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van der Hoven J, van Hummel A, Przybyla M, Asih PR, Gajwani M, Feiten AF, Ke YD, Ittner A, van Eersel J, Ittner LM. Contribution of endogenous antibodies to learning deficits and astrocytosis in human P301S mutant tau transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13845. [PMID: 32796905 PMCID: PMC7428012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been explored extensively as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease, where amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the tau protein deposit in patient brains. While the major focus of antibody-based therapy development was on Aβ, arguably with limited success in clinical trials, targeting tau has become an emerging strategy, possibly extending therapies to dementias with isolated tau pathology. Interestingly, low titres of autoantibodies to pathological tau have been described in humans and transgenic mouse models, but their pathophysiological relevance remained elusive. Here, we used two independent approaches to deplete the B-cell lineage and hence antibody formation in human P301S mutant tau transgenic mice, TAU58/2. TAU58/2 mice were either crossed with the B-cell-deficient Ighm knockout line (muMT−/−) or treated with anti-CD20 antibodies that target B-cell precursors. In both models, B-cell depletion significantly reduced astrocytosis in TAU58/2 mice. Only when B-cells were absent throughout life, in TAU58/2.muMT−/− mice, were spatial learning deficits moderately aggravated while motor performance improved as compared to B-cell-competent TAU58/2 mice. This was associated with changes in brain region-specific tau solubility. No other relevant behavioural or neuropathological changes were observed in TAU58/2 mice in the absence of B-cells/antibodies. Taken together, our data suggests that the presence of antibodies throughout life contributes to astrocytosis in TAU58/2 mice and limits learning deficits, while other deficits and neuropathological changes appear to be independent of the presence of B-cells/antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia van der Hoven
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Annika van Hummel
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Prita R Asih
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mehul Gajwani
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Astrid F Feiten
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yazi D Ke
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Janet van Eersel
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Lövdén M, Fratiglioni L, Glymour MM, Lindenberger U, Tucker-Drob EM. Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2020; 21:6-41. [PMID: 32772803 PMCID: PMC7425377 DOI: 10.1177/1529100620920576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities are important predictors of educational and occupational performance, socioeconomic attainment, health, and longevity. Declines in cognitive abilities are linked to impairments in older adults' everyday functions, but people differ from one another in their rates of cognitive decline over the course of adulthood and old age. Hence, identifying factors that protect against compromised late-life cognition is of great societal interest. The number of years of formal education completed by individuals is positively correlated with their cognitive function throughout adulthood and predicts lower risk of dementia late in life. These observations have led to the propositions that prolonging education might (a) affect cognitive ability and (b) attenuate aging-associated declines in cognition. We evaluate these propositions by reviewing the literature on educational attainment and cognitive aging, including recent analyses of data harmonized across multiple longitudinal cohort studies and related meta-analyses. In line with the first proposition, the evidence indicates that educational attainment has positive effects on cognitive function. We also find evidence that cognitive abilities are associated with selection into longer durations of education and that there are common factors (e.g., parental socioeconomic resources) that affect both educational attainment and cognitive development. There is likely reciprocal interplay among these factors, and among cognitive abilities, during development. Education-cognitive ability associations are apparent across the entire adult life span and across the full range of education levels, including (to some degree) tertiary education. However, contrary to the second proposition, we find that associations between education and aging-associated cognitive declines are negligible and that a threshold model of dementia can account for the association between educational attainment and late-life dementia risk. We conclude that educational attainment exerts its influences on late-life cognitive function primarily by contributing to individual differences in cognitive skills that emerge in early adulthood but persist into older age. We also note that the widespread absence of educational influences on rates of cognitive decline puts constraints on theoretical notions of cognitive aging, such as the concepts of cognitive reserve and brain maintenance. Improving the conditions that shape development during the first decades of life carries great potential for improving cognitive ability in early adulthood and for reducing public-health burdens related to cognitive aging and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany, and London, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
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Dinkel F, Trujillo-Rodriguez D, Villegas A, Streffer J, Mercken M, Lopera F, Glatzel M, Sepulveda-Falla D. Decreased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-38 and Increased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-42 in Brain Tissue of Presenilin-1 E280A Familial Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:220. [PMID: 32848702 PMCID: PMC7399638 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) caused by Presenilin-1 (PS1) mutations is characterized by early onset, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Impaired gamma secretase function favors production of longer beta-amyloid species in PS1 FAD. The PS1 E280A mutation is the largest FAD kindred under study. Here, we studied beta-amyloid deposits in PS1 E280A FAD brains in comparison to sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). We analyzed cortices and cerebellum from 10 FAD and 10 SAD brains using immunohistochemistry to determine total beta-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau), and specific beta-amyloid peptides 1-38, 1-40, 1-42, and 1-43. Additionally, we studied beta-amyloid subspecies by ELISA, and vessel pathology was detected with beta-amyloid 1-42 and truncated pyroglutamylated beta-amyloid antibodies. There were no significant differences in total beta-amyloid signal between SAD and FAD. Beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-43 loads were increased, and 1-42 loads were decreased in frontal cortices of SAD when compared to FAD. Beta-amyloid species assessment by ELISA resembled our findings by immunohistochemical analysis. Differences in beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-42 levels between SAD and FAD were evidenced by using beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies, reflecting a gamma secretase-dependent shift in beta-amyloid processing in FAD cases. The use of beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies for postmortem assessment of beta-amyloid pathology can differentiate between SAD and PS1 FAD cases and it can be useful for identification of SAD cases potentially affected with gamma secretase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dinkel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andres Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
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Gutiérrez-de Pablo V, Gómez C, Poza J, Maturana-Candelas A, Martins S, Gomes I, Lopes AM, Pinto N, Hornero R. Relationship between the Presence of the ApoE ε4 Allele and EEG Complexity along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3849. [PMID: 32664228 PMCID: PMC7411888 DOI: 10.3390/s20143849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia, being considered a major health problem, especially in developed countries. Late-onset AD is the most common form of the disease, with symptoms appearing after 65 years old. Genetic determinants of AD risk are vastly unknown, though, ε 4 allele of the ApoE gene has been reported as the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between brain complexity and the presence of ApoE ε 4 alleles along the AD continuum. For this purpose, resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) activity was analyzed by computing Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) from 46 healthy control subjects, 49 mild cognitive impairment subjects, 45 mild AD patients, 44 moderate AD patients and 33 severe AD patients, subdivided by ApoE status. Subjects with one or more ApoE ε 4 alleles were included in the carriers subgroups, whereas the ApoE ε 4 non-carriers subgroups were formed by subjects without any ε 4 allele. Our results showed that AD continuum is characterized by a progressive complexity loss. No differences were observed between AD ApoE ε 4 carriers and non-carriers. However, brain activity from healthy subjects with ApoE ε 4 allele (carriers subgroup) is more complex than from non-carriers, mainly in left temporal, frontal and posterior regions (p-values < 0.05, FDR-corrected Mann-Whitney U-test). These results suggest that the presence of ApoE ε 4 allele could modify the EEG complexity patterns in different brain regions, as the temporal lobes. These alterations might be related to anatomical changes associated to neurodegeneration, increasing the risk of suffering dementia due to AD before its clinical onset. This interesting finding might help to advance in the development of new tools for early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Gutiérrez-de Pablo
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (V.G.-d.P.); (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (R.H.)
