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ZHANG YUEHUI, LI HAIDONG, LI BO, JIANG SHENGDAN, JIANG LEISHENG. Ginsenoside Rg3 induces DNA damage in human osteosarcoma cells and reduces MNNG-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in normal human cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:919-25. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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52
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Ganesan N, Arunachalam KD, Sathya TN. Genotoxicity evaluation of 1,2 dichlorobenzene in the Indian major carp, Catla catla L. using alkaline comet assay. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:616-622. [PMID: 24114273 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic effect of 1,2 dichlorobenzene (1,2 DCB), a volatile organic compound in the Indian Major Carp, Catla catla L. was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in the gills and blood. Fish were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2 DCB in vivo. At 24 h, DNA damage scores (expressed as arbitrary units) increased at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L whereas at 28 days, there was a statistically significant increase in the DNA damage score at all the doses tested (0.175, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L). When the DNA damage scores were considered in the blood samples, the trend was similar to that observed in the gills - significant increase at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L at 24 h and at all doses at 28 days. The results indicate that 1,2 DCB induces genotoxicity in the form of strand breaks in the DNA of fish as evidenced by the alkaline comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Ganesan
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Chennai, 603203, India,
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53
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Ojha A, Yaduvanshi SK, Pant SC, Lomash V, Srivastava N. Evaluation of DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by three commonly used organophosphate pesticides individually and in mixture, in rat tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:543-52. [PMID: 21786386 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals for controlling a wide variety of pests. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), methyl parathion (MPT), and malathion (MLT) are among the most extensively used organophosphate (OP) pesticides. The main target of action of OP compounds is the central and peripheral nervous system, although it has also been postulated that these compounds in both acute and chronic intoxication, disturb the redox processes and thus induce oxidative stress. The excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes damage to all vital macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This study was aimed to investigate the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of CPF, MPT, and MLT when given singly or in combination. The DNA damage was measured by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay and expressed as DNA damage index. The results showed that both acute and chronic exposure with CPF, MPT, and MLT, caused significantly marked DNA damage in rat tissues namely, liver, brain, kidney, and spleen, when measured 24 hour posttreatment. It was also observed that MPT caused highest level of DNA damage and brain was maximally affected by these OP compounds. When these pesticides were given in mixture, the damage was not the sum of damage caused by individual pesticide, confirming that these pesticides do not potentiate the toxicity of each other. When the DNA damage was measured 48 and 72 hour posttreatment, the damage was partially repaired. Pesticide exposure also caused histopathological changes in rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ojha
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474 011, India
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Sung CC, Hsu YC, Chen CC, Lin YF, Wu CC. Oxidative stress and nucleic acid oxidation in patients with chronic kidney disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:301982. [PMID: 24058721 PMCID: PMC3766569 DOI: 10.1155/2013/301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have high cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and a high risk for developing malignancy. Excessive oxidative stress is thought to play a major role in elevating these risks by increasing oxidative nucleic acid damage. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) production and antioxidant defense mechanisms and can cause vascular and tissue injuries as well as nucleic acid damage in CKD patients. The increased production of RONS, impaired nonenzymatic or enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, and other risk factors including gene polymorphisms, uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate), deficiency of arylesterase/paraoxonase, hyperhomocysteinemia, dialysis-associated membrane bioincompatibility, and endotoxin in patients with CKD can inhibit normal cell function by damaging cell lipids, arachidonic acid derivatives, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Several clinical biomarkers and techniques have been used to detect the antioxidant status and oxidative stress/oxidative nucleic acid damage associated with long-term complications such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, and malignancy in CKD patients. Antioxidant therapies have been studied to reduce the oxidative stress and nucleic acid oxidation in patients with CKD, including alpha-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, glutathione, folic acid, bardoxolone methyl, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and providing better dialysis strategies. This paper provides an overview of radical production, antioxidant defence, pathogenesis and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with CKD, and possible antioxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Hsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Wachtel-Galor S, Choi SW, Benzie IFF. Effect ofGanoderma lucidumon human DNA is dose dependent and mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Redox Rep 2013; 10:145-9. [PMID: 16156953 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x57355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, an oriental fungus, is widely used for the promotion of health and longevity and is reported to have antioxidant and genoprotective properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of G. lucidum on human lymphocytic DNA ex vivo using the comet assay, and to explore the mechanism of action and the effect of dose. Results showed that G. lucidum has a genoprotective effect at low concentration (0.0001% w/v), but damaged DNA at higher concentrations. The mechanism of damage appeared to be mediated by hydrogen peroxide, which was generated in vitro by G. lucidum, as the effect was ameliorated by the presence of catalase. At concentrations at which no damage was induced, G. lucidum appeared to confer protection against subsequent oxidant challenge to cells. The production of hydrogen peroxide by G. lucidum and its cytotoxic effects should be considered as a factor in future studies. However, the protective effect of G. lucidum at low concentration may explain, in part, some of the reported health benefits of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Wachtel-Galor
- Department of Health Technology & Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Hum, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Fan L, Niu Y, Zhang S, Shi L, Guo H, Liu Y, Zhang R. Development of a screening system for DNA damage and repair of potential carcinogens based on dual luciferase assay in human HepG2 cell. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:515-24. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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57
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Erismis UC, Ciğerci İH, Konuk M. Evaluation of DNA damage in Eurasian marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) by comet assay for determination of possible pollution in the different lakes in central Anatolia, Turkey. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 90:660-665. [PMID: 23563591 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-0991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, adult Eurasian marsh frogs, Pelophylax ridibundus, and water samples were collected from a reference lake and three water bodies in central Anatolia, Turkey, to evaluate the water for chemical pollutants and possible effects of pollutants on the DNA of frog erythrocytes by using a comet assay. The results for DNA damage parameters of the comet assay (total comet length, tail intensity, and olive tail moment) and their statistical analysis by ANOVA demonstrated that P. ridibundus and the comet assay together represent an useful approach for the early detection of polluted water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Cengiz Erismis
