51
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Massaad CA, Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, Atweh SF, Jabbur SJ, Saadé NE. Involvement of substance P, CGRP and histamine in the hyperalgesia and cytokine upregulation induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 153:171-82. [PMID: 15265675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of small doses of capsaicin has been shown to produce hyperalgesia and upregulation of the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The present work aimed at investigating the possible mediation of these effects by sensory neuropeptides and mast cells. Various groups of rats received i.pl. injection of capsaicin alone or preceded by the injection of antagonists to substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP) and histamine (H1, H2) or the mast cell blocker ketotifen. All pretreatments prevented, in a dose-related manner, the capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. The SP, H2 antagonists and ketotifen prevented the upregulation of all cytokines and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, while the CGRP and H1 antagonists showed only attenuation of the NGF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Massaad
- Neuroscience Program, Faculties of Medicine and Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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52
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Rasley A, Marriott I, Halberstadt CR, Bost KL, Anguita J. Substance P Augments Borrelia burgdorferi-Induced Prostaglandin E2 Production by Murine Microglia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5707-13. [PMID: 15100316 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P is a ubiquitous CNS neuropeptide and has recently been demonstrated to augment immune cell function during inflammatory events. Central to the ability of substance P to modulate immune cell function is the interaction of substance P with the substance P neurokinin-1 receptor expressed by a variety of immune cells, including microglia. CNS involvement during Lyme disease can occur when Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, gains access to the CNS. In the present study, we demonstrate that substance P augments B. burgdorferi-induced expression of mRNA encoding COX-2 and subsequent secretion of PGE(2) by cultured, murine microglia. Furthermore, this effect is associated with the ability of substance P to enhance B. burgdorferi-induced NF-kappa B activation, as demonstrated by increased nuclear localization of the p65 (RelA) subunit of NF-kappa B in these cells. Interestingly, we demonstrate that substance P augments B. burgdorferi-induced expression of mRNA encoding two PGE(2) receptors, E-prostanoid receptor subtypes 2 and 4, as well as each receptor protein. In addition, these effects are mediated via interactions between substance P and its high affinity receptor, as evidenced by the absence of augmented PGE(2) synthesis in the presence of a specific neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist or in cells genetically deficient in the expression of these receptors. Taken together, the present demonstration that substance P can exacerbate B. burgdorferi-induced inflammatory responses in microglia in vitro may indicate a role for this neuropeptide in the development of CNS inflammation observed during human neuroborreliosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 1
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Induction/genetics
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/enzymology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/microbiology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Substance P/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rasley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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53
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Scholzen TE, Steinhoff M, Sindrilaru A, Schwarz A, Bunnett NW, Luger TA, Armstrong CA, Ansel JC. Cutaneous allergic contact dermatitis responses are diminished in mice deficient in neurokinin 1 receptors and augmented by neurokinin 2 receptor blockage. FASEB J 2004; 18:1007-9. [PMID: 15084523 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0658fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensory neuropeptides such as neurokinin A (NKA) or particularly substance P (SP) by neurokinin receptor (NK-R) activation modulate skin and immune cells functions during neurogenic inflammation. In this study, we examined the relative importance of SP/NK-1Rs or NKA/NK-2Rs in a murine model for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and tested if the functional absence of NK-Rs will impair inflammatory response in vivo. Mice lacking NK-1Rs (C57BL/6J-NK-1R-/-) displayed a significantly reduced ACD inflammatory ear swelling response to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) with histological less edema and 50% fewer infiltrating leukocytes compared with the ACD response in wild-type (+/+) animals. In NK-1R+/+ mice, transient NK-1R inhibition impaired ACD sensitization. In vitro haptenized bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from NK-1R+/+ mice matured in the presence of an NK-1R antagonist displayed a reduced capability to induce T cell proliferation in vitro and ACD after adoptive transfer into naïve wild-type mice in vivo. By contrast, NK-2R inhibition significantly enhanced the ACD response in NK-1R null or in wild-type mice, whereas epicutaneous application of NK-2R agonists diminished the ACD inflammation. In conclusion, NK-1R and SP are required for antigen sensitization and a full inflammatory response to cutaneous allergens and NKA and the NK-2R mediate a contrasting anti-inflammatory role in ACD. Thus, SP, NKA, NK-1R, and NK-2R have important but differential roles in the regulation of cutaneous inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/pathology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scholzen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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54
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Neuhuber WL, Tiegs G. Innervation of immune cells: Evidence for neuroimmunomodulation in the liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 280:884-92. [PMID: 15382013 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a pronounced influence by the autonomic nervous system on immune-mediated experimental hepatitis in the mouse. Adrenergic sympathetic neurons alleviate while capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic primary afferent neurons aggravate liver injury. This was evidenced by recording morphological and functional parameters upon chemical sympathectomy and application of beta-adrenergic agonists, and capsaicin depletion of afferents, neurokinin receptor antagonists, and application of exogenous substance P, respectively. These phenomena are most likely based on close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and various immune cells in the liver. Modulation of autonomic nervous system functions may open novel therapeutic strategies in immune and inflammatory liver diseases.
