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Guglieri M, Bushby K, McDermott MP, Hart KA, Tawil R, Martens WB, Herr BE, McColl E, Wilkinson J, Kirschner J, King WM, Eagle M, Brown MW, Willis T, Hirtz D, Shieh PB, Straub V, Childs AM, Ciafaloni E, Butterfield RJ, Horrocks I, Spinty S, Flanigan KM, Kuntz NL, Baranello G, Roper H, Morrison L, Mah JK, Manzur AY, McDonald CM, Schara U, von der Hagen M, Barohn RJ, Campbell C, Darras BT, Finkel RS, Vita G, Hughes I, Mongini T, Pegoraro E, Wicklund M, Wilichowski E, Bryan Burnette W, Howard JF, McMillan HJ, Thangarajh M, Griggs RC. Developing standardized corticosteroid treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 58:34-39. [PMID: 28450193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite corticosteroids being the only treatment documented to improve strength and function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) corticosteroid prescription is inconsistent and in some countries, corticosteroids are not prescribed. We are conducting a clinical trial that (1) compares the 3 most frequently prescribed corticosteroid regimes; (2) standardizes treatment of DMD complications; and (3) standardizes prevention of corticosteroid side effects. Investigators at 38 sites in 5 countries plan to recruit 300 boys aged 4-7 who are randomly assigned to one of three regimens: daily prednisone; daily deflazacort; or intermittent prednisone (10days on/10days off). Boys are followed for a minimum of 3years to assess the relative effectiveness and adverse event profiles of the different regimens. The primary outcome is a 3-dimensional variable consisting of log-transformed time to rise from the floor, forced vital capacity, and subject/parent satisfaction with treatment, each averaged over all post-baseline visits. The study protocol includes evidence- and consensus-based treatment of DMD complications and of corticosteroid side effects. This study seeks to establish a standard corticosteroid regimen for DMD. Since all new interventions for DMD are being developed as add-on therapies to corticosteroids, defining the optimum regimen is of importance for all new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglieri
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Kate Bushby
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rabi Tawil
- University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy M King
- University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Michele Eagle
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Mary W Brown
- University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Tracey Willis
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Iain Horrocks
- Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Yorkhill Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nancy L Kuntz
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, United States
| | | | - Helen Roper
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig Campbell
- Children's Hospital London Health Sciences Centre, Canada
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Vita
- University of Messina AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Italy
| | - Imelda Hughes
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James F Howard
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, United States
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52
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Hammers DW, Sleeper MM, Forbes SC, Coker CC, Jirousek MR, Zimmer M, Walter GA, Sweeney HL. Disease-modifying effects of orally bioavailable NF- κB inhibitors in dystrophin-deficient muscle. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90341. [PMID: 28018975 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating muscle disease characterized by progressive muscle deterioration and replacement with an aberrant fatty, fibrous matrix. Chronic upregulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is implicated as a driver of the dystrophic pathogenesis. Herein, 2 members of a novel class of NF-κB inhibitors, edasalonexent (formerly CAT-1004) and CAT-1041, were evaluated in both mdx mouse and golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog models of DMD. These orally bioavailable compounds consist of a polyunsaturated fatty acid conjugated to salicylic acid and potently suppress the pathogenic NF-κB subunit p65/RelA in vitro. In vivo, CAT-1041 effectively improved the phenotype of mdx mice undergoing voluntary wheel running, in terms of activity, muscle mass and function, damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and cardiac pathology. We identified significant increases in dysferlin as a possible contributor to the protective effect of CAT-1041 to sarcolemmal damage. Furthermore, CAT-1041 improved the more severe GRMD phenotype in a canine case study, where muscle mass and diaphragm function were maintained in a treated GRMD dog. These results demonstrate that NF-κB modulation by edasalonexent and CAT-1041 is effective in ameliorating the dystrophic process and these compounds are candidates for new treatments for DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hammers
- Department of Physiology and.,Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Myology Institute and
| | - Margaret M Sleeper
- Myology Institute and.,Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Sean C Forbes
- Myology Institute and.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cora C Coker
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Myology Institute and
| | | | - Michael Zimmer
- Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glenn A Walter
- Myology Institute and.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Myology Institute and
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53
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El-Aloul B, Altamirano-Diaz L, Zapata-Aldana E, Rodrigues R, Malvankar-Mehta MS, Nguyen CT, Campbell C. Pharmacological therapy for the prevention and management of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A systematic review. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 27:4-14. [PMID: 27815032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a major source of morbidity and mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients now that respiratory care has improved. There is currently no definitive evidence guiding the management of DMD-associated cardiomyopathy (DMD-CM). The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for the prevention and/or management of DMD-CM and to determine the optimal timing to commence these interventions. A systematic search was conducted in January 2016 using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases and grey literature sources for studies evaluating the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers or aldosterone antagonists. Study quality assessment was conducted using the Downs and Black quality assessment checklist. PRISMA reporting guidelines were used. Of the 15 studies included in this review, most were of low methodological quality. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity of studies. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and/or aldosterone antagonists tended to improve or preserve left ventricular systolic function and delay the progression of DMD-CM. While there is evidence supporting the use of heart failure medication in patients with DMD, data regarding these interventions for delaying the onset of DMD-CM and when to initiate therapy are lacking. PROSPERO registration: CRD42015029555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah El-Aloul
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Luis Altamirano-Diaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eugenio Zapata-Aldana
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Center, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rodrigues
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Monali S Malvankar-Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cam-Tu Nguyen
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Center, London, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Center, London, ON, Canada.
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54
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Wexberg P, Avanzini M, Mascherbauer J, Pfaffenberger S, Freudenthaler B, Bittner R, Bernert G, Weidinger F. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement is associated with clinical presentation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:61. [PMID: 27660108 PMCID: PMC5034448 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease that occurs in males leading to immobility and death in early adulthood. Female carriers of DMD are generally asymptomatic, yet frequently develop dilated cardiomyopathy. This study aims to detect early cardiac manifestation in DMD using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and to evaluate its association with clinical symptoms. METHODS Clinical assessment of DMD carriers included six minutes walk tests (6MWT), blood analysis, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and CMR using FLASH sequences to detect late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). T1-mapping using the Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence was performed quantify extracellular volume (ECV). RESULTS Of 20 carriers (age 39.47 ± 12.96 years) 17 (89.5 %) were clinically asymptomatic. ECV was mildly elevated (29.79 ± 2.92 %) and LGE was detected in nine cases (45 %). LGE positive carriers had lower left ventricular ejection fraction in CMR (64.36 ± 5.78 vs. 56.67 ± 6.89 %, p = 0.014), higher bothCK (629.89 ± 317.48 vs. 256.18 ± 109.10 U/l, p = 0.002) and CK-MB (22.13 ± 5.25 vs. 12.11 ± 2.21 U/l, p = 0.001), as well as shorter walking distances during the 6MWT (432.44 ± 96.72 vs. 514.91 ± 66.80 m, p = 0.037). 90.9 % of subjects without LGE had normal pro-BNP, whereas in 66.7 % of those presenting LGE pro-BNP was elevated (p = 0.027). All individuals without LGE were in the NYHA class I, whereas all those in NYHA classes II and III showed positive for LGE (p = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial involvement shown as LGE in CMR occurs in a substantial number of DMD carriers; it is associated with clinical and morphometric signs of incipient heart failure. LGE is thus a sensitive parameter for the early diagnosis of cardiomyopathy in DMD carriers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01712152 Trial registration: October 19, 2012. First patient enrolled: September 27, 2012 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wexberg
- 2nd Medical Department, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
- SVA-Gesundheitszentrum, Hartmanngasse 2b, Vienna, A-1051 Austria
| | - Marion Avanzini
- 2nd Medical Department, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mascherbauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department Of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Pfaffenberger
- Division of Cardiology, Department Of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Reginald Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Franz Weidinger
- 2nd Medical Department, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
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55
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Archer JE, Gardner AC, Roper HP, Chikermane AA, Tatman AJ. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: the management of scoliosis. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2016; 2:185-194. [PMID: 27757431 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2016.08.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study summaries the current management of scoliosis in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. A literature review of Medline was performed and the collected articles critically appraised. This literature is discussed to give an overview of the current management of scoliosis within Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Importantly, improvements in respiratory care, the use of steroids and improving surgical techniques have allowed patients to maintain quality of life and improved life expectancy in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Archer
- The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Northfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; ; Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Adrian C Gardner
- The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Northfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Helen P Roper
- Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Tatman
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, UK
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56
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Hammers DW, Sleeper MM, Forbes SC, Shima A, Walter GA, Sweeney HL. Tadalafil Treatment Delays the Onset of Cardiomyopathy in Dystrophin-Deficient Hearts. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003911. [PMID: 27506543 PMCID: PMC5015305 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of mortality among Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and lacks effective therapies. Phosphodiesterase type 5 is implicated in dystrophic pathology, and the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor tadalafil has recently been studied in a clinical trial for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Methods and Results Tadalafil was evaluated for the prevention of cardiomyopathy in the mdx mouse and golden retriever muscular dystrophy dog models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Tadalafil blunted the adrenergic response in mdx hearts during a 30‐minute dobutamine challenge, which coincided with cardioprotective signaling, reduced induction of μ‐calpain levels, and decreased sarcomeric protein proteolysis. Dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy began daily tadalafil treatment prior to detectable cardiomyopathy and demonstrated preserved cardiac function, as assessed by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging at ages 18, 21, and 25 months. Tadalafil treatment improved golden retriever muscular dystrophy histopathological features, decreased levels of the cation channel TRPC6, increased total threonine phosphorylation status of TRPC6, decreased m‐calpain levels and indicators of calpain target proteolysis, and elevated levels of utrophin. In addition, we showed that Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient myocardium exhibited increased TRPC6, m‐calpain, and calpain cleavage products compared with control human myocardium. Conclusions Prophylactic use of tadalafil delays the onset of dystrophic cardiomyopathy, which is likely attributed to modulation of TRPC6 levels and permeability and inhibition of protease content and activity. Consequently, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition is a candidate therapy for slowing the development of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hammers
