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Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Lamb AD, Sah P, Alvarez Nishio A, Nguyen C, Tew AD, Galvani AP, Dornburg A. Seasonality of endemic COVID-19. mBio 2023; 14:e0142623. [PMID: 37937979 PMCID: PMC10746271 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The seasonality of COVID-19 is important for effective healthcare and public health decision-making. Previous waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections have indicated that the virus will likely persist as an endemic pathogen with distinct surges. However, the timing and patterns of potentially seasonal surges remain uncertain, rendering effective public health policies uninformed and in danger of poorly anticipating opportunities for intervention, such as well-timed booster vaccination drives. Applying an evolutionary approach to long-term data on closely related circulating coronaviruses, our research provides projections of seasonal surges that should be expected at major temperate population centers. These projections enable local public health efforts that are tailored to expected surges at specific locales or regions. This knowledge is crucial for enhancing medical preparedness and facilitating the implementation of targeted public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Hayley B. Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - April D. Lamb
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Pratha Sah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Cameron Nguyen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Alexandra D. Tew
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Alison P. Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
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52
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Varela-Lasheras I, Perfeito L, Mesquita S, Gonçalves-Sá J. The effects of weather and mobility on respiratory viruses dynamics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA and Canada. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2023; 2:e0000405. [PMID: 38127792 PMCID: PMC10734953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The flu season is caused by a combination of different pathogens, including influenza viruses (IVS), that cause the flu, and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRVs), that cause common colds or influenza-like illness. These viruses exhibit similar dynamics and meteorological conditions have historically been regarded as a principal modulator of their epidemiology, with outbreaks in the winter and almost no circulation during the summer, in temperate regions. However, after the emergence of SARS-CoV2, in late 2019, the dynamics of these respiratory viruses were strongly perturbed worldwide: some infections displayed near-eradication, while others experienced temporal shifts or occurred "off-season". This disruption raised questions regarding the dominant role of weather while also providing an unique opportunity to investigate the roles of different determinants on the epidemiological dynamics of IVs and NIRVs. Here, we employ statistical analysis and modelling to test the effects of weather and mobility in viral dynamics, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging epidemiological surveillance data on several respiratory viruses, from Canada and the USA, from 2016 to 2023, we found that whereas in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, weather had a strong effect, in the pandemic period the effect of weather was strongly reduced and mobility played a more relevant role. These results, together with previous studies, indicate that behavioral changes resulting from the non-pharmacological interventions implemented to control SARS-CoV2, interfered with the dynamics of other respiratory viruses, and that the past dynamical equilibrium was disturbed, and perhaps permanently altered, by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Varela-Lasheras
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
| | - Lilia Perfeito
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Mesquita
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Sá
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
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53
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El Chaer F, Kaul DR, Englund JA, Boeckh M, Batista MV, Seo SK, Carpenter PA, Navarro D, Hirsch HH, Ison MG, Papanicolaou GA, Chemaly RF. American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Series: #7 - Management of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:730-738. [PMID: 37783338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT) partnered with its Transplant Infectious Disease Special Interest Group (TID-SIG) to update the 2009 compendium-style infectious disease guidelines for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). A new approach was adopted to better serve clinical providers by publishing each standalone topic in the infectious disease series in a concise format of frequently asked questions (FAQ), tables, and figures. Experts in HCT and infectious diseases identified FAQs and then provided answers based on the strength of the recommendation and the level of supporting evidence. In the seventh guideline in the series, we focus on the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with FAQs addressing epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment. Special consideration was given to RSV in pediatric, cord blood, haploidentical, and T cell-depleted HCT and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy recipients, as well as to identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas El Chaer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Daniel R Kaul
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Clinical Research and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marjorie V Batista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan K Seo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Paul A Carpenter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael G Ison
- Respiratory Disease Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Genovefa A Papanicolaou
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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54
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Petat H, Schuers M, Marguet C, Humbert X, Le Bas F, Rabiaza A, Corbet S, Leterrier B, Vabret A, Ar Gouilh M. Positive and negative viral associations in patients with acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: the ECOVIR study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1269805. [PMID: 38074759 PMCID: PMC10706622 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1269805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common viral infections encountered in primary care settings. The identification of causal viruses is still not available in routine practice. Although new strategies of prevention are being identified, knowledge of the relationships between respiratory viruses remains limited. Materials and methods ECOVIR was a multicentric prospective study in primary care, which took place during two pre-pandemic seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020). Patients presenting to their General practitioner (GP) with ARIs were included, without selecting for age or clinical conditions. Viruses were detected on nasal swab samples using a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction test focused on 17 viruses [Respiratory Syncytial Virus-A (RSV-A), RSV-B, Rhinovirus/Enterovirus (HRV), human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), Adenovirus (ADV), Coronaviruses (CoV) HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43, Influenza virus (H1 and H3 subtypes), Influenza virus B, Para-Influenza viruses (PIVs) 1-4, and Bocavirus (BoV)]. Results Among the 668 analyzed samples, 66% were positive for at least one virus, of which 7.9% were viral codetections. The viral detection was negatively associated with the age of patients. BoV, ADV, and HRV occurred more significantly in younger patients than the other viruses (p < 0.05). Codetections were significantly associated with RSV, HRV, BoV, hMPV, and ADV and not associated with influenza viruses, CoV, and PIVs. HRV and influenza viruses were negatively associated with all the viruses. Conversely, a positive association was found between ADV and BoV and between PIVs and BoV. Conclusion Our study provides additional information on the relationships between respiratory viruses, which remains limited in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Petat
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Rouen, Univ Rouen Normandie, Dynamicure INSERM UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Matthieu Schuers
- Department of General Practice, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM U1142, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Marguet
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Rouen, Univ Rouen Normandie, Dynamicure INSERM UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Humbert
- Department of General Practice, Univ Caen Normandie santé, Caen, France
| | - François Le Bas
- Department of General Practice, Univ Caen Normandie santé, Caen, France
| | - Andry Rabiaza
- Department of General Practice, Univ Caen Normandie santé, Caen, France
| | - Sandrine Corbet
- Department of Virology, Univ Caen Normandie, INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Bryce Leterrier
- Department of Virology, Univ Caen Normandie, INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Department of Virology, Univ Caen Normandie, INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Department of Virology, Univ Caen Normandie, INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, Caen, France
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Fitzpatrick MC, Laufer RS, Baral R, Driscoll AJ, Feikin DR, Fleming JA, Jit M, Kim S, Koltai M, Li Y, Li X, Nair H, Neuzil KM, Pecenka C, Sparrow E, Srikantiah P, Ortiz JR. Report of the WHO technical consultation on the evaluation of respiratory syncytial virus prevention cost effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries, April 7-8, 2022. Vaccine 2023; 41:7047-7059. [PMID: 37777450 PMCID: PMC10680976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Policymakers often rely on impact and cost-effectiveness evaluations to inform decisions about the introduction of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, cost-effectiveness results for the same health intervention can differ by the choice of parameter inputs, modelling assumptions, and geography. Anticipating the near-term availability of new respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevention products, WHO convened a two-day virtual consultation in April 2022 with stakeholder groups and global experts in health economics, epidemiology, and vaccine implementation. The objective was to review methods, parameterization, and results of existing cost-effectiveness analyses for RSV prevention in LMICs; identify the most influential inputs and data limitations; and recommend and prioritize future data gathering and research to improve RSV prevention impact estimates in LMICs. Epidemiological parameters identified as both influential and uncertain were those associated with RSV hospitalization and death, specifically setting-specific hospitalization rates and RSV-attributable death rates. Influential economic parameters included product price, delivery costs, willingness-to-pay for health on the part of potential donors, and the cost of RSV-associated hospitalization. Some of the influential parameters identified at this meeting should be more precisely measured by further research. Other influential economic parameters that are highly uncertain may not be resolved, and it is appropriate to use sensitivity analyses to explore these within cost-effectiveness evaluations. This report highlights the presentations and major discussions of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Vaccine Development & Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St., University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Rachel S Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development & Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St., University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Ranju Baral
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Center for Vaccine Development & Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St., University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica A Fleming
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Sonnie Kim
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mihaly Koltai
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - You Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Xiao Li
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development & Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St., University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Clint Pecenka
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | - Erin Sparrow
- World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | | | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development & Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St., University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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56
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Fleming JA, Baral R, Higgins D, Khan S, Kochar S, Li Y, Ortiz JR, Cherian T, Feikin D, Jit M, Karron RA, Limaye RJ, Marshall C, Munywoki PK, Nair H, Newhouse LC, Nyawanda BO, Pecenka C, Regan K, Srikantiah P, Wittenauer R, Zar HJ, Sparrow E. Value profile for respiratory syncytial virus vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 2:S7-S40. [PMID: 37422378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the predominant cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children worldwide, yet no licensed RSV vaccine exists to help prevent the millions of illnesses and hospitalizations and tens of thousands of young lives taken each year. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) prophylaxis exists for prevention of RSV in a small subset of very high-risk infants and young children, but the only currently licensed product is impractical, requiring multiple doses and expensive for the low-income settings where the RSV disease burden is greatest. A robust candidate pipeline exists to one day prevent RSV disease in infant and pediatric populations, and it focuses on two promising passive immunization approaches appropriate for low-income contexts: maternal RSV vaccines and long-acting infant mAbs. Licensure of one or more candidates is feasible over the next one to three years and, depending on final product characteristics, current economic models suggest both approaches are likely to be cost-effective. Strong coordination between maternal and child health programs and the Expanded Program on Immunization will be needed for effective, efficient, and equitable delivery of either intervention. This 'Vaccine Value Profile' (VVP) for RSV is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of the information and data that are currently available to inform the potential public health, economic and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. This VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, public private partnerships and multi-lateral organizations, and in collaboration with stakeholders from the WHO headquarters. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the RSV VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Fleming
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Ranju Baral
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Deborah Higgins
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Sadaf Khan
- Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Sonali Kochar
- Global Healthcare Consulting and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Hans Rosling Center, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
| | - You Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, PR China.
