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Gómez-Chacón B, Morillas E, Gallo M. Altered perirhinal cortex activity patterns during taste neophobia and their habituation in aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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52
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Dissociating effects of acute photic stress on spatial, episodic-like and working memory in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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53
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Batalle D, Muñoz-Moreno E, Arbat-Plana A, Illa M, Figueras F, Eixarch E, Gratacos E. Long-term reorganization of structural brain networks in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. Neuroimage 2014; 100:24-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Burke SN, Barnes CA. The neural representation of 3-dimensional objects in rodent memory circuits. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:60-6. [PMID: 25205370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional objects are common stimuli that rodents and other animals encounter in the natural world that contribute to the associations that are the hallmark of explicit memory. Thus, the use of 3-dimensional objects for investigating the circuits that support associative and episodic memories has a long history. In rodents, the neural representation of these types of stimuli is a polymodal process and lesion data suggest that the perirhinal cortex, an area of the medial temporal lobe that receives afferent input from all sensory modalities, is particularly important for integrating sensory information across modalities to support object recognition. Not surprisingly, recent data from in vivo electrophysiological recordings have shown that principal cells within the perirhinal cortex are activated at locations of an environment that contain 3-dimensional objects. Interestingly, it appears that neural activity patterns related to object stimuli are ubiquitous across memory circuits and have now been observed in many medial temporal lobe structures as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex. This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological data that examine the representation of 3-dimensional objects across brain regions that are involved in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States of America
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, United States of America; Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neural Systems, Memory & Aging, United States of America; Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States of America.
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Cohen SJ, Stackman RW. Assessing rodent hippocampal involvement in the novel object recognition task. A review. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:105-17. [PMID: 25169255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The novel object recognition (NOR) task has emerged as a popular method for testing the neurobiology of nonspatial memory in rodents. This task exploits the natural tendency of rodents to explore novel items and depending on the amount of time that rodents spend exploring the presented objects, inferences about memory can be established. Despite its wide use, the underlying neural circuitry and mechanisms supporting NOR have not been clearly defined. In particular, considerable debate has focused on whether the hippocampus plays a significant role in the object memory that is encoded, consolidated and then retrieved during discrete stages of the NOR task. Here we analyzed the results of all published reports in which the role of the rodent hippocampus in object memory was inferred from performance in the task with restricted parameters. We note that the remarkable variability in NOR methods across studies complicates the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from the work. Focusing on 12 reports in which a minimum criterion of sample session object exploration was imposed, we find that temporary or permanent lesion of the hippocampus consistently disrupts object memory when a delay of 10 min or greater is imposed between the sample and test sessions. We discuss the significance of a delay-dependent role of the hippocampus in NOR within the framework of the medial temporal lobe. We assert that standardization of the NOR protocol is essential for obtaining reliable data that can then be compared across studies to build consensus as to the specific contribution of the rodent hippocampus to object memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cohen
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, John D. MacArthur Campus, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Ratnayake U, Quinn T, Daruwalla K, Dickinson H, Walker DW. Understanding the behavioural phenotype of the precocial spiny mouse. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:62-71. [PMID: 25157432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) in experimental research is steadily increasing, due to the precocial nature of this species and the similarities in endocrinology to the human. The characterisation of normal behavioural traits throughout development has not been comprehensively measured in the spiny mouse. Therefore the aim of this study was to behaviourally phenotype the spiny mouse, with the use of behavioural paradigms commonly used to assess behaviour in rat and mouse models of human behavioural disorders such as autism, attention-deficit disorder, and schizophrenia. Male and female spiny mice were assessed at 1-5, 10-15, 20-25, 40-45 and 80-85 days of age using the open field test, novel object recognition test, rotarod, elevated plus maze, a social interaction test, and prepulse inhibition. Exploratory activity, motor coordination, fear, anxiety and social behaviours could be accurately measured from 1 day of age. Open field exploration and motor coordination on a modified rotarod were precociously developed by 10-15 and 20-25 days of age, respectively, when they were equivalent to the performance of conventional adult mice. Learning and memory (assessed by the novel object recognition test), and sensory gating (prepulse inhibition) could be reliably determined only after 20-25 days of age, and performance on these tests differed significantly between male and female spiny mice, particularly in adulthood. This study characterises the behavioural traits of spiny mice and provides important information about critical periods of behavioural development throughout postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udani Ratnayake
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Tracey Quinn
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Kerman Daruwalla
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia
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Laing M, Bashir ZI. β-Adrenoceptors and synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal cortex. Neuroscience 2014; 273:163-73. [PMID: 24836853 PMCID: PMC4067743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bath application of isoprenaline induces LTP in the perirhinal cortex. LTP at amygdala to perirhinal synapses requires β1- but not β2-ADRs. Combination of β1-ADRs, NMDARs, and VGCC required for LTP.
