51
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Puglia C, Ostacolo C, Sacchi A, Laneri S, Bonina F. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of oligoethylene esters as dermal prodrugs of 18β-glycyrrhetic acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:311-9. [PMID: 16536897 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.3.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel polyoxyethylene esters of 18 β-glycyrrhetic acid (GA) were synthesized and evaluated as potential dermal prodrugs. The permeation of these prodrugs (1a-e) was studied in-vitro, using excised human skin membranes (SCE; stratum corneum/epidermis) mounted in Franz type cells, and in-vivo, evaluating the ability of these compounds to inhibit methyl nicotinate (MN)-induced skin erythema in healthy human subjects. All the esters synthesized showed a good water stability, while the enzymatic hydrolysis rate was significantly affected by the length of the polyoxyethylenic chain used as promoiety. In in-vitro percutaneous absorption studies, only esters 1b and 1c (respectively triethylen- and tetraethylenglycol derivatives) showed an increased flux through SCE membranes compared with GA. Furthermore, we observed an appreciable and sustained in-vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity of esters 1b and 1c compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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52
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Zeng A, Wang C, Yuan B, Yang G, Fu Q. The influence of chirality, physicochemical properties, and permeation enhancers on the transdermal permeation of amlodipine across rat skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:724-34. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903460438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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53
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Ben Salah M, Abderraba M, Tarhouni MR, Abdelmelek H. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the kinetics of in vitro percutaneous absorption of lavender oil. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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54
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Moghimi HR, Makhmalzadeh BS, Manafi A. Enhancement effect of terpenes on silver sulphadiazine permeation through third-degree burn eschar. Burns 2009; 35:1165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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55
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Arruda DC, Miguel DC, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JK, Katzin AM, Uliana SR. Inhibitory activity of limonene against Leishmania parasites in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:643-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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56
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Gallucci MN, Oliva M, Casero C, Dambolena J, Luna A, Zygadlo J, Demo M. Antimicrobial combined action of terpenes against the food-borne microorganismsEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureusandBacillus cereus. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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57
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of different temoporfin-loaded invasomes—novel nanocarriers of temoporfin: Characterization, stability and in vitro skin penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 70:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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58
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Simon L. Timely drug delivery from controlled-release devices: Dynamic analysis and novel design concepts. Math Biosci 2009; 217:151-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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59
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Krishnaiah YSR, Bhaskar P, Satyanarayana V. Formulation and Evaluation of Limonene-Based Membrane-Moderated Transdermal Therapeutic System of Nimodipine. Drug Deliv 2008; 11:1-9. [PMID: 15168785 DOI: 10.1080/10717540490280372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to design a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of nimodipine using 2% w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel as a reservoir system containing 4% w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The permeability flux of nimodipine through ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was found to increase with an increase in vinyl acetate content in the copolymer (9 to 28%). The effect of pressure-sensitive adhesives such as TACKITE A 4MED on the permeability of nimodipine through EVA membrane 2825 (28% w/w vinyl acetate) or membrane/rat skin composite also was studied. The permeability flux of nimodipine from the chosen EVA 2825 (with 28% vinyl acetate content) was 159.72 +/- 1.96 microg/cm2/hr, and this flux further decreased to 141.85 +/- 1.54 microg/cm2/hr on application of pressure-sensitive adhesive (TACKWHITE A 4MED). However, the transdermal permeability flux of nimodipine across EVA 2825 membrane coated with TACKWHITE A 4MED/rat skin composite was found to be 126.59 +/- 2.72 microg/cm2/hr, which is 1.3-fold greater than the required flux. Thus, a new transdermal therapeutic system for nimodipine was formulated using EVA 2825 membrane coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive TACKWHITE 4A MED and 2% w/w HPMC gel as reservoir containing 4% w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nimodipine, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 20 hr with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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60
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Güngör S, Bektaş A, Alp Fİ, UydeS-Doğan BS, Özdemir O, Araman A, Özsoy Y. Matrix-Type Transdermal Patches of Verapamil Hydrochloride: In Vitro Permeation Studies Through Excised Rat Skin and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation in Rats. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 13:283-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802088851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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61
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Krishnaiah YS, Raju V, Shiva Kumar M, Rama B, Raghumurthy V, Ramana Murthy KV. Studies on Optimizing In Vitro Transdermal Permeation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Using Nerodilol, Carvone, and Limonene as Penetration Enhancers. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 13:177-85. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450801949350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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62
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Thakur RA, Michniak BB, Meidan VM. Transdermal and Buccal Delivery of Methylxanthines Through Human Tissue In Vitro. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:513-21. [PMID: 17520442 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600901994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the in vitro permeation of central nervous stimulants - caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine across human skin with the aid of six chemical enhancers. It was found that oleic acid was the most potent enhancer for all three methylxanthines. Further optimization studies with different solvents showed that caffeine transport could be enhanced to give flux values up to 585 microg/cm2.hr-1. Theobromine and theophylline delivery rates proved insufficient. An additional study involving a buccal tissue equivalent showed that this membrane was more permeable than skin for all model actives tested and would offer an alternate way of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi A Thakur
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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63
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Krishnaiah YSR, Al-Saidan SM, Chandrasekhar DV, Rama B. Effect of Nerodilol and Carvone on in vitro Permeation of Nicorandil Across Rat Epidermal Membrane. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:423-35. [PMID: 16638680 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500528939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of nerodilol and carvone on the in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil so as to fabricate a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system. The in vitro permeation studies were carried across the rat epidermal membrane from the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gels (prepared with 70:30 v/v ethanol-water) containing selected concentrations of a terpene such as nerodilol (0%w/w, 4%w/w, 8%w/w, 10%w/w, or 12%w/w) or carvone (0%w/w, 4%w/w, 8%w/w, 12%w/w, or 16%w/w). The amount of nicorandil permeated (Q(24)) from HPMC gel drug reservoir without a terpene was 3424.6+/-51.4 microg/cm(2), and the corresponding flux of the drug was 145.5+/-2.2 microg/cm(2). h. The flux of nicorandil increased with an increase in terpene concentration in HPMC gel. It was increased ranging from 254.9+/-3.1 to 375.7+/-3.2 microg/cm(2).h or 207.6+/-4.7 to 356.7+/-15.3 microg/cm(2). h from HPMC gels containing nerodilol (4%w/w to 12%w/w) or carvone (4%w/w to 16%w/w), respectively. Nerodilol increased the flux of nicorandil by about 2.62-folds whereas carvone increased the flux of the drug by about 2.49-folds across the rat epidermal membrane. The results of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) study indicated that the enhanced in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil might be due to the partial extraction of stratum corneum lipids by nerodilol or carvone. It was concluded that the terpenes, nerodilol and carvone, produced a marked penetration enhancing effect on the transdermal delivery of nicorandil that could be used in the fabrication of membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic systems.