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (V.G.-d.P.); (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Poza
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (V.G.-d.P.); (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aarón Maturana-Candelas
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (V.G.-d.P.); (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (R.H.)
| | - Sandra Martins
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.); (I.G.); (A.M.L.); (N.P.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Iva Gomes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.); (I.G.); (A.M.L.); (N.P.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.); (I.G.); (A.M.L.); (N.P.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nádia Pinto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.M.); (I.G.); (A.M.L.); (N.P.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Center of Mathematics of the University of Porto (CMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (V.G.-d.P.); (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Martins S, Müller-Schiffmann A, Erichsen L, Bohndorf M, Wruck W, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Korth C, Adjaye J. IPSC-Derived Neuronal Cultures Carrying the Alzheimer's Disease Associated TREM2 R47H Variant Enables the Construction of an Aβ-Induced Gene Regulatory Network. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124516. [PMID: 32630447 PMCID: PMC7350255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes associated with immune response and inflammation have been identified as genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer´s disease (LOAD). The rare R47H variant within triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been shown to increase the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 2–3-fold. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a model of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) using lymphoblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients carrying the TREM2 R47H mutation, as well as from control individuals without dementia. All iPSCs efficiently differentiated into mature neuronal cultures, however AD neuronal cultures showed a distinct gene expression profile. Furthermore, manipulation of the iPSC-derived neuronal cultures with an Aβ-S8C dimer highlighted metabolic pathways, phagosome and immune response as the most perturbed pathways in AD neuronal cultures. Through the construction of an Aβ-induced gene regulatory network, we were able to identify an Aβ signature linked to protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which emphasized ER-stress, as a potential causal role in LOAD. Overall, this study has shown that our AD-iPSC based model can be used for in-depth studies to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of LOAD and provides new opportunities for screening of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (C.K.)
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.S.); (C.V.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.S.); (C.V.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (C.K.)
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Screening of dementia genes by whole-exome sequencing in Spanish patients with early-onset dementia: likely pathogenic, uncertain significance and risk variants. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 93:e1-e9. [PMID: 32317127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have a high proportion of genetically determined cases. Next-generation sequencing technologies have triggered the discovery of new mutations and genetic variants in dementia-causal genes. We performed whole-exome sequencing and selective analysis of known genes causative of EOAD and FTD in a well-characterized Spanish cohort of 103 patients (60 EOAD, 43 FTD) to find genetic variants associated to patients' phenotype. In EOAD patients, a new likely pathogenic variant in PSEN1 gene (p.G378R) was found. In FTD patients, 2 likely pathogenic variants were found, one in MAPT gene (p.P397S) and one in VCP gene (p.R159H). In our series, 2% of early-onset dementia without criteria for clinical genetic testing according to current guidelines presented a likely pathogenic mutation. We have also detected 13 additional variants of uncertain significance in causal genes, as well as rare variants in risk genes for dementia (ABCA7, SORL1, SQSTM1, and TREM2). Next-generation technologies in neurodegenerative diseases constitute a powerful tool that significantly contributes to patients' diagnosis.
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Genetic Dissection of Alzheimer's Disease Using Drosophila Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030884. [PMID: 32019113 PMCID: PMC7037931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a main cause of dementia, is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is related to abnormal accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein. Despite decades of intensive research, the mechanisms underlying AD remain elusive, and the only available treatment remains symptomatic. Molecular understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of AD is necessary to develop disease-modifying treatment. Drosophila, as the most advanced genetic model, has been used to explore the molecular mechanisms of AD in the last few decades. Here, we introduce Drosophila AD models based on human Aβ and summarize the results of their genetic dissection. We also discuss the utility of functional genomics using the Drosophila system in the search for AD-associated molecular mechanisms in the post-genomic era.
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Nunes KM, Benzaquem DC, Carvalho NDM, Vianez TN, Fernandes ERDQGDSE, Fantin C. Investigation of chromosomal alterations in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 77:855-859. [PMID: 31939582 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) has as its main characteristic the deterioration of cerebral functions. Its etiology is still complex and undefined despite the progress made in understanding its neurological, infectious, biochemical, genetic and cytogenetic mechanisms. METHODS Considering this, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosomal alterations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, and to verify if there was a high frequency of these alterations in patients diagnosed with AD at the University Hospital GetúLio Vargas Outpatient Clinic Araújo Lima in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS Among the nine patients in the AD group, only one patient did not have metaphases with chromosomal alterations (2n = 46,XX), while eight patients with AD showed numerical chromosomal alterations, classified as X chromosome aneupLoidy (2n = 45,X) and double aneupLoidy (2n = 44,X,-X,-10; 2n = 44,X,-X,-13 and 2n = 44,X,-X,-21). CONCLUSION In the control group, no chromosomal changes were found in the karyotypes of these individuals. Therefore, the karyotypes of patients with AD undergo chromosomal alterations at different levels. These findings are being described for the first time in the population of Amazonas, and they highlight the importance of the inclusion of cytogenetic investigations in the routine management of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kledson Moraes Nunes
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Denise Corrêa Benzaquem
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Natalia Dayane Moura Carvalho
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Talísia Nascimento Vianez
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, Departamento de Neurologia, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | | | - Cleiton Fantin
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
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Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for human diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:118-125. [PMID: 31951916 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers unique advantages that enable a comprehensive delineation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying devastating human pathologies such as stroke, ischemia and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic models of human diseases that closely simulate several disease-related phenotypes have been established in the worm. These models allow the implementation of multidisciplinary approaches, in addition to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screenings, designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating pathogenesis and to identify targets and drugs for emergent therapeutic interventions. Such strategies have already provided valuable insights, highly relevant to human health and quality of life. This article considers the potential of C. elegans as a versatile platform for systematic dissection of the molecular basis of human disease, focusing on neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
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60
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Qin L, Xu Q, Li Z, Chen L, Li Y, Yang N, Liu Z, Guo J, Shen L, Allen EG, Chen C, Ma C, Wu H, Zhu X, Jin P, Tang B. Ethnicity-specific and overlapping alterations of brain hydroxymethylome in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:149-158. [PMID: 31814020 PMCID: PMC7001720 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine (5mC), generated through the covalent addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of cytosine, is the most prevalent DNA modification in humans and functions as a critical player in the regulation of tissue and cell-specific gene expression. 5mC can be oxidized to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which is enriched in brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and several studies using the samples collected from Caucasian cohorts have found that epigenetics, particularly cytosine methylation, could play a role in the etiological process of AD. However, little research has been conducted using the samples of other ethnic groups. Here we generated genome-wide profiles of both 5mC and 5hmC in human frontal cortex tissues from late-onset Chinese AD patients and cognitively normal controls. We identified both Chinese-specific and overlapping differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) with Caucasian cohorts. Pathway analyses revealed specific pathways enriched among Chinese-specific DhMRs, as well as the shared DhMRs with Caucasian cohorts. Furthermore, two important transcription factor-binding motifs, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), were enriched in the DhMRs. Our analyses provide the first genome-wide profiling of DNA hydroxymethylation of the frontal cortex of AD patients from China, emphasizing an important role of 5hmC in AD pathogenesis and highlighting both ethnicity-specific and overlapping changes of brain hydroxymethylome in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Prieto S, Valerio KE, Moody JN, Hayes SM, Hayes JP. Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Moderates the Association Between Medial Temporal Lobe Volume and Episodic Memory Performance Among Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:591-600. [PMID: 32538837 PMCID: PMC7558431 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complex set of interactions between biological, genetic, and environmental factors likely underlies the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying which of these factors is most associated with AD is important for early diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine genetic risk and structural brain volume on episodic memory in a sample of older adults ranging from cognitively normal to those diagnosed with AD. METHODS 686 adults (55-91 years old) completed a 3T MRI scan, baseline cognitive assessments, and biospecimen collection through the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Hierarchical linear regression analyses examined main and interaction effects of medial temporal lobe (MTL) volume and polygenic hazard score (PHS), indicating genetic risk for AD, on a validated episodic memory composite score. RESULTS Genetic risk moderated the relationship between MTL volume and memory, such that individuals with high PHS and lower hippocampal and entorhinal volume had lower memory composite scores [ΔF (1,677) = 4.057, p = 0.044, ΔR2 = 0.002]. Further analyses showed this effect was driven by the left hippocampus [ΔF(1,677) = 5.256, p = 0.022, ΔR2 = 0.003] and right entorhinal cortex [ΔF (1,677) = 6.078, p = 0.014, ΔR2 = 0.003]. CONCLUSIONS Among those with high genetic risk for AD, lower volume was associated with poorer memory. Results suggest that the interaction between AD genetic risk and MTL volume increases the likelihood for memory impairment among older adults. Results from this study suggest that genetic risk and brain volume should be considered key factors in tracking cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prieto
