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Robles-Pérez D, Martínez-Pérez JM, Rojo-Vázquez FA, Martínez-Valladares M. Screening anthelmintic resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica isolated from sheep by means of an egg hatch assay. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:226. [PMID: 26314580 PMCID: PMC4551519 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, the detection of anthelmintic resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ) in sheep infected by Fasciola hepatica was studied using an egg hatch assay (EHA). F. hepatica eggs were recovered from bile and faeces of infected animals by isolates with different grade of anthelmintic resistance to TCBZ: i) a resistant isolate (RT); ii) a susceptible isolate (ST); iii) naturally infected sheep by a susceptible field strain (FST). In the EHA the percentage of hatched eggs were calculated according to the following concentrations of TCBZ diluted in dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO): 0.05, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/ml. Results In relation to the EHAs carried out with the eggs from bile of sheep infected by ST, differences were found in the percentage of hatched eggs between the control well, only with DMSO, and the two highest concentrations of TCBZ (5 and 25 μg/m) (p < 0.05). However, when we tested the drug with the eggs from the bile of sheep infected by RT, the percentage of hatched eggs was similar among all concentrations. Since the range of hatching varied between isolates, we calculated the ratio of the results of each concentration to its control value confirming the higher hatching in RT than in ST. We developed an EHA with eggs recovered from faeces in order to avoid the slaughter of sheep. The results of the EHAs with the isolate ST showed differences in the percentage of hatching between the highest concentration (25 μg/ml) and the control well (p < 0.05); however, these differences were not confirmed under field conditions with the strain FST. Conclusions The ovicidal effect of TCBZ in F. hepatica eggs from bile was shown using a commercial formulation diluted in DMSO with a minimum concentration of 5 μg/ml. However, in eggs recovered from faeces the results are not conclusive. The cleaning of eggs recovered from faeces is an important issue that should be reviewed and standardized before comparing results between susceptible and resistant isolates in this kind of EHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robles-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Antonio Rojo-Vázquez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain. .,Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca de Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
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Novobilský A, Höglund J. First report of closantel treatment failure against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:172-7. [PMID: 26448903 PMCID: PMC4572398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of Fasciola hepatica infection in livestock is based on annual treatment using flukicides such as triclabendazole, albendazole and closantel. However, triclabendazole resistant F. hepatica populations are emerging worldwide and resistance is emerging to albendazole, whereas it has until now never been described for closantel. In Sweden, a topical formulation containing a combination of closantel and ivermectin (Closamectin Pour On) has been registered for use in cattle only since 2011. This study evaluated the efficacy of closantel against F. hepatica in naturally infected beef cattle using both coproantigen and faecal egg count reduction tests. Faecal egg counts (FEC) and coproantigen ELISA examinations were conducted in February 2014 in three beef cattle herds (A, B, C) in south-western Sweden. On each farm, 10 F. hepatica coproantigen-positive and F. hepatica egg-positive animals were allocated after 12-16 weeks of housing into groups and treated topically with a minimum of 20 mg closantel per kg body weight. Faecal samples were collected from selected animals on 0, 7 and 21 day post-treatment (PT). Based on FEC, closantel efficacy 21 days PT was 72% (95% CI: 65-77%) and 97% (95% CI: 95-98%) on farms A and B, respectively. No FEC reduction at all was observed on farm C. In total, 4, 1 and 6 animals remained coproantigen-positive at 21 days PT on farms A, B and C, respectively. Closantel treatment failure was confirmed on two of the farms. As the animals were housed 12-16 weeks before treatment and thereafter during the entire study, failure due to the presence of juvenile flukes was excluded. Although the cause of closantel failure currently remains unclear, development of resistance or/and absorption failure of topical administration should be considered. To our knowledge, this is the first report of closantel treatment failure against F. hepatica in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rojas-Caraballo J, López-Abán J, Fernández-Soto P, Vicente B, Collía F, Muro A. Gene Expression Profile in the Liver of BALB/c Mice Infected with Fasciola hepatica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134910. [PMID: 26247779 PMCID: PMC4527836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica infection still remains one of the helminthic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It has a huge worldwide distribution, affecting mainly cattle and, sometimes, human beings. In addition to data reported about the immunological response induced by helminthic infections and that induced by Fasciola hepatica, little is known about the gene expression profile in its organ target, the liver, which is where adult worms are established and live for long periods of time, causing its characteristic pathology. In the present work, we study both the early and late gene expression profiles in the livers of mice infected with F. hepatica metacercariae using a microarray-based methodology. Methodology A total of 9 female-6-week-old BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Barcelona, Spain) weighing 20 to 35 g were used for the experiments. Two groups of BALB/c mice were orally infected with seven F. hepatica metacercariae, and the other group remained untreated and served as a control. Mice were humanely euthanized and necropsied for liver recovery, histological assessment of hepatic damage, RNA isolation, microarray design and gene expression analysis on the day of infection (t0), seven days post-infection (t7) and twenty-one days post-infection (t21). Results We found that F. hepatica infection induces the differential expression of 128 genes in the liver in the early stage of infection and 308 genes in the late stage, and most of them are up-regulated. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed significant changes in the pathways related to metabolism, biosynthesis and signaling as well as genes implicated in inducing liver-toxicity, injury and death. Conclusion The present study provides us insights at the molecular level about the underlying mechanisms used by F. hepatica, leading to liver damage and its subsequent pathophysiology. The expression pattern obtained here could also be used to explain the lack of association between infection with F. hepatica and cholangiocarcinoma. However, more studies should be performed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
| | - Belén Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
| | - Francisco Collía
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
| | - Antonio Muro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Castilla y León, España
- * E-mail:
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Olah S, van Wyk JA, Wall R, Morgan ER. FAMACHA©: A potential tool for targeted selective treatment of chronic fasciolosis in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26223154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica causes considerable damage to the health, welfare and productivity of ruminants in temperate areas, and its control is challenged by anthelmintic resistance. Targeted selective treatment (TST) is an increasingly established strategy for preserving anthelmintic efficacy in grazing livestock, yet no practical indicators are available to target individuals for treatment against fluke infection. This paper evaluates the FAMACHA(©) system, a colour chart for the non-invasive detection of anaemia in small ruminants, for this purpose. FAMACHA(©) scores were collected from 288 sheep prior to slaughter during the winter period, when fluke infections were largely mature, and condemned livers were recovered and adult flukes extracted. Average FAMACHA(©) score was significantly higher (=paler conjunctivae) in animals whose livers were condemned (3.6, n=62) than in those whose livers were not condemned (2.1). The number of adult flukes recovered ranged from 2 to 485, and was positively correlated with FAMACHA(©) score (r(2)=0.54, p<0.001). Packed cell volume was correlated negatively with both FAMACHA(©) score (n=240, r=0.23, p<0.001) and fluke number (r=0.24, p<0.001). Nematode faecal egg count (FEC) did not correlate with FAMACHA(©) score, and selective treatment of individual sheep with FAMACHA(©) scores above 2 or 3 would have preserved between 27 and 100% of nematodes in refugia on the basis of FEC, depending on group and the threshold used for treatment. FAMACHA(©) holds promise as a tool for selective treatment of sheep against adult F. hepatica, in support of refugia-based control of fluke and nematode infections, and further field evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Olah
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan A van Wyk
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Richard Wall
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric R Morgan
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
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Crilly JP, Anderson F, McCormick I, O'Roarke J, Wilson K, Skuce P. Triclabendazole-resistant liver fluke: issues and strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/live.2015.20.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John O'Roarke
- All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Roscommon & Veterinary Ireland
| | - Ken Wilson
- D.S.McGregor & Partners, Thurso, Caithness
| | - Philip Skuce
- Senior Research Scientist, Moredun Research Institute