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Margaret M Sleeper
- Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sean C Forbes
- Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ai Shima
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Glenn A Walter
- Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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57
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Kobayashi M, Ishizaki M, Adachi K, Yonemoto N, Matsumura T, Toyoshima I, Kimura E. [Survey on genetic counseling and health management for symptomatic and asymptomatic female dystrophinopathy carriers in Japan today]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2016; 56:407-412. [PMID: 27212674 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the current status of genetic counseling and health monitoring for symptomatic and asymptomatic female carriers of dystrophinopathy (Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)), we sent out questionnaires to 104 member institutions of The Japan's National Liaison Council for Clinical Sections of Medical Genetics, and responses were received from 51 institutions. Between April 2013 and March 2014, 57 carriers at 21 institutions received genetic counseling, and 37 carriers at 15 institutions underwent genetic screening for DMD/BMD mutations. At the 23 institutions that gave genetic counseling, 20 (87%) informed carriers of possible health problems, 14 (61%) informed carriers of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, and 14 (61%) advised carriers about regular medical checkups. Evidence based on accurate and up-to-date epidemiological studies of female carriers is needed and should be widely shared with the families, medical providers, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital
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58
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Matthews E, Brassington R, Kuntzer T, Jichi F, Manzur AY. Corticosteroids for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD003725. [PMID: 27149418 PMCID: PMC8580515 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003725.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy of childhood. Untreated, this incurable disease, which has an X-linked recessive inheritance, is characterised by muscle wasting and loss of walking ability, leading to complete wheelchair dependence by 13 years of age. Prolongation of walking is a major aim of treatment. Evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) indicates that corticosteroids significantly improve muscle strength and function in boys with DMD in the short term (six months), and strength at two years (two-year data on function are very limited). Corticosteroids, now part of care recommendations for DMD, are largely in routine use, although questions remain over their ability to prolong walking, when to start treatment, longer-term balance of benefits versus harms, and choice of corticosteroid or regimen.We have extended the scope of this updated review to include comparisons of different corticosteroids and dosing regimens. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of corticosteroids on prolongation of walking ability, muscle strength, functional ability, and quality of life in DMD; to address the question of whether benefit is maintained over the longer term (more than two years); to assess adverse events; and to compare efficacy and adverse effects of different corticosteroid preparations and regimens. SEARCH METHODS On 16 February 2016 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and LILACS. We wrote to authors of published studies and other experts. We checked references in identified trials, handsearched journal abstracts, and searched trials registries. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered RCTs or quasi-RCTs of corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone, prednisolone, and deflazacort) given for a minimum of three months to patients with a definite DMD diagnosis. We considered comparisons of different corticosteroids, regimens, and corticosteroids versus placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The review authors followed standard Cochrane methodology. MAIN RESULTS We identified 12 studies (667 participants) and two new ongoing studies for inclusion. Six RCTs were newly included at this update and important non-randomised cohort studies have also been published. Some important studies remain unpublished and not all published studies provide complete outcome data. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE one two-year deflazacort RCT (n = 28) used prolongation of ambulation as an outcome measure but data were not adequate for drawing conclusions. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES meta-analyses showed that corticosteroids (0.75 mg/kg/day prednisone or prednisolone) improved muscle strength and function versus placebo over six months (moderate quality evidence from up to four RCTs). Evidence from single trials showed 0.75 mg/kg/day superior to 0.3 mg/kg/day on most strength and function measures, with little evidence of further benefit at 1.5 mg/kg/day. Improvements were seen in time taken to rise from the floor (Gowers' time), timed walk, four-stair climbing time, ability to lift weights, leg function grade, and forced vital capacity. One new RCT (n = 66), reported better strength, function and quality of life with daily 0.75 mg/kg/day prednisone at 12 months. One RCT (n = 28) showed that deflazacort stabilised muscle strength versus placebo at two years, but timed function test results were too imprecise for conclusions to be drawn.One double-blind RCT (n = 64), largely at low risk of bias, compared daily prednisone (0.75 mg/kg/day) with weekend-only prednisone (5 mg/kg/weekend day), finding no overall difference in muscle strength and function over 12 months (moderate to low quality evidence). Two small RCTs (n = 52) compared daily prednisone 0.75 mg/kg/day with daily deflazacort 0.9 mg/kg/day, but study methods limited our ability to compare muscle strength or function. ADVERSE EFFECTS excessive weight gain, behavioural abnormalities, cushingoid appearance, and excessive hair growth were all previously shown to be more common with corticosteroids than placebo; we assessed the quality of evidence (for behavioural changes and weight gain) as moderate. Hair growth and cushingoid features were more frequent at 0.75 mg/kg/day than 0.3 mg/kg/day prednisone. Comparing daily versus weekend-only prednisone, both groups gained weight with no clear difference in body mass index (BMI) or in behavioural changes (low quality evidence for both outcomes, one study); the weekend-only group had a greater linear increase in height. Very low quality evidence suggested less weight gain with deflazacort than with prednisone at 12 months, and no difference in behavioural abnormalities. Data are insufficient to assess the risk of fractures or cataracts for any comparison.Non-randomised studies support RCT evidence in showing improved functional benefit from corticosteroids. These studies suggest sustained benefit for up to 66 months. Adverse effects were common, although generally manageable. According to a large comparative longitudinal study of daily or intermittent (10 days on, 10 days off) corticosteroid for a mean period of four years, a daily regimen prolongs ambulation and improves functional scores over the age of seven, but with a greater frequency of side effects than an intermittent regimen. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Moderate quality evidence from RCTs indicates that corticosteroid therapy in DMD improves muscle strength and function in the short term (twelve months), and strength up to two years. On the basis of the evidence available for strength and function outcomes, our confidence in the effect estimate for the efficacy of a 0.75 mg/kg/day dose of prednisone or above is fairly secure. There is no evidence other than from non-randomised trials to establish the effect of corticosteroids on prolongation of walking. In the short term, adverse effects were significantly more common with corticosteroids than placebo, but not clinically severe. A weekend-only prednisone regimen is as effective as daily prednisone in the short term (12 months), according to low to moderate quality evidence from a single trial, with no clear difference in BMI (low quality evidence). Very low quality evidence indicates that deflazacort causes less weight gain than prednisone after a year's treatment. We cannot evaluate long-term benefits and hazards of corticosteroid treatment or intermittent regimens from published RCTs. Non-randomised studies support the conclusions of functional benefits, but also identify clinically significant adverse effects of long-term treatment, and a possible divergence of efficacy in daily and weekend-only regimens in the longer term. These benefits and adverse effects have implications for future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Matthews
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryMRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Ruth Brassington
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryMRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Thierry Kuntzer
- CHU Vaudois and University of LausanneNerve‐Muscle Unit, Service of NeurologyLausanneSwitzerland1011
| | - Fatima Jichi
- Joint Research Office, University College LondonUCL School of Life & Medical SciencesGower StreetLondonUKWC1E 6BT
| | - Adnan Y Manzur
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS TrustDubowitz Neuromuscular CentreGreat Ormond StreetLondonUKWC1N 3JH
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Le Dour C, Wu W, Morrow JP, Joseph LC, Beuvin M, Sera F, Homma S, Vignier N, Mougenot N, Bonne G, Lipson KE, Worman HJ, Muchir A. ERK1/2 directly acts on CTGF/CCN2 expression to mediate myocardial fibrosis in cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2220-2233. [PMID: 27131347 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutations (LMNA cardiomyopathy) is characterized by increased myocardial fibrosis, which impairs left ventricular relaxation and predisposes to heart failure, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. While we previously discovered abnormally elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activities in heart in LMNA cardiomyopathy, its role on the development of myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. We now showed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling participates in the activation of ERK1/2 signaling in LMNA cardiomyopathy. ERK1/2 acts on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression to mediate the myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction. Studies in vivo demonstrate that inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 using a specific antibody decreases myocardial fibrosis and improves the left ventricular dysfunction. Together, these findings show that cardiac ERK1/2 activity is modulated in part by TGF-β/Smad signaling, leading to altered activation of CTGF/CCN2 to mediate fibrosis and alter cardiac function. This identifies a novel mechanism in the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Caroline Le Dour
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maud Beuvin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMS28 Phénotypage du petit animal, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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The Performance of the Upper Limb scores correlate with pulmonary function test measures and Egen Klassifikation scores in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:264-71. [PMID: 27056113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Performance of the Upper Limb scale was developed as an outcome measure specifically for ambulant and non-ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and is implemented in clinical trials needing longitudinal data. The aim of this study is to determine whether this novel tool correlates with functional ability using pulmonary function test, cardiac function test and Egen Klassifikation scale scores as clinical measures. In this cross-sectional study, 43 non-ambulatory Duchenne males from ages 10 to 30 years and on long-term glucocorticoid treatment were enrolled. Cardiac and pulmonary function test results were analyzed to assess cardiopulmonary function, and Egen Klassifikation scores were analyzed to assess functional ability. The Performance of the Upper Limb scores correlated with pulmonary function measures and had inverse correlation with Egen Klassifikation scores. There was no correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular dysfunction. Body mass index and decreased joint range of motion affected total Performance of the Upper Limb scores and should be considered in clinical trial designs.