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kate E. Valerio
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jena N. Moody
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott M. Hayes
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jasmeet P. Hayes
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Pandey RS, Graham L, Uyar A, Preuss C, Howell GR, Carter GW. Genetic perturbations of disease risk genes in mice capture transcriptomic signatures of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:50. [PMID: 31878951 PMCID: PMC6933917 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New genetic and genomic resources have identified multiple genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and characterized this common dementia at the molecular level. Experimental studies in model organisms can validate these associations and elucidate the links between specific genetic factors and transcriptomic signatures. Animal models based on LOAD-associated genes can potentially connect common genetic variation with LOAD transcriptomes, thereby providing novel insights into basic biological mechanisms underlying the disease. METHODS We performed RNA-Seq on whole brain samples from a panel of six-month-old female mice, each carrying one of the following mutations: homozygous deletions of Apoe and Clu; hemizygous deletions of Bin1 and Cd2ap; and a transgenic APOEε4. Similar data from a transgenic APP/PS1 model was included for comparison to early-onset variant effects. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify modules of correlated genes and each module was tested for differential expression by strain. We then compared mouse modules with human postmortem brain modules from the Accelerating Medicine's Partnership for AD (AMP-AD) to determine the LOAD-related processes affected by each genetic risk factor. RESULTS Mouse modules were significantly enriched in multiple AD-related processes, including immune response, inflammation, lipid processing, endocytosis, and synaptic cell function. WGCNA modules were significantly associated with Apoe-/-, APOEε4, Clu-/-, and APP/PS1 mouse models. Apoe-/-, GFAP-driven APOEε4, and APP/PS1 driven modules overlapped with AMP-AD inflammation and microglial modules; Clu-/- driven modules overlapped with synaptic modules; and APP/PS1 modules separately overlapped with lipid-processing and metabolism modules. CONCLUSIONS This study of genetic mouse models provides a basis to dissect the role of AD risk genes in relevant AD pathologies. We determined that different genetic perturbations affect different molecular mechanisms comprising AD, and mapped specific effects to each risk gene. Our approach provides a platform for further exploration into the causes and progression of AD by assessing animal models at different ages and/or with different combinations of LOAD risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Leah Graham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
- Sackler School of graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT USA
| | | | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
- Sackler School of graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
- Sackler School of graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
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63
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Valenti MT, Serena M, Carbonare LD, Zipeto D. CRISPR/Cas system: An emerging technology in stem cell research. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:937-956. [PMID: 31768221 PMCID: PMC6851009 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new and even more precise technologies for modifying and manipulating the genome has been a challenge since the discovery of the DNA double helix. The ability to modify selectively specific genes provides a powerful tool for characterizing gene functions, performing gene therapy, correcting specific genetic mutations, eradicating diseases, engineering cells and organisms to achieve new and different functions and obtaining transgenic animals as models for studying specific diseases. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has recently revolutionized genome engineering. The application of this new technology to stem cell research allows disease models to be developed to explore new therapeutic tools. The possibility of translating new systems of molecular knowledge to clinical research is particularly appealing for addressing degenerative diseases. In this review, we describe several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 to stem cells related to degenerative diseases. In addition, we address the challenges and future perspectives regarding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 as an important technology in the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Verona 37134, Italy
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Webers A, Heneka MT, Gleeson PA. The role of innate immune responses and neuroinflammation in amyloid accumulation and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:28-41. [PMID: 31654430 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology and neuroinflammation. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the role of neuroinflammation in directly contributing to the progression of AD. Studies in mice and humans have identified a role for microglial cells, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, in AD. Activated microglia are a key hallmark of the disease and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by microglia may result in a positive feedback loop between neurons and microglia, resulting in ongoing low-grade inflammation. Traditionally, the pathways of Aβ production and neuroinflammation have been considered independently; however, recent studies suggest that these processes may converge to promote the pathology associated with AD. Here we review the importance of inflammation and microglia in AD development and effects of inflammatory responses on cellular pathways of neurons, including Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Webers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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The puzzle of preserved cognition in the oldest old. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:441-447. [PMID: 31713754 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies predict an exponential increase in the prevalence of dementia with age, recent studies have demonstrated that the oldest old are actually less frequently affected by dementia than the younger elderly. To explain this, I suggest a parallel between brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and assume that theories concerning the brain's vulnerability to AD and its individual variability may also explain why some of the oldest old remain cognitively efficient. Some theories argue that AD is due to the continuing presence of the immature neurones vulnerable to amyloid beta protein (Aß) that are normally involved in brain development and then removed as a result of cell selection by the proteins associated with both brain development and AD. If a dysfunction in cell selection allows these immature neurones to survive, they degenerate early as a result of the neurotoxic action of Aß accumulation, which their mature counterparts can withstand. Consequently, age at the time of onset of AD and its clinical presentations depend on the number and location of such immature cells. I speculate that the same mechanism is responsible for the variability of normal brain ageing: the oldest old with well-preserved cognitive function are people genetically programmed for extreme ageing who have benefited from better cell selection during prenatal and neonatal life and therefore have fewer surviving neurones vulnerable to amyloid-promoted degeneration, whereas the process of early life cell selection was less successful in the oldest old who develop dementia.
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66
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Liu YS, Yan WJ, Tan CC, Li JQ, Xu W, Cao XP, Tan L, Yu JT. Common Variant in TREM1 Influencing Brain Amyloid Deposition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:661-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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El-Malah A, Abouelatta AI, Mahmoud Z, Salem HH. New cyclooctathienopyridine derivatives in the aim of discovering better Anti-Alzheimer's agents. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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68
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Li J, Wang GZ. Application of Computational Biology to Decode Brain Transcriptomes. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2019; 17:367-380. [PMID: 31655213 PMCID: PMC6943780 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has generated massive valuable brain transcriptome atlases, providing great opportunities for systematically investigating gene expression characteristics across various brain regions throughout a series of developmental stages. Recent studies have revealed that the transcriptional architecture is the key to interpreting the molecular mechanisms of brain complexity. However, our knowledge of brain transcriptional characteristics remains very limited. With the immense efforts to generate high-quality brain transcriptome atlases, new computational approaches to analyze these high-dimensional multivariate data are greatly needed. In this review, we summarize some public resources for brain transcriptome atlases and discuss the general computational pipelines that are commonly used in this field, which would aid in making new discoveries in brain development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-Zhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Rana P, Franco EF, Rao Y, Syed K, Barh D, Azevedo V, Ramos RTJ, Ghosh P. Evaluation of the Common Molecular Basis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3730. [PMID: 31366155 PMCID: PMC6695669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders related to aging. Though several risk factors are shared between these two diseases, the exact relationship between them is still unknown. In this paper, we analyzed how these two diseases relate to each other from the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic viewpoints. Using an extensive literature mining, we first accumulated the list of genes from major genome-wide association (GWAS) studies. Based on these GWAS studies, we observed that only one gene (HLA-DRB5) was shared between AD and PD. A subsequent literature search identified a few other genes involved in these two diseases, among which SIRT1 seemed to be the most prominent one. While we listed all the miRNAs that have been previously reported for AD and PD separately, we found only 15 different miRNAs that were reported in both diseases. In order to get better insights, we predicted the gene co-expression network for both AD and PD using network analysis algorithms applied to two GEO datasets. The network analysis revealed six clusters of genes related to AD and four clusters of genes related to PD; however, there was very low functional similarity between these clusters, pointing to insignificant similarity between AD and PD even at the level of affected biological processes. Finally, we postulated the putative epigenetic regulator modules that are common to AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip Rana