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Wang S, Tian D, Zheng W, Jiang S, Wang X, Andersen ME, Zheng Y, He G, Qu W. Combined exposure to 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and microsytin-LR increases genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells through oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1678-1687. [PMID: 23286199 DOI: 10.1021/es304541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection byproducts 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and microcystins-LR (MC-LR), which are common contaminants in drinking water, often occur together in water sources in areas with high gastrointestinal tract cancer risks. While often studied alone, combination effects of these compounds are unknown. Here, we examine combined genotoxic responses to mixtures of MX and MC-LR using the Ames test, a cytokinesis-block micronuclei assay, and the comet assay with analysis for interactions by fractional analysis. We also evaluated a possible mechanism of genotoxicity by examining effects of the compounds on markers of oxidative stress. MX and MC-LR administrated jointly at noncytotoxic concentrations demonstrated significant interactions in the Ames test, the micronuclei assay, and the comet assay showing responses greater than those expected for additivity. Moreover, coexposure to MX and MC-LR significantly increased luciferase antioxidant response element activity, intracellular superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and reactive oxygen species production. In comparison with exposure to either compound alone, the mixtures of MX and MC-LR caused a less than additive effect on oxidative stress. Taken together, these results indicate that MC-LR exacerbates MX genotoxicity in low-dose combined exposure. This interaction may be enhanced by oxidative stress in the combined exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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He Y, Gong Y, Lin J, Chang DW, Gu J, Roth JA, Wu X. Ionizing radiation-induced γ-H2AX activity in whole blood culture and the risk of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:443-51. [PMID: 23300022 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic biomarkers of DNA damage repair may enhance cancer risk prediction. The γ-H2AX formed at the sites of double-strand break (DSB) after ionizing radiation is a specific marker of DNA damage. METHODS In an ongoing case-control study, the baseline and ionizing radiation-induced γ-H2AX levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from frequency-matched 306 untreated patients with lung cancer and 306 controls were measured by a laser scanning cytometer-based immunocytochemical method. The ratio of ionizing radiation-induced γ-H2AX level to the baseline was used to evaluate interindividual variation of DSB damage response and to assess the risk of lung cancer by using unconditional multivariable logistic regression with adjustment of age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, family history of lung cancer, dust exposure, and emphysema. RESULTS The mean γ-H2AX ratio was significantly higher in cases than controls (1.46 ± 0.14 vs. 1.41 ± 0.12, P < 0.001). Dichotomized at the median in controls, high γ-H2AX ratio was significantly associated with increased risk of lung cancer [OR = 2.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66-3.56]. There was also a significant dose-response relationship between γ-H2AX ratio and lung cancer risk in quartile analysis. Analysis of joint effects with other epidemiologic risk factors revealed elevated risk with increasing number of risk factors. CONCLUSION γ-H2AX activity as shown by measuring DSB damage in ionizing radiation-irradiated PBLs may be a novel phenotypic marker of lung cancer risk. IMPACT γ-H2AX assay is a robust and quantifiable image-based cytometer method that measures mutagen-induced DSB response in PBLs as a potential biomarker in lung cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang He
- Corresponding Author: Xifeng Wu, Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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60
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Tenorio NM, Ribeiro DA, Alvarenga TA, Fracalossi ACC, Carlin V, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The influence of sleep deprivation and obesity on DNA damage in female Zucker rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:385-9. [PMID: 23644860 PMCID: PMC3611896 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(03)oa16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate overall genetic damage induced by total sleep deprivation in obese, female Zucker rats of differing ages. METHOD Lean and obese Zucker rats at 3, 6, and 15 months old were randomly distributed into two groups for each age group: home-cage control and sleep-deprived (N = 5/group). The sleep-deprived groups were deprived sleep by gentle handling for 6 hours, whereas the home-cage control group was allowed to remain undisturbed in their home-cage. At the end of the sleep deprivation period, or after an equivalent amount of time for the home-cage control groups, the rats were brought to an adjacent room and decapitated. The blood, brain, and liver tissue were collected and stored individually to evaluate DNA damage. RESULTS Significant genetic damage was observed only in 15-month-old rats. Genetic damage was present in the liver cells from sleep-deprived obese rats compared with lean rats in the same condition. Sleep deprivation was associated with genetic damage in brain cells regardless of obesity status. DNA damage was observed in the peripheral blood cells regardless of sleep condition or obesity status. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that obesity was associated with genetic damage in liver cells, whereas sleep deprivation was associated with DNA damage in brain cells. These results also indicate that there is no synergistic effect of these noxious conditions on the overall level of genetic damage. In addition, the level of DNA damage was significantly higher in 15-month-old rats compared to younger rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuli M Tenorio
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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61
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Guanggang X, Diqiu L, Jianzhong Y, Jingmin G, Huifeng Z, Mingan S, Liming T. Carbamate insecticide methomyl confers cytotoxicity through DNA damage induction. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:352-8. [PMID: 23266502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate insecticide methomyl could induce genotoxic effects, including micronuclei, chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges. However, methomyl induction of cytotoxicity through DNA damage is largely unknown. Here we identify cytotoxicity and potential genotoxicity of methomyl in vitro. We have employed alkaline comet assay, γH2AX foci formation and DNA ladder assay to detected DNA damage and apoptosis of Drosophila S2, HeLa and HEK293 cells. The alkaline comet assay was used to evaluate total DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) in the target cells exposed in vitro to sublethal concentrations of methomyl. As expected, methomyl induced significant concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage of target cells compared with the negative control, as measured by increases in tail length (μm), tail DNA (percentage of the comet tail) and tail moment (arbitrary units). In agreement with the comet assay data, the percentage of γH2AX positive reaction in HeLa cells also revealed methomyl caused DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, methomyl induced a significant increase of apoptosis in Drosophila S2, HeLa and HEK293 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as determined by Urea PAGE DNA fragmentation analysis. In conclusion, methomyl is a strongly genotoxic agent that induces cell DNA damage and apoptosis in vitro at these sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Guanggang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Bajpayee M, Pandey AK, Parmar D, Dhawan A. Current Status of Short-Term Tests for Evaluation of Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity of Environmental Chemicals and NCEs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 15:155-80. [PMID: 20021080 DOI: 10.1080/15376520590945667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the industrial revolution has seen a significant increase in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) released in the environment. It becomes imperative to check the toxic potential of NCEs to nontarget species before they are released for commercial purposes because some of these may exert genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity. Exposure to such compounds produces chemical changes in DNA, which are generally repaired by the DNA repair enzymes. However, DNA damage and its fixation may occur in the form of gene mutations, chromosomal damage, and numerical chromosomal changes and recombination. This may affect the incidence of heritable mutations in man and may be transferred to the progeny or lead to the development of cancer. Hence, adequate tests on NCEs have to be undertaken for the risk assessment and hazard prediction. Compounds that are positive in tests that detect such damages have the potential to be human mutagens/carcinogens. Only long-term animal bioassays, involving lifetime studies on animals, were used earlier to classify substances as mutagens/carcinogens. These tests were cumbersome and time consuming and required a lot of facilities and personnel. Short-term tests, therefore, were brought into practice. A "battery" of three to four of these short-term tests has been proposed now by a number of regulatory authorities for the classification of compounds as mutagenic or carcinogenic. This review deals with the current status of these short-term tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, M.G. Marg, LucknowIndia