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55
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Bang R, Sass G, Kiemer AK, Vollmar AM, Neuhuber WL, Tiegs G. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists CP-96,345 and L-733,060 protect mice from cytokine-mediated liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:31-9. [PMID: 12649350 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.043539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that primary afferent sensory neurons are necessary for disease activity in T cell-mediated immune hepatitis in mice. In the present study, we analyzed the possible role of substance P (SP), an important proinflammatory neuropeptide of these nerve fibers, in an in vivo mouse model of liver inflammation. Liver injury was induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. Depletion of primary afferent nerve fibers by neonatal capsaicin treatment down-regulated circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and protected mice from GalN/LPS-induced liver injury. Likewise, pretreatment of mice with antagonists of the SP-specific neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), i.e., (2S,3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-((2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2.)-octan-3-amine (CP-96,345) and (2S,3S)3-([3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy)-2-phenylpiperidine (L-733,060), dose dependently protected mice from GalN/LPS-induced liver injury. The presence of the NK-1R in the murine liver was demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequence analysis, and immunocytochemistry. NK-1R blockade reduced inflammatory liver damage, i.e., edema formation, neutrophil infiltration, hepatocyte apoptosis, and necrosis. To get further insight into the mechanism by which receptor blockade attenuated GalN/LPS-induced liver damage, we analyzed plasma levels and intrahepatic expression of TNFalpha, IFNgamma, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10. NK-1R blockade clearly inhibited GalN/LPS-induced production of TNFalpha and IFNgamma, whereas synthesis of the hepatoprotective cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 was increased. NK-1 receptor antagonists might be potent drugs for treatment of inflammatory liver disease, most likely by inhibiting SP effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Bang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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56
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Scholzen TE, Ständer S, Riemann H, Brzoska T, Luger TA. Modulation of cutaneous inflammation by angiotensin-converting enzyme. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3866-73. [PMID: 12646655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation is a complex biological response of the host immune system to noxious stimuli. Present evidence suggests that zinc metalloproteases may play an important role in the regulation of neurogenic inflammation by controlling the local availability of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), that are capable of initiating or amplifying cutaneous inflammation after release from sensory nerves. To address the hypothesis that the dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is capable of modulating skin inflammation, we have analyzed murine allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) using wild-type C57BL/6J (ACE(+/+)) or genetically engineered mice with a heterozygous deletion of somatic ACE (ACE(+/-)). In 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene-sensitized ACE(+/-) mice, ACD was significantly augmented in comparison to ACE(+/+) controls as determined by the degree of ear swelling after exposure to hapten. Likewise, systemic treatment of ACE(+/+) mice with the ACE inhibitor captopril before sensitization or elicitation of ACD significantly augmented the ACD response. In contrast, local damage and neuropeptide depletion of sensory nerves following capsaicin, injection of a bradykinin B(2), or a SP receptor antagonist before sensitization significantly inhibited the augmented effector phase of ACD in mice with functionally absent ACE. However, in contrast to ACD, the response to the irritant croton oil was not significantly altered in ACE(+/-) compared with ACE(+/+) mice. Thus, ACE by degrading bradykinin and SP significantly controls cutaneous inflammatory responses to allergens but not to irritants, which may explain the frequently observed exacerbation of inflammatory skin disease in patients under medication with ACE inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Bradykinin/administration & dosage
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists
- Capsaicin/administration & dosage
- Captopril/administration & dosage
- Croton Oil/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/enzymology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/pathology
- Dermatitis, Irritant/enzymology
- Dermatitis, Irritant/genetics
- Dermatitis, Irritant/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Homozygote
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/deficiency
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/physiology
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scholzen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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57
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Elsawa SF, Taylor W, Petty CC, Marriott I, Weinstock JV, Bost KL. Reduced CTL response and increased viral burden in substance P receptor-deficient mice infected with murine gamma-herpesvirus 68. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2605-12. [PMID: 12594288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One component of the protective host response against mucosal pathogens includes the local production and increased expression of certain neuropeptides and their receptors. The present study further demonstrates this fact by investigating the contribution that substance P receptor expression makes toward immunity against a gamma-herpesvirus infection. Following intragastric inoculation with murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (gamma HV-68), expression of substance P and its receptor was increased in mucosal and peripheral lymphoid organs in wild-type strains of mice. These results suggested that this receptor/ligand pair might be an important component of the host response against this viral infection. Such a hypothesis was supported by the demonstration that mice, genetically deficient in substance P receptor expression, showed an increased viral burden when compared with syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, substance P receptor-deficient mice showed a reduced CTL response against gamma HV-68, suggesting a mechanism to explain this increased viral burden. Such limitations in the Ag-specific CTL response in substance P receptor-deficient mice could result from lowered expression of IL-12 during viral infection. Consistent with this hypothesis, increases in mRNA encoding IL-12 and secretion of this cytokine into sera of infected, wild-type animals were markedly reduced in substance P receptor-deficient mice. These studies demonstrate that genetic elimination of substance P receptors in mice results in an increased gamma-herpesvirus burden and an altered host response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Lac Operon/immunology