Experiences with a high degree of emotional salience are better remembered than events that have little emotional context and the amygdala is thought to play an important role in this enhancement of memory. Visual recognition memory relies on synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal cortex but little is known about the mechanisms that may underlie emotional enhancement of this form of memory. There is good evidence that noradrenaline acting via β-adrenoceptors (β-ADRs) can enhance memory consolidation. In the present study we examine the role of β-ADRs in synaptic plasticity at the amygdala–perirhinal pathway (LA–PRh) and compare this to mechanisms of intra-perirhinal (PRh–PRh) synaptic plasticity. We demonstrate that activity-dependent PRh–PRh long-term potentiation (LTP) does not rely on β1- or β2-ADRs and that LA–PRh LTP relies on β1-ADRs but not β2-ADRs. We further demonstrate that application of the β-ADR agonist isoprenaline produces lasting PRh–PRh potentiation but only transient potentiation at the LA–PRh input. However, at the LA–PRh input, combining stimulation that is subthreshold for LTP induction with isoprenaline results in long-lasting potentiation. Isoprenaline-induced and isoprenaline plus subthreshold stimulation-induced potentiation in the PRh–PRh and LA–PRh inputs, respectively were both dependent on activation of NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), voltage-gated calcium channels and PKA (protein kinase A). Understanding the mechanisms of amygdala–perirhinal cortex plasticity will allow a greater understanding of how emotionally-charged events are remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laing
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Z I Bashir
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Barsegyan A, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala modulates the consolidation of object-in-context recognition memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:160. [PMID: 24847228 PMCID: PMC4021114 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is well known to enhance the consolidation of long-term memory of highly emotionally arousing training experiences. The present study investigated whether such noradrenergic activation of the BLA also influences the consolidation of object-in-context recognition memory, a low-arousing training task assessing episodic-like memory. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to two identical objects in one context for either 3 or 10 min, immediately followed by exposure to two other identical objects in a distinctly different context. Immediately after the training they received bilateral intra-BLA infusions of norepinephrine (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μ g) or the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 μ g). On the 24-h retention test, rats were placed back into one of the training contexts with one copy of each of the two training objects. Thus, although both objects were familiar, one of the objects had not previously been encountered in this particular test context. Hence, if the animal generated a long-term memory for the association between an object and its context, it would spend significantly more time exploring the object that was not previously experienced in this context. Saline-infused control rats exhibited poor 24-h retention when given 3 min of training and good retention when given 10 min of training. Norepinephrine administered after 3 min of object-in-context training induced a dose-dependent memory enhancement, whereas propranolol administered after 10 min of training produced memory impairment. These findings provide evidence that post-training noradrenergic activation of the BLA also enhances the consolidation of memory of object-in-context recognition training, enabling accuracy of episodic-like memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg Barsegyan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James L McGaugh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Rowe RK, Harrison JL, O'Hara BF, Lifshitz J. Recovery of neurological function despite immediate sleep disruption following diffuse brain injury in the mouse: clinical relevance to medically untreated concussion. Sleep 2014; 37:743-52. [PMID: 24899763 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between immediate disruption of posttraumatic sleep and functional outcome in the diffuse brain-injured mouse. DESIGN Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to moderate midline fluid percussion injury (n = 65; 1.4 atm; 6-10 min righting reflex time) or sham injury (n = 44). Cohorts received either intentional sleep disruption (minimally stressful gentle handling) or no sleep disruption for 6 h following injury. Following disruption, serum corticosterone levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and posttraumatic sleep (noninvasive piezoelectric sleep cages) were measured. For 1-7 days postinjury, sensorimotor outcome was assessed by Rotarod and a modified Neurological Severity Score (NSS). Cognitive function was measured using Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM) in the first week postinjury. SETTING Neurotrauma research laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Disrupting posttraumatic sleep for 6 h did not affect serum corticosterone levels or functional outcome. In the hour following the first dark onset, sleep-disrupted mice exhibited a significant increase in sleep; however, this increase was not sustained and there was no rebound of lost sleep. Regardless of sleep disruption, mice showed a time-dependent improvement in Rotarod performance, with brain-injured mice having significantly shorter latencies on day 7 compared to sham. Further, brain-injured mice, regardless of sleep disruption, had significantly higher NSS scores postinjury compared with sham. Cognitive behavioral testing showed no group differences among any treatment group measured by MWM and NOR. CONCLUSION Short-duration disruption of posttraumatic sleep did not affect functional outcome, measured by motor and cognitive performance. These data raise uncertainty about posttraumatic sleep as a mechanism of recovery from diffuse brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY ; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Jordan L Harrison
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY ; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ ; Phoenix Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is proposed to both represent high-order sensory information and maintain those representations across delays. These cognitive processes are required for recognition memory, which declines during normal aging. Whether or not advanced age affects the ability of PRC principal cells to support these dual roles, however, is not known. The current experiment recorded PRC neurons as young and aged rats traversed a track. When objects were placed on the track, a subset of the neurons became active at discrete locations adjacent to objects. Importantly, the aged rats had a lower proportion of neurons that were activated by objects. Once PRC activity patterns in the presence of objects were established, however, both age groups maintained these representations across delays up to 2 h. These data support the hypothesis that age-associated deficits in stimulus recognition arise from impairments in high-order stimulus representation rather than difficulty in sustaining stable activity patterns over time.
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Rabin BM, Shukitt-Hale B, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Gomes SM. Comparison of the Effects of Partial- or Whole-Body Exposures to16O Particles on Cognitive Performance in Rats. Radiat Res 2014; 181:251-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13469.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Snigdha S, de Rivera C, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Exercise enhances memory consolidation in the aging brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:3. [PMID: 24550824 PMCID: PMC3910002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to reduce age-related losses in cognitive function including learning and memory, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. Memory formation occurs in stages that include an initial acquisition phase, an intermediate labile phase, and then a process of consolidation which leads to long-term memory formation. An effective way to examine the mechanism by which exercise improves memory is to introduce the intervention (exercise), post-acquisition, making it possible to selectively examine memory storage and consolidation. Accordingly we evaluated the effects of post-trial exercise (10 min on a treadmill) on memory consolidation in aged canines both right after, an hour after, and 24 h after acute exercise training in concurrent discrimination, object location memory (OLM), and novel object recognition tasks. Our study shows that post-trial exercise facilitates memory function by improving memory consolidation in aged animals in a time-dependent manner. The improvements were significant at 24 h post-exercise and not right after or 1 h after exercise. Aged animals were also tested following chronic exercise (10 min/day for 14 consecutive days) on OLM or till criterion were reached (for reversal learning task). We found improvements from a chronic exercise design in both the object location and reversal learning tasks. Our studies suggest that mechanisms to improve overall consolidation and cognitive function remain accessible even with progressing age and can be re-engaged by both acute and chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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Borbély E, Scheich B, Helyes Z. Neuropeptides in learning and memory. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:439-50. [PMID: 24210137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dementia conditions and memory deficits of different origins (vascular, metabolic and primary neurodegenerative such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) are getting more common and greater clinical problems recently in the aging population. Since the presently available cognitive enhancers have very limited therapeutical applications, there is an emerging need to elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms, identify key mediators and novel targets for future drug development. Neuropeptides are widely distributed in brain regions responsible for learning and memory processes with special emphasis on the hippocampus, amygdala and the basal forebrain. They form networks with each other, and also have complex interactions with the cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and GABA-ergic pathways. This review summarizes the extensive experimental data in the well-established rat and mouse models, as well as the few clinical results regarding the expression and the roles of the tachykinin system, somatostatin and the closely related cortistatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), opioid peptides and galanin. Furthermore, the main receptorial targets, mechanisms and interactions are described in order to highlight the possible therapeutical potentials. Agents not only symptomatically improving the functional impairments, but also inhibiting the progression of the neurodegenerative processes would be breakthroughs in this area. The most promising mechanisms determined at the level of exploratory investigations in animal models of cognitive disfunctions are somatostatin sst4, NPY Y2, PACAP-VIP VPAC1, tachykinin NK3 and galanin GALR2 receptor agonisms, as well as delta opioid receptor antagonism. Potent and selective non-peptide ligands with good CNS penetration are needed for further characterization of these molecular pathways to complete the preclinical studies and decide if any of the above described targets could be appropriate for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Illa M, Eixarch E, Batalle D, Arbat-Plana A, Muñoz-Moreno E, Figueras F, Gratacos E. Long-term functional outcomes and correlation with regional brain connectivity by MRI diffusion tractography metrics in a near-term rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76453. [PMID: 24143189 PMCID: PMC3797044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 5-10% of all newborns and is associated with increased risk of memory, attention and anxiety problems in late childhood and adolescence. The neurostructural correlates of long-term abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR are unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the long-term functional and neurostructural correlates of abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR in a near-term rabbit model (delivered at 30 days of gestation) and evaluate the development of quantitative imaging biomarkers of abnormal neurodevelopment based on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters and connectivity. METHODOLOGY At +70 postnatal days, 10 cases and 11 controls were functionally evaluated with the Open Field Behavioral Test which evaluates anxiety and attention and the Object Recognition Task that evaluates short-term memory and attention. Subsequently, brains were collected, fixed and a high resolution MRI was performed. Differences in diffusion parameters were analyzed by means of voxel-based and connectivity analysis measuring the number of fibers reconstructed within anxiety, attention and short-term memory networks over the total fibers. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The results of the neurobehavioral and cognitive assessment showed a significant higher degree of anxiety, attention and memory problems in cases compared to controls in most of the variables explored. Voxel-based analysis (VBA) revealed significant differences between groups in multiple brain regions mainly in grey matter structures, whereas connectivity analysis demonstrated lower ratios of fibers within the networks in cases, reaching the statistical significance only in the left hemisphere for both networks. Finally, VBA and connectivity results were also correlated with functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS The rabbit model used reproduced long-term functional impairments and their neurostructural correlates of abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR. The description of the pattern of microstructural changes underlying functional defects may help to develop biomarkers based in diffusion MRI and connectivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Illa
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Figueras
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Chen Y, Liang Z, Tian Z, Blanchard J, Dai CL, Chalbot S, Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin exacerbates Alzheimer-like changes of 3xTg-AD mice. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:547-62. [PMID: 23996345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves several possible molecular mechanisms, including impaired brain insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. To investigate the role of metabolic insults in AD, we injected streptozotocin (STZ), a diabetogenic compound if used in the periphery, into the lateral ventricle of the 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice and studied the cognitive function as well as AD-like brain abnormalities, such as tau phosphorylation and Aβ accumulation, 3-6 weeks later. We found that STZ exacerbated impairment of short-term and spatial reference memory in 3xTg-AD mice. We also observed an increase in tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation, a disturbance of brain insulin signaling, and a decrease in synaptic plasticity and amyloid β peptides in the brain after STZ treatment. The expression of 20 AD-related genes, including those involved in the processing of amyloid precursor protein, cytoskeleton, glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, synaptic function, protein kinases, and apoptosis, was altered, suggesting that STZ disturbs multiple metabolic and cell signaling pathways in the brain. These findings provide experimental evidence of the role of metabolic insult in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314-6399, USA
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Fardell JE, Vardy J, Johnston IN. The short and long term effects of docetaxel chemotherapy on rodent object recognition and spatial reference memory. Life Sci 2013; 93:596-604. [PMID: 23693082 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous animal studies have examined the potential for cytostatic drugs to induce learning and memory deficits in laboratory animals but, to date, there is no pre-clinical evidence that taxanes have the potential to cause cognitive impairment. Therefore our aim was to explore the short- and long-term cognitive effects of different dosing schedules of the taxane docetaxel (DTX) on laboratory rodents. MAIN METHODS Healthy male hooded Wistar rats were treated with DTX (6 mg/kg, 10mg/kg) or physiological saline (control), once a week for 3 weeks (Experiment 1) or once only (10mg/kg; Experiment 2). Cognitive function was assessed using the novel object recognition (NOR) task and spatial water maze (WM) task 1 to 3 weeks after treatment and again 4 months after treatment. KEY FINDINGS Shortly after DTX treatment, rats perform poorly on NOR regardless of treatment regimen. Treatment with a single injection of 10mg/kg DTX does not appear to induce sustained deficits in object recognition or peripheral neuropathy. SIGNIFICANCE Overall these findings show that treatment with the taxane DTX in the absence of cancer and other anti-cancer treatments causes cognitive impairment in healthy rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Fardell
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia; Cancer Institute, NSW, Australia.
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67
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Abstract
Fear extinction learning, the ability to reassess a learned cue of danger as safe when it no longer predicts aversive events, is often dysregulated in anxiety disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) enhance neural plasticity and their ability to enhance fear extinction learning may explain their anxiolytic properties. Caloric restriction (CR) has SSRI-like effects on neural plasticity and anxiety-related behavior. We implemented CR in mice to determine its effects on conditioned-fear responses. Wild type and serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice underwent CR for 7 days leading to significant weight loss. Mice were then tested for cued fear learning and anxiety-related behavior. CR markedly enhanced fear extinction learning and its retention in adolescent female mice, and adults of both sexes. These effects of CR were absent in SERT knockout mice. Moreover, CR phenocopied behavioral and molecular effects of chronic fluoxetine, but there was no additive effect of CR in fluoxetine-treated mice. These results demonstrate that CR enhances fear extinction learning through a SERT-dependent mechanism. These results may have implications for eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN), in which there is a high prevalence of anxiety before the onset of dietary restriction and support proposals that in AN, CR is a motivated effort to control dysregulated fear responses and elevated anxiety.