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63
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Uriol E, Sierra M, Comendador MA, Fra J, Martínez-Camblor P, Lacave AJ, Sierra LM. Long-term biomonitoring of breast cancer patients under adjuvant chemotherapy: the comet assay as a possible predictive factor. Mutagenesis 2012; 28:39-48. [PMID: 22987025 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most chemotherapy treatments induce DNA damage in the exposed patients. Using the comet assay and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we have quantified this induced DNA damage and studied its relationship with GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms, and clinical parameters. For this purpose, 29 Caucasian women, breast cancer patients under CMF or CEF adjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. The clinical parameters considered were (i) therapies side effects, like haematological and biochemical toxicities, (ii) prognostic and predictive factors, like hormonal receptor expression, tumour differentiation degree, sickness stage, and nodal status, and (iii) the effectiveness of the chemotherapy measured as five years relapse probability. The results were also related to the confounding factor age. Comet assay results indicate that 13 patients were characterised by absence of induced DNA strand breaks, and 16 patients presented induced DNA strand breaks along the treatment. Relationships between comet variables and clinical parameters, found with principal component analysis, correlations, one-way ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that: (1) baseline levels of DNA damage are related to GSTM1 genotype and to hormonal receptor expression; (2) GSTM1 genotype also influences comet results after chemotherapy, as it does the AST level; (3) the tail moment values of the cycle 6.1 and the sickness stage might predict cancer relapse at five years: for the Stage, OR = 13.8 (IIB versus I+IIA), 95% CI 0.80-238.97, and for 6.1 cycle TM, OR = 1.3, 95%, CI 0.97-1.79, with a potential model (10* Stage (I-IIA = 0, IIB = 1) + 6.1 cycle), that has a good predictive capacity, with an area under ROC curve of 0.872 (CI 0.62-1.00). To our knowledge, this is the first time such a predictive value is found for the comet assay. Nevertheless, before the comet assay could be used as a tool for oncologists, this relationship should be confirmed in more patients, and problems of standardisation and data interpretation should be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Uriol
- Área de Genética, Dpto Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Quercitrin protects against ultraviolet B-induced cell death in vitro and in an in vivo zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 114:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gentile N, Mañas F, Bosch B, Peralta L, Gorla N, Aiassa D. Micronucleus assay as a biomarker of genotoxicity in the occupational exposure to agrochemicals in rural workers. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:816-822. [PMID: 22426815 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate the genotoxic effect of agrochemicals in rural workers occupationally exposed by the micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and to promote the development of health and environmental preventive and protective practices. A total of 30 blood samples from 20 individuals occupationally exposed to different agrochemicals and 10 unexposed persons, who formed the reference group, were analyzed. We found statistically significant differences (p < 0.0005, Student's t Test) in the frequency of micronuclei between the two groups (7.20 ± 1.55 and 15.15 ± 5.10 CBMN for reference and exposed groups respectively). The analysis of age showed a positive correlation (Pearson Correlation Test) with the frequency of micronuclei in exposed population (p < 0.05; r(2) = 0.47), in contrast with smoking habits and years of exposure. Micronucleus assay allows an early detection of populations at higher risk of having genetic damage, allowing us to implement strategies of intervention for the purpose of contributing to reduce that risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gentile
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Ruta 36, KM 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Pereira da Silva VH, Gomes de Moura CF, Spadari-Bratfisch RC, Araki Ribeiro D. Cytogenetic biomonitoring of peripheral blood and oral mucosa cells from car painters. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:497-501. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.680621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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67
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Heo SJ, Cha SH, Kim KN, Lee SH, Ahn G, Kang DH, Oh C, Choi YU, Affan A, Kim D, Jeon YJ. Neuroprotective effect of phlorotannin isolated from Ishige okamurae against H₂O₂ -induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells, HT22. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1520-32. [PMID: 22281782 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of a kind of phlorotannins, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells, HT22. H(2)O(2) treatment induced neurotoxicity, whereas DPHC prevented cells from H(2)O(2)-induced damage then restoring cell viability was significantly increased. DPHC slightly reduced the expression of Bax induced by H(2)O(2) but recovered the expression of Bcl-xL as well as caspase-9 and -3 mediated PARP cleavage by H(2)O(2). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation was overproduced as the result of the addition of H(2)O(2); however, these ROS generations and lipid peroxidation were effectively inhibited by addition of DPHC in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DPHC suppressed the elevation of H(2)O(2)-induced Ca(2+) release. These findings indicate that DPHC has neuroprotective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced damage in neuronal cells, and that an inhibitory effect on ROS production may contribute to the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Heo
- Marine Biology and Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan, 426-744, Republic of Korea
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Martins RA, Minari AL, Chaves MD, dos Santos RWT, Barbisan LF, Ribeiro DA. Exercise preconditioning modulates genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in multiple organs of rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:293-6. [PMID: 22287211 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise in multiple organs of rats treated with doxorubicin. Male adult Wistar rats were distributed into the following groups: sedentary + NaCl; exercise + NaCl; sedentary + doxorubicin; and exercise + doxorubicin. Animals were sacrificed 2 days following injections. Central fragments from heart, liver, and kidney were collected and minced in 0.9% NaCl being cellular suspensions used for the single-cell gel (comet) assay. The results showed that exercise was able to prevent genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in heart cells. By contrast, exercise was not able to prevent genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in liver cells. The same occurred to kidney cells, i.e. no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found when compared with groups not exposed to doxorubicin. Taken together, our results support the idea that exercise could contribute to the protective effect against genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in heart cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Almeida Martins
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
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69
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Flora SJS, Mittal M, Pachauri V, Dwivedi N. A possible mechanism for combined arsenic and fluoride induced cellular and DNA damage in mice. Metallomics 2012; 4:78-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Ham YM, Yoon WJ, Park SY, Song GP, Jung YH, Jeon YJ, Kang SM, Kim KN. Quercitrin protects against oxidative stress-induced injury in lung fibroblast cells via up-regulation of Bcl-xL. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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71