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Stelter Z, Strakova J, Yellamilli A, Fischer K, Sharpe K, Townsend D. Hypoxia-induced cardiac injury in dystrophic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H938-48. [PMID: 26851247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00917.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease of progressive destruction of striated muscle, resulting in muscle weakness with progressive respiratory and cardiac failure. Respiratory and cardiac disease are the leading causes of death in DMD patients. Previous studies have suggested an important link between cardiac dysfunction and hypoxia in the dystrophic heart; these studies aim to understand the mechanism underlying this connection. Here we demonstrate that anesthetized dystrophic mice display significant mortality following acute exposure to hypoxia. This increased mortality is associated with a significant metabolic acidosis, despite having significantly higher levels of arterial Po2 Chronic hypoxia does not result in mortality, but rather is characterized by marked cardiac fibrosis. Studies in isolated hearts reveal that the contractile function of dystrophic hearts is highly susceptible to short bouts of ischemia, but these hearts tolerate prolonged acidosis better than wild-type hearts, indicating an increased sensitivity of the dystrophic heart to hypoxia. Dystrophic hearts display decreased cardiac efficiency and oxygen extraction. Isolated dystrophic cardiomyocytes and hearts have normal levels of FCCP-induced oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial morphology and content are normal in the dystrophic heart. These studies demonstrate reductions in cardiac efficiency and oxygen extraction of the dystrophic heart. The underlying cause of this reduced oxygen extraction is not clear; however, the current studies suggest that large disruptions of mitochondrial respiratory function or coronary flow regulation are not responsible. This finding is significant, as hypoxia is a common and largely preventable component of DMD that may contribute to the progression of the cardiac disease in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Stelter
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jana Strakova
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amritha Yellamilli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kaleb Fischer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katharine Sharpe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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62
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Villa CR, Czosek RJ, Ahmed H, Khoury PR, Anderson JB, Knilans TK, Jefferies JL, Wong B, Spar DS. Ambulatory Monitoring and Arrhythmic Outcomes in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 5:e002620. [PMID: 26722125 PMCID: PMC4859379 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) develop cardiac fibrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. We described the frequency of significant Holter findings in DMD, the relationship between cardiac function and arrhythmia burden, and the impact of these findings on clinical management. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective review was done of patients with DMD who received a Holter from 2010 to 2014. Clinical and arrhythmic outcomes were analyzed. Patients were classified based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): ≥55%, 35% to 54% and <35%. Significant Holter findings included atrial tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation/flutter. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of significant Holter findings and change in care. The study included 442 Holters in 235 patients. Mean age was 14±4 years. Patients with cardiac dysfunction were older, and had increased late gadolinium enhancement and left ventricular dilation (P<0.01). There were 3 deaths (1%), all with normal function and none cardiac. Patients with LVEF <35% had more arrhythmias including nonsustained atrial tachycardia (P=0.01), frequent premature ventricular contractions, ventricular couplets/triplets, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (P<0.001) compared to the other groups. LVEF <35% (P<0.001) was the only predictor of clinically significant Holter finding. Four patients (40%) had change in medication in the LVEF <35% group compared to 9 (3%) in the ≥55% and 4 (4%) in the 35% to 54% groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sudden cardiac events are rare in DMD patients with an LVEF >35%. Significant Holter findings are rare in patients with DMD who have an LVEF >35%, and cardiac dysfunction appears to predict significant Holter findings. Holter monitoring is highest yield among DMD patients with cardiac dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Age Factors
- Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/mortality
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy
- Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis
- Atrial Fibrillation/etiology
- Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology
- Atrial Flutter/diagnosis
- Atrial Flutter/etiology
- Atrial Flutter/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/mortality
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Child
- Electrocardiography, Ambulatory
- Female
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Humans
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/diagnosis
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/mortality
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Stroke Volume
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/diagnosis
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/etiology
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/physiopathology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/etiology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnosis
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/mortality
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/diagnosis
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/etiology
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/physiopathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet R. Villa
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Richard J. Czosek
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Humera Ahmed
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Philip R. Khoury
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Jeffrey B. Anderson
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Timothy K. Knilans
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - John L. Jefferies
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Brenda Wong
- Comprehensive Neuromuscular CenterCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - David S. Spar
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
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63
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Narayanaswami P, Dubinsky R, Wang D, Gjorvad G, David W, Finder J, Smith B, Cheng J, Shapiro F, Mellion M, Spurney C, Wolff J, England J. Quality improvement in neurology: muscular dystrophy quality measures. Neurology 2015; 85:905-9. [PMID: 26333798 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Narayanaswami
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Richard Dubinsky
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - David Wang
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Gina Gjorvad
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - William David
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Jonathan Finder
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Benn Smith
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Jianguo Cheng
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Frederic Shapiro
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Michelle Mellion
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Christopher Spurney
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - Jodi Wolff
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
| | - John England
- From Beth Israel Deaconess/Harvard Medical School (P.N.), Boston, MA; the University of Kansas (R.D.), Kansas City; Order of Saint Francis Health Care (D.W.), Peoria, IL; the American Academy of Neurology (G.G.), Minneapolis, MN; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School (W.D.), Boston, MA; The Children's Home of Pittsburgh (J.F.), PA; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (B.S.), AZ; the Cleveland Clinic (J.C.), OH; Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School (F.S.); Neurology Foundation (M.M.), Cambridge, MA; Children's National Medical Center (C.S.), George Washington University, Washington, DC; the Muscular Dystrophy Association (J.W.), Tempe, AZ; and Louisiana State University (J.E.), New Orleans School of Medicine, LA
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64
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive striated muscle disease that is characterized by skeletal muscle weakness with progressive respiratory and cardiac failure. Together respiratory and cardiac disease account for the majority of mortality in the DMD patient population. However, little is known regarding the effects of respiratory dysfunction on the dystrophic heart. The studies described here examine the effects of acute hypoxia on cardiac function. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that a mouse model of DMD displays significant mortality following acute exposure to hypoxia. This mortality is characterized by a steady decline in systolic function. Retrospective analysis reveals that significant decreases in diastolic dysfunction, especially in the right ventricle, precede the decline in systolic pressure. The initial hemodynamic response to acute hypoxia in the mouse is similar to that observed in larger species, with significant increases in right ventricular afterload and decreases in left ventricular preload being observed. Significant increases in heart rate and contractility suggest hypoxia-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These studies provide evidence that while hypoxia presents significant hemodynamic challenges to the dystrophic right ventricle, global cardiac dysfunction precedes hypoxia-induced mortality in the dystrophic heart. These findings are clinically relevant as the respiratory insufficiency evident in patients with DMD results in significant bouts of hypoxia. The results of these studies indicate that hypoxia may contribute to the acceleration of the heart disease in DMD patients. Importantly, hypoxia can be avoided through the use of ventilatory support.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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65
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McNally EM, Kaltman JR, Benson DW, Canter CE, Cripe LH, Duan D, Finder JD, Groh WJ, Hoffman EP, Judge DP, Kertesz N, Kinnett K, Kirsch R, Metzger JM, Pearson GD, Rafael-Fortney JA, Raman SV, Spurney CF, Targum SL, Wagner KR, Markham LW. Contemporary cardiac issues in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in collaboration with Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy. Circulation 2015; 131:1590-8. [PMID: 25940966 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.015151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McNally
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.).