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Yamamoto Y, Shioda N, Han F, Moriguchi S, Fukunaga K. Novel cognitive enhancer ST101 enhances acetylcholine release in mouse dorsal hippocampus through T-type voltage-gated calcium channel stimulation. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:212-26. [PMID: 23449490 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12233fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a novel cognitive enhancer, ST101 (spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,2-indan]-2(3H)-one), that activates T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Here, we address whether T-type VGCC activation with ST101 mediates its cognitive effects in vivo and the relevance of T-type VGCC activation to acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus. Acute intraperitoneal administration of ST101 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) improved memory-related behaviors in both olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) and scopolamine-treated mice. Effects of ST101 administration were abolished by both intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular pre-administration of the T-type VGCC inhibitor mibefradil. Acute administration of ST101 enhanced basal and nicotine-induced ACh release in the dorsal hippocampus in both OBX and sham-treated mice. Enhanced ACh release was abolished by infusion with mibefradil (10 μM) but not with the L-type VGCC inhibitor nifedipine (10 μM). As expected, significantly reduced CaMKIIα, PKCα, and ERK phosphorylation was restored by acute ST101 administration in the OBX mouse hippocampal CA1 region. Enhancement of CaMKIIα and PKCα but not ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by mibefradil (20 mg/kg, i.p.) preadministration. Increased CaMKIIα and PKCα phosphorylation was confirmed by increased phosphorylation of GluR1, synapsin I, and NR1. Taken together, stimulation of T-type VGCCs is critical for the enhanced hippocampal ACh release and improved cognitive function seen following ST101 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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69
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Renard J, Krebs MO, Jay TM, Le Pen G. Long-term cognitive impairments induced by chronic cannabinoid exposure during adolescence in rats: a strain comparison. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:781-90. [PMID: 22983145 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE During cerebral development, adolescence is a critical phase in which the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating various neurotransmitters. Moreover, evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that chronic cannabinoid exposure during this vulnerable period can induce persistent brain and behavioural alterations. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the long-term cognitive consequences of chronic adolescence cannabinoid exposure between Lister Hooded rats and Wistar rats. METHODS Rats of both strains were injected daily throughout their adolescent or adult periods with vehicle or with incremental doses of the synthetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist CP55,940 (CP). Short-term and spatial working memories were assessed using the object recognition and object location, tasks respectively. For both tasks, the effect of a 30- or 120-min delay between the learning and the testing phase was investigated. RESULTS In the object recognition task, adolescent CP exposure impaired short-term memory after both delays in both strains. In contrast, in the object location task, adolescent CP exposure impaired spatial working memory in the Wistar rats after a 30-min delay, whereas the Lister Hooded rats exhibited a similar effect only after a 120-min delay. In these tests, no long-term deleterious effects were found following adult CP exposure in either strain. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that adolescence is a critical period for the deleterious effects of cannabinoids on cognition and that these deleterious effects on spatial working memory are more strain-dependent than the effects observed on short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renard
- Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, INSERM, Paris, France
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70
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Bardo MT, Neisewander JL, Kelly TH. Individual differences and social influences on the neurobehavioral pharmacology of abused drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:255-90. [PMID: 23343975 PMCID: PMC3565917 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of drugs with biologic targets is a critical area of research, particularly for the development of medications to treat substance use disorders. In addition to understanding these drug-target interactions, however, there is a need to understand more fully the psychosocial influences that moderate these interactions. The first section of this review introduces some examples from human behavioral pharmacology that illustrate the clinical importance of this research. The second section covers preclinical evidence to characterize some of the key individual differences that alter drug sensitivity and abuse vulnerability, related primarily to differences in response to novelty and impulsivity. Evidence is presented to indicate that critical neuropharmacological mechanisms associated with these individual differences involve integrated neurocircuits underlying stress, reward, and behavioral inhibitory processes. The third section covers social influences on drug abuse vulnerability, including effects experienced during infancy, adolescence, and young adulthood, such as maternal separation, housing conditions, and social interactions (defeat, play, and social rank). Some of the same neurocircuits involved in individual differences also are altered by social influences, although the precise neurochemical and cellular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated fully. Finally, some speculation is offered about the implications of this research for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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71
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Yamamoto Y, Fukunaga K. Donepezil rescues the medial septum cholinergic neurons via nicotinic ACh receptor stimulation in olfactory bulbectomized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2013.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cross L, Brown MW, Aggleton JP, Warburton EC. The medial dorsal thalamic nucleus and the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat function together to support associative recognition and recency but not item recognition. Learn Mem 2012; 20:41-50. [PMID: 23263843 PMCID: PMC3533127 DOI: 10.1101/lm.028266.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans recognition memory deficits, a typical feature of diencephalic amnesia, have been tentatively linked to mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) damage. Animal studies have occasionally investigated the role of the MD in single-item recognition, but have not systematically analyzed its involvement in other recognition memory processes. In Experiment 1 rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions in the MD or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were tested in tasks that assessed single-item recognition (novel object preference), associative recognition memory (object-in-place), and recency discrimination (recency memory task). Experiment 2 examined the functional importance of the interactions between the MD and mPFC using disconnection techniques. Unilateral excitotoxic lesions were placed in both the MD and the mPFC in either the same (MD + mPFC Ipsi) or opposite hemispheres (MD + mPFC Contra group). Bilateral lesions in the MD or mPFC impaired object-in-place and recency memory tasks, but had no effect on novel object preference. In Experiment 2 the MD + mPFC Contra group was significantly impaired in the object-in-place and recency memory tasks compared with the MD + mPFC Ipsi group, but novel object preference was intact. Thus, connections between the MD and mPFC are critical for recognition memory when the discriminations involve associative or recency information. However, the rodent MD is not necessary for single-item recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cross
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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73
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Nirogi RV, Badange R, Kambhampati R, Chindhe A, Deshpande AD, Tiriveedhi V, Kandikere V, Muddana N, Abraham R, Khagga M. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-(piperazin-1-yl methyl)-N1-arylsulfonyl indole derivatives as 5-HT6 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7431-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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74
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Ratnayake U, Quinn TA, Castillo-Melendez M, Dickinson H, Walker DW. Behaviour and hippocampus-specific changes in spiny mouse neonates after treatment of the mother with the viral-mimetic Poly I:C at mid-pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1288-99. [PMID: 22960545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between prenatal exposure to bacterial or viral infections and subsequent development of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Animal models to study the prenatal origin of such outcomes of pregnancy have largely used conventional rodents which are immature at birth compared to the human neonate, and doses of the infective agent (i.e., lipopolysaccharide, Poly I:C) have been large enough to cause sickness behaviour in the mother. In this study we have used the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) whose offspring have completed organogenesis at birth, and a single subcutaneous injection of a low (0.5mg/kg) dose of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (Poly I:C) at mid gestation (20 days, term is 39 days). The treatment had no effect on maternal, fetal or neonatal survival, or postnatal growth of the offspring. However, offspring showed significant impairments in non-spatial memory and learning tasks, and motor activity. Brain histology examined at 1 and 100 days of age revealed significant decreases in reelin, increased GFAP expression, and increased numbers of activated microglia, specifically in the hippocampus. This study provides evidence that a prenatal subclinical infection can have profound effects on brain development that are long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udani Ratnayake
- Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia.