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Szeto YT, Wong SCY, Wong JWM, Kalle W, Pak SC. In vitro antioxidation activity and genoprotective effect of selected Chinese medicinal herbs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:827-38. [PMID: 21721160 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some traditional Chinese medicinal seeds and fruits are well known for their antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate whether Fructus Lycii, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Semen Cuscutae protect DNA from oxidant challenge by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The standard comet assay was used to assess the genoprotective effect of these medicinal herbs. Blood was taken from three healthy adults, aged from 36 to 42. Lymphocytes were isolated and treated with different concentrations of aqueous herbal extracts, while controls were treated with phosphate buffered saline. The lymphocytes were stressed with 50 μM H(2)O(2). Treated cells were embedded in agarose and layered on slides. These sandwiched lymphocytes were lysed and afterwards subjected to an electric field in an alkaline environment. Damaged DNA was pulled out from the nucleus towards the positive electrode as a comet tail; its density was related to the degree of DNA damage. Finally, the slides were stained with fluorescence dye and tails were visually scored for 100 cells. The experiment was repeated three times and DNA damage in treated cells was compared to the controls. There was no statistical difference in DNA damage among the herb treated cells and untreated cells in the comet assay. Our data demonstrated that the selected medicinal herbs did not show in vitro DNA protection in the comet assay against oxidant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Tong Szeto
- Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Shatin), Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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72
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Liu H, Zhang H, Jiang X, Ma Y, Xu Y, Feng S, Liu F. Knockdown of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) Expression Diminishes Radiosensitivity of Glioma Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:705-15. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fenju Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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73
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Park SY, Cho E, Oh E, Sul D. Comet assay analysis of DNA damage in T- and B-lymphocytes separated by MACS for human biomonitoring studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:369-72. [PMID: 22138566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and tested a method for human biomonitoring using Comet assays with human T- and B-lymphocytes obtained by magnetic cell sorting (MACS). We evaluated DNA damage induced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2); 5, 25 and 50μM) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS; 5, 25 and 50μM) in both human B- and T-lymphocytes obtained by MACS, and compared their DNA damage levels. Significant, dose-dependent levels of DNA damage were found in T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. Furthermore, the level of DNA damage was significantly greater in B-lymphocytes than in T-lymphocytes, suggesting that human B-lymphocytes may be a more sensitive target than T-lymphocytes for the evaluation of DNA damage. In addition, we compared these in vitro exposure data with previous studies that showed DNA damage in B- and T-lymphocyte and granulocytes of control subjects and industrial workers exposed in vivo to environmental toxicants. The use of single types of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by MACS, for Comet assays gave sensitive and reliable data for human biomonitoring for environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Pharmacognosy Lab., College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, San#29, Anseo-Dong, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
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74
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Fikrová P, Stětina R, Hronek M, Hyšpler R, Tichá A, Zadák Z. Application of the comet assay method in clinical studies. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2011; 123:693-9. [PMID: 22024999 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-011-0066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay or single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay is now widely accepted as a standard method for assessing DNA damage in individual cells. It finds use in a broad variety of applications including human biomonitoring, genotoxicology, ecological monitoring and as a tool for investigation of DNA damage and repair in different cell types in response to a range of DNA-damaging agents. The comet assay should be eminently suitable for use in clinical practice since it is a relatively simple and inexpensive technique which requires only a few cells, and results can be obtained within a matter of hours. This method can be used in the study of cancer as well as in lifestyle and dietary studies. In cancer it is useful for measuring DNA damage before, throughout and after therapy (either radiotherapy or chemotherapy). Another use of this method is in lifestyle study, such as investigation of the effect on DNA of common human activities (e.g. smoking, or working with a potentially genotoxic agent). The final use of comet assay in this paper is dietary study. In this type of study we observe the effects of consumption of specific foods or supplements which may be protective for DNA against damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fikrová
- Charles University, Department of Biological Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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75
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Ilavarasi K, Kiruthiga PV, Pandian SK, Devi KP. Hydroxytyrosol, the phenolic compound of olive oil protects human PBMC against oxidative stress and DNA damage mediated by 2,3,7,8-TCDD. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:888-893. [PMID: 21741071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a strong antioxidant compound from extra virgin olive oil, against TCDD induced toxicity was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC (1 × 10(6)cellsmL(-1)) were divided into four groups and were incubated in a CO(2) incubator (5% CO(2)) for 12h with vehicle, TCDD (10 nM), TCDD+HT (10 nM+100 μM) and HT alone (100 μM) respectively. To clarify the role of HT against TCDD induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and the levels of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Incubation of PBMC with TCDD significantly decreased cell viability, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation products (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whereas, HT had an effective antioxidant property as observed by the increased cell viability, normalization of antioxidant enzymes and decreased levels of LPO, PCC and ROS in PBMC co-treated with HT and TCDD. Apoptosis detection and comet assay results shows that HT, by acting as an antioxidant, prevents the damage to DNA induced by TCDD. In addition light microscopic and histopathological observations revealed that the cells are apoptotic and degenerated during TCDD treatment, whereas cells showed intact morphology during co-treatment with HT. On the whole, the results reveal that HT exerts a promising antioxidant potential in protecting the PBMC against TCDD induced oxidative stress, which might be due to the presence of catechol moiety in its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvan Ilavarasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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76
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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Fernández JL, López-Fernández C, Gosálbez A, Gosálvez J. New application of the comet assay: chromosome--comet assay. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:655-60. [PMID: 21540337 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411410884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a well-established, simple, versatile, visual, rapid, and sensitive tool used extensively to assess DNA damage and DNA repair quantitatively and qualitatively in single cells. The comet assay is most frequently used to analyze white blood cells or lymphocytes in human biomonitoring studies, although other cell types have been examined, including buccal, nasal, epithelial, and placental cells and even spermatozoa. This study was conducted to design a protocol that can be used to generate comets in subnuclear units, such as chromosomes. The new technique is based on the chromosome isolation protocols currently used for whole chromosome mounting in electron microscopy, coupled to the alkaline variant of the comet assay, to detect DNA damage. The results show that migrant DNA fragments can be visualized in whole nuclei and isolated chromosomes and that they exhibit patterns of DNA migration that depend on the level of DNA damage produced. This protocol has great potential for the highly reproducible study of DNA damage and repair in specific chromosomal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México (EICG,MIDR).