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Sansri V, Meemon K, Changklungmoa N, Kueakhai P, Chantree P, Chaichanasak P, Lorsuwannarat N, Itagaki T, Sobhon P. Protection against Fasciola gigantica infection in mice by vaccination with recombinant juvenile-specific cathepsin L. Vaccine 2015; 33:1596-601. [PMID: 25701317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1H (FgCatL1H) is one of the major cathepsin L released by juveniles of F. gigantica to aid in the invasion of host's tissues. Due to its high sequence similarity with other cathepsin L (CatL) isoforms of late stage F. gigantica, it was considered to be a good vaccine candidate that can block all CatL-mediated protease activities and affect juveniles as well as adult parasites. In this study, recombinant proFgCatL1H protein expressed in yeast, Pichia pastoris, system was mixed with Freund's adjuvants and used to subcutaneously immunize mice that were later challenged with metacercariae of F. gigantica. The percentage of worm protection in the rproFgCatL1H-vaccinated mice compared to the non-immunized and adjuvant control mice were approximately 62.7% and 66.1%, respectively. Anti-rproFgCatL1H antisera collected from vaccinated mice reacted specifically with rproFgCatL1H and other cathepsin L isoforms of F. gigantica, but the antibodies did not cross react with antigens from other trematode and nematode parasites, including Eurytrema pancreaticum, Opisthorchis viverrini, Fischoederius cobboldi, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Paramphistomum cervi, and Setaria labiato-papillosa. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in mouse sera increased significantly at two weeks after immunization and were highest during the sixth to eighth weeks after immunization. The IgG1 level was higher than IgG2a at all periods of immunization, implicating the dominance of the Th2 response. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera were shown to be strongly correlated with the numbers of worm recovery, and the correlation coefficient was higher for IgG1. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were significantly lower in the sera of rproFgCatL1H-vaccinated mice than in the infected control mice indicating a lower degree of liver damage. This study demonstrated a high potential of FgCatL1H vaccine, and its efficacy is currently being studied in the larger economic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerawat Sansri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Narin Changklungmoa
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pannigan Chaichanasak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Cheum-Sampan Road, Nong Chok, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Natcha Lorsuwannarat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Elliott TP, Spithill TW. The T687G SNP in a P-glycoprotein gene of Fasciola hepatica is not associated with resistance to triclabendazole in two resistant Australian populations. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 198:45-7. [PMID: 25481750 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is widely used for control of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in animals and humans and resistance to this drug is now widespread. However, the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ is not known. A T687G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a P-glycoprotein gene was proposed as a molecular marker for TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica (Wilkinson et al., 2012). We analyzed this Pgp gene from TCBZ-susceptible and TCBZ-resistant populations from Australia to determine if the SNP was a marker for TCBZ resistance. From the 21 parasites studied we observed 27 individual haplotypes in the Pgp sequences which comprised seven haplotypic groups (A-G), with haplotypes A and B representing 81% of the total observed. The T687G SNP was not observed in either of the resistant or susceptible populations. We conclude that the T687G SNP in this Pgp gene is not associated with TCBZ resistance in these Australian F. hepatica populations and therefore unlikely to be a universal molecular marker for TCBZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Elliott
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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A highly water soluble benzimidazole derivative useful for the treatment of fasciolosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5814-5817. [PMID: 25455496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of compound (7), a highly hydrosoluble phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of compound alpha (4). Compound (7) improved the aqueous solubility of its precursor compound (4) by 50,000 times and it is stable at neutral pH. The prodrug showed faciolicidal activity when evaluated in vitro against excysted Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. The in vivo evaluation of (7) was carried out via oral, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in sheep artificially infected with F. hepatica metacercariae. At an intramuscular dose of 4 mg/kg, the activity of (7) was similar to that of compound alpha (4) at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg.
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Analysis of genetic variability of Fasciola hepatica populations from different geographical locations by ISSR-PCR. Parasitology 2014; 142:527-33. [PMID: 25266441 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201400153x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inter-simple sequence repeats markers were used to determinate the genetic variability of Fasciola hepatica populations recovered from sheep and cattle from Spain (Sp1, Sp2, Sp3 and Sp4), UK (Eng), Ireland (Ir) and Mexico (Mex). Twenty five primers were tested but only five produced 39 reproducible bands, being 71.79% polymorphic bands. This percentage ranged from 10.26% in Sp4 to 48.72% in Sp1, and per host between 28.21 and 48.72% in sheep and between 10.26 and 38.46% in cattle. This relatively low range of genetic diversity within populations, with a mean of 34.40%, implies that a large proportion of variation resided among populations. The population differentiation (Gst = 0.547) indicated that 54.7% of variation is due to differences between populations and 45.3% due to differences within population. The Nei's distance ranged between 0.091 and 0.230 in sheep and between 0.150 and 0.337 in cattle. The genetic relationships between populations and individuals were shown by a UPGMA dendrogram and a principal coordinate analysis; both grouped all populations separately from Sp4, a population of from the Midwest of Spain with the lowest level of diversity. Small genetic distances were observed between Eng and Ir, on the one hand, and Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, from the Northwest of Spain, together with Mex, on the other.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JPY. Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: room for improvement. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:65-107. [PMID: 24928180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis, a significant disease in mammals, including livestock, wildlife and humans, with a major socioeconomic impact worldwide. In spite of its impact, and some advances towards the development of vaccines and new therapeutic agents, limited attention has been paid to the need for practical and reliable methods for the diagnosis of infection or disease. Accurate diagnosis is central to effective control, particularly given an emerging problem with drug resistance in F. hepatica. Traditional coprological techniques have been widely used, but are often unreliable. Although there have been some advances in establishing immunologic techniques, these tools can suffer from a lack of diagnostic specificity and/or sensitivity. Nonetheless, antigen detection tests seem to have considerable potential, but have not yet been adequately evaluated in the field. Moreover, advanced nucleic acid-based methods appear to offer the most promise for the diagnosis of current infection. This chapter (i) provides a brief account of the biology and significance of F. hepatica/fascioliasis, (ii) describes key techniques currently in use, (iii) compares their advantages/disadvantages and (iv) reviews polymerase chain reaction-based methods for specific diagnosis and/or the genetic characterization of Fasciola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ortiz P, Castope N, Cabrera M, Farias C, Suarez G, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of different generic triclabendazole formulations in heifers. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:279-85. [PMID: 24861276 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.925411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the comparative drug systemic exposure of a reference (RF) and four test (Test I, Test II, Test III and Test IV) formulations of triclabendazole (TCBZ) in heifers. METHODS Thirty Holstein heifers were randomly distributed into five groups (n=6 per group). Animals in the RF group received the reference formulation (Fasinex), and those in the other groups received different commercially available TCBZ formulations (Test I, Test II, Test III and Test IV). All treatments were orally administered at 12 mg/kg bodyweight. The concentrations of TCBZ metabolites in plasma between 0 and 168 hours after treatment were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ.SO) and TCBZ-sulphone (TCBZ.SO₂) were the only analytes recovered in plasma. Only the Test I formulation did not differ from the RF for all pharmacokinetic parameters measured for either metabolite (p>0.8). The TCBZ.SO area under the concentration vs. time curve for Test II formulation (268.9 µg.h/mL) was lower, and for Test III (619.9 µg.h/mL) and Test IV (683.4 µg.h/mL) was higher, than the RF (418.1 µg.h/mL) (p<0.005). CONCLUSION Based on the currently available bioequivalence criteria, the only test formulation under evaluation that could be considered equivalent to the RF was the Test I formulation, which demonstrated an equivalent systemic exposure for the active TCBZ.SO metabolite. This comparison of TCBZ pioneer and test formulations in cattle raises awareness of the need for further quality control for drug approval in the veterinary pharmaceutical field in many regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ortiz
- a Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias , Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca , Cajamarca , Perú
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Robles-Pérez D, Martínez-Pérez J, Rojo-Vázquez F, Martínez-Valladares M. Development of an egg hatch assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole in Fasciola hepatica isolated from sheep. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martínez-Valladares M, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation of Fasciola hepatica eggs from sheep with different level of anthelmintic resistance. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2733-41. [PMID: 24832814 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, Fasciola hepatica strains of sheep with different degrees of resistance to anthelmintics were analyzed by sequencing the cytochrome C oxidase (COX1) and the NADH dehydrogenase (NAD1) subunits. The strains were as follows: LS, susceptible to all drugs tested; CS, resistant to albendazole and triclabendazole; and SV, resistant to albendazole and clorsulon. The molecular characterization was done in eggs recovered from sheep infected by LS and CS. In relation to SV, eggs were recovered before (SV0) and after a treatment with albendazole (SVA) and clorsulon (SVC). Nested PCRs were carried out to amplify a fragment of 798 bp of the COX1 subunit and 870 bp of the NAD1 subunit. The pairwise sequence identity between eggs was analyzed for each strain. Population diversity indices, neutrality indices, and the degree of gene flow among the strains were evaluated. As a result, we have shown that there was homogeneity in the demographic expansion of the studied strains, and, according to the pairwise fixation index, these were not genetically differentiated. Although we found that the resistant strains had lower pairwise percentage similarities, higher haplotype diversity, and higher frequencies of specific SNPs, especially in the COX1 subunit, these differences were not very significant. Therefore, we conclude that the presence of adult flukes resistant to anthelmintics does not result in significant higher genetic diversity in the mtDNA of their eggs.