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, United States.
| | - Thomas Cherian
- MMGH Consulting GmbH, Kuerbergstrasse 1, 8049 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Feikin
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Mark Jit
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University, Department of International Health, 624 N. Broadway, Rm 117, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Rupali J Limaye
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road off Mbagathi Way, PO Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
| | - Lauren C Newhouse
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Bryan O Nyawanda
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Hospital Road, P.O. Box 1357, Kericho, Kenya.
| | - Clint Pecenka
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Katie Regan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States.
| | - Padmini Srikantiah
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Rachel Wittenauer
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Health Sciences Building, 1956 NE Pacific St H362, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Erin Sparrow
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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57
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Li Y, Liang Y, Tang J, Li N, Yang Y, Guo W, Lin C, Wu J, Lin Y, Chen Q. Clinical impact of human parainfluenza virus infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern China. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105219. [PMID: 37734534 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were widely administered to combat the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respiratory specimens were obtained from 10,454 hospitalized children with ARTIs to detect HPIV. We investigated differences in epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HPIV infections before (2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022). HPIVs were detected in 392 (3.75%, 392/10,454) patients, of whom 70 (17.86%), 48 (12.24%), and 274 (69.90%) were positive for HPIV1, HPIV2, and HPIV3, respectively. Detection rates of HPIV3 were higher in 2020-2022 than in 2017-2019 (3.38% vs. 2.24%). The seasonal distribution of HPIV1 showed no difference, but HPIV3 peaked between September and December during the COVID-19 pandemic, which differed from previous epidemiological patterns. Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a noticeable decrease in the incidence of asthma, moist rales, and emesis in patients infected with HPIV1 and in asthma, expectoration, and severe pneumonia in patients infected with HPIV3 during 2020-2022. The detection rates of HPIV increased in Southern China during the COVID-19 outbreak, which underlines the importance of continuous surveillance of HPIV in the next epidemic season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qigao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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58
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Samuels RJ, Sumah I, Alhasan F, McHenry R, Short L, Chappell JD, Haddadin Z, Halasa NB, Valério ID, Amorim G, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Moon TD. Respiratory virus surveillance in hospitalized children less than two-years of age in Kenema, Sierra Leone during the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2020- October 2021). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292652. [PMID: 37816008 PMCID: PMC10564235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral pathogens are the leading cause of acute respiratory infection in children under-five years. We aim to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory pathogens in hospitalized children under-two years of age in Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, during the second year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We conducted a prospective study of children hospitalized with respiratory symptoms between October 2020 and October 2021. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics and calculated each participant´s respiratory symptom severity. Nose and throat swabs were collected at enrollment. Total nucleic acid was purified and tested for multiple respiratory viruses. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.2.0 software. 502 children less than two-years of age were enrolled. 376 (74.9%) had at least one respiratory virus detected. The most common viruses isolated were HRV/EV (28.2%), RSV (19.5%) and PIV (13.1%). Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were identified in only 9.2% and 3.9% of children, respectively. Viral co-detection was common. Human metapneumovirus and RSV had more than two-fold higher odds of requiring O2 therapy while hospitalized. Viral pathogen prevalence was high (74.9%) in our study population. Despite this, 100% of children received antibiotics, underscoring a need to expand laboratory diagnostic capacity and to revisit clinical guidelines implementation in these children. Continuous surveillance and serologic studies among more diverse age groups, with greater geographic breadth, are needed in Sierra Leone to better characterize the long-term impact of COVID-19 on respiratory virus prevalence and to better characterize the seasonality of respiratory viruses in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Samuels
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Sumah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Rendie McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laura Short
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James D. Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zaid Haddadin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Inaê D. Valério
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Amorim
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Pierangeli A, Piralla A, Uceda Renteria S, Giacomel G, Lunghi G, Pagani E, Giacobazzi E, Vian E, Biscaro V, Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Menzo S, Ferreri ML, Novazzi F, Petrarca L, Licari A, Ferrari G, Oliveto G, Antonelli G, Binda S, Galli C, Pellegrinelli L, Pariani E, Baldanti F. Multicenter epidemiological investigation and genetic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections in the pre-pandemic 2018-2019 season in northern and central Italy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2725-2737. [PMID: 36522554 PMCID: PMC9754777 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cause a high burden of disease, particularly in children and the elderly. With the aim to add knowledge on RSV and HMPV infections in Italy, a prospective, multicenter study was conducted by eight centers of the Working Group on Respiratory Virus Infections (GLIViRe), from December 2018-April 2019. Weekly distribution and patients' demographic and clinical data were compared in 1300 RSV and 222 HMPV-positive cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the G-glycoprotein coding region was performed to characterize circulating strains. RSV positivity ranged from 6.4% in outpatients of all ages to 31.7% in hospitalized children; HMPV positivity was 4-1.2% with no age-association. RSV season peaked in February and ended in mid-April: HMPV circulation was higher when RSV decreased in early spring. RSV was more frequent in infants, whereas HMPV infected comparatively more elderly adults; despite, their clinical course was similar. RSV-B cases were two-thirds of the total and had similar clinical severity compared to RSV-A. Phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of RSV-A ON1 variants and the predominance of RSV-B genotype BA10. HMPV genotype A2c was the prevalent one and presented insertions of different lengths in G. This first multicenter Italian report on seasonality, age-specific distribution, and clinical presentation of RSV and HMPV demonstrated their substantial disease burden in young patients but also in the elderly. These data may provide the basis for a national respiratory virus surveillance network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, V.Le Porta Tiburtina, 28; 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Uceda Renteria
- Virology Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giacomel
- Virology Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lunghi
- Virology Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Laboratorio Aziendale Di Microbiologia E Virologia, Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Bolzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giacobazzi
- Laboratorio Aziendale Di Microbiologia E Virologia, Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Bolzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vian
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital of Treviso (AULSS2), Treviso, Italy
| | - Valeria Biscaro
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital of Treviso (AULSS2), Treviso, Italy
| | - Giulia Piccirilli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Menzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Lucia Ferreri
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Novazzi
- Ospedale Di Circolo E Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Ferrari
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Oliveto
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, V.Le Porta Tiburtina, 28; 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, V.Le Porta Tiburtina, 28; 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Galli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Bouckaert N, Lefèvre M, Van den Heede K, Van de Voorde C. RSV Burden and Its Impact on Pediatric Inpatient Bed Occupancy in Belgium: An Analysis of National Hospital Claims Data. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:857-861. [PMID: 37463354 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections represent a substantial burden on pediatric services during winter. While the morbidity and financial burden of RSV are well studied, less is known about the organizational impact on hospital services (ie, impact on bed capacity and overcrowding and variation across hospitals). METHODS Retrospective analysis of the population-wide Belgian Hospital Discharge Data Set for the years 2017 and 2018 (including all hospital sites with pediatric inpatient services), covering all RSV-associated (RSV-related International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version, Clinical Modification diagnoses) inpatient hospitalization by children under 5 years old as well as all-cause acute hospitalizations in pediatric wards. RESULTS RSV hospitalizations amount to 68.3 hospitalizations per 1000 children less than 1 year and 5.0 per 1000 children 1-4 years of age and are responsible for 20%-40% of occupied beds during the peak period (November-December). The mean bed occupancy rate over the entire year (2018) varies across hospitals from 22.8% to 85.1% and from 30.4% to 95.1% during the peak period. Small-scale pediatric services (<25 beds) are more vulnerable to the volatility of occupancy rates. Forty-six hospital sites have daily occupancy rates above 100% (median of 9 days). Only in 1 of 23 geographically defined hospital networks these high occupancy rates are on the same calendar days. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric services tend to be over-dimensioned to deal with peak activity mainly attributable to RSV. RSV immunization can substantially reduce pediatric capacity requirements. Enhanced collaboration in regional networks is an alternative strategy to deal with peaks and reduce capacity needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bouckaert
- From the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE), Kruidtuinlaan, Brussels, Belgium
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Kakoullis L, Steffen R, Osterhaus A, Goeijenbier M, Rao SR, Koiso S, Hyle EP, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC, Chen LH. Influenza: seasonality and travel-related considerations. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad102. [PMID: 37535890 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW This review aims to summarize the transmission patterns of influenza, its seasonality in different parts of the globe, air travel- and cruise ship-related influenza infections and interventions to reduce transmission. KEY FINDINGS The seasonality of influenza varies globally, with peak periods occurring mainly between October and April in the northern hemisphere (NH) and between April and October in the southern hemisphere (SH) in temperate climate zones. However, influenza seasonality is significantly more variable in the tropics. Influenza is one of the most common travel-related, vaccine-preventable diseases and can be contracted during travel, such as during a cruise or through air travel. Additionally, travellers can come into contact with people from regions with ongoing influenza transmission. Current influenza immunization schedules in the NH and SH leave individuals susceptible during their respective spring and summer months if they travel to the other hemisphere during that time. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS The differences in influenza seasonality between hemispheres have substantial implications for the effectiveness of influenza vaccination of travellers. Health care providers should be aware of influenza activity when patients report travel plans, and they should provide alerts and advise on prevention, diagnostic and treatment options. To mitigate the risk of travel-related influenza, interventions include antivirals for self-treatment (in combination with the use of rapid self-tests), extending the shelf life of influenza vaccines to enable immunization during the summer months for international travellers and allowing access to the influenza vaccine used in the opposite hemisphere as a travel-related vaccine. With the currently available vaccines, the most important preventive measure involves optimizing the seasonal influenza vaccination. It is also imperative that influenza is recognized as a travel-related illness among both travellers and health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Kakoullis