| | - Jonathan R Kaltman
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.).
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Charles E Canter
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Linda H Cripe
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Jonathan D Finder
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | | | - Eric P Hoffman
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Daniel P Judge
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Naomi Kertesz
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Kathi Kinnett
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Roxanne Kirsch
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Gail D Pearson
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Subha V Raman
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Shari L Targum
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Kathryn R Wagner
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.)
| | - Larry W Markham
- From Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.M.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., G.D.P.); Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (C.E.C.); The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (L.H.C., N.K.); Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia (D.D.); Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA (J.D.F.); Center for Genetic Medicine Research (E.P.H.) and Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (C.F.S.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.P.J.); Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Middletown, OH (K.K.); Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (R.K.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (J.M.M.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (J.A.R.-F.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.V.R.), Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (S.L.T.); Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (K.R.W.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.W.M.).
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van Westering TLE, Betts CA, Wood MJA. Current understanding of molecular pathology and treatment of cardiomyopathy in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Molecules 2015; 20:8823-55. [PMID: 25988613 PMCID: PMC6272314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic muscle disorder caused by mutations in the Dmd gene resulting in the loss of the protein dystrophin. Patients do not only experience skeletal muscle degeneration, but also develop severe cardiomyopathy by their second decade, one of the main causes of death. The absence of dystrophin in the heart renders cardiomyocytes more sensitive to stretch-induced damage. Moreover, it pathologically alters intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) localization and mitochondrial function and leads to inflammation and necrosis, all contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy. Current therapies only treat symptoms and therefore the need for targeting the genetic defect is immense. Several preclinical therapies are undergoing development, including utrophin up-regulation, stop codon read-through therapy, viral gene therapy, cell-based therapy and exon skipping. Some of these therapies are undergoing clinical trials, but these have predominantly focused on skeletal muscle correction. However, improving skeletal muscle function without addressing cardiac aspects of the disease may aggravate cardiomyopathy and therefore it is essential that preclinical and clinical focus include improving heart function. This review consolidates what is known regarding molecular pathology of the DMD heart, specifically focusing on intracellular Ca2+, nNOS and mitochondrial dysregulation. It briefly discusses the current treatment options and then elaborates on the preclinical therapeutic approaches currently under development to restore dystrophin thereby improving pathology, with a focus on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirsa L E van Westering
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Corinne A Betts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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Betts CA, Saleh AF, Carr CA, Hammond SM, Coenen-Stass AML, Godfrey C, McClorey G, Varela MA, Roberts TC, Clarke K, Gait MJ, Wood MJA. Prevention of exercised induced cardiomyopathy following Pip-PMO treatment in dystrophic mdx mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8986. [PMID: 25758104 PMCID: PMC4355666 DOI: 10.1038/srep08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the Dmd gene. In addition to skeletal muscle wasting, DMD patients develop cardiomyopathy, which significantly contributes to mortality. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) are a promising DMD therapy, restoring functional dystrophin protein by exon skipping. However, a major limitation with current AOs is the absence of dystrophin correction in heart. Pip peptide-AOs demonstrate high activity in cardiac muscle. To determine their therapeutic value, dystrophic mdx mice were subject to forced exercise to model the DMD cardiac phenotype. Repeated peptide-AO treatments resulted in high levels of cardiac dystrophin protein, which prevented the exercised induced progression of cardiomyopathy, normalising heart size as well as stabilising other cardiac parameters. Treated mice also exhibited significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved sarcolemmal integrity. This work demonstrates that high levels of cardiac dystrophin restored by Pip peptide-AOs prevents further deterioration of cardiomyopathy and pathology following exercise in dystrophic DMD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Betts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Amer F Saleh
- 1] Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK [2] AstraZeneca R&D, Discovery Safety, Drug safety and Metabolism, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Anna M L Coenen-Stass
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Caroline Godfrey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Miguel A Varela
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- 1] Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX [2] Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 NTorrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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Magee AG, Makhecha S, Bentley S. Risk-benefit considerations when prescribing phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in children. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:633-42. [PMID: 25746065 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1022527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sildenafil (Revatio®) and tadalafil (Adcirca®) are specific inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme and produce pulmonary vasodilation by inhibiting the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the walls of pulmonary arterioles. AREAS COVERED We focus on the efficacy and safety of sildenafil and tadalafil in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in children through a PubMed literature search. EXPERT OPINION Although used since 1999 in the treatment of PH in children, it is only in the past few years that robust evidence for the use of sildenafil has emerged principally in the pivotal STARTS-1 study. The open-label extension of this study, STARTS-2, has revealed safety concerns substantiated by FDA post marketing surveillance leading to recommendations to use lower doses. More recently, tadalafil has been introduced allowing once daily dosing with apparently similar efficacy to sildenafil in children. Recently there have been suggestions that sildenafil and tadalafil may have a place in treating muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Magee
- University of Southampton and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trusts , Southampton and London , UK
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69
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Petri H, Sveen ML, Thune JJ, Vissing C, Dahlqvist JR, Witting N, Bundgaard H, Køber L, Vissing J. Progression of cardiac involvement in patients with limb-girdle type 2 and Becker muscular dystrophies: A 9-year follow-up study. Int J Cardiol 2015; 182:403-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Schade van Westrum SM, Dekker LRC, de Voogt WG, Wilde AAM, Ginjaar IB, de Visser M, van der Kooi AJ. Cardiac involvement in Dutch patients with sarcoglycanopathy: a cross-sectional cohort and follow-up study. Muscle Nerve 2015; 50:909-13. [PMID: 24619517 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to describe the frequency, nature, severity, and progression of cardiac abnormalities in a cohort of Dutch sarcoglycanopathy patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional cohort study, patients were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire and assigned a functional score. Electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and 24-h ECG were performed. RESULTS Twenty-four patients with sarcoglycanopathy had a median age of 25 years (range, 8-59 years). Beta blockers were used by 13%, and 17% used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. ECG abnormalities were present in 5 (21%), and 4 (17%) fulfilled the criteria for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). There were no significant differences in median age or severity of disease between patients with or without DCM. Eleven patients were examined earlier. Median follow-up time was 10 years. Two of the 11 patients (18%) developed DCM during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Seventeen percent of the patients with sarcoglycanopathy were found to have dilated cardiomyopathy. We recommend biannual cardiac monitoring, including ECG and echocardiography.