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75
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Moran LM, Booze RM, Webb KM, Mactutus CF. Neurobehavioral alterations in HIV-1 transgenic rats: evidence for dopaminergic dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2012; 239:139-47. [PMID: 23063600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have provided evidence that the progression of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) involves alterations in dopamine (DA) systems. Drugs of abuse that act on the brain DA system, such as cocaine (Coc), may exacerbate HIV-1 infection and consequent behavioral and neurological manifestations. In the present study, we used the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat, which constitutively expresses 7 of the 9 HIV-1 genes, to assess potential DA system alterations in three behavioral assays: prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle response (ASR), novelty and habituation/retention, and sensitization to Coc across repeated administration. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were tested in each experiment. The HIV-1 Tg animals were hyperreactive to auditory startle stimuli and displayed a leftward shift in the temporal window for maximal PPI, suggesting an alteration in sensorimotor gating. All animals displayed an initial robust locomotor response to a novel environment which dissipated with repeated testing; however, the HIV-1 Tg rats, relative to controls, consistently showed a weaker novelty response across monthly-spaced assessments. The HIV-1 Tg animals also showed decreased intrasession habituation of motor activity across 3-day periods that emerged across monthly-spaced locomotor activity sessions; a pattern consistent with impaired long-term episodic memory. Furthermore, the HIV-1 Tg group displayed differential cocaine-induced sensitization, observed both in initiation across the 10-day cocaine treatment, and in expression following a cocaine rechallenge after a 7-day abstinence. Collectively, the present data implicate that the non-infectious HIV-1 Tg rat, which resembles the complete suppression of infection in HIV-1 positive individuals under CART, displays sustained, if not permanent, alterations in the brain DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Moran
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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76
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Gámiz F, Gallo M. Spontaneous object recognition memory in aged rats: Complexity versus similarity. Learn Mem 2012; 19:444-8. [PMID: 22984281 DOI: 10.1101/lm.027003.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous work on the effect of aging on spontaneous object recognition (SOR) memory tasks in rats has yielded controversial results. Although the results at long-retention intervals are consistent, conflicting results have been reported at shorter delays. We have assessed the potential relevance of the type of object used in the performance of aged rats in SOR tasks. Using standard objects, 24-mo-old rats did not exhibit retention impairment at a 1-h delay. At this retention interval no differences between young and old rats were found in a high-similarity SOR task, but aged rats exhibited deficits when clearly different complex forms were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gámiz
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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77
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Burke SN, Ryan L, Barnes CA. Characterizing cognitive aging of recognition memory and related processes in animal models and in humans. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:15. [PMID: 22988437 PMCID: PMC3439640 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of complex behaviors across the lifespan of animals can reveal the brain regions that are impacted by the normal aging process, thereby, elucidating potential therapeutic targets. Recent data from rats, monkeys, and humans converge, all indicating that recognition memory and complex visual perception are impaired in advanced age. These cognitive processes are also disrupted in animals with lesions of the perirhinal cortex, indicating that the the functional integrity of this structure is disrupted in old age. This current review summarizes these data, and highlights current methodologies for assessing perirhinal cortex-dependent behaviors across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Memory and Aging, ARL Division of Neural Systems, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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78
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Wartman BC, Gervais NJ, Smith C, Comba R, Mumby DG, Holahan MR. Enhanced adolescent learning and hippocampal axonal projections following preadolescent spatial exposure to a water or dry maze. Brain Res 2012; 1475:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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79
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Bowman RE, Kelly R. Chronically stressed female rats show increased anxiety but no behavioral alterations in object recognition or placement memory: a preliminary examination. Stress 2012; 15:524-32. [PMID: 22168672 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.645926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, depending on intensity and duration, elicits adaptive or maladaptive physiological effects. Increasing evidence shows those patterns of advantageous versus deleterious physiologic stress effects also exist for some brain functions, including learning and memory. For example, short stress enhances, while chronic stress impairs, performance on numerous cognitive tasks in male rats. In contrast, performance of female rats is enhanced, or not altered, following both short-term and long-term stress exposure on the same behavioral tasks. The current study was designed to better characterize the behavioral effects of sustained chronic restraint stress in female rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to a stress (restraint, 6 h/day, 35 days) or control (no stress) condition, weighed weekly, and then tested on open field (OF), object recognition (OR) and object placement (OP) tasks. Stressed females gained less weight during stress than controls. On the OF, there were no group differences in locomotor activity, but stressed females made fewer inner visits than controls, indicating increased anxiety. Both groups successfully performed the OP and OR tasks across all inter-trial delays, indicating intact non-spatial and spatial memory in both control and stress females. The current results provide preliminary evidence that the commonly used chronic restraint stress model may not be an efficient stressor to female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Bowman
- Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, USA.
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80
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Spanswick SC, Dyck RH. Object/context specific memory deficits following medial frontal cortex damage in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43698. [PMID: 22928019 PMCID: PMC3424291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex (MFC) is important for processing contextual information. Here we evaluate the performance of mice with MFC damage in a discrimination task that requires an association between an object and the context in which it was experienced (the object/context mismatch task), as well as a version of the novel object preference task that does not require knowledge of contextual information to resolve. Adult C57/BL6 mice received aspiration lesions of the MFC or control surgery. Upon recovery, mice were tested in the object/context mismatch and novel object preference tasks. The object/context mismatch task involved exposing mice to two different contexts, each of which housed a unique pair of identical objects. After a brief delay, mice were re-exposed to one of the contexts, this time with one object that was congruent with that context and one that was not. Novel object preference was performed within a single context, housing an identical pair of objects. After the initial exposure and following a brief delay, mice were re-exposed to the context, this time housing a familiar and a novel object. Control mice were able to successfully resolve the object/context mismatch and novel object preference discriminations, investigating the incongruent/novel object within each task significantly greater than chance. Mice with MFC damage experienced deficits in the object/context mismatch task but not the novel object preference task. These findings add to a growing body of evidence that demonstrate a critical role for the MFC in contextual information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Spanswick
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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81
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Carlini VP, Poretti MB, Rask-Andersen M, Chavan RA, Ponzio MF, Sawant RS, de Barioglio SR, Schiöth HB, de Cuneo MF. Differential effects of fluoxetine and venlafaxine on memory recognition: possible mechanisms of action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:159-67. [PMID: 22449479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are antidepressant drugs commonly used to treat a wide spectrum of mood disorders (Wong and Licinio, 2001). Although they have been clinically used for more than 50 years, the molecular and cellular basis for the action of SSRIs and SNRIs is not clear. Considering that the changes in gene expression involved in the action of antidepressant drugs on memory have not been identified, in this study we investigated the impact of chronic treatment with a SSRI (fluoxetine) and a SNRI (venlafaxine) on the mRNA expression of genes related to memory cascade in the mouse hippocampus, namely, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (TrKB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK/ERK) and serotonin transporter (SERT). Animals treated with fluoxetine 10 mg/Kg/day for 28 days showed a significant decrease in the percentage of time spent in the novel object recognition test (p≤0.005) and induced MAPK1/ERK2 down-regulation (p=0.005). Our results suggest that the effect on cognition could probably be explained by fluoxetine interference in the MAPK/ERK memory pathway. In contrast, chronic treatment with venlafaxine did not reduce MAPK1/ERK2 expression, suggesting that MAPK1/ERK2 down-regulation is not a common effect of all antidepressant drugs. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of chronic fluoxetine treatment on the ERK-CREB system, and to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the disruption of the ERK-CREB system and the effect of this antidepressant on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paola Carlini
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina.