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Intensive Care, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, 2035, Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, Netherlands
| | - Sowmya R Rao
- Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Satoshi Koiso
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Lin H Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Zhang Y, Wu G, Yang Y, Niu L, Zhao Y. Interleukin-4 Promotes Human Metapneumovirus Replication Through the JAK/STAT6 Pathway. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:449-457. [PMID: 37406292 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are the main causes of pediatric diseases. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an enveloped RNA virus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2, both of which have emerged as important new respiratory viruses. Recent studies have found that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is involved in the replication of a variety of viruses, and its role differs in different viruses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-4 on hMPV and to elucidate its mechanism of action. We found that hMPV infection promoted the expression of IL-4 in human bronchial epithelial cells. The replication of the virus was reduced using small interfering RNA knockdown of IL-4 expression, while the addition of exogenous recombinant human IL-4 to IL-4 knockdown cells restored viral replication ability. These results demonstrate that the expression of IL-4 is closely related to the replication of hMPV; moreover, further experiments revealed that IL-4 promotes the replication of hMPV through a mechanism dependent on the Janus kinase/signal transductor and transcription activator 6 signaling pathway. Therefore, anti-IL-4 strategies may be a promising avenue for the treatment of hMPV infection, representing an important breakthrough for children at risk from hMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojin Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Niu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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63
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Pendrey CG, Strachan J, Peck H, Aziz A, Moselen J, Moss R, Rahaman MR, Barr IG, Subbarao K, Sullivan SG. The re-emergence of influenza following the COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia, 2021 to 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300118. [PMID: 37707981 PMCID: PMC10687983 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.37.2300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures, including travel restrictions, limited global circulation of influenza viruses. In Australia, travel bans for non-residents and quarantine requirements for returned travellers were eased in November 2021, providing pathways for influenza viruses to be re-introduced.AimWe aimed to describe the epidemiological and virological characteristics of the re-emergence of influenza in Victoria, Australia to inform public health interventions.MethodsFrom 1 November 2021 to 30 April 2022, we conducted an epidemiological study analysing case notification data from the Victorian Department of Health to describe case demographics, interviewed the first 200 cases to establish probable routes of virus reintroduction and examined phylogenetic and antigenic data to understand virus diversity and susceptibility to current vaccines.ResultsOverall, 1,598 notifications and 1,064 positive specimens were analysed. The majority of cases (61.4%) occurred in the 15-34 years age group. Interviews revealed a higher incidence of international travel exposure during the first month of case detections, and high levels of transmission in university residential colleges were associated with return to campus. Influenza A(H3N2) was the predominant subtype, with a single lineage predominating despite multiple importations.ConclusionEnhanced testing for respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic provided a more complete picture of influenza virus transmission compared with previous seasons. Returned international travellers were important drivers of influenza reemergence, as were young adults, a group whose role has previously been under-recognised in the establishment of seasonal influenza epidemics. Targeting interventions, including vaccination, to these groups could reduce future influenza transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ga Pendrey
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Communicable Diseases, Health Protection Branch, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janet Strachan
- Communicable Diseases, Health Protection Branch, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ammar Aziz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jean Moselen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rob Moss
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Md Rezanur Rahaman
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Communicable Diseases, Health Protection Branch, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Mahmud AS, Martinez PP, Baker RE. The impact of current and future climates on spatiotemporal dynamics of influenza in a tropical setting. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad307. [PMID: 38741656 PMCID: PMC11089418 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Although the drivers of influenza have been well studied in high-income settings in temperate regions, many open questions remain about the burden, seasonality, and drivers of influenza dynamics in the tropics. In temperate climates, the inverse relationship between specific humidity and transmission can explain much of the observed temporal and spatial patterns of influenza outbreaks. Yet, this relationship fails to explain seasonality, or lack there-of, in tropical and subtropical countries. Here, we analyzed eight years of influenza surveillance data from 12 locations in Bangladesh to quantify the role of climate in driving disease dynamics in a tropical setting with a distinct rainy season. We find strong evidence for a nonlinear bimodal relationship between specific humidity and influenza transmission in Bangladesh, with highest transmission occurring for relatively low and high specific humidity values. We simulated influenza burden under current and future climate in Bangladesh using a mathematical model with a bimodal relationship between humidity and transmission, and decreased transmission at very high temperatures, while accounting for changes in population immunity. The climate-driven mechanistic model can accurately capture both the temporal and spatial variation in influenza activity observed across Bangladesh, highlighting the usefulness of mechanistic models for low-income countries with inadequate surveillance. By using climate model projections, we also highlight the potential impact of climate change on influenza dynamics in the tropics and the public health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha S Mahmud
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pamela P Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rachel E Baker
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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65
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Guo L, Li L, Liu L, Zhang T, Sun M. Neutralising antibodies against human metapneumovirus. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e732-e744. [PMID: 37499668 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory infection. Since its discovery in 2001, no specific antiviral or vaccine has been available in contrast to its closely related family member human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) are the core effectors of vaccines and are essential therapeutic immune drugs against infectious pathogens. The development of nMAbs against hMPV has accelerated in recent years as a result of breakthroughs in viral fusion (F) protein structural biology and experience with hRSV and other enveloped viruses. We provide an overview of the potent F-specific nMAbs of hMPV, generalise their targeting F antigen epitopes, and discuss the nMAb development strategy and future directions for hMPV and broad-spectrum hMPV, hRSV nMabs, and vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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66
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Izu A, Nunes MC, Solomon F, Baillie V, Serafin N, Verwey C, Moore DP, Laubscher M, Ncube M, Olwagen C, Dangor Z, Madhi SA. All-cause and pathogen-specific lower respiratory tract infection hospital admissions in children younger than 5 years during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-22) compared with the pre-pandemic period (2015-19) in South Africa: an observational study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1031-1041. [PMID: 37141913 PMCID: PMC10151031 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions affected the circulation of and illness due to endemic respiratory pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the incidence of admissions to hospital for overall and specific pathogen-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with incidence in the pre-pandemic period. METHODS In this observational study, we analysed surveillance data for children younger than 5 years from two public hospitals in Soweto, South Africa, for all-cause LRTI, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, human metapneumovirus, and Bordetella pertussis from Jan 1, 2015 to Dec 31, 2022. Data were obtained from an electronic database that includes information for all admissions to the general paediatric wards at the two hospitals, automatically identified by a computer program. We excluded children admitted to hospital with incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 without LRTI diagnosis. Incidence during COVID-19 pandemic years (2020, 2021, and 2022) were compared with pre-pandemic rates (2015-19). FINDINGS Overall, there were 42 068 all-cause hospital admissions, including 18 303 all-cause LRTI hospital admissions, from Jan 1, 2015, to Dec 31, 2022, 17 822 (42·4%) of whom were female, 23 893 (57·0%) were male, and 353 (0·8%) had missing data. All-cause LRTI incidence risk ratio (IRR) was 30% lower in 2020 (IRR 0·70, 95% CI 0·67-0·74) and 13% lower in 2021 (0·87, 0·83-0·91), but 16% higher in 2022 (1·16, 1·11-1·21) compared with the pre-pandemic period. Furthermore, compared with the pre-pandemic period, incidence of RSV-associated LRTI (0·52, 0·45-0·58), influenza-associated LRTI (0·05, 0·02-0·11), and pulmonary tuberculosis (0·52, 0·41-0·65) were lower in 2020, with similar trends observed for human-metapneumovirus-associated LRTI, pertussis, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Compared with the pre-pandemic period, by 2022, RSV-associated LRTI incidence was similar (1·04, 0·95-1·14) and influenza-associated LRTI showed a non-significant increase (1·14, 0·92-1·39), whereas incidence remained lower for tuberculosis (0·79, 0·65-0·94) and IPD (0·51, 0·24-0·99). In 2022, the incidence of COVID-19-associated LRTI hospital admission (65 per 100 000 children younger than 5 years) was lower than pre-pandemic RSV-associated LRTI (0·23, 0·19-0·27) but higher than pre-pandemic influenza-associated LRTI (1·19, 0·97-1·45), although the difference was not significant. All-cause LRTI death in 2022 (57 per 100 000 children younger than 5 years) was 28% higher than in the pre-pandemic period (1·28, 1·03-1·58). INTERPRETATION The higher incidence of all-cause LRTI admissions to hospital in 2022 compared with the pre-pandemic period is partly due to ongoing COVID-19 admission to hospital, and could worsen if other endemic respiratory pathogens revert to pre-pandemic incidence. Interventions, including the introduction of vaccines for people who are pregnant that aim to prevent RSV and possibly COVID-19 in young children, are warranted. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Center of Excellence in Respiratory Pathogens, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fatima Solomon
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vicky Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natali Serafin