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A QSPR-like model for multilocus genotype networks of Fasciola hepatica in Northwest Spain. J Theor Biol 2014; 343:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brockwell YM, Elliott TP, Anderson GR, Stanton R, Spithill TW, Sangster NC. Confirmation of Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 4:48-54. [PMID: 24596668 PMCID: PMC3940233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole resistant F. hepatica is confirmed in infected Australian cattle. Resistance was observed on four beef properties and one dairy property. Live drug resistant adult flukes were recovered from cattle after treatment. A coproantigen reduction test was used to identify resistance. We describe a method suitable for post-treatment analysis of fluke infection.
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the drug of choice for Fasciola hepatica control and reports of F. hepatica resistant to this drug from a wide range of geographic regions are very concerning. This study investigated the presence of TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle herds and evaluated methods of measuring the levels of resistance. Faecal egg count and coproantigen reduction tests (FECRT and CRT, respectively) were conducted on 6 South-eastern Australian beef properties and one dairy property where treatment failure by triclabendazole (TCBZ) was suspected. The CRT was conducted on an additional beef property. On each property 15 animals were treated with an oral preparation of TCBZ at the recommended dose and 15 animals remained as untreated controls. Fluke eggs in faeces were counted and coproantigen levels were measured before treatment and 21 days after treatment and in the untreated control animals. These data were evaluated using three different methods to calculate % reductions compared with controls. Resistance (<90% reduction) was detected on the dairy property using both FEC and CRT, and on 3/6 beef properties using FECRT and 4/7 beef properties using CRT. Using the FECRT, reductions of 6.1–14.1% were observed in dairy cattle and 25.9–65.5% in beef cattle. Using the CRT, reductions of 0.4–7.6% were observed in dairy cattle and 27.0–69.5% in beef cattle. Live flukes were recovered at slaughter following TCBZ treatment of 6 cattle from 3 of the beef properties, confirming the TCBZ resistance status of F. hepatica in these cattle. This is the first report of F. hepatica resistant to TCBZ in cattle in Australia and the results suggest that resistance is widespread in the South-eastern region. The CRT is shown to be a robust alternative to the FECRT for evaluation of TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette M Brockwell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
| | - Timothy P Elliott
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Glenn R Anderson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia ; Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd., Milperra, N.S.W. 2214, Australia
| | - Rex Stanton
- E.H. Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia ; Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Sangster
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
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Fasciola hepatica - the pilot study of in vitro assessing immune response against native and recombinant antigens of the fluke. Acta Parasitol 2013; 58:453-62. [PMID: 24338305 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-013-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a liver fluke that infects 2.4 million of people and causes great economical loss in animal production. To date a 100% effective vaccine has not been developed and the disease is controlled by drug therapy. Great efforts are put into development of effective vaccine against parasite what is difficult since Fasciola spp. (like other helmints) during evolutionary process has developed sophisticated and efficient methods to evade immune response. During preliminary experiments it is convenient to use cell lines which are relatively cheap and allow for reproducible comparison of results between laboratories. We stimulated BOMA (bovine monocyte/macrophage cell line) and BOMAC (bovine macrophage cell line) with native or recombinant antigens of Fasciola hepatica and assessed IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α level upon stimulation. We observed diminished secretion of proinflammatory TNF-α in LPS activated BOMA cells stimulated with Excretory/Secretory products of adult fluke (Fh-ES). We also observed greater changes in gene expression in LPS activated BOMA cells than in non activated BOMA cells upon stimulation using Fh-ES. The results show possibility of using cell lines for in vitro research of bovine immune response against liver fluke, although this model still requires validation and further characterization.