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71
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O'Brien L, Varadi R, Goldstein RS, Evans RA. Cardiac management of ventilator-assisted individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Chron Respir Dis 2015; 11:103-10. [PMID: 24728656 DOI: 10.1177/1479972314529673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has increased to the 5th decade, in part due to improved ventilatory support, cardiomyopathy is projected to increase as a cause of death. International guidelines recommend an annual assessment of cardiac function and initiation of appropriate pharmacological treatment. We conducted an audit of the cardiac management in patients with DMD requiring ventilatory support and reported a case series of the collated cardiac investigations. Patients with DMD requiring ventilatory support were included in the study. The date of the last electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), cardiology review and pharmacological management were retrieved from the medical records. If an annual cardiac assessment had not been performed this was requested and the latest ECGs and ECHO reports were collated. A total of 30 patients with DMD (29 males, mean (SD) age of 30 (7) years) met the inclusion criteria. Although there was ECG and ECHO documentation in 24 and 21 individuals, respectively, it was only recent in 10 and 6 individuals. In all, 60% of patients had been assessed by a cardiologist, but only 10% within the last year. Over half of the patients failed to attend their new appointments. From the available results, 18 of the 19 patients had an abnormal ECG, 11 of the 16 patients had left ventricular (LV) impairment and 55% of patients had a change in prescription following cardiac investigations. There is a need for a coordinated cardiorespiratory approach towards adult patients with DMD. Over a third of patients had normal LV function suggesting that cardiomyopathy is not inevitable in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren O'Brien
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine exercise response during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children and adolescents with dystrophinopathies. METHODS Exercise response on the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was compared with a standard care test protocol. RESULTS Nine boys (aged 10.8 ± 4.7 years) with Becker muscular dystrophy (n = 6) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n = 3) were included. The feasibility of the CPET was similar to a standard care test protocol, and no serious adverse events occurred. In 67% of the subjects with normal or only mildly impaired functional capacity, the CPET could be used to detect moderate to severe cardiopulmonary exercise limitations. CONCLUSIONS The CPET seems to be a promising outcome measure for cardiopulmonary exercise limitations in youth with mild functional limitations. Further research with larger samples is warranted to confirm current findings and investigate the additional value of the CPET to longitudinal follow-up of cardiomyopathy and the development of safe exercise programs for youth with dystrophinopathies.
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Berry SE. Concise review: mesoangioblast and mesenchymal stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophy: progress, challenges, and future directions. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:91-8. [PMID: 25391645 PMCID: PMC4275006 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mesoangioblasts (MABs) are multipotent cells that differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin, including skeletal muscle cells. Because of their potential to differentiate into the skeletal muscle lineage, these multipotent cells have been tested for their capacity to participate in regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle in animal models of muscular dystrophy. MSCs and MABs infiltrate dystrophic muscle from the circulation, engraft into host fibers, and bring with them proteins that replace the functions of those missing or truncated. The potential for systemic delivery of these cells increases the feasibility of stem cell therapy for the large numbers of affected skeletal muscles in patients with muscular dystrophy. The present review focused on the results of preclinical studies with MSCs and MABs in animal models of muscular dystrophy. The goals of the present report were to (a) summarize recent results, (b) compare the efficacy of MSCs and MABs derived from different tissues in restoration of protein expression and/or improvement in muscle function, and (c) discuss future directions for translating these discoveries to the clinic. In addition, although systemic delivery of MABs and MSCs is of great importance for reaching dystrophic muscles, the potential concerns related to this method of stem cell transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Berry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Annexstad EJ, Lund-Petersen I, Rasmussen M. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2014; 134:1361-4. [PMID: 25096430 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most severe muscle diseases to affect children. In the last twenty years, treatments have been established that have significantly improved patients' quality of life and life expectancy. The purpose of this article is to outline the main features of the disease and its treatment, and to examine possible future treatment options. METHOD The article is based on a literature search in PubMed, current international guidelines and our own clinical experience. RESULTS Close monitoring by an interdisciplinary rehabilitation team forms the basis of treatment. Treatment with glucocorticoids can slow disease progression and improve motor function in the short term. The treatment may cause side effects, which must be monitored and which may require intervention. A not insignificant proportion of patients have cognitive and neuropsychiatric problems that must be addressed. Active intervention in response to signs of respiratory or cardiac failure is important. More causal treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is under testing and offers cautious hope for future patients. INTERPRETATION With improved treatment and increased life expectancy come new challenges for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and their families, as well as new demands on the support services. This patient group requires close and comprehensive follow-up, also in the transition from child to adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Annexstad
- Kompetansesenter for medfødte muskelsykdommer Oslo universitetssykehus og Barneavdelingen Sykehuset Østfold Fredrikstad
| | | | - Magnhild Rasmussen
- Barneavdeling for nevrofag og Kompetansesenter for medfødte muskelsykdommer Oslo universitetssykehus
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Spurney C, Shimizu R, Hache LP, Kolski H, Gordish-Dressman H, Clemens PR. Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Duchenne Natural History Study demonstrates insufficient diagnosis and treatment of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:250-6. [PMID: 24395289 PMCID: PMC4081523 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiomyopathy is a common cause of morbidity and death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS This investigation was a cross-sectional cross-sectional analysis of clinical data from the multi-institutional Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG) DMD Natural History Study of 340 DMD patients aged 2-28 years. Cardiomyopathy was defined as shortening fraction (SF) <28% or ejection fraction (EF) <55%. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-one participants reported a prior clinical echocardiogram study, and 174 had data for SF or EF. The prevalence of cardiomyopathy was 27% (47 of 174), and it was associated significantly with age and clinical stage. The association of cardiomyopathy with age and clinical stage was not changed by glucocorticoid use as a covariate (P > 0.68). In patients with cardiomyopathy, 57% (27 of 47) reported not taking any cardiac medications. Cardiac medications were used in 12% (15 of 127) of patients without cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS We found that echocardiograms were underutilized, and cardiomyopathy was undertreated in this DMD natural history cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanna Kolski
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Paula R. Clemens
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - the CINRG Investigators
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento CA
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Apollo Children’s Hospital, Chennai, India
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Canada
- Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Instituto de Neurosciencias Fundacion Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Children’s Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
- Centro Clinico Nemo, Milan, Italy
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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76
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Garcia S, de Haro T, Zafra-Ceres M, Poyatos A, Gomez-Capilla JA, Gomez-Llorente C. Identification of de novo mutations of Duchénnè/Becker muscular dystrophies in southern Spain. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:988-93. [PMID: 25076844 PMCID: PMC4115237 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchénnè/Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD) are X-linked diseases, which are caused by a de novo gene mutation in one-third of affected males. The study objectives were to determine the incidence of DMD/BMD in Andalusia (Spain) and to establish the percentage of affected males in whom a de novo gene mutation was responsible. METHODS Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technology was applied to determine the incidence of DMD/BMD in 84 males with suspicion of the disease and 106 female relatives. RESULTS Dystrophin gene exon deletion (89.5%) or duplication (10.5%) was detected in 38 of the 84 males by MLPA technology; de novo mutations account for 4 (16.7%) of the 24 mother-son pairs studied. CONCLUSIONS MLPA technology is adequate for the molecular diagnosis of DMD/BMD and establishes whether the mother carries the molecular alteration responsible for the disease, a highly relevant issue for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Garcia
- 1. UGC Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Avd/Doctor Olóriz s/n 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás de Haro
- 1. UGC Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Avd/Doctor Olóriz s/n 18012 Granada, Spain
- 2. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Zafra-Ceres
- 1. UGC Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Avd/Doctor Olóriz s/n 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Poyatos
- 1. UGC Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Avd/Doctor Olóriz s/n 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Gomez-Capilla
- 1. UGC Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Avd/Doctor Olóriz s/n 18012 Granada, Spain
- 2. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Spain
- 3. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Granada. Avd/ Madrid s/n 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Gomez-Llorente
- 4. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II. Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos “José Mataix”. Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Granada. Avd/ Conocimiento s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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77