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charl Verwey
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David P Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marius Laubscher
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Ncube
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Courtney Olwagen
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Science, National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Romero-Tapia SDJ, Guzmán Priego CG, Del-Río-Navarro BE, Sánchez-Solis M. Advances in the Relationship between Respiratory Viruses and Asthma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5501. [PMID: 37685567 PMCID: PMC10488270 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that viral infection is closely associated with the onset, progression, and exacerbation of asthma. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role that viral infections have in the pathogenesis of asthma onset and exacerbations, as well as discuss interrelated protective and risk factors of asthma and current treatment options. Furthermore, we present current knowledge of the innate immunological pathways driving host defense, including changes in the epithelial barrier. In addition, we highlight the importance of the genetics and epigenetics of asthma and virus susceptibility. Moreover, the involvement of virus etiology from bronchiolitis and childhood wheezing to asthma is described. The characterization and mechanisms of action of the respiratory viruses most frequently related to asthma are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio de Jesús Romero-Tapia
- Health Sciences Academic Division (DACS), Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa 86040, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Crystell Guadalupe Guzmán Priego
- Cardiometabolism Laboratory, Research Center, Health Sciences Academic Division (DACS), Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa 86040, Tabasco, Mexico;
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez-Solis
- Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
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68
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Ito G, Takazono T, Hosogaya N, Iwanaga N, Miyazawa S, Fujita S, Watanabe H, Mukae H. Impact of meteorological and demographic factors on the influenza epidemic in Japan: a large observational database study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13000. [PMID: 37563139 PMCID: PMC10415347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting the start date of the influenza epidemic season and total number of infected persons per 1,000,000 population in 47 prefectures of Japan were evaluated. This retrospective observational study (September 2014-August 2019; N = 472,740-883,804) evaluated data from a Japanese health insurance claims database. Single and multiple regression analyses evaluated the time to start of the epidemic or total infected persons per 1,000,000 population with time to absolute humidity (AH) or number of days with AH (≤ 5.5, ≤ 6.0, ≤ 6.5, and ≤ 7.0), total visitors (first epidemic month or per day), and total population. For the 2014/15, 2015/16, and 2016/17 seasons, a weak-to-moderate positive correlation (R2: 0.042-0.417) was observed between time to start of the epidemic and time to first day with AH below the cutoff values. Except in the 2016/17 season (R2: 0.089), a moderate correlation was reported between time to start of the epidemic and the total population (R2: 0.212-0.401). For all seasons, multiple regression analysis showed negative R2 for time to start of the epidemic and total visitors and population density (positive for time to AH ≤ 7.0). The earlier the climate becomes suitable for virus transmission and the higher the human mobility (more visitors and higher population density), the earlier the epidemic season tends to begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ito
- Data Science Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hosogaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyazawa
- Data Science Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoki Fujita
- Data Science Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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69
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Boehm AB, Wolfe MK, White BJ, Hughes B, Duong D, Bidwell A. More than a Tripledemic: Influenza A Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, SARS-CoV-2, and Human Metapneumovirus in Wastewater during Winter 2022-2023. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:622-627. [PMID: 37577361 PMCID: PMC10413932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring can provide insights into respiratory disease occurrence in communities that contribute to the wastewater system. Using daily measurements of RNA of influenza A (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), as well as SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater solids from eight publicly owned treatment works in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area of California between July 2022 and early July 2023, we identify a "tripledemic" when concentrations of IAV, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 peaked at approximately the same time. HMPV was also widely circulating. We designed novel hydrolysis probe RT-PCR assays for different IAV subtype markers to discern that the dominant circulating IAV subtype was H3N2. We show that wastewater data can be used to identify the onset and offset of wastewater disease occurrence events. This information can provide insight into disease epidemiology and timely, localized information to inform hospital staffing and clinical decision making to respond to circulating viruses. Whereas RSV and IAV wastewater events were mostly regionally coherent, HMPV events displayed localized occurrence patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and
Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marlene K. Wolfe
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bradley J. White
- Verily
Life Sciences, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bridgette Hughes
- Verily
Life Sciences, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dorothea Duong
- Verily
Life Sciences, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amanda Bidwell
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and
Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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70
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Li H, Wu X, Zeng H, Chang B, Cui Y, Zhang J, Wang R, Ding T. Unique microbial landscape in the human oropharynx during different types of acute respiratory tract infections. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:157. [PMID: 37482605 PMCID: PMC10364384 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial infections and pneumonia are major mortality causes of respiratory viruses, and the disruption of the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota is a crucial component of this process. However, whether this URT dysbiosis associates with the viral species (in other words, is viral type-specific) is unclear. RESULTS Here, we recruited 735 outpatients with upper respiratory symptoms, identified the infectious virus types in 349 participants using multiplex RT-PCR, and profiled their upper respiratory microbiome using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and metagenomic gene sequencing. Microbial and viral data were subsequently used as inputs for multivariate analysis aimed at revealing viral type-specific disruption of the upper respiratory microbiota. We found that the oropharyngeal microbiota shaped by influenza A virus (FluA), influenza B virus (FluB), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human rhinovirus (HRV) infections exhibited three distinct patterns of dysbiosis, and Veillonella was identified as a prominent biomarker for any type of respiratory viral infections. Influenza virus infections are significantly correlated with increased oropharynx microbiota diversity and enrichment of functional metabolic pathways such as L-arginine biosynthesis and tetracycline resistance gene tetW. We used the GRiD algorithm and found the predicted growth rate of common respiratory pathogens was increased upon influenza virus infection, while commensal bacteria, such as Streptococcus infantis and Streptococcus mitis, may act as a colonization resistance to the overgrowth of these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS We found that respiratory viral infections are linked with viral type-specific disruption of the upper respiratory microbiota, particularly, influenza infections uniquely associated with increased microbial diversity and growth rates of specific pathogens in URT. These findings are essential for clarifying the differences and dynamics of respiratory microbiota in healthy participants and acute respiratory viral infections, which contribute to elucidating the pathogenesis of viral-host-bacterial interactions to provide insights into future studies on effective prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infections. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanhai District, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Bozhen Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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71
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Servadio JL, Thai PQ, Choisy M, Boni MF. Repeatability and timing of tropical influenza epidemics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011317. [PMID: 37467254 PMCID: PMC10389745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the world experiences influenza in yearly recurring seasons, particularly in temperate areas. These patterns can be considered repeatable if they occur predictably and consistently at the same time of year. In tropical areas, including southeast Asia, timing of influenza epidemics is less consistent, leading to a lack of consensus regarding whether influenza is repeatable. This study aimed to assess repeatability of influenza in Vietnam, with repeatability defined as seasonality that occurs at a consistent time of year with low variation. We developed a mathematical model incorporating parameters to represent periods of increased transmission and then fitted the model to data collected from sentinel hospitals throughout Vietnam as well as four temperate locations. We fitted the model for individual (sub)types of influenza as well as all combined influenza throughout northern, central, and southern Vietnam. Repeatability was evaluated through the variance of the timings of peak transmission. Model fits from Vietnam show high variance (sd = 64-179 days) in peak transmission timing, with peaks occurring at irregular intervals and throughout different times of year. Fits from temperate locations showed regular, annual epidemics in winter months, with low variance in peak timings (sd = 32-57 days). This suggests that influenza patterns are not repeatable or seasonal in Vietnam. Influenza prevention in Vietnam therefore cannot rely on anticipation of regularly occurring outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Servadio
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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72
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Xie E, Ahmad S, Smyth RP, Sieben C. Advanced fluorescence microscopy in respiratory virus cell biology. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:123-172. [PMID: 37524480 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a major public health burden across all age groups around the globe, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. They can be transmitted by multiple routes, including physical contact or droplets and aerosols, resulting in efficient spreading within the human population. Investigations of the cell biology of virus replication are thus of utmost importance to gain a better understanding of virus-induced pathogenicity and the development of antiviral countermeasures. Light and fluorescence microscopy techniques have revolutionized investigations of the cell biology of virus infection by allowing the study of the localization and dynamics of viral or cellular components directly in infected cells. Advanced microscopy including high- and super-resolution microscopy techniques available today can visualize biological processes at the single-virus and even single-molecule level, thus opening a unique view on virus infection. We will highlight how fluorescence microscopy has supported investigations on virus cell biology by focusing on three major respiratory viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2. We will review our current knowledge of virus replication and highlight how fluorescence microscopy has helped to improve our state of understanding. We will start by introducing major imaging and labeling modalities and conclude the chapter with a perspective discussion on remaining challenges and potential opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Xie
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shazeb Ahmad