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Elliott T, Muller A, Brockwell Y, Murphy N, Grillo V, Toet HM, Anderson G, Sangster N, Spithill TW. Evidence for high genetic diversity of NAD1 and COX1 mitochondrial haplotypes among triclabendazole resistant and susceptible populations and field isolates of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2013; 200:90-6. [PMID: 24360656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the global incidence of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) infections exhibiting resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ) has increased, resulting in increased economic losses for livestock producers and threatening future control. The development of TCBZ resistance and the worldwide discovery of F. hepatica population diversity has emphasized the need to further understand the genetic structure of drug susceptible and resistant Fasciola populations within Australia. In this study, the genetic diversity of liver flukes was estimated by sequencing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoding the NAD1 (530 bp) and COX1 (420 bp) genes of 208 liver flukes (F. hepatica) collected from three populations: field isolates obtained from abattoirs from New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (Vic); three TCBZ-resistant fluke populations from NSW and Victoria; and the well-established TCBZ-susceptible Sunny Corner laboratory isolate. Overall nucleotide diversity for all flukes analysed of 0.00516 and 0.00336 was estimated for the NAD1 and COX1 genes respectively. Eighteen distinct haplotypes were established for the NAD1 gene and six haplotypes for the COX1 gene, resulting in haplotype diversity levels of 0.832 and 0.482, respectively. One field isolate showed a similar low level of haplotype diversity as seen in the Sunny Corner laboratory isolate. Analysis of TCBZ-resistant infrapopulations from 3 individual cattle grazing one property revealed considerable sequence parasite diversity between cattle. Analysis of parasite TCBZ-resistant infrapopulations from sheep and cattle revealed haplotypes unique to each host, but no significant difference between parasite populations. Fst analysis of fluke populations revealed little differentiation between the resistant and field populations. This study has revealed a high level of diversity in field and drug resistant flukes in South-Eastern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elliott
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - A Muller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Y Brockwell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - N Murphy
- Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - V Grillo
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Australian Wildlife Health Network, Taronga Zoo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H M Toet
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - G Anderson
- Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd., Australia, Milperra, NSW, Australia
| | - N Sangster
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - T W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
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Martínez-Valladares M, Cordero-Pérez C, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of an anthelmintic combination in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica resistant to albendazole and clorsulon. Exp Parasitol 2013; 136:59-62. [PMID: 24211419 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we identified five sheep flocks with fasciolosis in the province of León (northwestern Spain) in order to determine the anthelmintic resistance status to three commonly used anthelmintics, namely albendazole (ABZ), triclabendazole (TCBZ) and clorsulon (CLOR). The identification of one flock resistant to ABZ and CLOR was shown after the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The reductions in eggs per gram values were -17.6% and -68% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after ABZ treatment; 85.15% and 44.91% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after CLOR treatment; and 97.06% against both stages, after the administration of TCBZ. As an alternative to control the infection, two combinations of ABZ and CLOR were tested. In the first, both drugs were administered at the recommended dose of each; in this case, the efficiency reached values above 95% against both immature and adult flukes. However, when the combined drugs were administered at half the recommended dose of each, the efficiency of the combination was very low, i.e. 16.67% and -11.11% against mature and immature flukes, respectively. In conclusion, this preliminary report suggests a possible interaction between ABZ and CLOR after their joint administration. However, these results should be confirmed in other flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal del Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - C Cordero-Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - F A Rojo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal del Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
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Gherbawy YA, Shalaby IM, Abd El-sadek MS, Elhariry HM, Banaja AA. The anti-fasciolasis properties of silver nanoparticles produced by Trichoderma harzianum and their improvement of the anti-fasciolasis drug triclabendazole. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21887-98. [PMID: 24196355 PMCID: PMC3856041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new strains of Fasciola demonstrated drug resistance, which increased the need for new drugs or improvement of the present drugs. Nanotechnology is expected to open some new opportunities to fight and prevent diseases using an atomic scale tailoring of materials. The ability to uncover the structure and function of biosystems at the nanoscale, stimulates research leading to improvement in biology, biotechnology, medicine and healthcare. The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate fungal strains from Taif soil samples, which have the ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The fungus Trichoderma harzianum, when challenged with silver nitrate solution, accumulated silver nanoparticles (AgNBs) on the surface of its cell wall in 72 h. These nanoparticles, dislodged by ultrasonication, showed an absorption peak at 420 nm in a UV-visible spectrum, corresponding to the plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. The transmission electron micrographs of dislodged nanoparticles in aqueous solution showed the production of reasonably monodisperse silver nanoparticles (average particle size: 4.66 nm) by the fungus. The percentage of non hatching eggs treated with the Triclabendazole drug was 69.67%, while this percentage increased to 89.67% in combination with drug and AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-55-3993-906
| | - Ismail M. Shalaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Syed Abd El-sadek
- Nanomaterial Lab., Physics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; E-Mail:
| | - Hesham M. Elhariry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, POB 68- Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - AbdelElah A. Banaja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
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70
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Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Riengrojpitak S, Chaichanasak P, Meemon K, Chaithirayanon K, Chantree P, Sansri V, Itagaki T, Sobhon P. Vaccine potential of recombinant saposin-like protein 2 against Fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zumaquero-Ríos JL, Sarracent-Pérez J, Rojas-García R, Rojas-Rivero L, Martínez-Tovilla Y, Valero MA, Mas-Coma S. Fascioliasis and intestinal parasitoses affecting schoolchildren in Atlixco, Puebla State, Mexico: epidemiology and treatment with nitazoxanide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2553. [PMID: 24278492 PMCID: PMC3836726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Atlixco municipality, Puebla State, at a mean altitude of 1840 m, was selected for a study of Fasciola hepatica infection in schoolchildren in Mexico. This area presents permanent water collections continuously receiving thaw water from Popocatepetl volcano (5426 m altitude) through the community supply channels, conforming an epidemiological scenario similar to those known in hyperendemic areas of Andean countries. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS A total of 865 6-14 year-old schoolchildren were analyzed with FasciDIG coproantigen test and Lumbreras rapid sedimentation technique, and quantitatively assessed with Kato-Katz. Fascioliasis prevalences ranged 2.94-13.33% according to localities (mean 5.78%). Intensities were however low (24-384 epg). The association between fascioliasis and the habit of eating raw vegetables was identified, including watercress and radish with pronouncedly higher relative risk than lettuce, corncob, spinach, alfalfa juice, and broccoli. Many F. hepatica-infected children were coinfected by other parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Ascaris lumbricoides infection resulted in risk factors for F. hepatica infection. Nitazoxanide efficacy against fascioliasis was 94.0% and 100% after first and second treatment courses, respectively. The few children, for whom a second treatment course was needed, were concomitantly infected by moderate ascariasis burdens. Its efficacy was also very high in the treatment of E. histolytica/E. dispar, G. intestinalis, B. hominis, H. nana, A. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis. A second treatment course was needed for all children affected by ancylostomatids. CONCLUSIONS Fascioliasis prevalences indicate this area to be mesoendemic, with isolated hyperendemic foci. This is the first time that a human fascioliasis endemic area is described in North America. Nitazoxanide appears as an appropriate alternative to triclabendazole, the present drug of choice for chronic fascioliasis. Its wide spectrum efficacy against intestinal protozooses and helminthiasis, usually coinfecting liver fluke infected subjects in human endemic areas, represents an important added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lino Zumaquero-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Facultad de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Jorge Sarracent-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kouri”, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Raúl Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Facultad de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Lázara Rojas-Rivero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kouri”, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Yaneth Martínez-Tovilla
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Puebla, Col. Volcanes, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - María Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lorsuwannarat N, Piedrafita D, Chantree P, Sansri V, Songkoomkrong S, Bantuchai S, Sangpairot K, Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Chaichanasak P, Chansela P, Sobhon P. The in vitro anthelmintic effects of plumbagin on newly excysted and 4-weeks-old juvenile parasites of Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2013; 136:5-13. [PMID: 24157317 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of plumbagin (PB, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) against newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) and 4-weeks-old immature parasites of Fasciola gigantica were compared with triclabendazole (TCZ). The anthelmintic efficacy of 1, 10 and 100μg/ml of PB or TCZ following incubation in vitro for 1-24h was compared using a combination of relative motility (RM), survival index (SI) and larval migration inhibition (LMI) assays for parasite viability. The RM and SI values of the PB-treated group decreased at a more rapid rate than the TCZ-treated group. For NEJs, the decreased RM values were first observed at 1h incubation with 1μg/ml PB, and 90% of flukes were killed at 24h. In contrast, in TCZ-treated groups a 10-fold higher concentration of TCZ (10μg/ml) resulted in only 9% dead parasites after 24h incubation. In 4-weeks-old juvenile parasites, PB reduced the RM value at 10μg/ml with 100% of flukes dead after 3h, while TCZ decreased RM values at the concentration of 100μg/ml but with only 5% of flukes killed at 24h. NEJs treated with PB exhibited 88%, 99% and 100% of LMIs at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100μg/ml, respectively. NEJs incubated with TCZ have an LMI of only 32% at the highest concentration of 100μg/ml. Similarly PB had a significantly greater killing of immature 4weeks juvenile stages than TCZ at all concentrations; however, 4-weeks-old juvenile parasites were more resistant to killing by PB or TCZ at all concentrations when compared to NEJs. Further studies were carried out to investigate the alterations of the parasite tegument by scanning electron microscope (SEM). PB caused similar tegumental alterations in 4-weeks-old juveniles as those observed in TCZ treatment but with greater damage at comparative time points, comprising of swelling, blebbing and rupture of the tegument, loss of spines, and eventual erosion, lesion and desquamation of the total tegument. These data indicate that PB had a greater fasciolicidal effect against immature stages of F. gigantica parasites than TCZ and warrant further studies for use as a potential new anthelmintic against Fasciola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Lorsuwannarat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Veerawat Sansri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Songkoomkrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirasate Bantuchai
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairot
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand(d)
| | - Narin Changklungmoa
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand(d)
| | - Pannigan Chaichanasak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Road, Nong Chok, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Chansela
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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The diagnosis of fasciolosis in feces of sheep by means of a PCR and its application in the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks naturally infected. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Immunization with recombinant leucine aminopeptidase showed protection against Fasciola gigantica in mice. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3653-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects hundreds of millions worldwide. Treatment and control of schistosomiasis relies almost entirely on the single drug praziquantel (PZQ), making the prospect of emerging drug resistance particularly worrisome. This review will survey reports of PZQ (and other drug) resistance in schistosomes and other platyhelminths, and explore mechanisms by which drug resistance might develop. Newer genomic and post-genomic strategies that offer the promise of better understanding of how drug resistance might arise in these organisms will be discussed. These approaches could also lead to insights into the mode of action of these drugs and potentially provide markers for monitoring the emergence of resistance.