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Edian F Franco
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem-PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Yug Rao
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Khajamoinuddin Syed
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rommel T J Ramos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem-PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Cisternas P, Oliva CA, Torres VI, Barrera DP, Inestrosa NC. Presymptomatic Treatment With Andrographolide Improves Brain Metabolic Markers and Cognitive Behavior in a Model of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:295. [PMID: 31379502 PMCID: PMC6657419 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The onset and progression of this pathology are correlated with several changes in the brain, including the formation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In addition, dysregulated neuronal plasticity, synapse loss, and a reduction in cellular energy metabolism have also been described. Canonical Wnt signaling has also been shown to be downregulated in AD. Remarkably, we showed previously that the in vivo inhibition of Wnt signaling accelerates the appearance of AD markers in transgenic (Tg) and wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, we found that Wnt signaling stimulates energy metabolism, which is critical for the ability of Wnt to promote the recovery of cognitive function in AD. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of canonical Wnt signaling in a presymptomatic transgenic animal model of AD would improve some symptoms. To explore the latter, we used a transgenic mouse model (J20 Tg) with mild AD phenotype expression (high levels of amyloid aggregates) and studied the effect of andrographolide (ANDRO), an activator of canonical Wnt signaling. We found that presymptomatic administration of ANDRO in J20 Tg mice prevented the reduction in cellular energy metabolism markers. Moreover, treated animals showed improvement in cognitive performance. At the synaptic level, J20 Tg animals showed severe deficiencies in presynaptic function as determined by electrophysiological parameters, all of which were completely restored to normal by ANDRO administration. Finally, an analysis of hippocampal synaptosomes by electron microscopy revealed that the length of synapses was restored with ANDRO treatment. Altogether, these data support the idea that the activation of canonical Wnt signaling during presymptomatic stages could represent an interesting pharmacological strategy to delay the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A. Oliva
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana I. Torres
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P. Barrera
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Szatmari B, Balicza P, Nemeth G, Molnar MJ. The Panomics Approach in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1712-1720. [PMID: 28685677 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular genetic technologies revolutionized the diagnostics of many disorders. Thanks to the new molecular techniques and the rapid improvement of the information technologies the number of mendelien inherited disorders has increased rapidly in the last five years. The omics era brought radical changes in the understanding of complex disorders and the underlying pathomechanisms. However, in most complex disorders the genome wide association studies could not clarify the genetic background even for disorders where a very strong heritability had been observed. OBJECTIVE In this paper the changing concept of the neurodegenerative disorders is discussed. The traditional classification of these disorders was purely based on clinical symptoms and morphological signs in the last century. Identifying the signature lesions of various neurodegenerative disorders may reveal a common pathological pathway in these disorders. New neuroimaging methods provided additional tools to assess pathological pathways in vivo already in the early stages of the diseases. Visualizing in vivo amyloid deposits and neuroinflammation improved our understanding of their role in various neurodegenerative disorders. Genetics may be the most precise way to identify the background of these disorders. However, there is only limited number of cases where true association can be proved between the disorder and the genetic mutations. Most of the neurodegenerative disorders seem to be multifactorial and cannot be traced back to one single cause. CONCLUSION In conclusion, shifting from a classification based on symptomatology only to a modern multidisciplinary approach, based on the constantly evolving panomics findings, would improve our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and could be the basis of novel therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Balicza
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Nemeth
- Medical Division, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Costa Sa AC, Madsen H, Brown JR. Shared Molecular Signatures Across Neurodegenerative Diseases and Herpes Virus Infections Highlights Potential Mechanisms for Maladaptive Innate Immune Responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8795. [PMID: 31217489 PMCID: PMC6584587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that peripheral factors to the brain driving neuro-inflammation could affect Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) severity. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) infection has been associated with AD while other related viruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Bar virus and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), are known to infect neurons. Here we compare gene expression profiles between AD or PD patients to those afflicted with herpes viral infections as to discover novel potential neuro-inflammation pathways. We found multiple significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared between AD/PD and viral infections including SESN3 which has a genetic association for increased AD risk. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed viruses shared Oxidative Stress Defense System and LRRK2 pathways with AD and PD, respectively. We further processed our data to identify novel target and drug-repurposing opportunities including anti-inflammatory therapy, immune-modulators and cholinesterase inhibitors which could lead to new therapeutics paradigms for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Costa Sa
- Computational Biology, Human Genetics, Research and Development (R&D), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Heather Madsen
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research, Triangle Park, NC, 27713, USA
| | - James R Brown
- Computational Biology, Human Genetics, Research and Development (R&D), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
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73
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Cota-Coronado A, Díaz-Martínez NF, Padilla-Camberos E, Díaz-Martínez NE. Editing the Central Nervous System Through CRISPR/Cas9 Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:110. [PMID: 31191241 PMCID: PMC6546027 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The translational gap to treatments based on gene therapy has been reduced in recent years because of improvements in gene editing tools, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its variations. This has allowed the development of more precise therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, where access is privileged. As a result, engineering of complexes that can access the central nervous system (CNS) with the least potential inconvenience is fundamental. In this review article, we describe current alternatives to generate systems based on CRISPR/Cas9 that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and may be used further clinically to improve treatment for neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Cota-Coronado
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Padilla-Camberos
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - N Emmanuel Díaz-Martínez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
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Rahman MR, Islam T, Shahjaman M, Zaman T, Faruquee HM, Jamal MAHM, Huq F, Quinn JMW, Moni MA. Discovering Biomarkers and Pathways Shared by Alzheimer's Disease and Ischemic Stroke to Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E191. [PMID: 31121943 PMCID: PMC6572146 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results in severe dementia. Having ischemic strokes (IS) is one of the risk factors of the AD, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie IS and AD are not well understood. We thus aimed to identify common molecular biomarkers and pathways in IS and AD that can help predict the progression of these diseases and provide clues to important pathological mechanisms. Materials and Methods: We have analyzed the microarray gene expression datasets of IS and AD. To obtain robust results, combinatorial statistical methods were used to analyze the datasets and 26 transcripts (22 unique genes) were identified that were abnormally expressed in both IS and AD. Results: Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that these 26 common dysregulated genes identified several altered molecular pathways: Alcoholism, MAPK signaling, glycine metabolism, serine metabolism, and threonine metabolism. Further protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis revealed pathway hub proteins PDE9A, GNAO1, DUSP16, NTRK2, PGAM2, MAG, and TXLNA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional components were then identified, and significant transcription factors (SPIB, SMAD3, and SOX2) found. Conclusions: Protein-drug interaction analysis revealed PDE9A has interaction with drugs caffeine, γ-glutamyl glycine, and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine. Thus, we identified novel putative links between pathological processes in IS and AD at transcripts levels, and identified possible mechanistic and gene expression links between IS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biomedical Science, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj 6751, Bangladesh.
| | - Tania Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shahjaman
- Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh, .
| | - Toyfiquz Zaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biomedical Science, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj 6751, Bangladesh.