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Redmond P Smyth
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Sieben
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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73
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Abu-Raya B, Viñeta Paramo M, Reicherz F, Lavoie PM. Why has the epidemiology of RSV changed during the COVID-19 pandemic? EClinicalMedicine 2023; 61:102089. [PMID: 37483545 PMCID: PMC10359735 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has drastically perturbed the epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) respiratory tract infections in children. The reasons for this are not clear. In this article, we review the current literature and critically discuss the different theories to explain why the epidemiology of RSV has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proposed mechanisms include decreased viral immunity in vulnerable age groups caused by the prolonged lack of RSV circulation early in the pandemic, potential Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced immune dysregulation, viral interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, and modifications in health-seeking behaviors as well as heath systems factors. Research in viral genomics and phylogeny, and more robust immunology research is needed to guide RSV prevention and health care resource planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marina Viñeta Paramo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Frederic Reicherz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pascal Michel Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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74
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Ando H, Ahmed W, Iwamoto R, Ando Y, Okabe S, Kitajima M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses elucidated by wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:162694. [PMID: 36894088 PMCID: PMC9991320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in the prevalence of Influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been suggested by clinical surveillance. However, there may be potential biases in obtaining an accurate overview of infectious diseases in a community. To elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 on the prevalence of IAV and RSV, we quantified IAV and RSV RNA in wastewater collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sapporo, Japan, between October 2018 and January 2023, using highly sensitive EPISENS™ method. From October 2018 to April 2020, the IAV M gene concentrations were positively correlated with the confirmed cases in the corresponding area (Spearman's r = 0.61). Subtype-specific HA genes of IAV were also detected, and their concentrations showed trends that were consistent with clinically reported cases. RSV A and B serotypes were also detected in wastewater, and their concentrations were positively correlated with the confirmed clinical cases (Spearman's r = 0.36-0.52). The detection ratios of IAV and RSV in wastewater decreased from 66.7 % (22/33) and 42.4 % (14/33) to 4.56 % (12/263) and 32.7 % (86/263), respectively in the city after the COVID-19 prevalence. The present study demonstrates the potential usefulness of wastewater-based epidemiology combined with the preservation of wastewater (wastewater banking) as a tool for better management of respiratory viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ando
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan; AdvanSentinel Inc., 1-8 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ando
- Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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75
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Zheng L, Lin Y, Yang J, Fang K, Wu J, Zheng M. Global variability of influenza activity and virus subtype circulation from 2011 to 2023. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:e001638. [PMID: 37491131 PMCID: PMC10577751 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although decreased influenza activity has been reported in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains unknown how global influenza activity has changed. We described the global variability of influenza activity and virus subtype circulation from 2011 to 2023 to prepare for the potential influenza outbreak with the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Influenza virological surveillance data between 2011 and 2023 were obtained from the WHO-FluNet database. We first calculated and compared the influenza activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For countries whose influenza activity has recovered, we also described changes in the duration of influenza epidemics. We then determined the proportion of influenza cases caused by the different influenza virus types. RESULTS In total, 73 countries with 2.17 million influenza cases were included. In the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased influenza activity was observed in all WHO regions. In 2022 and 2023, rebound in influenza activity was observed in all WHO regions, especially in Western Pacific Region. At the same time, a change in the duration of the influenza epidemic was observed in several Southern Hemisphere countries. Moreover, in all WHO regions, few B/Yamagata viruses were detected during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Lack of exposure to influenza will diminish population immunity and increase the severity of large epidemics on a future global resurgence. Ongoing monitoring of the changes in the duration of the influenza epidemic and circulation subtypes should be the focus of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kailu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
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76
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Andrew MK, Pott H, Staadegaard L, Paget J, Chaves SS, Ortiz JR, McCauley J, Bresee J, Nunes MC, Baumeister E, Raboni SM, Giamberardino HIG, McNeil SA, Gomez D, Zhang T, Vanhems P, Koul PA, Coulibaly D, Otieno NA, Dbaibo G, Almeida MLG, Laguna-Torres VA, Drăgănescu AC, Burtseva E, Sominina A, Danilenko D, Medić S, Diez-Domingo J, Lina B. Age Differences in Comorbidities, Presenting Symptoms, and Outcomes of Influenza Illness Requiring Hospitalization: A Worldwide Perspective From the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad244. [PMID: 37383245 PMCID: PMC10296081 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) was established in 2012 to conduct coordinated worldwide influenza surveillance. In this study, we describe underlying comorbidities, symptoms, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with influenza. Methods Between November 2018 and October 2019, GIHSN included 19 sites in 18 countries using a standardized surveillance protocol. Influenza infection was laboratory-confirmed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to analyze the extent to which various risk factors predict severe outcomes. Results Of 16 022 enrolled patients, 21.9% had laboratory-confirmed influenza; 49.2% of influenza cases were A/H1N1pdm09. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms, although they decreased with age (P < .001). Shortness of breath was uncommon among those <50 years but increased with age (P < .001). Middle and older age and history of underlying diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with increased odds of death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and male sex and influenza vaccination were associated with lower odds. The ICU admissions and mortality occurred across the age spectrum. Conclusions Both virus and host factors contributed to influenza burden. We identified age differences in comorbidities, presenting symptoms, and adverse clinical outcomes among those hospitalized with influenza and benefit from influenza vaccination in protecting against adverse clinical outcomes. The GIHSN provides an ongoing platform for global understanding of hospitalized influenza illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Andrew
- Correspondence: Melissa K. Andrew, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, 5955 Veterans Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E1, Canada (); Bruno Lina, Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69317 CEDEX 04, France ()
| | - Henrique Pott
- Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lisa Staadegaard
- Netherlands Institute for Health Care Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Care Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, Paris, France
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Centre for Vaccine Equity, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics (VIDA) Research Unit, and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Respiratory Diseases, Virology Department, INEI-ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Mara Raboni
- Molecular Biology/Microbiology Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Heloisa I G Giamberardino
- Epidemiology, Immunization and Infection Control Department—Hospital Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Dalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Canada
| | - Doris Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Institut National d'Hygiène Publique (INHP), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Elena Burtseva
- FSBI “N.F. Gamaleya NRCEM” Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Federal Research Budgetary Institute “National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Sominina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Danilenko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Snežana Medić
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Bruno Lina
- Correspondence: Melissa K. Andrew, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, 5955 Veterans Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E1, Canada (); Bruno Lina, Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69317 CEDEX 04, France ()
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Rezende W, Ye X, Angelo LS, Carisey AF, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA. The Efficiency of p27 Cleavage during In Vitro Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection Is Cell Line and RSV Subtype Dependent. J Virol 2023; 97:e0025423. [PMID: 37133390 PMCID: PMC10231215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00254-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F) is highly conserved between subtypes A and B (RSV/A and RSV/B). To become fully active, F precursor undergoes enzymatic cleavage to yield F1 and F2 subunits and releases a 27-amino-acid peptide (p27). Virus-cell fusion occurs when RSV F undergoes a conformational change from pre-F to post-F. Previous data show that p27 is detected on RSV F, but questions remain regarding if and how p27 affects the conformation of mature RSV F. Monoclonal antibodies against p27, site Ø (pre-F specific), and site II were used to monitor RSV F conformation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and imaging flow cytometry. Pre-F to post-F conformational change was induced by a temperature stress test. We found that p27 cleavage efficiency was lower on sucrose-purified RSV/A (spRSV/A) than on spRSV/B. In addition, cleavage of RSV F was cell line dependent: HEp-2 cells had higher retention of p27 than did A549 cells when infected with RSV. Higher levels of p27 were also found on RSV/A-infected cells than on RSV/B-infected cells. We observed that RSV/A F with higher p27 levels could better sustain the pre-F conformation during the temperature stress challenge in both spRSV- and RSV-infected cell lines. Our findings suggest that despite F sequence similarity, p27 of RSV subtypes was cleaved with different efficiencies, which were also dependent on the cell lines used for infection. Importantly, the presence of p27 was associated with greater stability of the pre-F conformation, supporting the possibility that RSV has more than one mechanism for fusion to the host cell. IMPORTANCE RSV fusion protein (F) plays an important role in entry and viral fusion to the host cell. The F undergoes proteolytic cleavages releasing a 27-amino-acid peptide (p27) to become fully functional. The role of p27 in viral entry and the function of the partially cleaved F containing p27 has been overlooked. p27 is thought to destabilize the F trimers, and thus, there is need for a fully cleaved F. In this study, we detected p27 on purified RSV virions and on the surface of virus-infected HEp-2 and A549 cells for circulating RSV strains of both subtypes. Higher levels of partially cleaved F containing p27 better sustained the pre-F conformation during the temperature stress challenge. Our findings highlight that the cleavage efficiency of p27 is different between RSV subtypes and among cell lines and that the presence of p27 contributes to the stability of the pre-F conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Rezende
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xunyan Ye
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Avance Biosciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandre F. Carisey