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64
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What you see may not always be what you get – Bioavailability and extrapolation from in vitro tests. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1038-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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65
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Topical application of temoporfin-loaded invasomes for photodynamic therapy of subcutaneously implanted tumours in mice: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 91:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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66
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Sapra B, Jain S, Tiwary AK. Percutaneous permeation enhancement by terpenes: mechanistic view. AAPS J 2008; 10:120-32. [PMID: 18446512 PMCID: PMC2751457 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A popular approach for improving transdermal drug delivery involves the use of penetration enhancers (sorption promoters or accelerants) which penetrate into skin to reversibly reduce the barrier resistance. The potential mechanisms of action of penetration enhancers include disruption of intercellular lipid and/or keratin domains and tight junctions. This results in enhanced drug partitioning into tissue, altered thermodynamic activity/solubility of drug etc. Synthetic chemicals (solvents, azones, pyrrolidones, surfactants etc.) generally used for this purpose are rapidly losing their value in transdermal patches due to reports of their absorption into the systemic circulation and subsequent possible toxic effect upon long term application. Terpenes are included in the list of Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substances and have low irritancy potential. Their mechanism of percutaneous permeation enhancement involves increasing the solubility of drugs in skin lipids, disruption of lipid/protein organization and/or extraction of skin micro constituents that are responsible for maintenance of barrier status. Hence, they appear to offer great promise for use in transdermal formulations. This article is aimed at reviewing the mechanisms responsible for percutaneous permeation enhancement activity of terpenes, which shall foster their rational use in transdermal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sapra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 India
| | - Subheet Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 India
| | - A. K. Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 India
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67
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Temoporfin-loaded invasomes: development, characterization and in vitro skin penetration studies. J Control Release 2007; 127:59-69. [PMID: 18281119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Temoporfin (mTHPC) is a highly hydrophobic second generation photosensitizer with low percutaneous penetration. In order to enhance its percutaneous penetration it was necessary to develop a mTHPC-loaded drug carrier system for enhanced skin delivery. mTHPC-loaded invasomes were developed, characterized and investigated for the in vitro percutaneous penetration of mTHPC into abdominal human skin using Franz diffusion cells. mTHPC-loaded invasomes were prepared using non-hydrogenated soybean lecithin (10% w/v), ethanol (3.3% w/v) and a mixture of terpenes (0.5 and 1% w/v). The invasomes obtained were of a sufficiently small particle size (<150 nm) and polydispersity index (<0.3). The particle size of invasomes increased following an increase in the amount of terpenes in the invasomes. All invasomes possessed a negative surface charge. The vesicles appeared to be unilamellar and oligolamellar, spherical and oval in shape. An interesting phenomenon was the finding that with increasing the amount of terpenes, the number of deformed vesicles in the dispersion increased. In vitro skin penetration data revealed that the invasome dispersion with 1% of the mixture of terpenes showed a significantly enhanced deposition (p<0.05) of the drug in the SC compared to liposomes without terpenes and the ethanolic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dragicevic-Curic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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68
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Aqil M, Ahad A, Sultana Y, Ali A. Status of terpenes as skin penetration enhancers. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:1061-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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69
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Andrade L, Farhat IA, Aeberhardt K, Normand V, Engelsen SB. Characterization of Encapsulated Flavor Systems by NIR and Low-field TD-NMR: A Chemometric Approach. FOOD BIOPHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-007-9046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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70
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Fang JY, Tsai TH, Lin YY, Wong WW, Wang MN, Huang JF. Transdermal delivery of tea catechins and theophylline enhanced by terpenes: a mechanistic study. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:343-9. [PMID: 17268077 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using in vitro and in vivo techniques, terpenes were evaluated as enhancers to improve the skin permeation of therapeutically active agents derived from tea, including tea catechins and theophylline. The in vitro permeation was determined by Franz cells. The skin deposition and subcutaneous amounts of drugs sampled by microdialysis were evaluated in vivo. Terpenes varied in their activities of enhancing drug permeation. The oxygen-containing terpenes were effective enhancers of drug permeation, whereas the hydrocarbon terpenes were much less efficient. Oxygen-containing terpenes with a bicyclic structure had reduced enhancing activity. Terpenes enhanced tea catechin permeation to a much greater degree than they did theophylline. The isomers of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin showed different permeation behaviors when incorporated with terpenes. In the in vivo status, terpenes promoted the skin uptake but not the subsequent subcutaneous concentration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Both increased skin/vehicle partitioning and lipid bilayer disruption of the stratum corneum (SC) contributed the enhancing mechanisms of terpenes for topically applied tea catechins and theophylline based on the experimental results from the partition coefficient and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). alpha-Terpineol was found to be the best enhancer for catechins and theophylline. The high enhancement by alpha-terpineol was due to macroscopic perturbation of the SC and the biological reaction in viable skin as evaluated by TEWL and colorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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71