| | - Hossain Md Faruquee
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Fazlul Huq
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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75
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Hsu HW, Bondy SC, Kitazawa M. Environmental and Dietary Exposure to Copper and Its Cellular Mechanisms Linking to Alzheimer's Disease. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:338-345. [PMID: 29409005 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are commonly found in the environment, household, and workplaces in various forms, and a significant segment of the population is routinely exposed to the trace amount of metals from variety of sources. Exposure to metals, such as aluminum, lead, iron, and copper, from environment has long been debated as a potential environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) for decades, yet results from in vitro, in vivo, and human population remain controversial. In the case of copper, the neurotoxic mechanism of action was classically viewed as its strong affinity to amyloid-beta (Aβ) to help its aggregation and increase oxidative stress via Fenton reaction. Thus, it has been thought that accumulation of copper mediates neurotoxicity, and removing it from the brain prevents or reverse Aβ plaque burden. Recent evidence, however, suggests dyshomeostasis of copper and its valency in the body, instead of the accumulation and interaction with Aβ, are major determinants of its beneficial effects as an essential metal or its neurotoxic counterpart. This notion is also supported by the fact that genetic loss-of-function mutations on copper transporters lead to severe neurological symptoms. Along with its altered distribution, recent studies have also proposed novel mechanisms of copper neurotoxicity mediated by nonneuronal cell lineages in the brain, such as capillary endothelial cells, leading to development of AD neuropathology. This review covers recent findings of multifactorial toxic mechanisms of copper and discusses the risk of environmental exposure as a potential factor in accounting for the variability of AD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wei Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
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76
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Zhu QB, Bao AM, Swaab D. Activation of the Brain to Postpone Dementia: A Concept Originating from Postmortem Human Brain Studies. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:253-266. [PMID: 30721394 PMCID: PMC6426905 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by decreased neuronal activity and atrophy, while hyperactivity of neurons seems to make them resistant to aging and neurodegeneration, a phenomenon which we have paraphrased as 'use it or lose it'. Our hypothesis proposes that (1) during their functioning, neurons are damaged; (2) accumulation of damage that is not repaired is the basis of aging; (3) the vulnerability to AD is determined by the genetic background and the balance between the amount of damage and the efficiency of repair, and (4) by stimulating the brain, repair mechanisms are stimulated and cognitive reserve is increased, resulting in a decreased rate of aging and risk for AD. Environmental stimulating factors such as bilingualism/multilingualism, education, occupation, musical experience, physical exercise, and leisure activities have been reported to reduce the risk of dementia and decrease the rate of cognitive decline, although methodological problems are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Bin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Dick Swaab
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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77
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Sathyan S, Wang T, Ayers E, Verghese J. Genetic basis of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the Health and Retirement Study. Neurology 2019; 92:e1427-e1434. [PMID: 30737336 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine polygenic inheritance of motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a predementia syndrome characterized by the presence of subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait. METHODS We analyzed 4,915 individuals, age 65 years and above, with European ancestry (mean age 75.0 ± 6.8 years, 56.6% women) in the Health and Retirement Study. Polygenic scores (PGS) were calculated as weighted sums of the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms, with effect sizes derived from genome-wide association studies. The association between PGSs of 9 phenotypes (general cognition, body mass index [BMI], mean arterial pressure, education, Alzheimer disease [AD], neuroticism, well-being, waist circumference, and depressive symptoms) and MCR as well as its key components (cognitive complaints and slow gait) were examined by logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, education, and genetic ancestry, and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS There were 260 prevalent MCR cases, 529 with slow gait, and 1,928 with subjective cognitive complaints. Higher PGSs for BMI (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.39) and waist circumference (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.40) were associated with MCR, and PGS of AD showed a suggestive association (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32). Higher PGS for neuroticism (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.18) was associated with cognitive complaints, whereas higher well-being PGS (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.98) was protective. PGS for BMI (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28), waist circumference (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.08-1.31), and AD (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.24) was associated with slow gait. CONCLUSION Obesity-related genetic traits increase risk of MCR syndrome; further investigation is required to identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanish Sathyan
- From the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Tao Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Emmeline Ayers
- From the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joe Verghese
- From the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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78
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Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Magnetofection as a new tool to study microglia biology. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:767-768. [PMID: 30688259 PMCID: PMC6375049 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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79
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You M, Pan Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wu Y, Si J, Wang K, Hu F. Royal Jelly Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and β-Amyloid Accumulation in APP/PS1 Mouse Model Via Activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF Pathway and Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30687079 PMCID: PMC6338040 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized clinically by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of honeybee hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands, has previously been shown to have anti-aging and neuromodulatory activities. In this study, we discovered that 3 months of RJ treatment substantially ameliorated behavioral deficits of APP/PS1 mice in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and step-down passive avoidance test. Our data also showed that RJ significantly diminished amyloid plaque pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, RJ alleviated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress. Importantly, hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), p-PKA, p-CREB and BDNF levels were significantly increased in the APP/PS1 mice after RJ treatment, indicating that the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway might be related to the ameliorative effect of RJ on cognitive decline. Collectively, these results provide a scientific basis for using RJ as a functional food for targeting AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Si
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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80
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Galectin-3, a novel endogenous TREM2 ligand, detrimentally regulates inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:251-273. [PMID: 31006066 PMCID: PMC6660511 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which the formation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, fibrillary tangles of intraneuronal tau and microglial activation are major pathological hallmarks. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (gal3), and we demonstrate here for the first time a key role of gal3 in AD pathology. Gal3 was highly upregulated in the brains of AD patients and 5xFAD (familial Alzheimer's disease) mice and found specifically expressed in microglia associated with Aβ plaques. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the LGALS3 gene, which encodes gal3, were associated with an increased risk of AD. Gal3 deletion in 5xFAD mice attenuated microglia-associated immune responses, particularly those associated with TLR and TREM2/DAP12 signaling. In vitro data revealed that gal3 was required to fully activate microglia in response to fibrillar Aβ. Gal3 deletion decreased the Aβ burden in 5xFAD mice and improved cognitive behavior. Interestingly, a single intrahippocampal injection of gal3 along with Aβ monomers in WT mice was sufficient to induce the formation of long-lasting (2 months) insoluble Aβ aggregates, which were absent when gal3 was lacking. High-resolution microscopy (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) demonstrated close colocalization of gal3 and TREM2 in microglial processes, and a direct interaction was shown by a fluorescence anisotropy assay involving the gal3 carbohydrate recognition domain. Furthermore, gal3 was shown to stimulate TREM2-DAP12 signaling in a reporter cell line. Overall, our data support the view that gal3 inhibition may be a potential pharmacological approach to counteract AD.
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81
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Stoychev KR, Stoimenova-Popova M, Chumpalova P, Ilieva L, Swamad M, Kamburova-Martinova Z. A Clinical Case of Patient Carrying Rare Pathological PSEN1 Gene Mutation (L424V) Demonstrates the Phenotypic Heterogenity of Early Onset Familial AD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31920735 PMCID: PMC6918796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia comprises several neurodegenerative disorders with similar neuropsychiatric features and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common of them. Genetic factors are strongly implicated into its etiology especially for early-onset cases (EOAD) occuring before the age of 65. About 10% of these are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion via pathogenic polymorphisms in three genes- APP, PSEN-1, and PSEN-2. Despite genotypic clarity, however, phenotypic variability exists with different symptom constellations observed in patients with identical mutations. Below, we present a case of a 39-year-old male with a family history for early onset dementia who was referred to our department with anamnesis for abrupt behavioral change 7 months prior to hospitalization-noticeable slowing of speech and reactivity, impaired occupational functioning and irritability, followed by aphasic symptoms and transient episodes of disorientation. He was followed up for 2 years and manifested rapidly progressing cognitive decline with further deterioration of speech, apraxia, acalculia, ataxia, and subsequently bradykinesia and tremor. Based on the clinical and neuroimaging findings (severe cortical atrophy), familial EOAD was suspected and a whole exome sequence (WES) analysis was performed. It identified a heterozygous missense variant Leu424Val (g.71074C > G) in PSEN-1 gene considered to be pathogenic, and only reported once until now in a Spanish patient in 2009. Despite genotype identity however, distinct phenotypic presentations were observed in the two affected subjects, with different neuroimaging findings, and the presence and absence of seizures in the Spanish and Bulgarian case, respectively. Besides, myoclonus and spastic paraparesis considered "typical" EOAD clinical features were absent. Age of symptom onset was consistent with two of the reported mutations affecting 424 codon of PSEN-1 gene and significantly earlier than the other two implying that factors influencing activity of PSEN-1 pathological forms are yet to be clarified. Furthermore, our patient had co-occurring lupus erythematosus (LE) and we suggest that this condition might be etiologically linked to the PSEN-1 mutation. In addition to illustrating the symptomatic heterogeneity of PSEN-1 caused EOAD, our study confirms that in patients presenting with early cognitive deterioration and family history for dementia, WES can be especially informative and should be considered as a first-line examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lilia Ilieva