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Sakiyama Y, Watanabe E, Otsuka M, Hirahara T, Momomura S, Hayashi Y. [Case with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy diagnosed forty-two years after onset and implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2014; 54:489-94. [PMID: 24990833 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.54.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The patient was a 53-year-old male. He showed steppage gait at the age of 11 and equinus foot at 13. He walked unaided with shoe-insoles to support his heels. Atrial fibrillation and cardiac hypertrophy were found in his 30s, and ventricular tachycardia (VT) was observed at the age of 48. Electrophysiological studies were performed, but VT was not sustained, symptomatic, or showed signs of infra-Hisian block, and a pacemaker was not indicated. At 53, he was introduced to a neurologist because of tetraplegia after the first episode of syncope. A spinal MR showed ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and central cervical cord injury. Furthermore, he presented not only contracture in his shoulder, elbow, and ankles but also atrophy in his scapulohumeral and gastrocnemius muscles. In accordance with a diagnosis of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), provocative testing of VT was carried out, and a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) was implanted. Later, a mutation analysis of the LMNA gene disclosed a known missense mutation of p.Arg377His, and we diagnosed him as EDMD2 (laminopathy). Contractures could be the clue to diagnose EDMD and indicate the need for pacemakers and defibrillators in patients with cardiac conduction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Sakiyama
- Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center
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78
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Lee TH, Eun LY, Choi JY, Kwon HE, Lee YM, Kim HD, Kang SW. Myocardial atrophy in children with mitochondrial disease and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 57:232-9. [PMID: 25045366 PMCID: PMC4102686 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.5.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Mitochondrial disease (MD) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are often associated with cardiomyopathy, but the myocardial variability has not been isolated to a specific characteristic. We evaluated the left ventricular (LV) mass by echocardiography to identify the general distribution and functional changes of the myocardium in patients with MD or DMD. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the echocardiographic data of 90 children with MD and 42 with DMD. Using two-dimensional echocardiography, including time-motion (M) mode and Doppler measurements, we estimated the LV mass, ratio of early to late mitral filling velocities (E/A), ratio of early mitral filling velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/Ea), stroke volume, and cardiac output. A "z score" was generated using the lambda-mu-sigma method to standardize the LV mass with respect to body size. Results The LV mass-for-height z scores were significantly below normal in children with MD (-1.02±1.52, P<0.001) or DMD (-0.82±1.61, P=0.002), as were the LV mass-for-lean body-mass z scores. The body mass index (BMI)-for-age z scores were far below normal and were directly proportional to the LV mass-for-height z scores in both patients with MD (R=0.377, P<0.001) and those with DMD (R=0.330, P=0.033). The LV mass-for-height z score correlated positively with the stroke volume index (R=0.462, P<0.001) and cardiac index (R=0.358, P<0.001). Conclusion LV myocardial atrophy is present in patients with MD and those with DMD and may be closely associated with low BMI. The insufficient LV mass for body size might indicate deterioration of systolic function in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lucy Youngmin Eun
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Eun Kwon
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Mock Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Woong Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Rehabilitation Institute of Muscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rasmussen M, Scheie D, Breivik N, Mork M, Lindal S. Clinical and muscle biopsy findings in Norwegian paediatric patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2I. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:553-8. [PMID: 24447024 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe patients diagnosed with limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2I (LGMD2I) in our paediatric departments between 2004 and 2012. METHODS The hospital charts of 17 patients presenting for evaluation at a mean age of 7.8 years (range 1-13 years) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS With one exception, all patients were homozygous for the common mutation c.826C>A in the FKRP gene. Three patients experienced transient pronounced weakness as toddlers. Fatigue and muscle pain were most prominent, weakness less so, in children presenting at an older age. The degree of severity varied substantially. In certain cases, increased creatine kinase was an incidental finding. All walked independently by 18 months. When last evaluated at a mean age of 14.3 years (range 3.5-18 years), five patients were part-time wheelchair users. One patient was then treated for a cardiomyopathy. Creatine kinase was consistently increased, except presymptomatic in one patient. Muscle biopsies showed focal acute and chronic myopathic changes and pathological expression of α-dystroglycan. No consistent relationship between clinical function and the degree of morphological pathology was found. CONCLUSION LGMD2I is a relevant differential diagnosis when creatine kinase is increased in children presenting with fatigue, muscle pain and sometimes weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnhild Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children; Section for Child Neurology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Department of Neurology; Center for Congenital Muscular Disorders; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - David Scheie
- Department of Pathology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Noralv Breivik
- Department of Pediatrics; Aalesund Hospital; Aalesund Norway
| | - Marit Mork
- Department of Pediatric Habilitation; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
| | - Sigurd Lindal
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
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Garcia-Pavia P, Cobo-Marcos M, Guzzo-Merello G, Gomez-Bueno M, Bornstein B, Lara-Pezzi E, Segovia J, Alonso-Pulpon L. Genetics in dilated cardiomyopathy. Biomark Med 2014; 7:517-33. [PMID: 23905888 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries made during the last 20 years have revealed a genetic origin in many cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Currently, over 40 genes have been associated with the disease. Mutations in DCM-causing genes induce the condition through a variety of different pathological pathways with complex and not completely understood mechanisms. Genes that encode for sarcomeric, cytoskeletal, nuclear membrane, dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and desmosomal proteins are the principal genes involved. In this review we discuss the most frequent DCM-causing genes. We propose a classification in which DCM genes are considered as being major or minor genes according to their mutation frequency and the available supporting evidence. The main phenotypic characteristics associated with each gene are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain.
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81
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and severe type of dystrophinopathy, is a progressive disease affecting primordially skeletal and cardiac muscle. A coordinated multidisciplinary approach is required to address its multisystemic manifestations and secondary problems.• Treatment with glucocorticosteroids (GCS) is accepted as standard of care in ambulant DMD. Daily and intermittent administrations are both in common use with different efficacy and different side effect profile.• There are no established guidelines for age/stage at initiation and treatment duration of GCS. Common practice is initiation of GCS before the child is starting to decline (between age 3 and 6 years) and continuation of monitored treatment after loss of ambulation, aiming at delaying cardiac and respiratory manifestations and preventing the development of scoliosis.• Prevention, monitoring, and treatment of the side effects of long-term chronic GCS use, such as excessive weight gain, hypertension, osteoporosis, impairment of glucose metabolism, delayed puberty, and cataract, should be integrated in the standards of care.• Noninvasive ventilatory support associated with cough assisting techniques has significantly improved the longevity in DMD.• Pharmacologic treatment for cardiac manifestations includes the standard treatments of dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia such as the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics. The lack of robust controlled data hampers clear recommendations about preventive treatment with ACE inhibitors.• DMD is associated with low bone mineral content, which is aggravated by the use of corticosteroids. The use of biphosphonates can be considered in the treatment of painful vertebral fractures. The use of biphosphonates as a preventive treatment should be investigated in randomized controlled studies.• DMD has evolved from a pediatric disease to an adult condition. This underscores the need to prepare adult neurologists for the optimal surveillance and management of patients with a severe chronic disease that have outgrown the pediatric care and that may develop new disease manifestations with improved longevity.
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83
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Bauer R, Blain A, Greally E, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Laval S, Straub V, MacGowan GA. Intolerance to β-blockade in a mouse model of δ-sarcoglycan-deficient muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 12:1163-70. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Bauer
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology; University Hospital; Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alison Blain
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Elizabeth Greally
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kate Bushby
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Steve Laval
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Guy A. MacGowan
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University, International Center for Life; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Department of Cardiology; Freeman Hospital; Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN UK
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84
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Limongelli G, D’Alessandro R, Maddaloni V, Rea A, Sarkozy A, McKenna WJ. Skeletal muscle involvement in cardiomyopathies. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:837-61. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283641c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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85
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide a review of recent standards of care and therapeutic development in different forms of muscular dystrophies. This topic is relevant as the improved understanding of these disorders has not only led to a better definition of clinical course and to the development of standards of care for individual types of muscular dystrophies, but also culminated in different therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Recent natural history studies have demonstrated the impact of new standards of care in different forms of muscular dystrophies, and identified areas of clinical management in which further developments are needed. The majority of the experimental studies are focused on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Some of them target patients with specific mutations, such as antisense oligonucleotides, to induce exon skipping of specific mutations or drugs developed to allow read-through of nonsense mutations, whereas other therapies deal with secondary aspects of muscle degeneration, aiming, for example, at reducing inflammation or apoptosis, and may also be suitable for other forms of muscular dystrophies. SUMMARY The advances in the field of muscular dystrophy have resulted in improved clinical course and survival. The encouraging results of early experimental studies could further improve these outcomes in the future.