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77
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Rosenberger A, Rössler U, Hornhardt S, Sauter W, Bickeböller H, Wichmann HE, Gomolka M. Validation of a fully automated COMET assay: 1.75 million single cells measured over a 5 year period. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:322-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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78
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Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Ribeiro DA, Alvarenga TA, Andersen ML. Genomic damage in the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:416-22. [PMID: 20974244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic renal failure exhibit massive oxidative genome damage and an elevated risk of cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis. The current study aimed to investigate whether the progression of chronic kidney disease induces genomic damage in an animal model. Adult Wistar rats were assigned to either the control or chronic kidney disease groups. The chronic kidney disease group was subdistributed into five groups with progressively longer durations of disease (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). The results showed that chronic kidney disease induced genomic damage in the blood, liver and kidney cells during all periods evaluated, as indicated by the mean tail moment measured in the comet assay. In brain cells, no genetic damage was induced at early/intermediate disease durations; however, positive genotoxicity was found at 120 and 150 days. Blood pressure and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) were increased after chronic kidney disease induction, while blood iron concentration was significantly reduced in these animals. The results suggest that chronic kidney disease progression contributes to DNA damage in blood, liver, kidney and brain and that such damage can be mediated by hypertension, an inflammatory status and iron deficiency. Additionally, the brain was sensitive to genotoxic insult after extended chronic kidney disease, suggesting a potentially important role of genetic damage in the neurological disorders of end-stage renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hirotsu
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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79
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Strasser A, Kühnel H, Velde K, Dadak A. Immunomodulation during and after castration under inhalation anaesthetic without genotoxic effects on equine lymphocytes. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:306-10. [PMID: 21354588 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic DNA damage due to inhalation anaesthesia has been demonstrated in human lymphocytes. In order to evaluate anaesthesia-associated changes in cell-mediated immunity on the basis of a potential DNA damage as a health risk in horses, single cell gel electrophoresis and lymphocyte proliferation assay were performed on equine lymphocytes which were obtained before, during and after regular castration under inhalation anaesthetic. No significant lymphocytic DNA damage due to isoflurane anaesthesia was observed, whereas lymphocyte proliferative reactivity and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly (p≤0.05) during and after anaesthesia. The present study thus indicates that the combined anaesthesia does not result in significant DNA damage, which hence cannot be held responsible for the observed changes in the immune response of equine lymphocytes. However, the recognized compromises of immune function ought to be considered especially in immunologically challenged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strasser
- Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria.
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80
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Güerci A, Zúñiga L, Marcos R. Construction and validation of a dose-response curve using the comet assay to determine human radiosensitivity to ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1087-1093. [PMID: 21707432 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Individual radiosensitivity is an individual characteristic associated with an increased reaction to ionizing radiation. The purpose of our work is to establish a dose-response curve useful to classify individuals as radiosensitive or radioresistant. Thus, a dose-response curve was constructed by measuring in vitro responses to increasing doses (0 to 8 Gy) of gamma radiation in the comet assay. The obtained curve fit well with a linear equation in the range of 0 to 8 Gy. The overall dose-response curve was constructed for percent DNA in tail, as a measure of the genetic damage induced by irradiation. To probe the goodness of the constructed curve, a validation study was carried out with whole blood from two donors in a blind study. Results show that, for the two applied doses (2 and 6 Gy), the obtained values fit well inside the interval of confidence of the curve. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the usefulness of the comet assay in determining individual responses to defined doses of gamma radiation. The standard dose-response curve constructed may be used to detect individuals departing from reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Güerci
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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81
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Nair GG, Nair CKK. Protection of Cellular DNA and Membrane from γ-Radiation–Induced Damages and Enhancement in DNA Repair by Sesamol. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 25:629-35. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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82
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Alves de Oliveira EC, Szejnfeld VL, Pereira da Silva N, Coelho Andrade LE, Heldan de Moura Castro C. Intermittent PTH1-34 causes DNA and chromosome breaks in osteoblastic and nonosteoblastic cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:424-36. [PMID: 20640570 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have demonstrated that intermittent PTH1-34 treatment is associated with an increased incidence of osteosarcoma in Fischer 344 rats. Comet and micronucleus (MN) tests, standard methods to evaluate genotoxic potential of drugs, were used to detect DNA and chromosome breaks, respectively, after PTH1-34 treatment. MC3T3 cells, primary osteoblast calvarial cells, and human osteoblasts were treated with PTH1-34 (50 and 100 nM) for 6 h/day for 21 days to mimic intermittent administration. Genotoxic assays were performed at 6 h and 7, 14, and 21 days. Osteoblasts extracted from bone marrow of mice treated with daily subcutaneous PTH1-34 injections (20 and 40 μg/kg) for 10 weeks as well as Hep-2, HeLa, and Hep-G2 cells were also tested. We observed a significant increase in DNA lesions and MN prevalence in human and murine osteoblasts treated with PTH1-34 compared to controls (P < 0.01). The effect observed in vitro and confirmed in vivo was time- and dose-dependent. For nonosteoblastic Hep-2 and HeLa cells we observed increased DNA damage and MN prevalence only later in the course of the protocol, after 21 days of treatment (P < 0.01). In Hep-G2 cells intermittent PTH1-34 did not induce DNA damage or chromosome breaks. Our results demonstrated that intermittent PTH increases DNA and chromosome breaks in osteoblasts. This genotoxic effect is attenuated in nonosteoblastic cells, and the ability to induce DNA damage is lost in cells with detoxification properties (HepG2 cells) tested in vitro.