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Testing albendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica: validation of an egg hatch test with isolates from South America and the United Kingdom. J Helminthol 2013; 88:286-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe main goal of the current work was to develop and validate an in vitro fluke egg hatch test, as a method for the detection of albendazole (ABZ) resistance in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Fluke eggs (200/ml, n= 5) from six different isolates were used in the current experimental work. They were obtained from different geographical locations and named Cullompton (UK), CEDIVE (Chascomus, Argentina), INTA-Bariloche (Bariloche, Argentina), Rubino (Uruguay), Cajamarca (Perú) and Río Chico (Catamarca, Argentina). The fluke eggs were incubated (25°C) for a 12-h period in the presence of either ABZ or its sulphoxide metabolite (ABZ.SO) (5, 0.5 or 0.05 nmol/ml). Untreated eggs were incubated as a control. Incubated eggs (with or without drug present) were kept in darkness at 25°C for 15 days. Afterwards, the trematode eggs were exposed to daylight over a 2-h period. Hatched and unhatched eggs were evaluated using an optical microscope, and the ovicidal activity was assessed for each fluke isolate. A very low ovicidal activity ( ≤ 13.4%) was observed in the ABZ-resistant CEDIVE isolate for both ABZ and ABZ.SO. Conversely, in the INTA-Bariloche and Río Chico isolates, which are suspected to be susceptible to ABZ, ovicidal activities ≥ 70.3% were observed after incubation with ABZ at the lowest concentration tested (0.05 nmol/ml). This finding correlates with that previously described for the ABZ-susceptible Cullompton. Finally, the Cajamarca and Rubino isolates behaved as ABZ resistant, since no ovicidal activity was observed after eggs were incubated with ABZ at 0.5 nmol/ml. Considering the specific results obtained for each isolate under assessment, the egg hatch test described here may be a suitable method for detection of ABZ resistance in F. hepatica.
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Efficacy of five anthelmintics against a natural Fasciola species infection in cattle. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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78
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Identification of the rumen fluke, Calicophoron daubneyi, in GB livestock: possible implications for liver fluke diagnosis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:65-71. [PMID: 23411375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is common in many parts of Great Britain. To detect liver fluke infection and to assess whether fasciolicide treatment has been successful, the faecal egg count (FEC) and faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) are widely used. Rumen fluke is also increasingly reported from Great Britain, but its species identity is yet to be determined. Liver fluke and rumen fluke eggs are morphologically similar, which may lead to erroneous diagnoses of liver fluke infection or treatment failure. As an alternative to FEC, a coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) can be used. The potential for this test to cross-react with rumen fluke species from Great Britain has not been evaluated. Rumen fluke specimens from cattle and sheep in Scotland were identified to species level using DNA sequencing of the ITS-2 region. Subsequently, rumen and liver fluke obtained from naturally co-infected sheep were subjected to immunohistochemistry using antibodies from a commercially available cELISA kit for F. hepatica. Finally, faecal samples from naturally co-infected sheep flocks were examined by FEC and cELISA. Rumen fluke from imported and home-bred cattle and sheep in Scotland belonged to the species Calicophoron daubneyi, rather than Paramphistomum cervi, the species presumed to be most common in Great Britain. Intense staining of the gastrodermis was observed in F. hepatica but cross-reactivity with C. daubneyi was not seen. Faecal samples that contained rumen fluke eggs but not liver fluke eggs were all negative by cELISA. We conclude that C. daubneyi is the most common rumen fluke of domestic ruminants in Scotland and that cELISA reduction testing may be a valuable alternative to FECRT in herds or flocks that are co-infected with liver and rumen fluke.
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79
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Identification of a field isolate of Fasciola hepatica resistant to albendazole and susceptible to triclabendazole. Vet Parasitol 2012; 193:105-10. [PMID: 23273779 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The experiments described here were designed to characterize the status of susceptibility/resistance to albendazole (ABZ) and triclabendazole (TCBZ) of a Fasciola hepatica isolate (named CEDIVE isolate) recovered from infected sheep (Gualeguay, Argentina) and maintained under laboratory conditions. Two separate clinical efficacy experiments were performed on sheep artificially infected with the CEDIVE isolate. Experiment 1: sheep were randomly distributed either in an untreated control group or in an ABZ (7.5 mg/kg) treated group (n=4 each). Additionally, the systemic exposure of ABZ metabolites was assessed in those ABZ-treated infected animals. In Experiment 2, an untreated control group and a TCBZ (10 mg/kg) treated group was included (n=4 each). The fluckicidal efficacy of ABZ and TCBZ was assessed by the comparison of the number of flukes recovered from untreated and treated sheep at 15 days post-treatment. The efficacy against the CEDIVE isolate of F. hepatica was 29% (ABZ) and 100% (TCBZ). The plasma drug exposure (expressed as AUC and C(max)) observed in the ABZ treated animals (Experiment 1) was in agreement with data obtained in the previous studies, which indicate that the low ABZ efficacy was not related to the quality of the pharmaceutical product and/or to a low systemic availability of the active drug/metabolite. The results reported here clearly show that the CEDIVE isolate of F. hepatica behaves as resistant to ABZ and susceptible to TCBZ.
