequent cardiac events, this is a missed opportunity for preventive therapy. Furthermore, because there is a 50% chance that first-degree relatives of individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia will also be affected by the disorder, the underdiagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia among patients with ASCVD is a barrier to cascade screening and the prevention of ASCVD in affected relatives. Targeted screening of patients with ASCVD is an effective strategy to identify new familial hypercholesterolaemia index cases. Statins are the standard treatment for individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia; however, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets are not achieved in a large proportion of patients despite treatment. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels considerably in individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia who are concurrently receiving the maximal tolerated statin dose. The clinical benefit of PCSK9 inhibitors must, however, also be considered in terms of their cost-effectiveness. Increased awareness of familial hypercholesterolaemia is required among healthcare professionals, particularly cardiologists and primary care physicians, in order to start early preventive measures and to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia and ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pećin
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia.,2 School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Merel L Hartgers
- 3 Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- 3 Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Dent
- 4 Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland.,5 Esperion Therapeutics Inc., Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Željko Reiner
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia.,2 School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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100
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Wang K, Wang Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Yang T, Zhang X, Wu X. Sustained release of simvastatin from hollow carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared by aspartic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:565-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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