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Goyal A, Mandapuram S, Michniak B, Simon L. Application of orthogonal collocation and regression techniques for recovering parameters of a two-pathway transdermal drug-delivery model. Comput Chem Eng 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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72
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Lee SJ, Han JI, Lee GS, Park MJ, Choi IG, Na KJ, Jeung EB. Antifungal Effect of Eugenol and Nerolidol against Microsporum gypseum in a Guinea Pig Model. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:184-8. [PMID: 17202684 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils have been widely used in anti-infectious application. In the present study, we elucidated the antifungal activities of eugenol and nerolidol isolated from Japanese cypress oil in a guinea pig model infected by Microsporum gypseum (M. gypseum). A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), skin lesion scoring, hair culture and histopathologic examination of skin tissues were performed to evaluate the antifungal effect of these oils. The MICs of eugenol, nerolidol and econazole (positive control) were 0.01-0.03% and 0.5-2% and 4-16 microg/ml, respectively. Based on these MICs, eugenol and nerolidol were adjusted to 10% concentration with a base of Vaseline petroleum jelly and were applied topically to the skin lesion infected with M. gypseum daily for 3 weeks. Both eugenol and nerolidol were clinically effective at improving the lesion during the first week of application, as determined by skin lesion scoring. Nerolidol improved the skin lesions infected by M. gypseum, but eugenol did not, as determined in the hair culture test. Histopathologic examination revealed that the eugenol- and nerolidol-treated groups had a lower degree of hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration than the positive control. Taken together, these results suggest that eugenol and nerolidol could apply supplementary antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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73
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Edris AE. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic Potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother Res 2007; 21:308-23. [PMID: 17199238 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used widely to prevent and treat human disease. The possible role and mode of action of these natural products is discussed with regard to the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as their bioactivity as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Their application as natural skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery and the therapeutic properties of essential oils in aroma and massage therapy will also be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E Edris
- Aroma and Flavor Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, El Behose Street, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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74
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Karande P, Jain A, Mitragotri S. Insights into synergistic interactions in binary mixtures of chemical permeation enhancers for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2006; 115:85-93. [PMID: 16935378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) are known to increase skin permeability to therapeutic drugs. Single chemicals, however, offer limited enhancements of skin permeability. Mixtures of chemicals can overcome this limitation owing to their synergistic interactions. However, identification of potent mixtures of chemicals requires screening of a large number of formulations. Discovery of CPE mixtures can be significantly accelerated by identifying patterns that occur in the existing data on CPEs. In this study, we systematically mine through a huge database on skin permeabilizing effect of over 4000 binary formulations generated by high throughput screening and extract general principles that govern the effect of binary combinations of chemicals on skin's barrier properties. Potencies and synergies of these formulations are analyzed to identify the role played by the formulation composition and chemistry. The analysis reveals several intuitive but some largely non-intuitive trends. For example, formulations made from enhancer mixtures are most potent when participating moieties are present in nearly equal fractions. Methyl pyrrolidone, a small molecule, is particularly effective in forming potent and synergistic enhancer formulations, and zwitterionic surfactants are more likely to feature in potent enhancers. Simple but invaluable rules like these will provide guiding principles for designing libraries to further speed up the formulation discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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75
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Cal K. Aqueous Solubility of Liquid Monoterpenes at 293 K and Relationship with Calculated Log P Value. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2006; 126:307-9. [PMID: 16596022 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.126.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solubility is often a limiting factor in any concentration-dependent process and n-octanol/water partition coefficient, usually expressed as log P, is equilibrium between surrogate of nonaqueous biophases and water phase. The aqueous solubility of seven liquid monoterpenes: (+/-)-beta-citronellol, (+/-)-linalool, linalyl acetate, (-)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene, eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol were experimentally determined at 293 K. The obtained aqueous solubility data correlate well with log P values calculated by ACD/Log P software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
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76