- Department of Neurology, Sveti Panteleimon Hospital, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed Swamad
- Department of Health and Aging Unit, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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82
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Li H, Liu CC, Zheng H, Huang TY. Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 30603085 PMCID: PMC6306008 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. CONCLUSION AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA USA
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83
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Caspases orchestrate microglia instrumental functions. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:50-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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84
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Zhu B, Li LX, Zhang L, Yang S, Tian Y, Guo SS, Zhang W, Zhao ZG. Correlation of PICALM polymorphism rs3851179 with Alzheimer's disease among Caucasian and Chinese populations: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1849-1857. [PMID: 30039188 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rs3851179 which located at upstream of PICALM was reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the relationship is still undefined. To gain a more precise understanding of the association, we conducted a meta-analysis: a comprehensive survey of 16 case-control studies that evaluated the role of rs3851179 gene variants in AD patients. The overall analysis revealed a significant association between the polymorphism and AD in the allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and recessive models (p < 0.05). When stratified by ethnicity, a significant association was observed between AD development in Caucasian populations and the five-genetic models; Asian populations, however, featured a significant association in only the allelic, homozygote, and recessive models. We did not observe any influence of APOE ε4 carrier status on the incidence of AD and rs3851179 (p > 0.05). Our meta-analysis thus suggested that the PICALM rs3851179 polymorphism was associated with AD; the APOE ε4 status did not influence the relationship. Nevertheless, considering the limitations of our meta-analysis, further large-scale studies should be conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shan-Shan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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85
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Zhang X, Fu Z, Meng L, He M, Zhang Z. The Early Events That Initiate β-Amyloid Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:359. [PMID: 30542277 PMCID: PMC6277872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, respectively. The amyloid hypothesis has been the predominant framework for research in AD for over two decades. According to this hypothesis, the accumulation of Aβ in the brain is the primary factor initiating the pathogenesis of AD. However, it remains elusive what factors initiate Aβ aggregation. Studies demonstrate that AD has multiple causes, including genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, genetic factors, many age-related events and pathological conditions such as diabetes, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aberrant microbiota also affect the aggregation of Aβ. Here we provide an overview of the age-related early events and other pathological processes that precede Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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86
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Huisman SMH, Mahfouz A, Batmanghelich NK, Lelieveldt BPF, Reinders MJT. A structural equation model for imaging genetics using spatial transcriptomics. Brain Inform 2018; 5:13. [PMID: 30390165 PMCID: PMC6429169 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-018-0091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging genetics deals with relationships between genetic variation and imaging variables, often in a disease context. The complex relationships between brain volumes and genetic variants have been explored with both dimension reduction methods and model-based approaches. However, these models usually do not make use of the extensive knowledge of the spatio-anatomical patterns of gene activity. We present a method for integrating genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and imaging features, which is based on a causal model and, at the same time, uses the power of dimension reduction. We use structural equation models to find latent variables that explain brain volume changes in a disease context, and which are in turn affected by genetic variants. We make use of publicly available spatial transcriptome data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas to specify the model structure, which reduces noise and improves interpretability. The model is tested in a simulation setting and applied on a case study of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd M H Huisman
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. .,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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87
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Zhu X, Zhang W, Fan Y. A Robust Reduced Rank Graph Regression Method for Neuroimaging Genetic Analysis. Neuroinformatics 2018; 16:351-361. [PMID: 29907892 PMCID: PMC6092232 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To characterize associations between genetic and neuroimaging data, a variety of analytic methods have been proposed in neuroimaging genetic studies. These methods have achieved promising performance by taking into account inherent correlation in either the neuroimaging data or the genetic data alone. In this study, we propose a novel robust reduced rank graph regression based method in a linear regression framework by considering correlations inherent in neuroimaging data and genetic data jointly. Particularly, we model the association analysis problem in a reduced rank regression framework with the genetic data as a feature matrix and the neuroimaging data as a response matrix by jointly considering correlations among the neuroimaging data as well as correlations between the genetic data and the neuroimaging data. A new graph representation of genetic data is adopted to exploit their inherent correlations, in addition to robust loss functions for both the regression and the data representation tasks, and a square-root-operator applied to the robust loss functions for achieving adaptive sample weighting. The resulting optimization problem is solved using an iterative optimization method whose convergence has been theoretically proved. Experimental results on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset have demonstrated that our method could achieve competitive performance in terms of regression performance between brain structural measures and the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), compared with state-of-the-art alternative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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88
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Blanco-Luquin I, Altuna M, Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa J, Urdánoz-Casado A, Roldán M, Cámara M, Zelaya V, Erro ME, Echavarri C, Mendioroz M. PLD3 epigenetic changes in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:116. [PMID: 30208929 PMCID: PMC6134774 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-exome sequencing has revealed a rare missense variant in PLD3 gene (rs145999145) to be associated with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, the association remains controversial and little is known about the role of PLD3 in AD. Interestingly, PLD3 encodes a phospholipase that may be involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Our aim was to gain insight into the epigenetic mechanisms regulating PLD3 gene expression in the human hippocampus affected by AD. Results We assessed PLD3 mRNA expression by qPCR and protein levels by Western blot in frozen hippocampal samples from a cohort of neuropathologically confirmed pure AD cases and controls. Next, we profiled DNA methylation at cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) site resolution by pyrosequencing and further validated results by bisulfite cloning sequencing in two promoter regions of the PLD3 gene. A 1.67-fold decrease in PLD3 mRNA levels (p value < 0.001) was observed in the hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls, and a slight decrease was also found by Western blot at protein level. Moreover, PLD3 mRNA levels inversely correlated with the average area of β-amyloid burden (tau-b = − 0,331; p value < 0.01) in the hippocampus. A differentially methylated region was identified within the alternative promoter of PLD3 gene showing higher DNA methylation levels in the AD hippocampus compared to controls (21.7 ± 4.7% vs. 18.3 ± 4.8%; p value < 0.05). Conclusions PLD3 gene is downregulated in the human hippocampus in AD cases compared to controls. Altered epigenetic mechanisms, such as differential DNA methylation within an alternative promoter of PLD3 gene, may be involved in the pathological processes of AD. Moreover, PLD3 mRNA expression inversely correlates with hippocampal β-amyloid burden, which adds evidence to the hypothesis that PLD3 protein may contribute to AD development by modifying APP processing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0547-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miren Altuna
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Amaya Urdánoz-Casado
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Cámara
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Elena Erro
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carmen Echavarri
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Hospital Psicogeriátrico Josefina Arregui, 31800, Alsasua, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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89
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Rothman SM, Tanis KQ, Gandhi P, Malkov V, Marcus J, Pearson M, Stevens R, Gilliland J, Ware C, Mahadomrongkul V, O'Loughlin E, Zeballos G, Smith R, Howell BJ, Klappenbach J, Kennedy M, Mirescu C. Human Alzheimer's disease gene expression signatures and immune profile in APP mouse models: a discrete transcriptomic view of Aβ plaque pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:256. [PMID: 30189875 PMCID: PMC6127905 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with pathological hallmarks including the formation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta (Aβ) known as plaques and intracellular tau tangles. Coincident with the formation of Aβ plaques is recruitment and activation of glial cells to the plaque forming a plaque niche. In addition to histological data showing the formation of the niche, AD genetic studies have added to the growing appreciation of how dysfunctional glia pathways drive neuropathology, with emphasis on microglia pathways. Genomic approaches enable comparisons of human disease profiles between different mouse models informing on their utility to evaluate secondary changes to triggers such as Aβ deposition. Methods In this study, we utilized two animal models of AD to examine and characterize the AD-associated pathology: the Tg2576 Swedish APP (KM670/671NL) and TgCRND8 Swedish plus Indiana APP (KM670/671NL + V717F) lines. We used laser capture microscopy (LCM) to isolate samples surrounding Thio-S positive plaques from distal non-plaque tissue. These samples were then analyzed using RNA sequencing. Results We determined age-associated transcriptomic differences between two similar yet distinct APP transgenic mouse models, known to differ in proportional amyloidogenic species and plaque deposition rates. In Tg2576, human AD gene signatures were not observed despite profiling mice out to 15 months of age. TgCRND8 mice however showed progressive and robust induction of lysomal, neuroimmune, and ITIM/ITAM-associated gene signatures overlapping with prior human AD brain transcriptomic studies. Notably, RNAseq analyses highlighted the vast majority of transcriptional changes observed in aging TgCRND8 cortical brain homogenates were in fact specifically enriched within the plaque niche samples. Data uncovered plaque-associated enrichment of microglia-related genes such as ITIM/ITAM-associated genes and pathway markers of phagocytosis. Conclusion This work may help guide improved translational value of APP mouse models of AD, particularly for strategies aimed at targeting neuroimmune and neurodegenerative pathways, by demonstrating that TgCRND8 more closely recapitulates specific human AD-associated transcriptional responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1265-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Rothman