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83
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Pavanello S. Metabolic and DNA Repair Variations in Susceptibility to Genotoxins. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- a Section of Occupational Health, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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84
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Pozzi R, Rosa JC, Eguchi R, Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Aguiar O, Chaves MD, Ribeiro DA. Genetic damage in multiple organs of acutely exercised rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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85
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Fasulo S, Marino S, Mauceri A, Maisano M, Giannetto A, D'Agata A, Parrino V, Minutoli R, De Domenico E. A multibiomarker approach in Coris julis living in a natural environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1565-1573. [PMID: 20132985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To monitor the health of aquatic organisms, biomarkers have been used as effective tools in assessing environmental risk. In this study was examined the teleost Coris julis, sampled in two marine sites in Messina (Italy) at different pollution degree, Milazzo, characterized by a strong anthropogenic impact, and Marinello, the natural reserve. C. julis is a species particularly suitable to biomonitoring because its feeding habits favor bio-accumulation of xenobiotics. The following biomarkers were used to estimate the impact of highly persistent pollutants: cellular localization of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the liver, their hepatic expression at the mRNA level, the enzymatic activity (EROD and BPMO), the micronucleus and comet assays in the blood, esterases (AChE in the brain and BChE in the blood) activity and evaluation of PAH metabolites in the bile. The present findings provide evidence of statistically significant differences in parameters between individuals collected in two sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fasulo
- Dipartimento di Biologia animale ed Ecologia marina, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
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86
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Yang WY, Cao Q, Callahan C, Galvis C, Sang QX, Alabugin IV. Intracellular DNA damage by lysine-acetylene conjugates. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20814583 PMCID: PMC2930354 DOI: 10.4061/2010/931394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the design and properties of alkyne C-lysine conjugates, a powerful and tunable family of DNA cleaving reagents. We also reported that, upon photoactivation, these molecules are capable of inducing cancer cells death. To prove that the cell death stems from DNA cleavage by the conjugates, we investigated intracellular DNA damage induced by these molecules in LNCap cancer cells using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays. The observation of highly efficient DNA damage confirmed that lysine acetylene conjugate is capable of cleaving the densely compacted intracellular DNA. This result provides a key mechanistic link between efficient DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells for this family of light-activated anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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87
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Ahmed MK, Parvin E, Arif M, Akter MS, Khan MS, Islam MM. Measurements of genotoxic potential of cadmium in different tissues of fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch), using the comet assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:80-84. [PMID: 21787633 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to study the induction of DNA damage by CdCl(2) in freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch) using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The DNA damage was measured in the tissue of gill, kidney and liver as the percentage of DNA in comet tails and comet heads in the tissue of the fish specimens exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 2.0mgL(-1) concentrations of CdCl(2). It was found that at all the concentrations of CdCl(2), the liver tissue exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher DNA damage, followed by kidney and gill tissue. The DNA damage was found to be concentration dependent, with the highest DNA damage at 2mgL(-1) concentration, followed by 1.0 and 0.1mgL(-1). At the concentration of 2mgL(-1) of CdCl(2), the tail and head DNA of liver tissue were 38.81% and 59.49%, in kidney tissue the values were 32.37% and 64.66% whereas in gill tissue the values were 31.30% and 66.40% respectively. This study conclude that comet assay can be used for in vivo laboratory experiment using fish as model for screening the genotoxic potential of cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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88
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Senevirathne M, Kim SH, Jeon YJ. Protective effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:183-90. [PMID: 20607062 PMCID: PMC2895697 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry was enzymatically hydrolyzed using selected commercial food grade carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) and proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex) to obtain water soluble compounds, and their protective effect was investigated against H2O2-induced damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line (V79-4) via various published methods. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates showed higher total phenolic content as well as higher cell viability and ROS scavenging activities, and hence, selected for further antioxidant assays. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates also showed higher protective effects against lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptotic body formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, the results indicated that water soluble compounds obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of blueberry possess good antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinda Senevirathne
- School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea
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89
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Sardas S, Omurtag GZ, Tozan A, Gül H, Beyoglu D. Evaluation of DNA damage in construction-site workers occupationally exposed to welding fumes and solvent-based paints in Turkey. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:601-8. [PMID: 20542926 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710374463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the comet assay was used to evaluate whether welding fume and solvent base paint exposure led to DNA damage in construction-site workers in Turkey. The workers (n = 52) were selected according to their exposure in the construction site and controls (n = 26) from the general population, with no history of occupational exposure. The alkaline comet assay, a standard method for assessing genotoxicity, has been applied in peripheral lymphocytes of all subjects. The mean percentages of DNA in tail (%DNA(T)) of each group were evaluated, including the comparisons between smokers in each different group and the duration of exposure. Significant increase in the mean %DNA(T) (p < 0.01) was observed in all exposed subjects (12.34 ± 2.05) when compared with controls (6.64 ± 1.43). Also %DNA(T) was significantly high (p < 0.01) in welders (13.59 ± 1.89) compared with painters (11.10 ± 1.35). There was a statistical meaningful difference in % DNA(T) between control and exposed smokers. Our findings indicate that exposure to welding fumes and paints induce genotoxic effect in peripheral lymphocytes, indicating a potential health risk for workers. Therefore, to ensure maximum occupational safety, biomonitoring is of great value for assessing the risk for construction workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Sardas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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90
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Normal and Cut-Off Values of the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in the Croatian General Population. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010; 61:219-34. [DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normalne i granične vrijednosti mikronukleus-testa na limfocitima periferne krvi u ispitanika opće populacije Republike HrvatskeMikronukleus (MN) test na limfocitima periferne krvi jedna je od najvažnijih metoda koje se primjenjuju u citogenetičkom nadzoru. Osnovni preduvjet za primjenu nekog testa u svrhu nadzora profesionalno izloženih populacija jest poznavanje normalnih vrijednosti promatranoga biološkog pokazatelja (biomarkera) u kontrolnoj populaciji. Baze podataka na razini opće populacije moraju se redovito obnavljati novim podacima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi normalne i granične vrijednosti MN-testa na limfocitima periferne krvi 200 zdravih ispitanika obaju spolova iz opće populacije Republike Hrvatske te ispitati koji čimbenici pridonose spontanom nastanku MN. Na razini istražene populacije utvrđeno je prosječno (6,90±3,32) MN (medijan 7 MN), dok je raspon pojedinačnih vrijednosti iznosio 0 do 18 MN u 1000 binuklearnih stanica. Gornja granična vrijednost dobivena izračunavanjem 95. percentila za cjelokupnu promatranu populaciju iznosi 12,5 MN na 1000 limfocita. Utvrđeno je da na spontani nastanak MN utječu spol, dob i navika pušenja. Žene u prosjeku imaju više vrijednosti svih parametara MN-testa od muškaraca, a u njih je bio i naglašeniji porast vrijednosti citogenetičkog nalaza zbog navike pušenja. Kako su literaturni podaci o utjecaju pušenja cigareta na nastanak MN kontradiktorni, planiran je nastavak istraživanja radi razjašnjavanja utjecaja dnevno utrošenog broja cigareta i ukupnog trajanja pušačkog staža na vrijednosti parametara MN-testa. Usporedba rezultata s literaturnim podacima potvrdila je da su dobivene vrijednosti u skladu s vrijednostima MN-testa zabilježenim na općoj populaciji u drugim svjetskim laboratorijima. Normalne i granične vrijednosti MN-testa utvrđene u ovome istraživanju poslužit će kao osnova za usporedbu i tumačenje nalaza MN-testa u ispitanika izloženih populacija te daljnju nadogradnju laboratorijske baze podataka.