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82
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Gomez JL, Lewis MJ, Luine VN. The interaction of chronic restraint stress and voluntary alcohol intake: effects on spatial memory in male rats. Alcohol 2012; 46:499-504. [PMID: 22560292 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and exposure to stressful life events activate similar neural pathways and thus result in several comparable physiological and behavioral effects. Alcoholics in treatment claim that life stressors are the leading cause of continued drinking or relapse. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of stress and alcohol on cognitive behavior. The effects of restraint stress, alcohol, and stress in combination with alcohol were examined on a spatial memory test, the object placement (OP) task. In addition, intake levels were measured to determine if stress altered general consumption of alcohol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four conditions: no alcohol/no stress control (CON), stress alone (STR), alcohol alone (ALC), and STR+alcohol (STR+ALC). Following each restraint stress bout, the STR+ALC and the ALC groups were given access to 8% alcohol for 1h using the two-bottle choice limited access paradigm. As predicted, the STR+ALC group significantly increased alcohol consumption, while the ALC group had consistent drinking over the 10-day treatment. On the OP task, STR and ALC groups performed at chance levels, whereas the CON and STR+ALC groups significantly discriminated between objects in the new and old locations. These data show that stress increases alcohol intake and the intake of alcohol is associated with reduction of the stress-induced impairment of spatial memory. The data have important implications for the development of alcohol abuse and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Gomez
- Doctoral Program in Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA.
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83
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Fernandez F, Soon I, Li Z, Kuan TC, Min DH, Wong ESM, Demidov ON, Paterson MC, Dawe G, Bulavin DV, Xiao ZC. Wip1 phosphatase positively modulates dendritic spine morphology and memory processes through the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:333-43. [PMID: 22983193 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spine morphology is modulated by protein kinase p38, a mitogen-activated protein (MAPK), in the hippocampus. Protein p38MAPK is a substrate of wip1, a protein phosphatase. The role of wip1 in the central nervous system (CNS) has never been explored. Here, we report a novel function of wip1 in dendritic spine morphology and memory processes. Wip1 deficiency decreases dendritic spine size and density in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region. Simultaneously, impairments in object recognition tasks and contextual memory occur in wip1 deficient mice, but are reversed in wip1/p38 double mutant mice. Thus, our findings demonstrate that wip1 modulates dendritic morphology and memory processes through the p38MAPK signaling pathway. In addition to the well-characterized role of the wip1/p38MAPK in cell death and differentiation, we revealed the novel contribution of wip1 to cognition and dendritic spine morphology, which may suggest new approaches to treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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84
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Talpos JC, Fletcher AC, Circelli C, Tricklebank MD, Dix SL. The pharmacological sensitivity of a touchscreen-based visual discrimination task in the rat using simple and perceptually challenging stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:437-49. [PMID: 22116313 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cognitive testing with touchscreen-equipped operant boxes ('touchscreens') is becoming increasingly popular. Tasks, such as paired associate learning or reversal learning of visual stimuli, have the discrimination of visual stimuli as a fundamental component. However, the effect of drugs commonly used in the study of cognitive mechanisms has yet to be described in a visual discrimination. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to profile a range of psychoactive agents (glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic agonists and antagonists) known to be important in cognitive processing on visual discrimination performance using a touch sensitive computer monitor. METHODS Male Lister Hooded rats were trained to a stable level of performance in a simple visual discrimination. In Experiment 1, the effect of MK-801, phencyclidine, memantine, dextroamphetamine sulphate (D-amphetamine) and scopolamine was assessed. In Experiment 2, the stimuli were blended together resulting in a perceptually more demanding discrimination and a reduction in accuracy. The rats used in Experiment 1 were then retested with these 'morphed' stimuli under the influence of the above compounds. RESULTS MK-801, PCP, and D-amphetamine induced selective deficits in accuracy in both versions of the task. In contrast, scopolamine and memantine produced non-selective deficits in accuracy. Morphing the stimuli reduced accuracy, but did not alter the observed behavioural profile after compound administration. CONCLUSION These data improve our understanding of the basic neuropharmacology of a visual discrimination in cognitive tests employing touchscreens and will aid in the interpretation of pharmacological studies with more cognitively demanding methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Talpos
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B2340, Belgium.
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85
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Evaluation of late cognitive impairment and anxiety states following traumatic brain injury in mice: The effect of minocycline. Neurosci Lett 2012; 511:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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86
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Waters KA, Stean TO, Hammond B, Virley DJ, Upton N, Kew JN, Hussain I. Effects of the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 in animal models of psychosis and cognition. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Selective blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances while D2 receptor antagonism impairs social novelty discrimination and novel object recognition in rats: a key role for the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:770-86. [PMID: 22030711 PMCID: PMC3261029 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists exert pro-cognitive effects in both rodents and primates. Accordingly, this study compared the roles of dopamine D(3) vs D(2) receptors in social novelty discrimination (SND), which relies on olfactory cues, and novel object recognition (NOR), a visual-recognition task. The dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist, S33084 (0.04-0.63 mg/kg), caused a dose-related reversal of delay-dependent impairment in both SND and NOR procedures in adult rats. Furthermore, mice genetically deficient in dopamine D(3) receptors displayed enhanced discrimination in the SND task compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, acute treatment with the preferential dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, L741,626 (0.16-5.0 mg/kg), or with the dopamine D(3) agonist, PD128,907 (0.63-40 μg/kg), caused a dose-related impairment in performance in rats in both tasks after a short inter-trial delay. Bilateral microinjection of S33084 (2.5 μg/side) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats increased SND and caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) improvement in NOR, while intra-striatal injection (2.5 μg/side) had no effect on either. In contrast, bilateral microinjection of L741,626 into the PFC (but not striatum) caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) impairment of NOR. These observations suggest that blockade of dopamine D(3) receptors enhances both SND and NOR, whereas D(3) receptor activation or antagonism of dopamine D(2) receptor impairs cognition in these paradigms. Furthermore, these actions are mediated, at least partly, by the PFC. These data have important implications for exploitation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the treatment of schizophrenia and other CNS disorders, and support the potential therapeutic utility of dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism.