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pallavi Gandhi
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vladislav Malkov
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Marcus
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Richard Stevens
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Ware
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Elaine O'Loughlin
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gonzalo Zeballos
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Systems Toxicology, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, Kenilworth, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel Klappenbach
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Kennedy
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Mirescu
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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90
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Hosseini SA, Mohammadi R, Noruzi S, Mohamadi Y, Azizian M, Mousavy SM, Ghasemi F, Hesari A, Sahebkar A, Salarinia R, Aghdam AM, Mirzaei H. Stem cell- and gene-based therapies as potential candidates in Alzheimer's therapy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8723-8736. [PMID: 30074262 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is associated with impairments of memory, thinking, language, and reasoning. Despite extensive research aiming at the treatment of AD, durable and complete remissions are rare. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are required. Among various therapeutic approaches, stem cells (ie, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells) and delivery of protective genes such as encoding nerve growth factor, APOE, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have generated promise in AD therapy. Here, we summarized a variety of effective therapeutic approaches (ie, stem cells, and genes) in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Rezvan Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Somaye Noruzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohamadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of medicine, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mitra Azizian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojta Mousavy
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - AmirReza Hesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Salarinia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Arad Mobasher Aghdam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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91
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Xu Y, Liu X, Shen J, Tian W, Fang R, Li B, Ma J, Cao L, Chen S, Li G, Tang H. The Whole Exome Sequencing Clarifies the Genotype- Phenotype Correlations in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia. Aging Dis 2018; 9:696-705. [PMID: 30090657 PMCID: PMC6065298 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to identify the underlying causes in patients with early onset dementia by clinical and genetic exploration. We recruited a group of 38 patients with early-onset dementia. Firstly, hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9ORF72 gene were screened in all subjects to exclude the possibility of copy number variation. Then, the whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted, and the data were analyzed focusing on 89 dementia-related causing and susceptible genes. The effects of identified variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines. There were no pathogenic expansions in C9ORF72 detected. According to the ACMG standards and guidelines, we identified five known pathogenic mutations, PSEN1 P284L, PSEN1c.857-1G>A, PSEN1 I143T, PSEN1 G209E and MAPT G389R, and one novel pathogenic mutation APP K687N. All these mutations caused dementia with the mean onset age of 38.3 (range from 27 to 51) and rapid progression. Eleven variants with uncertain significance were also detected and needed further verification. The clinical phenotypes of dementia are heterogeneous, with both onset ages and clinical features being influenced by mutation position as well as the causative gene. WES can serve as efficient diagnostic tools for different heterogeneous dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqi Xu
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,3Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wotu Tian
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Fang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,4Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyin Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjun Li
- 2Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidong Tang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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92
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Cullum S, Mullin K, Zeng I, Yates S, Payman V, Fisher M, Cheung G. Do community-dwelling Māori and Pacific peoples present with dementia at a younger age and at a later stage compared with NZ Europeans? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:1098-1104. [PMID: 29766582 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethnicity may affect presentation to clinical services in people with dementia; however, no studies have examined this in Māori or Pacific peoples in New Zealand (NZ). Our objective was to examine the routinely collected clinical data from a memory assessment service in South Auckland to examine the presentation of dementia in the major NZ ethnic groups. METHODS A total of 360 patients presenting to a memory service with a new diagnosis of dementia were included in this study. Demographic data (age, sex, and ethnicity) and dementia sub-type and severity were analyzed. RESULTS There were 142 NZ European (mean age: 79.2, SD 7.4), 43 Māori (mean age: 70.2, SD 7.6), 126 Pacific (mean age: 74.3, SD 7.6), and 49 other ethnicities (mean age: 78.0, SD 8.5) presenting with a new diagnosis of dementia. After adjustment for gender and dementia subtype, Māori and Pacific patients were 8.5 and 5.3 years younger than NZ European patients (P < 0.0001). Pacific peoples tended to present with more advanced dementia (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 0.98-2.70, P = 0.06) after adjustment for age and gender. There was little difference in the subtypes of dementia between ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Māori and Pacific peoples with dementia presented to an NZ memory service at a younger age than NZ Europeans, and Pacific peoples presented with more advanced dementia. A population-based epidemiological study is critical to determine whether Māori and Pacific peoples have indeed a higher risk of developing dementia at a younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cullum
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Mullin
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Irene Zeng
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Yates
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vahid Payman
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Fisher
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gary Cheung
- Counties Manukau Health, University of Auckland and Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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93
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Fernandez A, Dor E, Maurin T, Laure G, Menard ML, Drozd M, Poinso F, Bardoni B, Askenazy F, Thümmler S. Exploration and characterisation of the phenotypic and genetic profiles of patients with early onset schizophrenia associated with autism spectrum disorder and their first-degree relatives: a French multicentre case series study protocol (GenAuDiss). BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023330. [PMID: 29980548 PMCID: PMC6042534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is a rare and severe condition. A higher rate of neurodevelopmental abnormalities, such as intellectual or communication impairments as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is observed in EOS compared with adult-onset schizophrenia. Early signs of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are present in about 30% of patients. Genetic abnormalities, including copy number variations, are frequent in neurodevelopmental disorders and have been associated to ASD physiopathology. Implicated genes encode proteins involved in brain development, synapses morphology and plasticity and neurogenesis. In addition, an increasing number of genetic abnormalities are shared by EOS and ASD, underlying the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of EOS.The main objective of our study is to identify disease-causing genetic mutations in a cohort of patients affected by both EOS and ASD. Special attention will be paid to genes involved in neurodevelopmental pathways. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We describe a multicentric study in a paediatric population. The study started in April 2014. Inclusion criteria are: age 7-22 years, diagnosis of EOS with comorbid ASD and IQ >50; Parents and siblings are also enrolled. We perform psychiatric assessments (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia -Present and Lifetime Version, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms) together with neurocognitive evaluations (IQ, Trail Making Test A/B and verbal fluency). Then, we study variants of the coding part of DNA (exome), using next-generation sequencing process on trio (mother, father and child). Bioinformatics tools (RVIS and PolyPhen-2) are used to prioritise disease-causing mutations in candidate genes. The inclusion period will end in November 2019. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethic Committee and by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety. All patients signed informed consent on enrolment in the study. Results of the present study should help to unravel the molecular pathology of EOS, paving the way for an early therapeutic intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT0256552; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fernandez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Dor
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thomas Maurin
- CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- CNRS LIA « Neogenex », Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Gaelle Laure
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Marie-Line Menard
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Małgorzata Drozd
- CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- CNRS LIA « Neogenex », Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Francois Poinso
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HM, Hospital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- CNRS LIA « Neogenex », Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Florence Askenazy
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Susanne Thümmler
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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94
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Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Morihara T, Ohara T, Ninomiya T, Takahashi A, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Hayashi N, Shigemizu D, Boroevich KA, Ikeda M, Kubo M, Takeda M, Tsunoda T. Integrated analysis of human genetic association study and mouse transcriptome suggests LBH and SHF genes as novel susceptible genes for amyloid-β accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Genet 2018; 137:521-533. [PMID: 30006735 PMCID: PMC6061045 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurological disease that causes dementia in humans. Although the reports of associated pathological genes have been increasing, the molecular mechanism leading to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in human brain is still not well understood. To identify novel genes that cause accumulation of Aβ in AD patients, we conducted an integrative analysis by combining a human genetic association study and transcriptome analysis in mouse brain. First, we examined genome-wide gene expression levels in the hippocampus, comparing them to amyloid Aβ level in mice with mixed genetic backgrounds. Next, based on a GWAS statistics obtained by a previous study with human AD subjects, we obtained gene-based statistics from the SNP-based statistics. We combined p values from the two types of analysis across orthologous gene pairs in human and mouse into one p value for each gene to evaluate AD susceptibility. As a result, we found five genes with significant p values in this integrated analysis among the 373 genes analyzed. We also examined the gene expression level of these five genes in the hippocampus of independent human AD cases and control subjects. Two genes, LBH and SHF, showed lower expression levels in AD cases than control subjects. This is consistent with the gene expression levels of both the genes in mouse which were negatively correlated with Aβ accumulation. These results, obtained from the integrative approach, suggest that LBH and SHF are associated with the AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Takashi Morihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Institute of Neuropathology, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Institute of Neuropathology, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriastrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Keith A Boroevich