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91
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Ghosh M, Biswas D, Mukherjee A. High-altitude medicines: A short-term genotoxicity study. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:417-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710369125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
People live in the mountains distributed across the world and are exposed to reduced inspired oxygen and lower barometric pressure along with other factors that lead to high-altitude diseases. The present study was conducted to examine what extent of marketed medicines used in the management of high-altitude sickness has been tested for their genotoxic activity. Comet assay or the single-cell gel electrophoresis was utilized to evaluate genotoxicity of the six medicines on human peripheral whole blood cells and isolated lymphocytes at the concentrations 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL. The comet assay endpoints included percentage Tail DNA (% Tail DNA) and olive tail moment (OTM) as they were considered to be sensitive and reliable scores across different laboratories. The results show that dexamethasone, deriphylline and furosemide can induce significant DNA damage in human whole blood and lymphocytes alike. Acetazolamide, ibuprofen and nifedipine show no genotoxic effect, neither on human whole blood nor on human lymphocytes. Taking into account the results of genotoxicity, it will be a prudent choice to restrict the use of these compounds for longer periods, until more information on the in vitro mutagenicity and in vivo genotoxicity studies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manosij Ghosh
- Centre of Advanced Study, Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anita Mukherjee
- Centre of Advanced Study, Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India,
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92
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Klarić MS, Darabos D, Rozgaj R, Kasuba V, Pepeljnjak S. Beauvericin and ochratoxin A genotoxicity evaluated using the alkaline comet assay: single and combined genotoxic action. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:641-50. [PMID: 20352195 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the genotoxic potential of single beauvericin (BEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as their interaction in porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells and human leukocytes using the alkaline comet assay. IC(50) of BEA (5.0 +/- 0.6) and OTA (15.8 +/- 1.5) estimated by MTT reduction assay shows that BEA is three times more toxic than OTA. BEA (0.1 and 0.5 microM) and OTA (1 and 5 microM) were applied alone or in combination of these concentrations for 1 and 24 h in PK15 cells and human leukocytes. Genotoxicity of these toxins to PK15 cells was time- and concentration dependent. After 1 h, significant increase in tail length, tail intensity, tail moment, and abnormal sized tails (AST) was noted upon exposure to 1 muM of OTA alone and BEA + OTA combinations. Single BEA (0.5 microM) and OTA (1 and 5 microM) and their combinations evoked significant DNA damage in PK15 cells, considering all comet tail parameters measured after 24 h of treatment. Human leukocytes were slightly concentration but not time dependent. After 1 h of exposure, there were no significant changes in the tail length. Tail intensity, tail moment, and/or incidence of AST were significantly higher in cells treated with single OTA or BEA and their combinations than in control cells. DNA damage in leukocytes was significantly higher after 24 h of exposure to single toxins and their combinations, considering all comet tail parameters, but these changes were less pronounced than in PK15 cells. Combined toxins showed additive and synergistic effects in PK15 cells, while only additive effects were observed in human leukocytes. Combined prolonged exposure to BEA and OTA in subcytotoxic concentrations through food consumption could induce DNA damage contributing to the carcinogenicity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Segvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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93
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Genotoxicity of irinotecan and its modulation by vitamins A, C and E in human lymphocytes from healthy individuals and cancer patients. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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94
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Grover P, Rekhadevi PV, Danadevi K, Vuyyuri SB, Mahboob M, Rahman MF. Genotoxicity evaluation in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:99-106. [PMID: 20153251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widely used heavy metal with a broad industrial usage. Nevertheless, Pb is a serious public health issue as it is one of the most widespread environmental and industrial toxins. The aim of this investigation was to assess the genotoxicity of Pb using the comet assay, micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) test. Blood and urinary Pb content, levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the erythrocytes (E-ALAD) and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (U-ALA) were determined. The exposure associated oxidative stress was also studied. The study group comprised of 90 male Pb recovery unit workers and 90 matched controls. The results indicated that the exposed workers had a significantly higher mean comet tail length than that of controls (P<0.05). Analysis of micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells (BEC's) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) revealed that there was a significant increase in frequency of MN in exposed subjects than controls. The frequency of aberrant metaphases was also found to be significantly elevated in the Pb exposed workers. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were relatively reduced (P>0.05) while the rate of lipid peroxidation was higher in the exposed subjects. Blood and urinary Pb concentrations were found to be higher in exposed workers than in controls. E-ALAD levels were reduced and U-ALA levels were elevated in the exposed subjects in comparison to controls. Results of analysis, taking the confounding factors into consideration provide evidence for the association of Pb exposure and genotoxicity, and predict the increased risk of cancer to the exposed workers. In view of the observed results, it can be strongly concluded that the workers comprise the risk group and adequate safety, precautionary and preventive measures could only minimize exposure and the related health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit Grover
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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95
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Zainol M, Stoute J, Almeida GM, Rapp A, Bowman KJ, Jones GDD. Introducing a true internal standard for the Comet assay to minimize intra- and inter-experiment variability in measures of DNA damage and repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 37:e150. [PMID: 19828597 PMCID: PMC2794182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Comet assay (CA) is a sensitive/simple measure of genotoxicity. However, many features of CA contribute variability. To minimize these, we have introduced internal standard materials consisting of 'reference' cells which have their DNA substituted with BrdU. Using a fluorescent anti-BrdU antibody, plus an additional barrier filter, comets derived from these cells could be readily distinguished from the 'test'-cell comets, present in the same gel. In experiments to evaluate the reference cell comets as external and internal standards, the reference and test cells were present in separate gels on the same slide or mixed together in the same gel, respectively, before their co-exposure to X-irradiation. Using the reference cell comets as internal standards led to substantial reductions in the coefficient of variation (CoV) for intra- and inter-experimental measures of comet formation and DNA damage repair; only minor reductions in CoV were noted when the reference and test cell comets were in separate gels. These studies indicate that differences between individual gels appreciably contribute to CA variation. Further studies using the reference cells as internal standards allowed greater significance to be obtained between groups of replicate samples. Ultimately, we anticipate that development will deliver robust quality assurance materials for CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murizal Zainol
- Radiation and Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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96