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88
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Recognition memory for social and non-social odors: Differential effects of neurotoxic lesions to the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Hippocampal effects of neuronostatin on memory, anxiety-like behavior and food intake in rats. Neuroscience 2011; 197:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Reichel CM, Ramsey LA, Schwendt M, McGinty JF, See RE. Methamphetamine-induced changes in the object recognition memory circuit. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1119-26. [PMID: 22115899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (meth) can lead to persisting cognitive deficits in human addicts and animal models of meth addiction. Here, we examined the impact of either contingent or non-contingent meth on memory performance using an object-in-place (OIP) task, which measures the ability to detect an object relative to its location and surrounding objects. Further, we quantified monoamine transporter levels and markers of neurotoxicity within the OIP circuitry and striatum. Male Long-Evans rats received an acute meth binge (4 × 4 mg/kg i.p., 2 h intervals) or self-administered meth (0.02 mg/infusion, i.v.; 7 days for 1 h/day, followed by 14 days for 6 h/day). Rats were tested for OIP recognition memory following one week of withdrawal. Subsequently, transporters for serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) were quantified using Western blot in tissue obtained from the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex. In addition, striatal dopamine transporters, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured to assess potential neurotoxicity. Control (saline-treated) rats spent more time interacting with the objects in the changed locations. In contrast, contingent or non-contingent meth resulted in disrupted OIP performance as seen by similar amounts of time spent with all objects, regardless of location. While only acute meth binge produced signs of neurotoxicity, both meth regimens decreased SERT in the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus. Only meth self-administration resulted in a selective decrease in NET. Meth-induced changes in SERT function in the OIP circuitry may underlie memory deficits independently of overt neurotoxic effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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91
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Wimmer ME, Hernandez PJ, Blackwell J, Abel T. Aging impairs hippocampus-dependent long-term memory for object location in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:2220-4. [PMID: 21872364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The decline in cognitive function that accompanies normal aging has a negative impact on the quality of life of the elderly and their families. Studies in humans and rodents show that spatial navigation and other hippocampus-dependent functions are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of aging. However, reduced motor activity and alterations in the stress response that accompany normal aging can hinder the ability to study certain cognitive behaviors in aged animals. In an attempt to circumvent these potential confounds, we used a hippocampus-dependent object-place recognition task to show that long-term spatial memory is impaired in aged mice. Aged animals performed similarly to young adult mice on an object recognition task that does not rely on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu E Wimmer
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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92
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Albasser MM, Amin E, Iordanova MD, Brown MW, Pearce JM, Aggleton JP. Separate but interacting recognition memory systems for different senses: the role of the rat perirhinal cortex. Learn Mem 2011; 18:435-43. [PMID: 21685150 PMCID: PMC3125609 DOI: 10.1101/lm.2132911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two different models (convergent and parallel) potentially describe how recognition memory, the ability to detect the re-occurrence of a stimulus, is organized across different senses. To contrast these two models, rats with or without perirhinal cortex lesions were compared across various conditions that controlled available information from specific sensory modalities. Intact rats not only showed visual, tactile, and olfactory recognition, but also overcame changes in the types of sensory information available between object sampling and subsequent object recognition, e.g., between sampling in the light and recognition in the dark, or vice versa. Perirhinal lesions severely impaired object recognition whenever visual cues were available, but spared olfactory recognition and tactile-based object recognition when tested in the dark. The perirhinal lesions also blocked the ability to recognize an object sampled in the light and then tested for recognition in the dark, or vice versa. The findings reveal parallel recognition systems for different senses reliant on distinct brain areas, e.g., perirhinal cortex for vision, but also show that: (1) recognition memory for multisensory stimuli involves competition between sensory systems and (2) perirhinal cortex lesions produce a bias to rely on vision, despite the presence of intact recognition memory systems serving other senses.
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93
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Aggleton JP, Dumont JR, Warburton EC. Unraveling the contributions of the diencephalon to recognition memory: a review. Learn Mem 2011; 18:384-400. [PMID: 21597044 PMCID: PMC3101772 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1884611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both clinical investigations and studies with animals reveal nuclei within the diencephalon that are vital for recognition memory (the judgment of prior occurrence). This review seeks to identify these nuclei and to consider why they might be important for recognition memory. Despite the lack of clinical cases with circumscribed pathology within the diencephalon and apparent species differences, convergent evidence from a variety of sources implicates a subgroup of medial diencephalic nuclei. It is supposed that the key functional interactions of this subgroup of diencephalic nuclei are with the medial temporal lobe, the prefrontal cortex, and with cingulate regions. In addition, some of the clinical evidence most readily supports dual-process models of recognition, which assume two independent cognitive processes (recollective-based and familiarity-based) that combine to direct recognition judgments. From this array of information a "multi-effect multi-nuclei" model is proposed, in which the mammillary bodies and the anterior thalamic nuclei are of preeminent importance for recollective-based recognition. The medial dorsal thalamic nucleus is thought to contribute to familiarity-based recognition, but this nucleus, along with various midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, is also assumed to have broader, indirect effects upon both recollective-based and familiarity-based recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom.