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Krishnaiah YSR, Al-Saidan SM, Chandrasekhar DV, Satyanarayana V. Controlled in vivo release of nicorandil from a carvone-based transdermal therapeutic system in human volunteers. Drug Deliv 2006; 13:69-77. [PMID: 16401596 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500309107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our present study was to prepare and evaluate a carvone-based transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of nicorandil to find its ability in providing the desired in vivo controlled release profile on dermal application to human volunteers. The effect of EVA 2825, and adhesive-coated EVA 2825, and adhesive-coated EVA 2825-rat skin composite on the in vitro permeation of nicorandil from a carvone-based HPMC gel drug reservoir was studied against a control (rat abdominal skin alone). The carvone-based drug reservoir system was sandwiched between adhesive-coated EVA 2825-release liner composite and a backing membrane. The resultant drug reservoir sandwich was heat-sealed to produce a circle-shaped TTS (20 cm(2)) that was subjected to in vivo evaluation on dermal application to human volunteers against oral administration of immediate-release tablets of nicorandil. The carvone-based TTS provided a steady-state plasma concentration of 20.5 ng/ml for approximately 24 hr in human volunteers. We concluded that the carvone-based TTS of nicorandil provided the desired in vivo controlled-release profile of the drug for the predetermined period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
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77
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Krishnaiah YSR, Chandrasekhar DV, Rama B, Jayaram B, Satyanarayana V, Al-Saidan SM. In vivo Evaluation of Limonene-Based Transdermal Therapeutic System of Nicorandil in Healthy Human Volunteers. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 18:263-72. [PMID: 16113596 DOI: 10.1159/000087607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system prepared with 70:30 v/v ethanol-water solvent system containing 6% w/w of limonene was effective in promoting the in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil. The objective of the present study was to fabricate and evaluate a limonene-based transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for its ability to provide the desired steady-state plasma concentration of nicorandil in human volunteers. The in vitro permeation of nicorandil from a limonene-based HPMC gel drug reservoir was studied across excised rat skin (control), EVA2825 membrane, adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane and adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane-excised rat skin composite to account for their effect on the desired flux of nicorandil. The flux of nicorandil from the limonene-based HMPC drug reservoir across EVA2825 membrane decreased to 215.8 +/- 9.7 microg/cm(2).h when compared to that obtained from control, indicating that EVA2825 was effective as a rate-controlling membrane. The further decrease in nicorandil flux across adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane and adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane-excised rat skin composite showed that the adhesive coat and skin also controlled the in vitro transdermal delivery. The limonene-based drug reservoir was sandwiched between adhesive-coated EVA2825-release liner composite and a backing membrane. The resultant sandwich was heat-sealed as circle-shaped patch (20 cm(2)), trimmed and subjected to in vivo evaluation in human volunteers against immediate-release tablets of nicorandil (reference formulation). The fabricated limonene-based TTS of nicorandil provided a steady-state plasma concentration of 21.3 ng/ml up to 24 h in healthy human volunteers. It was concluded that the limonene-based TTS of nicorandil provided the desired plasma concentration of the drug for the predetermined period of time with minimal fluctuations and improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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78
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Krishnaiah YSR, Al-Saidan SM, Chandrasekhar DV, Satyanarayana V. Bioavailability of nerodilol-based transdermal therapeutic system of nicorandil in human volunteers. J Control Release 2005; 106:111-22. [PMID: 15993975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to design and evaluate a nerodilol-based transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for finding its ability in providing the desired steady-state plasma concentration of nicorandil in human volunteers. The influence of EVA2825 membrane, adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane and adhesive-coated EVA2825-rat skin composite on the in vitro permeation of nicorandil from a nerodilol-based HPMC gel drug reservoir was studied against a control (excised rat skin alone). The flux of nicorandil from the nerodilol-based HMPC drug reservoir across excised rat skin (control) was 384.0+/-4.6 microg/cm2 h and this decreased to 222.7+/-7.1 microg/cm2 h when studied across EVA2825 membrane indicating that EVA2825 membrane was effective as rate controlling membrane. The flux of the drug decreased to 183.8+/-5.7 microg/cm2 h on application of a water-based acrylic adhesive (TACKWHITE A 4MED) coat to EVA2825 membrane. However, the flux of nicorandil across adhesive-coated EVA2825-membrane-rat-skin composite was 164.8+/-1.8 microg/cm2 h, which was 1.74-times of the required flux that prompted for preparation of TTS. The nerodilol-based drug reservoir system was sandwiched between a composite of adhesive-coated EVA2825 membrane-release liner and a backing membrane. The resultant sandwich was heat-sealed to produce circle-shaped TTS (20 cm2) that were subjected to bioavailability study in human volunteers against immediate release nicorandil tablet. The nerodilol-based TTS provided a steady-state plasma concentration of 25.5 ng/ml for 24 h in human volunteers. It was concluded that the nerodilol-based TTS of nicorandil provided the desired plasma concentration of the drug for the predetermined period of time with minimal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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79