- Leukocytosis/genetics
- Leukocytosis/immunology
- Leukocytosis/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Rhadinovirus/immunology
- Rhadinovirus/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tachykinins/biosynthesis
- Tachykinins/genetics
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine F Elsawa
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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58
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Ho WZ, Evans DL, Douglas SD. Substance P and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Psychoneuroimmunology. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:867-874. [PMID: 12766696 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900022483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Effects on the immune system caused by changes in behavioral state or brain activity are mediated, at least in part, through neuroendocrine-immune pathways. Life stress and depression may be associated with altered blood levels of central nervous system-released neuropeptides, including substance P (SP). SP acts as a neuroregulator or neurotransmitter in the conduction of nociceptive stimuli, and is a modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of the neuropeptide, SP, in psychoneuroimmunology, in particular as it relates to human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. The association between depression, anxiety, and stress in HIV-disease progression suggests that neurobiologic and neurophysiologic factors play a role in modulating HIV infection and responses to antiretroviral therapy. Individuals with HIV or AIDS may experience stressful life circumstances that can result in increased symptoms of anxiety, stress, and/or depression. Furthermore, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, which occur in individuals with HIV and AIDS, may be related to the progression of AIDS disease. This review presents evidence from the literature, as well as findings from basic investigations conducted in the authors' laboratories, demonstrating that SP may play an important role in HIV pathophysiology. SP can impact the susceptibility of immune cells to HIV infection and modulate immune cell functions in ways that may affect the course of HIV in infected individuals. Moreover, modulation of SP activity and SP receptor is being explored for its potential as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of some psychological and psychiatric disorders and to the design of new anti-HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhe Ho
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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59
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Saadé NE, Massaad CA, Ochoa-Chaar CI, Jabbur SJ, Safieh-Garabedian B, Atweh SF. Upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and nerve growth factor by intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. J Physiol 2002; 545:241-53. [PMID: 12433964 PMCID: PMC2290671 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.028233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents (CSPA) are known to be involved in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. Extensive research has been devoted to the sensory role of these fibres but less attention has been paid to their local effector function. This study aimed at gaining more insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurogenic inflammation induced by this special group of afferent fibres. Different groups of rats (n = 5 in each group), either naive or subjected to selective ablation of their CSPA, received individual intraplantar injections of saline, capsaicin, its vehicle or capsaicin preceded by its antagonist, capsazepine. Acute tests for nociception were used to assess the variations of the nociceptive thresholds. Variations of the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intraplantar injection of capsaicin (10 microg in 50 microl) produced a sustained thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia that peaked at 3-6 h and disappeared 24 h following the injection. Similar capsaicin injection in further groups of rats produced an early upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines and NGF, which peaked at 30-60 min and returned to control levels within 2-5 h. Similar effects were observed following the application of either capsaicin or intense electrical stimulation on the cut end of the distal portion of the sciatic nerve. The effects of capsaicin were abolished in rats subjected to selective ablation of their CSPA. These results demonstrate that CSPA can simultaneously challenge the immune system through the release of proinflammatory mediators and the central nervous system through nociceptive signalling and can therefore serve as a common afferent pathway to both immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Saadé
- Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh Beirut 1107-2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
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60