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Manabu Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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95
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Rohn TT, Kim N, Isho NF, Mack JM. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing as a Treatment Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8. [PMID: 30090689 PMCID: PMC6078432 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wealth of knowledge gained in the past three decades concerning the molecular underpinnings of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progress towards obtaining effective, disease modifying therapies has proven to be challenging. In this manner, numerous clinical trials targeting the production, aggregation, and toxicity of beta-amyloid, have failed to meet efficacy standards. This puts into question the beta-amyloid hypothesis and suggests that additional treatment strategies should be explored. The recent emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing as a relatively straightforward, inexpensive, and precise system has led to an increased interest of applying this technique in AD. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be used as a direct treatment approach or to help establish better animal models that more faithfully mimic human neurodegenerative diseases. In this manner, this technique has already shown promise in other neurological disorders, such as Huntington’s disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential utility of CRISPR/Cas9 as a treatment option for AD by targeting specific genes including those that cause early-onset AD, as well as those that are significant risk factors for late-onset AD such as the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Room 228, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Room 228, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Noail F Isho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Room 228, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Jacob M Mack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Room 228, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
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96
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Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Ince PG, Wharton SB. Review: Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated dementias: a supporting player with a central role. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 43:281-298. [PMID: 27442752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have essential roles in the central nervous system and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forming non-overlapping domains, astrocytes are highly complex cells. Immunohistochemistry to a variety of proteins can be used to study astrocytes in tissue, labelling different cellular components and sub-populations, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, CD44, NDRG2 and amino acid transporters, but none of these labels the entire astrocyte population. Increasing heterogeneity is recognized in the astrocyte population, a complexity that is relevant both to their normal function and pathogenic roles. They are involved in neuronal support, as active components of the tripartite synapse and in cell interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), where they are essential for blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes change with age, and their responses may modulate the cellular effects of neurodegenerative pathologies, which alone do not explain all of the variance in statistical models of neurodegenerative dementias. Astrocytes respond to both the neurofibrillary tangles and plaques of Alzheimer's disease, to hyperphosphorylated tau and Aβ, eliciting an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious. Not only astrocyte hypertrophy, in the form of gliosis, occurs, but also astrocyte injury and atrophy. Loss of normal astrocyte functions may contribute to reduced support for neurones and dysfunction of the NVU. Understanding how astrocytes contribute to dementia requires an understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of astrocyte populations, and the complexity of their responses to pathology. Enhancing the supportive and neuroprotective components of the astrocyte response has potential translational applications in therapeutic approaches to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - L E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
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97
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Yu L, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhu X, Cao X, Gao J, Zhao H, Xu Y. PSD-93 Attenuates Amyloid-β-Mediated Cognitive Dysfunction by Promoting the Catabolism of Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:913-927. [PMID: 28697571 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a key neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Postsynaptic density protein 93 (PSD-93) is a key scaffolding protein enriched at postsynaptic sites. The aim of the present study was to examine whether PSD-93 overexpression could alleviate Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice by reducing Aβ levels in the brain. The level of PSD-93 was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Following lentivirus-mediated PSD-93 overexpression, cognitive function, synaptic function, and amyloid burden were investigated. The open field test, Morris water maze test, and fear condition test revealed that PSD-93 overexpression ameliorated spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. The facilitation of long-term potentiation induction was observed in APP/PS1 mice after PSD-93 overexpression. The expression of somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4) and neprilysin was increased, while the amyloid plaque load and Aβ levels were decreased in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, PSD-93 interacted with SSTR4 and affected the level of SSTR4 on cell membrane, which was associated with the ubiquitination. Together, these findings suggest that PSD-93 attenuates spatial memory deficits and decreases amyloid levels in APP/PS1 mice, which might be associated with Aβ catabolism, and overexpression of PSD-93 might be a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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98
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Sao T, Yoshino Y, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Mori Y, Ochi S, Yoshida T, Mori T, Iga JI, Ueno SI. MEF2C mRNA expression and cognitive function in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:160-167. [PMID: 29112298 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite continuing research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), its pathological mechanisms and modulating factors remain unknown. Several genes influence AD pathogenesis by affecting inflammatory pathways. Myocyte-enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is one such candidate gene for AD. METHODS We examined MEF2C mRNA expression levels and methylation rates of CpG on its promoter region in peripheral leukocytes from Japanese AD patients compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS In peripheral leukocytes, MEF2C mRNA expression levels in AD subjects were significantly lower than those in control subjects (0.86 ± 0.25 vs 0.99 ± 0.27, respectively, P = 0.007) and were correlated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (r = -0.345, P = 0.049) and the Mini Mental State Examination (r = 0.324, P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in methylation rates between AD and control subjects. CONCLUSION MEF2C mRNA expression in leukocytes may be a biological marker for cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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99
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Tell-Marti G, Puig-Butille JA, Potrony M, Plana E, Badenas C, Antonell A, Sanchez-Valle R, Molinuevo JL, Lleó A, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Fernández-Santiago R, Clarimón J, Lladó A, Puig S. A Common Variant in the MC1R Gene (p.V92M) is associated with Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1065-1074. [PMID: 28059796 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of some novel risk genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the genetic etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) remains largely unknown. The inclusion of these novel risk genes to the risk attributable to the APOE gene accounts for roughly half of the total genetic variance in LOAD. The evidence indicates that undiscovered genetic factors may contribute to AD susceptibility. In the present study, we sequenced the MC1R gene in 525 Spanish LOAD patients and in 160 controls. We observed that a common MC1R variant p.V92M (rs2228479), not related to pigmentation traits, was present in 72 (14%) patients and 15 (9%) controls and confers increased risk of developing LOAD (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.08-3.64, p = 0.026), especially in those patients whose genetic risk could not be explained by APOE genotype. This association remains and even increased in the subset of 69 patients with typical AD cerebrospinal fluid profile (OR: 3.40 95% CI: 1.40-8.27, p = 0.007). We did not find an association between p.V92M and age of onset of AD. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of MC1R in brain cells through the different MC1R pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Tell-Marti
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigaciòn Biomèdica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigaciòn Biomèdica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estel Plana
- RTI Healtlh Solutions, Travesera de Gracia 56 Atic 1era, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Badenas
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigaciòn Biomèdica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau (Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Center of Networker Biomedical Research into Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau (Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Center of Networker Biomedical Research into Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau (Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Center of Networker Biomedical Research into Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Centro de Investigaciòn sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau (Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Center of Networker Biomedical Research into Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigaciòn Biomèdica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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100
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Fei HX, Zhang YB, Liu T, Zhang XJ, Wu SL. Neuroprotective effect of formononetin in ameliorating learning and memory impairment in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:57-64. [PMID: 29191087 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1399788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among elderly population. Deranged β-amyloid (Aβ) trafficking across the blood-brain barrier is known to be a critical element in the pathogenesis of AD. In the vascular endothelial cells of hippocampus, Aβ transport is mainly mediated by low-density lipoprotein-associated protein 1 (LRP1) and the receptor for advanced glycation end (RAGE) products; therefore, LRP1 and RAGE endothelial cells are potential therapeutic targets for AD. In this study, we explored the effects of Formononetin (FMN) on learning and memory improvement in APP/PS1 mice and the related mechanisms. We found that FMN significantly improved learning and memory ability by suppressing Aβ production from APP processing, RAGE-dependent inflammatory signaling and promoted LRP1-dependent cerebral Aβ clearance pathway. Moreover, FMN treatment alleviated ultrastructural changes in hippocampal vascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, we believe that FMN may be an efficacious and promising treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Fei
- a Department of Basic Pathology , Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Ying-Bo Zhang
- b Pathology College , Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Ting Liu
- b Pathology College , Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- b Pathology College , Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Shu-Liang Wu
- c Department of Anatomy , Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
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