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Thakkar NV, Jain SM. A comparative study of DNA damage in patients suffering from diabetes and thyroid dysfunction and complications. Clin Pharmacol 2010; 2:199-205. [PMID: 22291505 PMCID: PMC3262371 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The apoptotic DNA levels in blood leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and thyroid dysfunctionism were evaluated. Materials and methods Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) detects migration of DNA from individual cell nuclei following alkaline treatment. Comet assay pattern was studied in individuals with T2D, hypothyroid (HT), hyperthyroid (HeT), and patients suffering from both diabetes mellitus and HT (HT + DM). Results were compared with the normal subjects (n = 9 in each group). The percentage apoptotic cell populations were calculated from the tail length. Results T2D patients showed 92.24% of cell damage compared to HT or HeT patients (51.04% or 54.64%, respectively). Further, increase in cell damage was also observed in HT + DM subjects (P < 0.05). Pharmacologic therapy significantly influenced cell damage. However, age and duration of disease did not show any definite influence on apoptosis. Conclusion Dependence of disease seems to be the major contributor of the cell damage. However, thyroid dysfunction did not show any deleterious effects on individual cells under the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima V Thakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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97
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Moktar A, Ravoori S, Vadhanam MV, Gairola CG, Gupta RC. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage and repair detected by the comet assay in HPV-transformed cervical cells. Int J Oncol 2009; 35:1297-304. [PMID: 19885552 PMCID: PMC2896024 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative factor in the development and progression of cervical cancers in >97% of the cases, although insufficient. Epidemiological studies suggest an elevated risk of cervical cancer for cigarette smokers; therefore, we examined cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage and repair in HPV16-transformed human ectocervical cells (ECT1/E6 E7). Cells were treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) for 72 h to assess the formation of single- and double-strand DNA breaks, measured by alkaline and neutral single cell gel electrophoresis assays, respectively. The mean tail length of cells with single-strand breaks was increased by 1.8-, 2.7- and 3.7-fold (p<0.001) after treatment with 4, 8 and 12 microg/ml CSC, respectively. The tail length with double-strand breaks was also increased dose-dependently. These results were further supported by measurement of the mean tail moment: the increase in both single- and double-strand breaks were much more pronounced with increasing concentration of CSC, by up to 23.5-fold (p<0.0001 for both assays). To examine the DNA repair, cells were treated with CSC for 72 h, followed by CSC withdrawal and re-incubation of the cells with fresh medium for 24, 48, or 72 h. Both single- and double-strand DNA breaks were removed during the initial 24 h but no further removal of the damage was observed. Up to 80% of residual single- and double-strand DNA breaks (p<0.05) were found to persist at all CSC concentrations examined. Ellagic acid, a known antioxidant and free-radical scavenger, was found to significantly inhibit DNA breaks induced by CSC. Thus, free radicals may be a plausible source of CSC-induced DNA damage. These data show that CSC-mediated DNA strand breaks are highly persistent, and suggest that persistence of cigarette smoke-associated DNA damage in the presence of HPV infection may lead to increased mutations in cervical cells and ultimately higher cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Moktar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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98
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Barreto G, Madureira D, Capani F, Aon-Bertolino L, Saraceno E, Alvarez-Giraldez LD. The role of catechols and free radicals in benzene toxicity: an oxidative DNA damage pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:771-80. [PMID: 19449395 DOI: 10.1002/em.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a widespread volatile compound and an environmental contaminant. Since it causes important toxic effects in workers exposed to low levels, long-term exposure to this compound has been extensively studied. Leukemia, blood disorders, bone marrow depression, and some types of cancer are directly related to benzene-initiated toxicity. Bioactivation of benzene can lead to the formation of hazardous metabolites such as phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol. Catechol forms semiquinones and reactive quinones that are presumed to play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS formation can directly induce single and double strand breaks in the DNA, oxidized nucleotides, and hyper-recombination, and consequently produces deleterious genetic changes. In this review, we have addressed the cytotoxic effects of benzene and its main metabolite, catechol, focusing on the oxidative pathway and further DNA damage.
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99
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Wu WT, Liou SH, Lin KJ, Liu TE, Liu SH, Chen CY, Sung FC, Wu TN. Changing blood lead levels and DNA damage (comet assay) among immigrant women in Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:5931-5936. [PMID: 19747714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International marriage has had a rapid growth in recent years in Taiwan. However, little is known about the blood lead levels and DNA damage levels among immigrant women from resource-limited countries. OBJECTIVE This study (a) explored differences between immigrant women and native women in demographic characteristics, blood lead levels, and DNA damage levels, and (b) identified risk factors that are associated with blood lead concentrations and DNA damage levels after immigration. METHODS We used a structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic status from (a) 71 immigrant women who had resettled in 2006 in Taichung, Taiwan and (b) 83 native women who live in the same area. Each study participant provided blood samples for lead and metal measurements, complete blood count examination, and the comet assay to measure degree of DNA damage. RESULTS Immigrant women had higher mean blood lead concentration (2.23+/-1.63 vs. 1.63+/-1.00 microg/dl; p=0.04) and lower mean blood zinc level (6.22+/-2.22 vs. 6.89+/-2.44 mg/l; p=0.07) than native women. Resettlement time was a determinant to decrease blood lead and DNA damage levels among immigrants in Taiwan. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between blood lead level and DNA damage, while zinc had a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS Public health agencies should focus on primary prevention and providing screening programs for this vulnerable population. An immigrant women's cohort should been established to follow-up and improve for elevated lead exposure families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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100
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Ramsdorf WA, Ferraro MVM, Oliveira-Ribeiro CA, Costa JRM, Cestari MM. Genotoxic evaluation of different doses of inorganic lead (PbII) in Hoplias malabaricus. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 158:77-85. [PMID: 18843540 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Different genetic biomarkers have been used to evaluate the pollution effects of mutagenic agents such as metals and also a great variety of chemicals delivered on the environment by human activities. This way, the aim of the present report was to evaluate the effects of inorganic lead in fishes through the frequency of piscine micronuclei and nuclear morphological alterations in peripheral cells, chromosomal aberration frequency and comet assays in blood and kidney cells. Specimens of Hoplias malabaricus received different doses of lead by intra-peritoneal injections at time of 96 h. There was not a significant difference between control and treated groups for the piscine micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. In the comet assays there was a significant difference between control and contaminated groups. However, a significant difference between the applied doses was not observed. The results obtained with the comet assays also show that blood presented a higher sensibility than the kidney tissue, possibly due to the acute contamination. Although the results showed the genotoxic potential of lead at the 21 and 63 microg Pb(2 + )/g doses for both tissues, the lowest dose is considered more appropriate for future bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Ramsdorf
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil.
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