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Kirst A, Wack C, Lutz WK, Eggert A, Kämpgen E, Fischer WH. Expression of functional kappa-opioid receptors on murine dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2002; 84:41-8. [PMID: 12161282 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous opioids are known to exert direct effects on the immune system and the expression of functional opioid receptors has been reported for several immune cell types. Since dendritic cells are important inducers and regulators of immune responses, we investigated whether murine dendritic cells express functional kappa-opioid receptors. FACScan analysis and radioligand binding studies revealed the expression of kappa-opioid receptors by murine dendritic cells, which by RT-PCR were also shown to express kappa-opioid mRNA. In a primary allogenic mixed-lymphocyte reaction the kappa-agonists dynorphin A and U50488H suppressed the capacity of dendritic cells to induce T-cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Preincubation with the kappa-specific antagonist nor-binaltrophimine abolished the observed effect, indicating specificity. In contrast, antigen uptake by dendritic cells as well as phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells were not influenced by the kappa-agonists dynorphin A and U50488H. In summary our data demonstrate that dendritic cells express functional kappa-opioid receptors and that specific agonists exert a direct effect on these cells. Therefore, dendritic cells might be involved in the interaction of the neuroendocrine hormones and the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dynorphins/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neuroimmunomodulation/drug effects
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kirst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078, Wurzburg, Germany
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61
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Tymciu S, Wijkhuisen A, Sagot MA, Frobert Y, Grassi J, Créminon C, Couraud JY, Boquet D. Use of DNA immunization to produce polyclonal antibodies against the native human neurokinin-1 receptor for substance P. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 128:23-30. [PMID: 12098507 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the native form of the human NK1 receptor (hNK1R) for the neuropeptide substance P (SP), an important immunoregulator, are difficult to produce using classical immunization techniques. We show here that mice immunized with a plasmid harboring hNK1R cDNA developed antibodies recognizing extracellular epitopes of native hNK1R expressed on CHO cell membranes, as shown by FACS and immunofluorescence analysis, some antibodies being specifically directed against the second extracellular loop (E2) of the receptor. This original strategy, DNA immunization, thus efficiently generated new immunological tools to further analyse the role of SP in the regulation of immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tymciu
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, Bât 136, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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62
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Rameshwar P, Gascon P, Bandari PS, Joshi DD, Fernandes A, Dang A. Structural similarity between the bone marrow extracellular matrix protein and neurokinin 1 could be the limiting factor in the hematopoietic effects of substance P. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80:475-81. [PMID: 12056556 DOI: 10.1139/y02-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the adult bone marrow (BM), immune cells are replenished through the process of definitive hematopoiesis, which is regulated by a complex process of cellular and humoral interactions. The latter include substance P (SP), a neurotransmitter that is produced by neural and nonneural cells. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1), the high-affinity SP receptor, shares structural similarity with fibronectin, a component of the BM extracellular matrix proteins. This study examines how such similarity could alter the effects of SP on the proliferation of the immature BM progenitors. In vitro studies show that 1 ng fibronectin/mL enhanced the stimulatory effect of SP on the proliferation of primitive BM progenitors. This finding was studied by computational studies: proteomics and three-dimensional molecular modeling. Use of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization ProteinChip technology showed that despite the induction of neutral endopeptidase, exogenous fibronectin hindered the degradation of SP to SP(1-4). These findings support a protective role for fibronectin in the digestion of SP. Since SP(1-4) is a negative regulator of hematopoiesis, this report indicates that the structural similarity between fibronectin and NK-1 could be important for maintaining hematopoietic stimulation. These studies could be extrapolated to hematological disorders that are associated with SP-fibronectin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA.
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63
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Rasley A, Bost KL, Olson JK, Miller SD, Marriott I. Expression of functional NK-1 receptors in murine microglia. Glia 2002; 37:258-67. [PMID: 11857684 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin such as microglia have the potential to contribute significantly to the development of inflammatory responses in the CNS. The ability of the neuropeptide substance P to augment proinflammatory responses by other myeloid cell types such as macrophages and dendritic cells is well recognized. In the present study, we demonstrate the presence of mRNA encoding NK-1 (substance P) receptors in murine microglia cell lines. Importantly, we have utilized specific antibodies developed by our laboratory to detect the expression of the NK-1 receptor protein in murine microglia cell lines by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. Furthermore, we have investigated the presence of this receptor on primary murine microglia and report the presence of authentic NK-1 receptors as determined by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. In addition, we demonstrate that NK-1 receptors expressed on microglia are functional as demonstrated by the ability of nanomolar concentrations of substance P to initiate activation of the transcriptional activator, NF-kappaB. Given the weight of evidence supporting the role of substance P--substance P receptor interactions in the initiation of optimal proinflammatory responses by myeloid cells, the demonstration of authentic and functional NK-1 receptors in microglia identifies this neuropeptide as a potentially important contributor to CNS inflammatory responses during disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rasley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
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