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80
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Morphew RM, Eccleston N, Wilkinson TJ, McGarry J, Perally S, Prescott M, Ward D, Williams D, Paterson S, Raman M, Ravikumar G, Khalid Saifullah M, Abbas Abidi SM, McVeigh P, Maule AG, Brophy PM, LaCourse EJ. Proteomics and in Silico Approaches To Extend Understanding of the Glutathione Transferase Superfamily of the Tropical Liver Fluke Fasciola gigantica. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5876-89. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300654w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell M. Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 2DA, U.K
| | - Neil Eccleston
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, U.K
| | - Toby J. Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 2DA, U.K
| | - John McGarry
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, U.K
| | - Samirah Perally
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 2DA, U.K
| | - Mark Prescott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Deborah Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Diana Williams
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, U.K
| | - Steve Paterson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - M. Raman
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600-051, India
| | - G. Ravikumar
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600-051, India
| | | | | | - Paul McVeigh
- School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Aaron G. Maule
- School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Peter M. Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 2DA, U.K
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81
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Cantacessi C, Mulvenna J, Young ND, Kasny M, Horak P, Aziz A, Hofmann A, Loukas A, Gasser RB. A deep exploration of the transcriptome and "excretory/secretory" proteome of adult Fascioloides magna. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1340-53. [PMID: 22899770 PMCID: PMC3494180 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic liver flukes of the family Fasciolidae are responsible for major socioeconomic losses worldwide. However, at present, knowledge of the fundamental molecular biology of these organisms is scant. Here, we characterize, for the first time, the transcriptome and secreted proteome of the adult stage of the "giant liver fluke," Fascioloides magna, using Illumina sequencing technology and one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and OFFGEL protein electrophoresis, respectively. A total of ∼54,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into ∼39,000 contiguous sequences (contigs); ∼20,000 peptides were predicted and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology, and biological pathway mapping. From the predicted proteome, 48.1% of proteins could be assigned to 384 biological pathway terms, including "spliceosome," "RNA transport," and "endocytosis." Putative proteins involved in amino acid degradation were most abundant. Of the 835 secreted proteins predicted from the transcriptome of F. magna, 80 were identified in the excretory/secretory products from this parasite. Highly represented were antioxidant proteins, followed by peptidases (particularly cathepsins) and proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The integration of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets generated herein sets the scene for future studies aimed at exploring the potential role(s) that molecules might play at the host-parasite interface and for establishing novel strategies for the treatment or control of parasitic fluke infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- ‖Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martin Kasny
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horak
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ammar Aziz
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- §§Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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82
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An amino acid substitution in Fasciola hepatica P-glycoprotein from triclabendazole-resistant and triclabendazole-susceptible populations. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:69-72. [PMID: 22982092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Control of fasciolosis is threatened by the development of anthelmintic resistance. Enhanced triclabendazole (TCBZ) efflux by ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) has been implicated in this process. A putative full length cDNA coding for a Pgp expressed in adult Fasciola hepatica has been constructed and used to design a primer set capable of amplifying a region encoding part of the second nucleotide binding domain of Pgp when genomic DNA was used as a template. Application of this primer set to genomic DNA from TCBZ-resistant and -susceptible field populations has shown a significant difference in the alleles present. Analysis of an allele occurring at a three-fold higher frequency in the "resistant" population revealed that it was characterised by a serine to arginine substitution at residue 1144. Homology modelling studies have been used to locate this site in the Pgp structure and hence assess its potential to modify functional activity.
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83
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Winkelhagen AJS, Mank T, de Vries PJ, Soetekouw R. Apparent triclabendazole-resistant human Fasciola hepatica infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:1028-9. [PMID: 22607719 PMCID: PMC3358177 DOI: 10.3201/eid1806.120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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84
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Chantree P, Wanichanon C, Phatsara M, Meemon K, Sobhon P. Characterization and expression of cathepsin B2 in Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:249-56. [PMID: 22885402 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica cathepsin B belongs to a family of cysteine proteases which is involved in invasion of host tissues. In this study, the recombinant cathepsin B2 (rFgCatB2), synthesized in Pichia pastoris, showed enzymatic activity on a fluorometric substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and gelatin. Furthermore, this recombinant enzyme could degrade IgG and type I collagen. Mouse antiserum against rFgCatB2 reacted with the native FgCatB2 in whole body (WB) extracts of metacercariae (MET), newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) and 2week-old juveniles, but not in 3, 4 week-old juveniles and adult flukes. Immunolocalization showed the presence of cathepsin B2 only in the caecal epithelium of MET, NEJ and 2 week-old juveniles. Co-localization of FgCatB2 and a prominent antigen of NEJ, FgCatB3, revealed that these proteins were expressed at the same regions in the caecal epithelium. Anti-rFgCatB2 showed no cross reaction with the other parasites' antigens by Western blotting. These findings suggest that CatB2 is expressed only in early stages of the parasite and may be involved in digestion of host connective tissues and evasion of the host immune system during their penetration and migration. Thus, CatB2 could be considered as an immunodiagnostic and vaccine candidate for fasciolosis.
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85
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Haçarız O, Sayers G, Baykal AT. A Proteomic Approach To Investigate the Distribution and Abundance of Surface and Internal Fasciola hepatica Proteins during the Chronic Stage of Natural Liver Fluke Infection in Cattle. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3592-604. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gearóid Sayers
- Veterinary Sciences Centre,
School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College
of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ahmet Tarık Baykal
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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86
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Geurden T, Bartram D, Van Brussel L, Bo L, Scott-Baird E, Rugg D. Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of a moxidectin plus triclabendazole pour-on solution against adult and immature liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:227-32. [PMID: 22579500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a pour-on solution containing moxidectin plus triclabendazole (MOX plus TCBZ) against immature and adult stages of the liver fluke in cattle and compare the efficacy with other commercially available preparations. To this end, 104 male Holstein-Friesian calves aged between 3 and 4 months, were randomly allocated to 13 groups of eight animals each, and infected with approximately 500 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. One group remained untreated, four groups were treated with MOX plus TCBZ at a dose rate of 0.1 mL/kg, four other groups were treated with ivermectin (IVM) plus clorsulon injectable at a dose rate of 0.02 mL/kg, and the remaining four groups were treated with IVM plus closantel pour-on at a dose rate of 0.1 mL/kg. Each treatment was applied to one of the groups at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after the experimental infection. At necropsy (99-102 days after infection), all untreated animals were infected with a minimum of 30 flukes. The MOX plus TCBZ treated animals had significantly (P<0.0001) lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals at all time points after treatment. Efficacy against 8-week old and adult flukes was >99.5%. For 6-week old immature fluke, the efficacy was 98.0% and for 4-week old immature fluke the efficacy was 90.9%. The IVM plus closantel pour-on treated animals had significantly lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals for adult and 8-week old flukes (P<0.0001), and for 6-week old flukes (P=0.002). The efficacy was 26.8%, 68.2%, 90.6% and 99.3% against 4-week, 6-week and 8-week old immature flukes, and adult flukes respectively. The IVM plus clorsulon treated animals had significantly lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals for adult (P<0.0001) and 8-week old (P<0.05) flukes. The efficacy was 29.7%, 43.4%, 53.2% and 99.2% against 4-week, 6-week and 8-week old immature flukes, and adult flukes respectively. For treatments at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after infection, the fluke counts were significantly (P<0.0001) lower for the MOX plus TCBZ treatment than for IVM plus closantel or IVM plus clorsulon. The results confirm the high efficacy (>90%) of the MOX plus TCBZ pour-on combination against 4-week old to adult liver fluke in cattle. The IVM plus closantel pour-on combination was effective (>90%) against 8-week old and adult flukes, but had low efficacy against 4- and 6-week old fluke. The IVM plus clorsulon injectable combination was effective (>90%) against adult fluke only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geurden
- Pfizer Animal Health, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Hoge Wei 10, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium.