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Fontes V, Ferreira H, Ribeiro M, Pinheiro A, Maramaldo C, Pereira E, Batista L, Júnior A, Lobato L, Silva F, Sousa L, Lima W, Lima C, Soczek S, Carvalho R, Santos M, Fernandes E, Sousa E, Neto L. High Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia from a City in the Brazilian Pre-Amazon Region. Viruses 2023; 15:1306. [PMID: 37376604 PMCID: PMC10305439 DOI: 10.3390/v15061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although fewer children have been affected by the severe form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be the leading global cause of child hospitalizations and deaths. AIM This study investigated the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as well its subtypes (RSV A and B), adenovirus (ADV), rhinovirus (HRV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1), parainfluenza virus subtypes (PI1, PI2 and PI3), bocavirus and influenza A and B viruses (FluA and FluB) in children diagnosed with CAP during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A total of 200 children with clinically confirmed CAP were initially recruited, of whom 107 had negative qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2 and were included in this study. Viral subtypes were identified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction in the nasopharyngeal swab samples. RESULTS Viruses were identified in 69.2% of the patients. RSV infections were the most frequently identified (65.4%), with type RSV B being the most prevalent (63.5%). In addition, HCoV 229E and HRV were detected in 6.5% and 3.7% of the patients, respectively. RSV type B was associated with severe acute respiratory infection (ARI) and a younger age (less than 24 months). CONCLUSIONS New strategies for preventing and treating viral respiratory infections, particularly RSV infections, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Fontes
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Hivylla Ferreira
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
| | - Marilene Ribeiro
- Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão, HU-UFMA, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Aruanã Pinheiro
- Postdoctoral Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Carlos Maramaldo
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Luís Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Antonio Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Luis Lobato
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Programme in Tropical Medicine, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Silva
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Programme in Tropical Medicine, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luis Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
| | - Washington Lima
- Post-Graduate Programme in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Suzany Soczek
- Post-Graduate Programme in Biotechnology Applied to Child and Adolescent Health, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth Fernandes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Biotechnology Applied to Child and Adolescent Health, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Lidio Neto
- Laboratory of Virology, Post-Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Maranhão—LACEN-MA, Osvaldo Cruz Institute, São Luís, MA 65020-904, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Programme in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), CEUMA University, São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
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He Y, Liu WJ, Jia N, Richardson S, Huang C. Viral respiratory infections in a rapidly changing climate: the need to prepare for the next pandemic. EBioMedicine 2023:104593. [PMID: 37169688 PMCID: PMC10363434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics, with their transmission influenced by climate conditions. Despite the risks posed by novel VRIs, the relationships between climate change and VRIs remain poorly understood. In this review, we synthesized existing literature to explore the connections between changes in meteorological conditions, extreme weather events, long-term climate warming, and seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics of VRIs from an interdisciplinary perspective. We proposed a comprehensive conceptual framework highlighting the potential biological, socioeconomic, and ecological mechanisms underlying the impact of climate change on VRIs. Our findings suggested that climate change increases the risk of VRI emergence and transmission by affecting the biology of viruses, host susceptibility, human behavior, and environmental conditions of both society and ecosystems. Further interdisciplinary research is needed to address the dual challenge of climate change and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Sol Richardson
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Shi T, Huang L. Prevalence of respiratory pathogens and risk of developing pneumonia under non-pharmaceutical interventions in Suzhou, China. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e82. [PMID: 37127406 PMCID: PMC10226187 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the prevalence of respiratory pathogens among hospitalised children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Suzhou. Children with ARIs admitted to the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between 1 September 2021 and 31 December 2022 and subjected to 13 respiratory pathogen multiplex PCR assays were included in the study. We retrospectively collected demographic details, results of respiratory pathogen panel tests, and discharge diagnostic information of the participants, and described the age and seasonal distribution of respiratory pathogens and risk factors for developing pneumonia. A total of 10,396 children <16 years of age, including 5,905 males and 4,491 females, were part of the study. The positive rates of the 11 respiratory pathogen assays were 23.3% (human rhinovirus (HRV)), 15.9% (human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)), 10.5% (human metapneumovirus (HMPV)), 10.3% (human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)), 8.6% (mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP)), 5.8% (Boca), 3.5% (influenza A (InfA)), 2.9% (influenza B (InfB)), 2.7% (human coronavirus (HCOV)), 2.0% (adenovirus (ADV)), and 0.5% (Ch), respectively. Bocavirus and HPIV detection peaked during the period from September to November (autumn), and MP and HMPV peaked in the months of November and December. The peak of InfA detection was found to be in summer (July and August), whereas the InfB peak was observed to be in winter (December, January, and February). HRSV and HRV predominated in the <3 years age group. HRV and HMPV were common in the 3-6 years group, whereas MP was predominant in the ≥6 years group. MP (odds ratio (OR): 70.068, 95%CI: 32.665-150.298, P < 0.01), HMPV (OR: 6.493, 95%CI: 4.802-8.780, P < 0.01), Boca (OR: 3.300, 95%CI: 2.186-4.980, P < 0.01), and HRSV (OR: 2.649, 95%CI: 2.089-3.358, P < 0.01) infections were more likely to develop into pneumonia than the other pathogens. With the use of NPIs, HRV was the most common pathogen in children with ARIs, and MP was more likely to progress to pneumonia than other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Igboh LS, Roguski K, Marcenac P, Emukule GO, Charles MD, Tempia S, Herring B, Vandemaele K, Moen A, Olsen SJ, Wentworth DE, Kondor R, Mott JA, Hirve S, Bresee JS, Mangtani P, Nguipdop-Djomo P, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Timing of seasonal influenza epidemics for 25 countries in Africa during 2010-19: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e729-e739. [PMID: 37061311 PMCID: PMC10126228 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using country-specific surveillance data to describe influenza epidemic activity could inform decisions on the timing of influenza vaccination. We analysed surveillance data from African countries to characterise the timing of seasonal influenza epidemics to inform national vaccination strategies. METHODS We used publicly available sentinel data from African countries reporting to the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response FluNet platform that had 3-10 years of data collected during 2010-19. We calculated a 3-week moving proportion of samples positive for influenza virus and assessed epidemic timing using an aggregate average method. The start and end of each epidemic were defined as the first week when the proportion of positive samples exceeded or went below the annual mean, respectively, for at least 3 consecutive weeks. We categorised countries into five epidemic patterns: northern hemisphere-dominant, with epidemics occurring in October-March; southern hemisphere-dominant, with epidemics occurring in April-September; primarily northern hemisphere with some epidemic activity in southern hemisphere months; primarily southern hemisphere with some epidemic activity in northern hemisphere months; and year-round influenza transmission without a discernible northern hemisphere or southern hemisphere predominance (no clear pattern). FINDINGS Of the 34 countries reporting data to FluNet, 25 had at least 3 years of data, representing 46% of the countries in Africa and 89% of Africa's population. Study countries reported RT-PCR respiratory virus results for a total of 503 609 specimens (median 12 971 [IQR 9607-20 960] per country-year), of which 74 001 (15%; median 2078 [IQR 1087-3008] per country-year) were positive for influenza viruses. 248 epidemics occurred across 236 country-years of data (median 10 [range 7-10] per country). Six (24%) countries had a northern hemisphere pattern (Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Morocco, Niger, and Tunisia). Eight (32%) had a primarily northern hemisphere pattern with some southern hemisphere epidemics (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Togo). Three (12%) had a primarily southern hemisphere pattern with some northern hemisphere epidemics (Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda). Three (12%) had a southern hemisphere pattern (Central African Republic, South Africa, and Zambia). Five (20%) had no clear pattern (Côte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Rwanda). INTERPRETATION Most countries had identifiable influenza epidemic periods that could be used to inform authorities of non-seasonal and seasonal influenza activity, guide vaccine timing, and promote timely interventions. FUNDING None. TRANSLATIONS For the Berber, Luganda, Xhosa, Chewa, Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa and Afan Oromo translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledor S Igboh
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Katherine Roguski
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Perrine Marcenac
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Myrna D Charles
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefano Tempia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Belinda Herring
- World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Katelijn Vandemaele
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Josh A Mott
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Siddhivinayak Hirve
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Punam Mangtani
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ortiz JR, Laufer RS, Brunwasser SM, Coulibaly F, Diallo F, Doumbia M, Driscoll AJ, Fell DB, Haidara FC, Hartert TV, Keita AM, Neuzil KM, Snyder BM, Sow S, Fitzpatrick MC. Model-estimated impacts of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus prevention programs in Mali on asthma prevalence. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100092. [PMID: 37215432 PMCID: PMC10193369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in young children and is associated with subsequent recurrent wheezing illness and asthma (wheeze/asthma). RSV prevention may therefore reduce wheeze/asthma prevalence. Objectives We estimated the contribution of RSV LRTI and the impact of RSV prevention on recurrent wheeze/asthma in Mali. Methods We simulated 12 consecutive monthly birth cohorts in Mali and estimated RSV LRTI cases through 2 years and recurrent wheeze/asthma prevalence at 6 years under different RSV prevention scenarios: status quo, seasonal birth-dose extended half-life mAb, and seasonal birth-dose extended half-life mAb followed by 2 doses of pediatric vaccine (mAb + vaccine). We used World Health Organization (WHO) Preferred Product Characteristics for RSV prevention, demographic and RSV epidemiologic data from Mali, regional recurrent wheeze/asthma prevalence, and relative risk of recurrent wheeze/asthma given early childhood RSV LRTI. Results Among the simulated cohort of 778,680 live births, 10.0% had RSV LRTI by 2 years and 89.6% survived to 6 years. We estimated that 13.4% of all recurrent wheeze/asthma at 6 years was attributable to RSV LRTI. Recurrent wheeze/asthma prevalence at 6 years was 145.0 per 10,000 persons (RSV LRTI attributable) and 1084.2 per 10,000 persons (total). In mAb and mAb + vaccine scenarios, RSV LRTI cases decreased by 11.8% and 44.4%, respectively, and recurrent wheeze/asthma prevalence decreased by 11.8% and 44.4% (RSV LRTI attributable) and 1.6% and 5.9% (total). Conclusion In Mali, RSV prevention programs may have a meaningful impact on chronic respiratory disease, strengthening the case for investment in RSV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Ortiz