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Arruda DC, D'Alexandri FL, Katzin AM, Uliana SRB. Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1679-87. [PMID: 15855481 PMCID: PMC1087654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.5.1679-1687.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of nerolidol, a sesquiterpene used as a food-flavoring agent and currently under testing as a skin penetration enhancer for the transdermal delivery of therapeutic drugs, was evaluated against Leishmania species. Nerolidol inhibited the growth of Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. chagasi promastigotes and L. amazonensis amastigotes with in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations of 85, 74, 75, and 67 microM, respectively. The treatment of L. amazonensis-infected macrophages with 100 microM nerolidol resulted in 95% reduction in infection rates. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis, as shown by reduced incorporation of [2-(14)C]mevalonic acid (MVA) or [1-(14)C]acetic acid precursors into dolichol, ergosterol, and ubiquinone, was observed in nerolidol-treated promastigotes. This drug effect can be attributed to the blockage of an early step in the mevalonate pathway, since incorporation of the precursor [1(n)-(3)H]farnesyl pyrophosphate in polyisoprenoids is not inhibited by nerolidol. L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated with intraperitoneal doses of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 days or topically with 5 or 10% ointments for 4 weeks. Significant reduction of lesion sizes in nerolidol treated mice was observed for both treatment routes. However, long-term follow up indicated that the disease was not cured in this highly susceptible animal model. Nonetheless, the in vitro activity of nerolidol against these parasites may prove a useful tool for the development of new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In addition, biosynthesis of dolichols with 11 and 12 isoprene units was identified in Leishmania, as described for other trypanosomatids and Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Arruda
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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80
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Fan Q, Sirkar KK, Wang Y, Michniak B. In vitro delivery of doxycycline hydrochloride based on a porous membrane-based aqueous-organic partitioning system. J Control Release 2005; 98:355-65. [PMID: 15312992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the controlled release of an antibiotic drug, doxycycline HCl, from its solution/suspension in an organic solvent in a reservoir through a porous membrane employing aqueous-organic partitioning with or without a mouse skin to simulate a skin patch. The reservoir contained the agent in solution in the solvent 1-octanol or its dispersion/solution in the solvent mineral oil with or without an enhancer. The porous membranes employed with water-in-pores were hydrophobic Celgard 2400 of polypropylene and hydrophilized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Conventional Franz diffusion cells as well as a skin patch were used. The transport rates of the agent observed through both Celgard and PVDF membranes could be successfully described by Fickian diffusion through the water-filled pores when the appropriate organic-aqueous partition coefficient was incorporated. The light mineral oil-based system yielded much higher permeability due to the much lower organic-aqueous partition coefficient of the antibiotic in light mineral oil. The optimized skin patch systems yielded drug flux and permeability values similar to their relevant membrane systems. The addition of a mouse skin beneath the patch drastically reduced the drug transfer rate. Among a number of enhancers used to correct this deficiency, linoleic acid at 10% level in the reservoir solution was found to yield a flux of 2.7 +/- 0.5 microg/cm(2) h and a permeability of 2.7e - 04 +/- 5.0e - 05 cm/h. These values are higher than the values available in literature obtained with full thickness human cadaver skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxi Fan
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 371 Tiernan Hall, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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81
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Al-Saidan SM, Krishnaiah YSR, Chandrasekhar DV, Lalla JK, Rama B, Jayaram B, Bhaskar P. Formulation of an HPMC Gel Drug Reservoir System with Ethanol-Water as a Solvent System and Limonene as a Penetration Enhancer for Enhancing in vitro Transdermal Delivery of Nicorandil. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 17:310-20. [PMID: 15528962 DOI: 10.1159/000081117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to formulate a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing the transdermal delivery of nicorandil so as to develop and fabricate a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). The in vitro permeation of nicorandil was determined across rat abdominal skin from a solvent system consisting of ethanol or various proportions of ethanol and water. The ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) solvent system that provided an optimal transdermal permeation was used in formulating an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with selected concentrations (0% w/w, 4% w/w, 6% w/w, 8% w/w or 10% w/w) of limonene as a penetration enhancer for further enhancement of transdermal permeation of nicorandil. The amount of nicorandil permeated in 24 h was found increased with an increase in the concentration of limonene in the drug reservoir system up to a concentration of 6% w/w, but beyond this concentration there was no further increase in the amount of drug permeated. The flux of nicorandil was 370.9 +/- 4.2 microg/cm2 x h from the drug reservoir system with 6% w/w of limonene, which is about 2.6 times the required flux to be obtained across rat abdominal skin for producing the desired plasma concentration for the predetermined period in humans. The results of a Fourier Transform Infrared study indicated that limonene enhanced the percutaneous permeation of nicorandil by partially extracting the stratum corneum lipids. It is concluded that the HPMC gel drug reservoir system prepared with a 70:30 v/v ethanol-water solvent system containing 6% w/w of limonene is useful in designing and fabricating a membrane-moderated TTS of nicorandil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Saidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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82