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86
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Taghli-Lamallem O, Jagla K, Chamberlain JS, Bodmer R. Mechanical and non-mechanical functions of Dystrophin can prevent cardiac abnormalities in Drosophila. Exp Gerontol 2013; 49:26-34. [PMID: 24231130 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophin-deficiency causes cardiomyopathies and shortens the life expectancy of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Restoring Dystrophin expression in the heart by gene transfer is a promising avenue to explore as a therapy. Truncated Dystrophin gene constructs have been engineered and shown to alleviate dystrophic skeletal muscle disease, but their potential in preventing the development of cardiomyopathy is not fully understood. In the present study, we found that either the mechanical or the signaling functions of Dystrophin were able to reduce the dilated heart phenotype of Dystrophin mutants in a Drosophila model. Our data suggest that Dystrophin retains some function in fly cardiomyocytes in the absence of a predicted mechanical link to the cytoskeleton. Interestingly, cardiac-specific manipulation of nitric oxide synthase expression also modulates cardiac function, which can in part be reversed by loss of Dystrophin function, further implying a signaling role of Dystrophin in the heart. These findings suggest that the signaling functions of Dystrophin protein are able to ameliorate the dilated cardiomyopathy, and thus might help to improve heart muscle function in micro-Dystrophin-based gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Taghli-Lamallem
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, Building 7 Room 7125, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293-Clermont University, Faculty of Medicine 28, Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293-Clermont University, Faculty of Medicine 28, Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jeffrey S Chamberlain
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, Building 7 Room 7125, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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87
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Berry SE, Andruszkiewicz P, Chun JL, Hong J. Nestin expression in end-stage disease in dystrophin-deficient heart: implications for regeneration from endogenous cardiac stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:848-61. [PMID: 24068741 PMCID: PMC3808200 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nestin(+) cardiac stem cells differentiate into striated cells following myocardial infarct. Transplantation of exogenous stem cells into myocardium of a murine model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) increased proliferation of endogenous nestin(+) stem cells and resulted in the appearance of nestin(+) striated cells. This correlated with, and may be responsible for, prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy. We examined nestin(+) stem cells in the myocardium of dystrophin/utrophin-deficient (mdx/utrn(-/-)) mice, a model for DMD. We found that 92% of nestin(+) interstitial cells expressed Flk-1, a marker present on cardiac progenitor cells that differentiate into the cardiac lineage, and that a subset expressed Sca-1, present on adult cardiac cells that become cardiomyocytes. Nestin(+) interstitial cells maintained expression of Flk-1 but lost Sca-1 expression with age and were present in lower numbers in dystrophin-deficient heart than in wild-type heart. Unexpectedly, large clusters of nestin(+) striated cells ranging in size from 20 to 250 cells and extending up to 500 μm were present in mdx/utrn(-/-) heart near the end stage of disease. These cells were also present in dystrophin-deficient mdx/utrn(+/-) and mdx heart but not wild-type heart. Nestin(+) striated cells expressed cardiac troponin I, desmin, and Connexin 43 and correlated with proinflammatory CD68(+) macrophages. Elongated nestin(+) interstitial cells with striations were observed that did not express Flk-1 or the late cardiac marker cardiac troponin I but strongly expressed the early cardiac marker desmin. Nestin was also detected in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that new cardiomyocytes form in dystrophic heart, and nestin(+) interstitial cells may generate them in addition to other cells of the cardiac lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Connexin 43/genetics
- Connexin 43/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Heart/physiopathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Nestin/biosynthesis
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Regeneration/genetics
- Regeneration/physiology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Utrophin/deficiency
- Utrophin/genetics
- Utrophin/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Berry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences
- Institute for Genomic Biology
- Neuroscience Program, and
| | | | - Ju Lan Chun
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences
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88
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Hollingsworth KG, Willis TA, Bates MG, Dixon BJ, Lochmüller H, Bushby K, Bourke J, MacGowan GA, Straub V. Subepicardial dysfunction leads to global left ventricular systolic impairment in patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2I. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15:986-994. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kieren G. Hollingsworth
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Tracey A. Willis
- Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University, International Centre for Life Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Matthew G.D. Bates
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Ben J. Dixon
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University, International Centre for Life Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kate Bushby
- Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University, International Centre for Life Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - John Bourke
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Guy A. MacGowan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University, International Centre for Life Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University, International Centre for Life Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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89
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Mourkioti F, Kustan J, Kraft P, Day JW, Zhao MM, Kost-Alimova M, Protopopov A, DePinho RA, Bernstein D, Meeker AK, Blau HM. Role of telomere dysfunction in cardiac failure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:895-904. [PMID: 23831727 PMCID: PMC3774175 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common inherited muscular dystrophy of childhood, leads to death due to cardiorespiratory failure. Paradoxically, mdx mice with the same genetic deficiency of dystrophin exhibit minimal cardiac dysfunction, impeding the development of therapies. We postulated that the difference between mdx and DMD might result from differences in telomere lengths in mice and humans. We show here that, like DMD patients, mice that lack dystrophin and have shortened telomeres (mdx/mTR(KO)) develop severe functional cardiac deficits including ventricular dilation, contractile and conductance dysfunction, and accelerated mortality. These cardiac defects are accompanied by telomere erosion, mitochondrial fragmentation and increased oxidative stress. Treatment with antioxidants significantly retards the onset of cardiac dysfunction and death of mdx/mTR(KO) mice. In corroboration, all four of the DMD patients analysed had 45% shorter telomeres in their cardiomyocytes relative to age- and sex-matched controls. We propose that the demands of contraction in the absence of dystrophin coupled with increased oxidative stress conspire to accelerate telomere erosion culminating in cardiac failure and death. These findings provide strong support for a link between telomere length and dystrophin deficiency in the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy in DMD and suggest preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Mourkioti
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jackie Kustan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peggy Kraft
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John W. Day
- Department of Neurology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexei Protopopov
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Helen M. Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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90
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Development of multiexon skipping antisense oligonucleotide therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:402369. [PMID: 23984357 PMCID: PMC3747431 DOI: 10.1155/2013/402369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable, X-linked progressive muscle degenerative disorder that results from the absence of dystrophin protein and leads to premature death in affected individuals due to respiratory and/or cardiac failure typically by age of 30. Very recently the exciting prospect of an effective oligonucleotide therapy has emerged which restores dystrophin protein expression to affected tissues in DMD patients with highly promising data from a series of clinical trials. This therapeutic approach is highly mutation specific and thus is personalised. Therefore DMD has emerged as a model genetic disorder for understanding and overcoming of the challenges of developing personalised genetic medicines. One of the greatest weaknesses of the current oligonucleotide approach is that it is a mutation-specific therapy. To address this limitation, we have recently demonstrated that exons 45–55 skipping therapy has the potential to treat clusters of mutations that cause DMD, which could significantly reduce the number of compounds that would need to be developed in order to successfully treat all DMD patients. Here we discuss and review the latest preclinical work in this area as well as a variety of accompanying issues, including efficacy and potential toxicity of antisense oligonucleotides, prior to human clinical trials.
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91
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Griggs RC, Herr BE, Reha A, Elfring G, Atkinson L, Cwik V, McColl E, Tawil R, Pandya S, McDermott MP, Bushby K. Corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: major variations in practice. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:27-31. [PMID: 23483575 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2004, a Cochrane Review and AAN practice parameter concluded that prednisone 0.75 mg/kg/day is of short-term efficacy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Subsequent efforts to standardize care for DMD indicated wide variation in corticosteroid use. METHODS We surveyed physicians who follow patients with DMD, including: (1) clinics in the TREAT-NMD (Translational Research in Europe-Assessment and Treatment of Neuromuscular Diseases) network (predominantly Europe) and (2) U.S. MDA clinic directors. We also documented the co-administered corticosteroids in a trial of a putative treatment (ataluren) for DMD. RESULTS Of 105 Treat-NMD clinicians, corticosteroids were not used in 10 clinics, and 29 different regimens were used--the most frequent 0.75 mg/kg/day prednisone (61 centers); 10 days on/10 days off (36 centers); 0.9 mg/kg/day deflazacort (32 centers); and 5 mg/kg/day on weekends (10 centers). Similar diversity was identified in MDA clinics and in the ataluren trial. CONCLUSIONS Variability in corticosteroid use suggests uncertainty about risks/benefits of corticosteroid regimens for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Griggs
- University of Rochester, Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, CU 420669, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA.