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87
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Abstract
Intensive use of anthelmintics to control gastrointestinal nematodes selects for anthelmintic resistance, which has become an important issue in many European countries. Presence of nematode strains resistant to benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles and/or macrocyclic lactones has been repeatedly reported, particularly for the three most important genera, Haemonchus, Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus. Additionally, multiple drug-resistant populations of these parasites have also been detected. Examples are given for the situation in European countries with differing climatic conditions and management systems of small ruminants. The widespread emergence of multi-resistant nematodes proves that the past intensive suppressive chemical control strategies may not be a successful approach any longer. Experience from the up to now development of anthelmintic resistance suggests that modern control schemes should not rely on sole use of anthelmintics, but employ other, more complex and sustainable recipes, combing chemical, environmental and immunological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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88
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Rojo-Vázquez FA, Meana A, Valcárcel F, Martínez-Valladares M. Update on trematode infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:15-38. [PMID: 22521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Trematode parasites live in the liver, fore stomachs or blood vessels of a wide range of animals and humans. Most of them have a special economic and veterinary significance. Liver fluke disease of sheep and other animal species is caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Hepatic fasciolosis occurs throughout the world, where climatic conditions are suitable for the survival of aquatic intermediate host snails. Also of importance for ruminants, in some parts of the world, are Fasciola gigantica and Fascioloides magna. Other trematodes infecting ruminants include Dicrocoelium dendriticum; Eurytrema pancreaticum and Eurytrema coelomaticum. Among the Paramphistomidae, some species can infect sheep and other ruminants. Finally, Schistosoma spp. are found in the blood vessels of ruminants and are of minor importance in temperate regions. The manuscript concentrates on trematode species of veterinary importance for domestic sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Rojo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
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89
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Tansatit T, Sahaphong S, Riengrojpitak S, Viyanant V, Sobhon P. Fasciola gigantica: the in vitro effects of artesunate as compared to triclabendazole on the 3-weeks-old juvenile. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:8-19. [PMID: 22425749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effect of artesunate (ATS) on the 3-week-old juveniles of Fasciola gigantica was compared with triclabendazole (TCZ) by incubating the parasites in M-199 medium containing the drugs at concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 μg/ml for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24h. The anthelmintic activities of these drugs were evaluated based on the relative motility value (RM) and the alterations of the tegument as observed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The RM values of TCZ-treated flukes decreased significantly from 6 to 24h for all dosages. For ATS-treated flukes, RM value decreased markedly from 12 to 24h, but the rates of decline were less than TCZ at the same doses. When observed by SEM, the tegument showed similar sequence of morphological changes after treatments with both drugs, comprising of swelling of tegumental ridges, followed by blebbing and later rupturing of the blebs, leading to erosion and lesion, and disruption of the tegument. When examined by TEM, ultrastructural changes in the tegument and associated structures after treatments with TCZ and ATS were similar which comprised of swelling, blebbing of the tegument, dilation of basal infoldings, and depolymerization of the microtrabecular network. After a longer incubation time, the tegument was completely sloughed off and the tegument cell bodies became necrotic. Additionally, in ATS-treated flukes, mitochondria showed severe swelling, rupturing of outer membrane, and their interior filled with flocculent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawewan Tansatit
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
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90
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Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stevenson H, Sargison ND, Skuce PJ. On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test in Scottish sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:436-44. [PMID: 22421492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a cause of significant economic losses in sheep farming. Lack of convenient and sensitive diagnostic tests in the live animal hampers the ability to monitor infection status and treatment efficacy. Use of a coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test, based on this ELISA, may address these issues but has, to date, only been evaluated in experimental challenge studies. We evaluated the coproantigen ELISA under working farm conditions in Scotland to assess its usefulness as a diagnostic test for liver fluke infection and as a diagnostic test to help determine the efficacy of flukicide treatment in sheep. First, liver fluke infection status was monitored longitudinally in a group of lambs, using monthly blood samples for biochemical assays and serum antibody ELISA and using monthly faecal samples for faecal egg count (FEC) and coproantigen ELISA. The average serum antibody ELISA titre became positive in September, two months ahead of faecal indicators of fluke infection. In contrast to results from experimental challenge studies, FEC and coproantigen ELISA became positive at the same time point. Secondly, treatment efficacy was measured in 100 ewes, from two farms, after treatment with triclabendazole (TCBZ) or closantel. Group level estimates of treatment efficacy were similar between faecal egg count reduction testing and coproantigen reduction testing at 7, 14 and 21 days post treatment. For individual animals, some inconsistencies between tests were observed. TCBZ treatment failure was noted on both farms, despite accurate weighing of animals and dosing of treatment products. We conclude that (1) coproantigen ELISA is a more convenient test than faecal egg counts and holds promise as a diagnostic tool for natural fluke infections in sheep but further evaluation of interpretation criteria may be needed; (2) the coproantigen ELISA has performed differently in the field compared with experimental challenge studies in sheep and (3) TCBZ-resistant fluke were present on both farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gordon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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91
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Devine C, Brennan G, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Trudgett A, Hoey E, Fairweather I. Potentiation of triclabendazole action in vivo against a triclabendazole-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica following its co-administration with the metabolic inhibitor, ketoconazole. Vet Parasitol 2012; 184:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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92
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Vilas R, Vázquez-Prieto S, Paniagua E. Contrasting patterns of population genetic structure of Fasciola hepatica from cattle and sheep: implications for the evolution of anthelmintic resistance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:45-52. [PMID: 22036705 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Twelve polymorphic genetic markers, eight allozymic loci and four microsatellites, were used to characterize 20 infrapopulations of Fasciola hepatica (all flukes from 10 individual cattle and 10 sheep) from 11 farms in Northwest Spain. Results suggest different patterns of population genetic structure depending on the host species. Individuals identified as clones were much more frequent in sheep. The common presence of clones and its nonrandom occurrence among individual hosts suggests clumped transmission of liver flukes in sheep. After reducing significant repeated multilocus genotypes to one unique copy within infrapopulations, results show relatively high levels of gene diversity within infrapopulations from cattle and sheep (0.411 and 0.360 on average, respectively). However, parasites of sheep appear to show significantly more structured variation at the infrapopulation level (Standardized F(ST)=0.087 and 0.170 for parasites of cattle and sheep, respectively). Compared to the parasites from cattle, results suggest that populations from sheep show lower levels of gene flow, higher degree of aggregate transmission, higher probability of mating within clones, and lower parasitic load. These differences have implications for the evolution of anthelmintic resistance because they affect the effective population size and the degree of inbreeding. The development and rapid spread of resistance seems likely in the parasites of cattle because populations from the study area are characterized by high gene flow. However, results also suggest that the efficient selection of a new recessive advantageous mutation would be favored in parasites of sheep due to a greater potential for inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Vilas
- Departamento de Xenética, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Facultade de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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93
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Wang X, Zhao Q, Vargas M, Dong Y, Sriraghavan K, Keiser J, Vennerstrom JL. The activity of dispiro peroxides against Fasciola hepatica. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5320-3. [PMID: 21802291 PMCID: PMC3159854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dispiro 1,2,4-trioxanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes had superior efficacy against Fasciola hepatica than the corresponding ozonides (1,2,4-trioxolanes). For highest efficacy, spiroadamantane and carboxymethyl substructures were required. Three compounds completely cured F. hepatica-infected mice at single oral doses of 50mg/kg and two were partially curative at single doses of 25mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mireille Vargas
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamaraj Sriraghavan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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94
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Fairweather I. Reducing the future threat from (liver) fluke: realistic prospect or quixotic fantasy? Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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95
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Molecular and immunological characterization of Fasciola antigens recognized by the MM3 monoclonal antibody. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:80-90. [PMID: 21723885 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a re-emerging parasitosis produced by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola. In this study we used protein fingerprinting (PMF) and MS/MS analysis to investigate the Fasciola secretory antigens that are recognized by mAb MM3. The results showed that mAb MM3 binds to several Fasciola cathepsins L1 and L2, but also co-purifies a Kunitz-type protein previously described in F. hepatica, which appears to bind to Fasciola cathepsins L. After identifying the target antigens for mAb MM3, we cloned and expressed a cathepsin L1 isoform in E. coli (gb|FR848428), which after refolding exhibited the MM3-recognized epitope and displayed cysteine protease activity. Using native, folded-recombinant and denatured-recombinant Fasciola cathepsins L as targets, we demonstrated that during F. hepatica infections in sheep, antibody responses to linear and conformational epitopes present on cathepsins L are promoted. However, the antibody response to linear epitopes was only detected in significant amounts in animals suffering from repeated infections. A different antibody response to linear and conformational epitopes also appears to occur in rabbits immunized with native or recombinant unfolded cathepsins, as sera from animals immunized with the latter did not react with native cathepsins and vice versa. In addition, the ELISA inhibitions showed that the MM3 epitope is not recognized by rabbits, which explains the usefulness of these species for producing capture antibodies for use in MM3-ELISA assays.