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Dimas DA, Dallas PP, Rekkas DM. Use of an 8132Asymmetrical Factorial Design for the In Vitro Evaluation of Ondansetron Permeation Through Human Epidermis. Pharm Dev Technol 2004; 9:39-48. [PMID: 15000465 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-120027416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro permeation of ondansetron through human cadaver epidermis, as a preliminary step toward the development of a transdermal therapeutic system, was investigated. In vitro release studies were carried out using modified Franz diffusion cells and human epidermis, taken from cadaver skin by heat separation technique. To estimate the effect of the type and concentration of the penetration enhancers and the skin from different donors, an 8(1)3(2) asymmetrical factorial design was used. Formulations containing lauric acid and oleic acid as penetration enhancers, showed the largest Q values [amounts of ondansetron permeated per unit area of epidermal membrane (microg/cm2)] at 24, 48, and 72 hr, as well as steady-state flux values, among all formulations tested. The other enhancers increased the flux in the following order: lauryl alcohol>glycerol monooleate>Azone >cineole>oleyl alcohol>1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Moreover, the concentration of the penetration enhancer and the type of the skin were proved to significantly affect the permeation rate of ondansetron through human epidermis. From the results obtained, it was shown that the formulations containing lauric acid or oleic acid at 5% or 10% could increase sufficiently the permeation of ondansetron. Therefore, the transdermal administration of ondansetron seems feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A Dimas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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83
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Karia C, Harwood JL, Morris AP, Heard CM. Simultaneous permeation of tamoxifen and γ linolenic acid across excised human skin. Further evidence of the permeation of solvated complexes. Int J Pharm 2004; 271:305-9. [PMID: 15129999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the hormonal treatment of choice in women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer and its efficacy in those women considered to have a high risk of developing breast cancer, has also been established. Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) has been shown to decrease the invasion of breast cancer and recent studies have demonstrated that GLA can enhance the oestrogen receptor down-regulation induced by tamoxifen. However, tamoxifen is associated with serious side-effects due mainly to systemic delivery, and targeted delivery of both tamoxifen and GLA would be highly beneficial. This work was a preliminary study for the development of a transcutaneous system to simultaneously deliver both tamoxifen and GLA directly to the breast. Full thickness human skin was dosed with 500 microl saturated solution of tamoxifen in borage oil (25% GLA) and the simultaneous permeation of the two actives determined. There was rapid flux with minimal lag time, the cumulative permeation at 24 h was 764.3 +/- 94.2 microg cm(-2) for GLA and 5.44 +/- 0.67 microg cm(-2) for tamoxifen: the latter being comparable to the amount of tamoxifen associated with cancerous breast tissue from a 20 mg oral dose. The ratio of GLA/tamoxifen permeated at different timepoints was quite consistent, both in terms of mass (mean 138, S.D. 15.1) and mols (mean 184, S.D. 20.3). It was determined that 2.5 molecules of GLA were associated with each molecule of tamoxifen in the permeation process, equating to a solvation cage of three molecules of triacylglycerol. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of administering simultaneously tamoxifen and GLA using borage oil as vehicle, which warrants further investigation as a novel topical two-component system in relation to or prophylaxis of those perceived at high risk of developing breast cancer. The study also provides further evidence of the permeation of solvated complexes across skin, rather than discrete penetrant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Karia
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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84
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Fang JY, Leu YL, Hwang TL, Cheng HC. Essential Oils from Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) as Novel Enhancers to Accelerate Transdermal Drug Delivery. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1819-25. [PMID: 15516730 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the essential oils from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, OB) as skin permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs. The in vitro and in vivo irritancy of the essential oils was also examined. Terpenes with various carbon numbers (mono-, sesqui-, di-, and tri-) were identified in both the lower-polarity fraction (OB-1) and higher-polarity fraction (OB-2). In vitro skin permeation and deposition of indomethacin were significantly enhanced after treatment with OB essential oils. The enhancing effect of OB-1 was greater than that of OB-2 in the in vitro permeation and in vivo cutaneous microdialysis analyses as well as in the plasma concentration of indomethacin. On the other hand, the in vivo study showed that OB-2 had a greater ability to retain the drug within the skin than did OB-1. Enhancement of the skin permeation of drugs by OB essential oils might be mainly due to improvement in the partitioning of the drugs to the stratum corneum. Both in vitro cell cultures (keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts) and in vivo transepidermal water loss showed no or only negligible irritation to skin by OB essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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85
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Cal K, Sznitowska M. Cutaneous absorption and elimination of three acyclic terpenes—in vitro studies. J Control Release 2003; 93:369-76. [PMID: 14644586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigete skin absorption and elimination of three acyclic terpenes: citronellol (C), linalool (L) and linalyl acetate (LA). The pure terpenes were applied onto the human skin in vitro, and after 1-4 h, their content in the stratum corneum layers and in the epidermis/dermis was determined using gas chromatography. Similarly, the amounts of terpenes in the skin were analysed during 4 h following 1-h absorption. Good absorption to the all skin layers was demonstrated as soon as after 1 h: the total skin cumulation of L, LA and C was 827, 124 and 954 microg/cm2, respectively. A self-promoting absorption was observed for L, since the amount of this terpene analysed in the stratum corneum after 1 h was 78.3, rising to 479 microg/cm2 after 4 h. During the elimination phase, a constant drop in the total amount in the skin was observed only for C, while the total skin content of L and LA did not change, although diffusion from the stratum corneum to epidermis/dermis occurred. The log P values of the terpenes were calculated using three different programs, but generally, neither absorption nor elimination can be directly correlated with the physicochemical parameters, despite of the fact that the least absorption was observed for the most lipophilic LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Poland.