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92
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Carboni N, Mateddu A, Marrosu G, Cocco E, Marrosu MG. Genetic and clinical characteristics of skeletal and cardiac muscle in patients with lamin A/C gene mutations. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:161-70. [PMID: 23450819 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene are associated with different clinical entities, including disorders that affect skeletal and cardiac muscle, peripheral nerves, metabolism, bones, and disorders that cause premature aging. In this article we review the clinical and genetic characteristics of cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases related to alterations in the LMNA gene. There is no single explanation of how LMNA gene alterations may cause these disorders; however, important goals have been achieved in understanding the pathogenic effects of LMNA gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Carboni
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09100 Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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93
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Kinnett K, Cripe LH. Transforming Duchenne care: meeting 25-26 June 2012, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:690-5. [PMID: 23770103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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94
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Koo T, Wood MJ. Clinical trials using antisense oligonucleotides in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:479-88. [PMID: 23521559 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene, affecting 1 in 3500 newborn males. Complete loss of muscle dystrophin protein causes progressive muscle weakness and heart and respiratory failure, leading to premature death. Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) that bind to complementary sequences of the dystrophin pre-mRNA to induce skipping of the targeted exon by modulating pre-mRNA splicing are promising therapeutic agents for DMD. Such AONs can restore the open reading frame of the DMD gene and produce internally deleted, yet partially functional dystrophin protein isoforms in skeletal muscle. Within the last few years, clinical trials using AONs have made considerable progress demonstrating the restoration of functional dystrophin protein and acceptable safety profiles following both local and systemic delivery in DMD patients. However, improvement of AON delivery and efficacy, along with the development of multiple AONs to treat as many DMD patients as possible needs to be addressed for this approach to fulfill its potential. Here, we review the recent progress made in clinical trials using AONs to treat DMD and discuss the current challenges to the development of AON-based therapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Koo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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95
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Sciorati C, Staszewsky L, Zambelli V, Russo I, Salio M, Novelli D, Di Grigoli G, Moresco RM, Clementi E, Latini R. Ibuprofen plus isosorbide dinitrate treatment in the mdx mice ameliorates dystrophic heart structure. Pharmacol Res 2013; 73:35-43. [PMID: 23644256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-administration of ibuprofen (IBU) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) provides synergistic beneficial effects on dystrophic skeletal muscle. Whether this treatment has also cardioprotective effects in this disease was still unknown. AIMS To evaluate the effects of co-administration of IBU and ISDN (a) on left ventricular (LV) structure and function, and (b) on cardiac inflammatory response and fibrosis in mdx mice. METHODS Three groups of mice were studied: mdx mice treated with IBU (50 mg kg⁻¹)+ISDN (30 mg kg⁻¹) administered daily in the diet, mdx mice that received standard diet without drugs and wild type aged-matched mice. Animals were analysed after 10-11 months of treatment. Structural and functional parameters were evaluated by echocardiography while histological analyses were performed to evaluate inflammatory response, collagen deposition, cardiomyocyte number and area. RESULTS Treatment for 10-11 months with IBU+ISDN preserved LV wall thickness and LV mass. Drug treatment also preserved the total number of cardiomyocytes in the LV and attenuated the increase in cardiomyocyte size, when compared to untreated mdx mice. Moreover, a trend towards a decreased number of inflammatory cells, a reduced LV myocardial interstitial fibrosis and an enhanced global LV function response to stress was observed in treated mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS Treatment for 10-11 months with IBU+ISDN is effective in preventing the alterations in LV morphology of mdx mice while not reaching statistical significance on LV function and cardiac inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sciorati
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
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96
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Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that share similar clinical features and dystrophic changes on muscle biopsy. An improved understanding of their molecular bases has led to more accurate definitions of the clinical features associated with known subtypes. Knowledge of disease-specific complications, implementation of anticipatory care, and medical advances have changed the standard of care, with an overall improvement in the clinical course, survival, and quality of life of affected people. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the molecular pathogenesis of several disorders and the availability of preclinical models are leading to several new experimental approaches, some of which are already in clinical trials. In this Seminar, we provide a comprehensive review that integrates clinical manifestations, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mercuri
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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97
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Blain A, Greally E, Laval S, Blamire A, Straub V, MacGowan GA. Beta-blockers, left and right ventricular function, and in-vivo calcium influx in muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57260. [PMID: 23437355 PMCID: PMC3577707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are used to treat acquired heart failure in adults, though their role in early muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy is unclear. We treated 2 different dystrophic mouse models which have an associated cardiomyopathy (mdx: model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Sgcd-/-: model for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F) and wild type controls (C57 Bl10) with the beta blocker metoprolol or placebo for 8 weeks at an early stage in the development of the cardiomyopathy. Left and right ventricular function was assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in-vivo myocardial calcium influx with manganese enhanced MRI. In the mdx mice at baseline there was reduced stroke volume, cardiac index, and end-diastolic volume with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. These abnormalities were no longer evident after treatment with beta-blockers. Right ventricular ejection fraction was reduced and right ventricular end-systolic volume increased in the mdx mice. With metoprolol there was an increase in right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Left and right ventricular function was normal in the Sgcd-/- mice. Metroprolol had no significant effects on left and right ventricular function in these mice, though heart/body weight ratios increased after treatment. In-vivo myocardial calcium influx with MEMRI was significantly elevated in both models, though metoprolol had no significant effects on either. In conclusion, metoprolol treatment at an early stage in the development of cardiomyopathy has deleterious effects on right ventricular function in mdx mice and in both models no effect on increased in-vivo calcium influx. This suggests that clinical trials need to carefully monitor not just left ventricular function but also right ventricular function and other aspects of myocardial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Blain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Greally
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Laval
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. MacGowan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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98
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Lakdawala NK, Winterfield JR, Funke BH. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6:228-37. [PMID: 23022708 PMCID: PMC3603701 DOI: 10.1161/circep.111.962050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/therapy
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/pathology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Defibrillators, Implantable
- Electric Countershock/instrumentation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Testing
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Heart Failure/therapy
- Humans
- Phenotype
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K Lakdawala
- Brigham and Women's Hospital & Boston VA Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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99
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Greally E, Davison BJ, Blain A, Laval S, Blamire A, Straub V, MacGowan GA. Heterogeneous abnormalities of in-vivo left ventricular calcium influx and function in mouse models of muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:4. [PMID: 23324314 PMCID: PMC3564732 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MECMR) can non-invasively assess myocardial calcium influx, and calcium levels are known to be elevated in muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy based on cellular studies. METHODS Left ventricular functional studies and MECMR were performed in mdx mice (model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 24 and 40 weeks) and Sgcd -/- mice (limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2 F, 16 and 32 weeks), compared to wild type controls (C57Bl/10, WT). RESULTS Both models had left ventricular hypertrophy at the later age compared to WT, though the mdx mice had reduced stroke volumes and the Sgcd -/- mice increased heart rate and cardiac index. Especially at the younger ages, MECMR was significantly elevated in both models (both P < 0.05 versus WT). The L-type calcium channel inhibitor diltiazem (5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced MECMR in the mdx mice (P < 0.01), though only with a higher dose (10 mg/kg i.p.) in the Sgcd -/- mice (P < 0.05). As the Sgcd -/- mice had increased heart rates, to determine the role of heart rate in MECMR we studied the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel inhibitor ZD 7288 which selectively reduces heart rate. This reduced heart rate and MECMR in all mouse groups. However, when looking at the time course of reduction of MECMR in the Sgcd -/- mice at up to 5 minutes of the manganese infusion when heart rates were matched to the WT mice, MECMR was still significantly elevated in the Sgcd -/- mice (P < 0.01) indicating that heart rate alone could not account for all the increased MECMR. CONCLUSIONS Despite both mouse models exhibiting increased in-vivo calcium influx at an early stage in the development of the cardiomyopathy before left ventricular hypertrophy, there are distinct phenotypical differences between the 2 models in terms of heart rates, hemodynamics and responses to calcium channel inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
- Chlorides
- Contrast Media
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Genotype
- Heart Rate
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Manganese Compounds
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phenotype
- Sarcoglycans/deficiency
- Sarcoglycans/genetics
- Stroke Volume
- Time Factors
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Greally
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
| | - Benjamin J Davison
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alison Blain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
| | - Steve Laval
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
| | - Guy A MacGowan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle, UK
- Dept of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
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Helderman-van den Enden ATJM, Madan K, Breuning MH, van der Hout AH, Bakker E, de Die-Smulders CEM, Ginjaar HB. An urgent need for a change in policy revealed by a study on prenatal testing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:21-6. [PMID: 22669413 PMCID: PMC3522203 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was introduced in the Netherlands in 1984. We have investigated the impact of 26 years (1984-2009) of prenatal testing. Of the 635 prenatal diagnoses, 51% were males; nearly half (46%) of these were affected or had an increased risk of DMD. As a result 145 male fetuses were aborted and 174 unaffected boys were born. The vast majority (78%) of females, now 16 years or older, who were identified prenatally have not been tested for carrier status. Their average risk of being a carrier is 28%. We compared the incidences of DMD in the periods 1961-1974 and 1993-2002. The incidence of DMD did not decline but the percentage of first affected boys increased from 62 to 88%. We conclude that a high proportion of families with de novo mutations in the DMD gene cannot make use of prenatal diagnosis, partly because the older affected boys are not diagnosed before the age of five. Current policy, widely accepted in the genetic community, dictates that female fetuses are not tested for carrier status. These females remain untested as adults and risk having affected offspring as well as progressive cardiac disease. We see an urgent need for a change in policy to improve the chances of prevention of DMD. The first step would be to introduce neonatal screening of males. The next is to test females for carrier status if requested, prenatally if fetal DNA is available or postnatally even before adulthood.
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