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Rachel S. Laufer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Steven M. Brunwasser
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
- Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - Flanon Coulibaly
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Doumbia
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amanda J. Driscoll
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Deshayne B. Fell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadima C. Haidara
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Adama M. Keita
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Samba Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Meagan C. Fitzpatrick
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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Mahmud S, Baral R, Sanderson C, Pecenka C, Jit M, Li Y, Clark A. Cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical strategies to prevent respiratory syncytial virus disease in young children: a decision-support model for use in low-income and middle-income countries. BMC Med 2023; 21:138. [PMID: 37038127 PMCID: PMC10088159 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in young children. A number of mathematical models have been used to assess the cost-effectiveness of RSV prevention strategies, but these have not been designed for ease of use by multidisciplinary teams working in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS We describe the UNIVAC decision-support model (a proportionate outcomes static cohort model) and its approach to exploring the potential cost-effectiveness of two RSV prevention strategies: a single-dose maternal vaccine and a single-dose long-lasting monoclonal antibody (mAb) for infants. We identified model input parameters for 133 LMICs using evidence from the literature and selected national datasets. We calculated the potential cost-effectiveness of each RSV prevention strategy (compared to nothing and to each other) over the lifetimes of all children born in the year 2025 and compared our results to a separate model published by PATH. We ran sensitivity and scenario analyses to identify the inputs with the largest influence on the cost-effectiveness results. RESULTS Our illustrative results assuming base case input assumptions for maternal vaccination ($3.50 per dose, 69% efficacy, 6 months protection) and infant mAb ($3.50 per dose, 77% efficacy, 5 months protection) showed that both interventions were cost-saving compared to status quo in around one-third of 133 LMICs, and had a cost per DALY averted below 0.5 times the national GDP per capita in the remaining LMICs. UNIVAC generated similar results to a separate model published by PATH. Cost-effectiveness results were most sensitive to changes in the price, efficacy and duration of protection of each strategy, and the rate (and cost) of RSV hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS Forthcoming RSV interventions (maternal vaccines and infant mAbs) are worth serious consideration in LMICs, but there is a good deal of uncertainty around several influential inputs, including intervention price, efficacy, and duration of protection. The UNIVAC decision-support model provides a framework for country teams to build consensus on data inputs, explore scenarios, and strengthen the local ownership and policy-relevance of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Mahmud
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Colin Sanderson
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - You Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Chen C, Jiang D, Yan D, Pi L, Zhang X, Du Y, Liu X, Yang M, Zhou Y, Ding C, Lan L, Yang S. The global region-specific epidemiologic characteristics of influenza: World Health Organization FluNet data from 1996 to 2021. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:118-124. [PMID: 36773717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate region-specific epidemiologic characteristics of influenza and influenza transmission zones (ITZs). METHODS Weekly influenza surveillance data of 156 countries from 1996 to 2021 were obtained using FluNet. Joinpoint regression was used to describe global influenza virus trends, and clustering analyses were used to classify the ITZs. RESULTS The global median average positive rate for total influenza virus was 16.19% (interquartile range: 11.62-25.70%). Overall, three major subtypes (influenza H1, H3, and B viruses) showed alternating epidemics. Notably, the proportion of influenza B viruses increased significantly from July 2020 to June 2021, reaching 62.66%. The primary peaks of influenza virus circulation in the north were earlier than those in the south. Global influenza virus circulation was significantly characterized by seven ITZs, including "Northern America" (primary peak: week 10), "Eastern & Southern-Asia" (primary peak: week 10), "Europe" (primary peak: week 11), "Asia-Europe" (primary peak: week 12), "Southern-America" (primary peak: week 30), "Oceania-Melanesia-Polynesia" (primary peak: week 39), and "Africa" (primary peak: week 46). CONCLUSION Global influenza virus circulation was significantly characterized by seven ITZs that could be applied to influenza surveillance and warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lucheng Pi
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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85
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Chi H, Chung CH. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Outbreak in Infants and Young Children during COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10040629. [PMID: 37189878 DOI: 10.3390/children10040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major burden of disease in babies and young children, including hospitalizations and deaths. RSV is a seasonal disease that peaks when temperatures decrease in temperate zones and humidity increases in tropical regions. Existing research reveals that RSV hospitalization activity is year-round in Taiwan, which is a subtropical region with small peaks in spring and fall. The monthly distribution and COVID-19 pandemic impact were unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate Taiwan’s RSV hospitalization seasonality and the COVID-19 pandemic effects. The National Health Insurance Database and Death Registration Files from the Center for Health and Welfare Data Science Center were connected to birth data for this study. RSV hospitalization (RSVH) in infants aged 0–1 years ranged from 0.9518% (2009) to 1.7113% (2020), substantially higher than in children aged 1–5. Most years had 2 or 3 RSV epidemic seasons in 0–5-year-olds over the 13-year follow-up. RSVH incidence was low until the autumn of 2020, when a major rise occurred after September and lasted until December 2020. We detected RSVH peaks in February–May and July–August. The 2020 RSV outbreak was found at the end of 2020.
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86
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Li Y, Kulkarni D, Begier E, Wahi-Singh P, Wahi-Singh B, Gessner B, Nair H. Adjusting for Case Under-Ascertainment in Estimating RSV Hospitalisation Burden of Older Adults in High-Income Countries: a Systematic Review and Modelling Study. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:1137-1149. [PMID: 36941483 PMCID: PMC10027261 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies suggest diagnostic testing characteristics (i.e. variations in clinical specimens and diagnostic tests) can contribute to underestimation of RSV disease burden. We aimed to improve the understanding of RSV hospitalisation burden in older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) in high-income countries through adjusting for case under-ascertainment. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to include data on RSV-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) hospitalisation burden in older adults in high-income countries. To adjust for case under-ascertainment, we developed a two-step framework that incorporated empirical data on the RSV detection proportion of different clinical specimens and testing approaches as well as their statistical uncertainty. We estimated the unadjusted and adjusted RSV-associated hospitalisation burden through multilevel random-effects meta-analysis. We further explored RSV-associated in-hospital mortality burden. RESULTS We included 12 studies with eligible RSV hospitalisation burden data. We estimated that pooled unadjusted hospitalisation rate was 157 per 100,000 (95% CI 98-252) for adults aged ≥ 65 years; the rate was adjusted to 347 per 100,000 (203-595) after accounting for under-ascertainment. The adjusted rate could be translated into 787,000 (460,000-1,347,000) RSV-associated hospitalisations in high-income countries in 2019, which was about 2.2 times the unadjusted estimate. Stratified analysis by age group showed that the adjusted rate increased with age, from 231 per 100,000 in adults aged 65-74 years to 692 per 100,000 in adults aged > 85 years. The in-hospital case fatality ratio of RSV was 6.1% (3.3-11.0) and the total RSV-associated in-hospital deaths in high-income countries in 2019 could be between 22,000 and 47,000. CONCLUSION This study improves the understanding of RSV-associated hospitalisation burden in older adults and shows that the true RSV-associated hospitalisation burden could be 2.2 times what was reported in existing studies. This study has implications for calculating the benefit of interventions to treat and prevent RSV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Durga Kulkarni
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elizabeth Begier
- Global Medical Development Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pia Wahi-Singh
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bhanu Wahi-Singh
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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87
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Khomenko TM, Shtro AA, Galochkina AV, Nikolaeva YV, Garshinina AV, Borisevich SS, Korchagina DV, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. New Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication Based on Monoterpene-Substituted Arylcoumarins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062673. [PMID: 36985645 PMCID: PMC10054240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes annual epidemics of respiratory infection. Usually harmless to adults, the RSV infection can be dangerous to children under 3 years of age and elderly people over 65 years of age, often causing serious problems, even death. At present, there are no vaccines and specific chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of this disease, so the search for low-molecular weight compounds to combat RSV is a challenge. In this work, we have shown, for the first time, that monoterpene-substituted arylcoumarins are efficient RSV replication inhibitors at low micromolar concentrations. The most active compound has a selectivity index of about 200 and acts most effectively at the early stages of infection. The F protein of RSV is a potential target for these compounds, which is also confirmed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana M. Khomenko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentjev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna A. Shtro
- Laboratory of Chemotherapy for Viral Infections, Smorodintsev Research Intitute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Galochkina
- Laboratory of Chemotherapy for Viral Infections, Smorodintsev Research Intitute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Chemotherapy for Viral Infections, Smorodintsev Research Intitute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anzhelika V. Garshinina
- Laboratory of Chemotherapy for Viral Infections, Smorodintsev Research Intitute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sophia S. Borisevich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Ufa Chemistry Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Center, 71 Octyabrya pr., 450054 Ufa, Russia
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina V. Korchagina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentjev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentjev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentjev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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88
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Billard MN, Bont L. RSV immunisation: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:147-149. [PMID: 36634693 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Billard
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584EA, Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584EA, Netherlands; ReSViNET Foundation, Julius Clinical, Zeist, Netherlands.