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86
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Meidan VM, Al-Khalili M, Michniak BB. Enhanced iontophoretic delivery of buspirone hydrochloride across human skin using chemical enhancers. Int J Pharm 2003; 264:73-83. [PMID: 12972337 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Buspirone hydrochloride (BH) is a structurally and pharmacologically unique anxiolytic that is used to treat a variety of different anxiety conditions. The marketed product is named BuSpar. The in vitro iontophoretic delivery of BH through human skin was investigated in order to evaluate the feasibility of delivering a therapeutic dose of BH by this route. We also examined the influence of co-formulations of chemical enhancers (Azone, oleic acid, menthone, cineole, and terpineol) on BH permeation, both without iontophoresis and with iontophoresis-to look for possible synergistic effects. By applying iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm(2), it was possible to achieve a BH steady state flux of approximately 350 microg/cm(2)h, which would be therapeutically effective if clinically duplicated. Importantly, 24 h of iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm(2) did not affect skin morphology and after the current was switched off, the skin's permeability to BH rapidly reverted to its pre-iontophoretic level. Without iontophoreis, BH transdermal flux was significantly enhanced by the application of 2.5% (v/v) concentrations of Azone, oleic acid, or menthone but not cineole or terpineol. Furthermore, this paper identified a synergistic transport enhancement effect developing when very low current (0.025 mA/cm(2)) iontophoresis was applied in conjunction with Azone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Meidan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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87
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Huang YB, Fang JY, Wu PC, Chen TH, Tsai MJ, Tsai YH. Noninvasive glucose monitoring by back diffusion via skin: chemical and physical enhancements. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:983-7. [PMID: 12843623 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose levels are routinely obtained by invasive and painful methods using glucose meters and test strips. The development of less invasive or non invasive techniques would be beneficial for diabetes patients. In this study, a noninvasive method was evaluated using the back diffusion of glucose across skin with or without permeation enhancement methods. An in vitro model was utilized. The stratum corneum (SC) was the predominant barrier for both back and forward diffusion of glucose across skin. Surfactants with various charges and essential oils (cyclic monoterpenes) were used as chemical enhancers to promote the back diffusion of glucose. A cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride) showed the highest enhancement, followed by anionic and nonionic surfactants. d-Limonene and 1,8-cineole dispersed in appropriate proportions of ethanol could enhance the glucose diffusion after pretreatment of the skin surface. Electroporation, defined as a physical method, significantly increased the amount of glucose that diffused back. The percentages of diffused glucose by 300 V (volts) and 500 V high voltage pulses on skin for 10 min were found to be 45 and 75 times greater than the control group, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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88
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Fang JY, Hung CF, Chiu HC, Wang JJ, Chan TF. Efficacy and irritancy of enhancers on the in-vitro and in-vivo percutaneous absorption of curcumin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:593-601. [PMID: 12831501 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765344496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a predominant compound derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L., and shows antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity. The in-vitro and in-vivo skin absorption of curcumin was investigated after application of enhancers using Wistar rat as an animal model. The enhancers selected in this study included terpenes, flavonoids and cholestanol. The irritant profiles of these enhancers were also established by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histological observations. Cyclic monoterpenes generally showed stronger enhancement of curcumin permeation than the other enhancers. Modulation of concentration and pretreatment duration of enhancers possibly indicated that the enhancers have varied ability and mechanisms to enhance curcumin permeation. Terpineol produced the highest TEWL values among the enhancers tested, whereas ketocholestanol produced no, or only a negligible, increase in TEWL as compared with control. The results showed that skin disruption and inflammation did not necessarily correspond to the enhancing efficiency of the enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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89
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Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Bhaskar P. Influence of menthol and pressure-sensitive adhesives on the in vivo performance of membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nicardipine hydrochloride in human volunteers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 55:329-37. [PMID: 12754008 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nicardipine hydrochloride was developed using 2% w/w hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) gel as a reservoir system containing 5% w/w of menthol as a penetration enhancer. The permeability flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was found to increase with an increase in vinyl acetate content in the copolymer. The effect of various pressure-sensitive adhesives (MA-31, MA-38 or TACKWHITE A 4MED on the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride through EVA 2825 membrane (28% w/w vinyl acetate) or EVA 2825 membrane/skin composite was also studied. The results showed that nicardipine hydrochloride permeability through EVA 2825 membrane coated with TACKWHITE A 4MED/skin composite was higher than that coated with MA-31 or MA-38. Thus, a new transdermal therapeutic system for nicardipine hydrochloride was formulated using EVA 2825 membrane coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive TACKWHITE A 4MED, and 2% w/w HPC gel as reservoir containing 5% w/w of menthol as a penetration enhancer. In vivo studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nicardipine hydrochloride, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 26h with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release capsule dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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90
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Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Bhaskar P. Enhanced percutaneous permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride by carvone across the rat abdominal skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:191-202. [PMID: 12648016 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120016727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of carvone on the permeation of nicardipine hydrochloride across the excised rat abdominal epidermis from 2% w/w hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) gel system. The HPC gel formulations containing nicardipine hydrochloride (1% w/w) and selected concentrations of carvone (0 to 12% w/w) were prepared, and evaluated for drug content, stability of the drug, and in vitro permeation of the drug through excised rat abdominal epidermis. The HPC gel was found to contain 99.98 to 101.6% of nicardipine hydrochloride, and the drug was found to be stable in the HPC gels. The permeation flux of nicardipine hydrochloride across rat epidermis was increased markedly by the addition of carvone to the HPC gels. A maximum flux of nicardipine hydrochloride (243.95.70 +/- 1.90 microg/cm2/hr) was observed with an enhancement ratio of 7.9 when carvone was incorporated at a concentration of 12% w/w in the HPC reservoir system. The differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform-infrared data indicated that carvone increased the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride across the rat epidermis by partial extraction of lipids in the stratum corneum. The results suggest that carvone may be useful for enhancing the skin permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride from transdermal therapeutic system containing HPC gel as a reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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91