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94
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Kealy J, Commins S. The rat perirhinal cortex: A review of anatomy, physiology, plasticity, and function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93:522-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Damgaard T, Plath N, Neill JC, Hansen SL. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptor activation reverses recognition memory deficits in an animal model of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:403-13. [PMID: 20957350 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder comprised of three main classes of symptoms: positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Currently, no approved treatment exists for the cognitive symptoms. There is thus a great need for research aiming at identifying novel targets for treatment of this indication. Several neurotransmitter systems are affected in schizophrenia patients, including the γ-amino butyric acid (GABAergic) system, demonstrated by reduced parvalbumin-containing interneurons, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and the GABA transporter GAT-1. Furthermore, gene expression of several GABA(A) receptor sub-units, such as α1, α4 and δ is reduced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. OBJECTIVES The psychotomimetic NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) is frequently employed to model schizophrenia in animal disease models. Sub-chronic PCP treatment of female hooded Lister rats has repeatedly been shown to induce impairments in object recognition memory, and this model was therefore chosen for the examination of the potential of positive modulation of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in alleviating the PCP-induced deficit. RESULTS Rats treated sub-chronically with PCP showed significant impairments in recognition memory. This deficit was reversed by positive modulation of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. CONCLUSION The present study shows that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors may present a novel target for the development of therapeutics aimed at improving cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Damgaard
- H. Lundbeck A/S, In Vivo Neuropharmacology, Ottiliavej 9, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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96
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Reichel CM, Schwendt M, McGinty JF, Olive MF, See RE. Loss of object recognition memory produced by extended access to methamphetamine self-administration is reversed by positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:782-92. [PMID: 21150906 PMCID: PMC3052905 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (meth) abuse can lead to persisting cognitive deficits. Here, we utilized a long-access meth self-administration (SA) protocol to assess recognition memory and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) expression, and the possible reversal of cognitive impairments with the mGluR5 allosteric modulator, 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB). Male, Long-Evans rats self-administered i.v. meth (0.02 mg/infusion) on an FR1 schedule of reinforcement or received yoked-saline infusions. After seven daily 1-h sessions, rats were switched to 6-h daily sessions for 14 days, and then underwent drug abstinence. Rats were tested for object recognition memory at 1 week after meth SA at 90 min and 24 h retention intervals. In a separate experiment, rats underwent the same protocol, but received either vehicle or CDPPB (30 mg/kg) after familiarization. Rats were killed on day 8 or 14 post-SA and brain tissue was obtained. Meth intake escalated over the extended access period. Additionally, meth-experienced rats showed deficits in both short- and long-term recognition memory, demonstrated by a lack of novel object exploration. The deficit at 90 min was reversed by CDPPB treatment. On day 8, meth intake during SA negatively correlated with mGluR expression in the perirhinal and prefrontal cortex, and mGluR5 receptor expression was decreased 14 days after discontinuation of meth. This effect was specific to mGluR5 levels in the perirhinal cortex, as no differences were identified in the hippocampus or in mGluR2/3 receptors. These results from a clinically-relevant animal model of addiction suggest that mGluR5 receptor modulation may be a potential treatment of cognitive dysfunction in meth addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jacqueline F McGinty
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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97
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Burke SN, Wallace JL, Nematollahi S, Uprety AR, Barnes CA. Pattern separation deficits may contribute to age-associated recognition impairments. Behav Neurosci 2011; 124:559-73. [PMID: 20939657 DOI: 10.1037/a0020893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with impairments in stimulus recognition. In the current investigation, object recognition was tested in adult and aged rats with the standard spontaneous object recognition (SOR) task or two variants of this task. On the standard SOR task, adult rats showed an exploratory preference for the novel object over delays up to 24 h, whereas the aged rats only showed significant novelty discrimination at the 2-min delay. This age difference appeared to be because of the old rats behaving as if the novel object was familiar. To test this hypothesis directly, rats participated in a variant of the SOR task that allowed the exploration times between the object familiarization and the test phases to be compared, and this experiment confirmed that aged rats falsely "recognize" the novel object. A final control examined whether or not aged rats exhibited reduced motivation to explore objects. In this experiment, when the environmental context changed between familiarization and test, young and old rats failed to show an exploratory preference because both age groups spent more time exploring the familiar object. Together these findings support the view that age-related impairments in object recognition arise from old animals behaving as if novel objects are familiar, which is reminiscent of behavioral impairments in young rats with perirhinal cortical lesions. The current experiments thus suggest that alterations in the perirhinal cortex may be responsible for reducing aged animals' ability to distinguish new stimuli from ones that have been encountered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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98
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One-trial object recognition in rats and mice: Methodological and theoretical issues. Behav Brain Res 2010; 215:244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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99
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Blanchard J, Wanka L, Tung YC, Cárdenas-Aguayo MDC, LaFerla FM, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Pharmacologic reversal of neurogenic and neuroplastic abnormalities and cognitive impairments without affecting Aβ and tau pathologies in 3xTg-AD mice. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:605-21. [PMID: 20697724 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the occurrence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles and Aβ plaques, neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity are markedly altered in Alzheimer disease (AD). Although the most popular therapeutic approach has been to inhibit neurodegeneration, another is to promote neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity by utilizing the regenerative capacity of the brain. Here we show that, in a transgenic mouse model of AD, 3xTg-AD mice, there was a marked deficit in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, which occurred before the formation of any neurofibrillary tangles or Aβ plaques and was associated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, peripheral administration of Peptide 6, an 11-mer, which makes an active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF, amino acid residues 146-156), restored cognition by enhancing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity in these mice. Although this treatment had no detectable effect on Aβ and tau pathologies in 9-month animals, it enhanced neurogenesis in dentate gyrus, reduced ectopic birth in the granular cell layer, and increased neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These findings, for the first time, demonstrate the possibility of therapeutic treatment of AD and related disorders by peripheral administration of a peptide corresponding to a biologically active region of CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Blanchard
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, 10314, USA.
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100
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Nirogi RVS, Kothmirkar P, Kambhampati R, Konda JB, Arepalli S, Pamuleti NG, Deshpande AD, Bandyala T, Shinde AK, Dubey PK. Novel and Potent 5-Piperazinyl Methyl-N 1-aryl Sulfonyl Indole Derivatives as 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:340-4. [PMID: 24900216 DOI: 10.1021/ml100101u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The exclusive distribution of 5-HT6 receptors in the brain regions associated with learning and memory makes it an ideal target for cognitive disorders. A novel series of 5-piperazinyl methyl-N 1-aryl sulfonyl indoles were designed and synthesized as 5-HT6R ligands. Most of the synthesized compounds are potent when tested by in vitro radioligand binding assay. The lead compound from the series does not have the CYP liabilities and is active in an animal model of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna V. S. Nirogi
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Prabhakar Kothmirkar
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Ramasastri Kambhampati
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Jagadish Babu Konda
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Sobhanadri Arepalli
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Narasimhareddy G. Pamuleti
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Amol D. Deshpande
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Trinathreddy Bandyala
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Anil K. Shinde
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - P. K. Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
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