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96
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect more than 2 billion people globally and cause substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among the world's poorest people. This overview focuses on the treatment of the major protozoan and helminth infections in humans. Recent developments in antiparasitic therapy include the expansion of artemisinin-based therapies for malaria, new drugs for soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa, expansion of the indications for antiparasitic drug treatment in patients with Chagas disease, and the use of combination therapy for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian G. Blackburn
- Address correspondence to Brian G. Blackburn, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Grant Bldg, Room S-101, Stanford, CA 94305-5107 (). Individual reprints of this article and a bound reprint of the entire Symposium on Antimicrobial Therapy will be available for purchase from our Web site www.mayoclinicproceedings.com
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97
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Risk factors and geospatial modelling for the presence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and goat farms in the Greek temperate Mediterranean environment. Parasitology 2011; 138:926-38. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYRisk factors related to herd and farmer status, farm and pasture management, and environmental factors derived by satellite data were examined for their association with the prevalence of F. hepatica in sheep and goat farms in Thessaly, Greece. Twelve farms (16·2%) and 58 farms (78·4%) of 74 had evidence of infection using coproantigen and serology respectively. The average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of farm location for 12 months before sampling was the most significant environmental risk factor for F. hepatica infection based on high seropositivity. The risk of infection increased by 1% when the value of NDVI increased by 0·01 degree. A geospatial map was constructed to show the relative risk (RR) of Fasciola infection in sheep and goat farms in Thessaly. In addition, geospatial maps of the model-based predicted RR for the presence of Fasciola infection in farms in Thessaly and the entire area of Greece were constructed from the developed model based on NDVI. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Thessaly should be regarded as an endemic region for Fasciola infection and it represents the first prediction model of Fasciola infection in small ruminants in the Mediterranean basin.
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98
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Ferreira JFS, Peaden P, Keiser J. In vitro trematocidal effects of crude alcoholic extracts of Artemisia annua, A. absinthium, Asimina triloba, and Fumaria officinalis: trematocidal plant alcoholic extracts. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1585-92. [PMID: 21562762 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trematode infections negatively affect human and livestock health, and threaten global food safety. The only approved human anthelmintics for trematodiasis are triclabendazole and praziquantel with no alternative drugs in sight. We tested six crude plant extracts against adult Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, and Echinostoma caproni in vitro. Mortality was best achieved by ethanolic extracts of Artemisia annua (sweet Annie), Asimina triloba (paw-paw), and Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) which, at 2 mg/mL, killed S. mansoni and E. caproni in 20 h or less (except for wormwood), F. hepatica between 16 and 23 h (sweet Annie), or 40 h (paw-paw). Some extracts were active at 0.2 mg/mL and 20 μg/mL, although more time was required to kill trematodes. However, aqueous A. annua and methanol extracts of Fumaria officinalis had no activity. Chromatographic analysis of the three best extracts established that A. annua and A. triloba extracts contained bioactive artemisinin and acetogenins (asimicin and bullatacin), respectively. The anthelmintic activity of our extracts at such low doses indicates that their anthelmintic activity deserves further testing as natural alternative controls for parasites of both animals and humans. Our results also support recent evidence that synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in crude plant extracts is worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F S Ferreira
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Rd., Beaver, WV 25813, USA.
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99
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Kirchhofer C, Vargas M, Braissant O, Dong Y, Wang X, Vennerstrom JL, Keiser J. Activity of OZ78 analogues against Fasciola hepatica and Echinostoma caproni. Acta Trop 2011; 118:56-62. [PMID: 21316331 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of triclabendazole resistance in veterinary medicine is an important motivation for the discovery and development of novel fasciocidal drugs. The aim of this study was to characterize the fasciocidal properties of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane (MT04 and MT14) and 1,2,4-trioxane (ST16 and ST28) analogues of the fasciocidal drug candidate OZ78, a 1,2,4-trioxolane. Dose response relationships were determined against juvenile and adult Fasciola hepatica in rats and Echinostoma caproni in mice. The temporal effects of MT04, MT14, ST16, and ST28 compared to OZ78 on the viability of F. hepatica were tested in vitro. The heat flow of OZ78 and MT04 treated flukes was studied with isothermal microcalorimetry. Finally, surface changes to adult flukes were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 18, 24, and 48 h post-treatment of rats with 50 mg/kg MT04. Administration of 50-100 mg/kg of the synthetic peroxides resulted in complete elimination of adult F. hepatica from rats. SEM pictures revealed sloughing and blebbing already 18 h post-treatment with MT04. MT04 (100mg/kg) cured infections with juvenile F. hepatica, whereas MT14, ST16, and ST28 showed only low to moderate worm burden reductions. At 300 mg/kg, MT14 was the only compound to completely eliminate worms from E. caproni infected mice. MT14 showed the highest activity against juvenile F. hepatica in vitro. MT04 was very active against adult F. hepatica in vitro, which was confirmed by heat flow measurements. In conclusion, we have identified MT04 as another lead compound with potential against F. hepatica, hence further preclinical studies are necessary to determine if MT04 can be considered a drug development candidate.
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100
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Mendes RE, Zafra R, Pérez-Ecija RA, Buffoni L, Martínez-Moreno A, Tendler M, Pérez J. Evaluation of local immune response to Fasciola hepatica experimental infection in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes of goats immunized with Sm14 vaccine antigen. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:698-705. [PMID: 20835620 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against Fasciola hepatica in goats immunized with a synthetic recombinant antigen from Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein 14 (rSm14) was investigated by assessing worm burdens, serum levels of hepatic enzymes, faecal egg count and hepatic damage, which was evaluated using gross and microscopic morphometric observation. The nature of the local immune response was assessed by examining the distribution of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ´+ T lymphocytes along with IgG+, IL-4+ and IFN-γ+ cells in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN). The goats used consisted of group 1 (unimmunized and uninfected), group 2 [infected control - immunized with Quillaia A (Quil A)] and group 3 (immunized with rSm14 in Quil A and infected), each containing seven animals. Immunization with rSm14 in Quil A adjuvant induced a reduction in gross hepatic lesions of 56.6% (p < 0.001) and reduced hepatic and HLN infiltration of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ´+ T lymphocytes as well as IL-4+ and IFN-γ+ cells (p < 0.05). This is the first report of caprine immunization against F. hepatica using a complete rSm14 molecule derived from S. mansoni. Immunization reduced hepatic damage and local inflammatory infiltration into the liver and HLN. However, considering that Quil A is not the preferential/first choice adjuvant for Sm14 immunization, further studies will be undertaken using the monophosphoryl lipid A-based family of adjuvants during clinical trials to facilitate anti-Fasciolavaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Mendes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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