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Al-Khalili M, Meidan VM, Michniak BB. Iontophoretic transdermal delivery of buspirone hydrochloride in hairless mouse skin. AAPS PHARMSCI 2003; 5:E14. [PMID: 12866941 PMCID: PMC2751522 DOI: 10.1208/ps050214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of buspirone hydrochloride across hairless mouse skin and the combined effect of iontophoresis and terpene enhancers were evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoretic delivery was optimized by evaluating the effect of drug concentration, current density, and pH of the vehicle solution. Increasing the current density from 0.05 to 0.1 mA/cm2 resulted in doubling of the iontophoretic flux of buspirone hydrochloride, while increasing drug concentration from 1% to 2% had no effect on flux. Using phosphate buffer to adjust the pH of the drug solution decreased the buspirone hydrochloride iontophoretic flux relative to water solutions. Incorporating buspirone hydrochloride into ethanol:water (50:50 vol/vol) based gel formulations using carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose had no effect on iontophoretic delivery. Incorporation of three terpene enhancers (menthol, cineole, and terpineol) into the gel resulted in a synergistic effect when combined with iontophoresis. Menthol was the most active enhancer, and when combined with iontophoresis it was possible to deliver 10 mg/cm2/day of buspirone hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Khalili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208 Columbia, SC
| | - Victor M. Meidan
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 07103 Newark, NJ
| | - Boeena B. Michniak
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 07103 Newark, NJ
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92
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Takahashi K, Sakano H, Numata N, Kuroda S, Mizuno N. Effect of fatty acid diesters on permeation of anti-inflammatory drugs through rat skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:1285-94. [PMID: 12476874 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120015362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Four fatty acid diesters (diethyl succinate, diethyl adipate, diethyl sebacate, and diisopropyl adipate) were used to study their enhancement effect on the permeation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: ketoprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen) through rat abdominal skin. With the diester pretreatment, drug permeation increased and the lag times decreased. No relationship was observed between the solubilities of the drugs in the diesters and the diester enhancement effects. The enhancement effect decreased with an increase of the drug lipophilicity, but increased with an increase of the lipophilic index of the diester up to about 3.5, after which the enhancement effect decreased or remained constant. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in the stratum corneum lipids caused by the diesters. The FTIR results showed that treatment of the skin with diesters did not produce a blue shift in the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching peak positions. However, all of the above diesters showed a decrease in peak heights and areas for both asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching absorbances in comparison with water treatment. These results suggested that the diesters were more effective for enhancing the penetration of hydrophilic drugs than lipophilic drugs, and the enhancing effect of lipophilic diesters was more effective than that of hydrophilic diesters. The enhancement effects of diesters may be due to their causing lipid extraction in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan.
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93
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Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Bhaskar P. Influence of limonene on the bioavailability of nicardipine hydrochloride from membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic systems in human volunteers. Int J Pharm 2002; 247:91-102. [PMID: 12429488 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of nicardipine hydrochloride using 2%w/w hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC) gel as a reservoir system containing 4%w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The permeability flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was found to increase with an increase in vinyl acetate (VA) content in the copolymer. The effect of various pressure-sensitive adhesives (MA-31, MA-38 or TACKWHITE A 4MED) on the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride through EVA membrane 2825 (28% w/w VA) or membrane/skin composite was also studied. The results showed that nicardipine hydrochloride permeability through EVA 2825 membrane coated with TACKWHITE 4A MED/skin composite was higher than that coated with MA-31or MA-38. Thus a new TTS for nicardipine hydrochloride was formulated using EVA 2825 membrane coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive TACKWHITE 4A MED and 2%w/w HPC gel as reservoir containing 4%w/w of limonene as a penetration enhancer. The bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nicardipine hydrochloride, designed in the present study, provided steady state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 20 h with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release capsule dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S R Krishnaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India.
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94
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Funke AP, Günther C, Müller RH, Lipp R. In-vitro release and transdermal fluxes of a highly lipophilic drug and of enhancers from matrix TDS. J Control Release 2002; 82:63-70. [PMID: 12106977 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal systems (TDS) are a well-known application form for small, moderately lipophilic molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of applying a highly lipophilic drug, the antiestrogen AE (log P=5.82) transdermally by polyacrylate-based matrix TDS. For this purpose, two effects of both drug and enhancer concentration in TDS were investigated: in-vitro release and transdermal permeation of drug and enhancers. In the TDS investigated, in-vitro release as well as in-vitro permeation of AE through excised skin of hairless mice was found to be independent of concentrations of both drug and enhancers. The steady-state fluxes observed were low (about 50-100 ng cm(-2) h(-1)). But skin pretreatment with permeation enhancers resulted in a markedly enhanced permeability (1400 ng cm(-2) h(-1)). Therefore, the permeation of this highly lipophilic drug seems to be limited by the stratum corneum barrier function. In contrast, the transdermal permeation of the enhancers was dependent on the TDS composition. Increase in enhancer content resulted in a higher permeation of enhancers, whereas skin pretreatment did not. In conclusion, it was shown that the highly lipophilic antiestrogen can be administered transdermally by pretreating the skin with the fluid permeation enhancer combination propylene glycol-lauric acid (9+1) and then applying a matrix TDS.
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95
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Doliwa A, Santoyo S, Ygartua P. Effect of passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatments with terpenes on the in vitro skin transport of piroxicam. Int J Pharm 2001; 229:37-44. [PMID: 11604256 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effect of several terpenes (thymol, menthone and 1,8-cineole) in the percutaneous permeation of piroxicam (Px), either passive or iontophoretically, was investigated. These terpenes were applied, on the skin membrane, as a passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatment. Px was delivered from carbopol gels containing hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2% w/w Px). An increase in Px flux values, both passive and iontophoretic after skin pretreatment with 5% terpenes/50% EtOH, was found to be in the following order: thymol>menthone>1,8-cineole. Iontophoretic skin pretreatment with terpenes produced a slight increase in the passive flux of Px, in comparison with the passive skin pretreatment. This result indicated that iontophoresis could modify the skin morphology and consequently, increase the passive transport of Px. However, when Px was transported iontophoretically, passive skin pretreatment with terpenes, produced higher flux values than iontophoretic skin pretreatment. These results could be explained by the fact that with the iontophoretic pretreatment, terpenes could penetrate into the skin and limitate the movement of the ionized species, across the skin, during the iontophoretic experiments. The amount of Px retained in the skin after all experiments was related to flux values across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doliwa
- Centro Galénico, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
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