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89
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Kitagawa D, Kitano T, Furumori M, Suzuki S, Shintani Y, Suzuki Y, Nakano A, Nakano R, Nishiyama A, Yoshida S, Yano H, Maeda K, Nakamura F. Epidemiology of respiratory tract infections using multiplex PCR in a Japanese acute care hospital during the COVID19 pandemic. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14424. [PMID: 36919088 PMCID: PMC10007720 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of respiratory infections by season and age during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Japanese acute care hospital using multiplex PCR testing. Methods We detected 21 pathogens in specimens from outpatients with respiratory symptoms at the Nara Prefecture General Medical Center using the multiplex PCR-based FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2.1 (bioMérieux). Results Of the 3177 cases, 1215 (38.2%) were infected with at least one causative virus, and 1641 viruses were detected. The most common viruses detected were human rhinovirus/enterovirus (n = 655) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 264). Additionally, 321 (10.1%) of these cases were infected with two or more overlapping viruses. There were 23 cases of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. In the winter months from December 2020 to March 2021, the number of detected viruses was relatively low, followed by the surge of human rhinovirus/enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza type 3 in the spring and summer of 2021. While the number of human rhinovirus/entero-virus remained relatively high after the 2021 summer, the number of other viruses detected since September 2021 was low. After December 2021, the number of SARS-CoV-2 increased rapidly. Conclusions Continuous monitoring of the epidemiology of respiratory infection is important to understand the prolonged impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kitagawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Taito Kitano
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madoka Furumori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Soma Suzuki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yui Shintani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Akiyo Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Koichi Maeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Japan
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90
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Brydak L, Sikora D, Poniedziałek B, Hallmann E, Szymański K, Kondratiuk K, Rzymski P. Association between the Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Seasonal Alphacoronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Immune Response, COVID-19 Severity, and Influenza Vaccination. J Clin Med 2023; 12:1733. [PMID: 36902520 PMCID: PMC10003754 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assesses the seroprevalence of antibodies against seasonal human alphacoronaviruses 229E and NL63 among adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and its association with the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity, and influenza vaccination. A serosurvey was conducted to quantify the presence of IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid of 229E (anti-229E-N) and NL63 (anti-NL63-N), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (against nucleocapsid, receptor-binding domain, S2 domain, envelope, and papain-like protease) for 1313 Polish patients. The seroprevalence of anti-229E-N and anti-NL63 in the studied cohort was 3.3% and 2.4%. Seropositive individuals had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, higher titers of the selected anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies, and higher odds of an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 2.5 for 229E and OR = 2.7 for NL63). Lastly, the individuals vaccinated against influenza in the 2019/2020 epidemic season had lower odds of seropositivity to 229E (OR = 0.38). The 229E and NL63 seroprevalence was below the expected pre-pandemic levels (up to 10%), likely due to social distancing, increased hygiene, and face masking. The study also suggests that exposure to seasonal alphacoronaviruses may improve humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 while decreasing the clinical significance of its infection. It also adds to accumulating evidence of the favorable indirect effects of influenza vaccination. However, the findings of the present study are of a correlative nature and thereby do not necessarily imply causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Brydak
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Szymański
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kondratiuk
- Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute in Warsaw, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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91
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Martikainen MV, Tossavainen T, Hannukka N, Roponen M. Pollen, respiratory viruses, and climate change: Synergistic effects on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115149. [PMID: 36566960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, evidence of the synergistic effects of pollen and viruses on respiratory health has begun to accumulate. Pollen exposure is a known risk factor for the incidence and severity of respiratory viral infections. However, recent evidence suggests that pollen exposure may also inhibit or weaken viral infections. A comprehensive summary has not been made and a consensus on the synergistic health effects has not been reached. It is highly possible that climate change will increase the significance of pollen exposure as a cause of respiratory problems and, at the same time, affect the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. It is important to accurately assess how these two factors affect human health separately and concurrently. In this review article, for the first time, the data from previous studies are combined and reviewed and potential research gaps concerning the synergistic effects of pollen and viral exposure are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarleena Tossavainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Hannukka
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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92
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Li L, Jia R, Zhang Y, Sun H, Ma J. Changes of parainfluenza virus infection in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Henan, China. J Infect 2023; 86:504-507. [PMID: 36773892 PMCID: PMC9911975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jiayue Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children's Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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93
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Mineva GM, Purtill H, Dunne CP, Philip RK. Impact of breastfeeding on the incidence and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated acute lower respiratory infections in infants: a systematic review highlighting the global relevance of primary prevention. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-009693. [PMID: 36746518 PMCID: PMC9906265 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the principal cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) among infants worldwide, and an important cause of morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality. While infants are universally exposed to RSV, most mortality occurs among normal term infants from low-income and middle-income countries. Breastfeeding has been suggested to have a protective effect against RSV infection. This study aims to determine the association of breastfeeding on the frequency and severity of RSV-associated ALRI among infants. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using keywords and Medical Subject Headings on MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, MedRxiv and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Full-text articles published in English from 2000 to 2021 that studied exclusively or partially breastfed infants who developed RSV-associated ALRI <12 months of age were included. Covidence software-based evidence extraction and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol guidelines were followed. Quality of evidence was analysed using UK National Service Framework grading and the risk-of-bias assessment using Robvis. RESULTS Among 1368 studies screened, 217 qualified full-text review and 198 were excluded based on pre-agreed criteria. Nineteen articles published from 12 countries that included 16 787 infants from 31 countries (of which 8 middle-income) were retained for analysis. Results indicate that non-breastfeeding practices pose a significant risk for severe RSV-associated ALRI and hospitalisation. Exclusive breastfeeding for >4-6 months significantly lowered hospitalisation, length of stay, supplemental oxygen demand and admission to intensive care units. CONCLUSION In the context of no effective or standardised treatment for established RSV-associated ALRI, available evidence suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower frequency and severity of RSV-associated ALRI, based on observational studies of variable grades of evidence and risk-of-bias. With both exclusive and partial breastfeeding benefiting infants who develop RSV-associated ALRI, breastfeeding should be promoted globally as an adjunct primary prevention; in addition to emerging immunoprophylaxis and maternal immunisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Mineva
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, University Maternity Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen Purtill
- Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick School of Medicine, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Roy K Philip
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, University Maternity Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland .,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Limerick School of Medicine, Limerick, Ireland
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94
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Cui X, Liu X, Wang F, Lou K, Hong J, Bai H, Chen R, Yang Y, Liu Q. Determination of the synergistic anti-influenza effect of Huangqin Su tablet and Oseltamivir and investigation of mechanism of the tablet based on gut microbiota and network pharmacology. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:36. [PMID: 36739385 PMCID: PMC9898901 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huangqin Su (HQS) tablet is mainly composed of baicalein which has been evaluated for its ability to inhibit influenza. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of HQS and oseltamivir phosphate (OS) (single or combination therapy) on influenza-induced acute pneumonia in male and female ICR mice. The regulatory effect of HQS on gut microbiota was also studied by using 16 s rDNA sequencing, and the targets and mechanisms of HQS against influenza were comprehensively analyzed by network pharmacology. Pharmacodynamic results, including lung index and pathological changes, showed that HQS exhibited significant anti-influenza efficacy and could improve the efficacy of low-dose OS (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The results of 16 s rDNA sequencing revealed that HQS modulated the gut microbiota and remarkably enriched the abundance of Lactobacillus. The findings of network pharmacology research suggested that the anti-influenza mechanism of HQS was related to TLRs, MAPK, and other signal transduction pathways. Taken together, this study identified the possibility of the combined use of HQS and OS and demonstrated the role of HQS in modulating the gut microbiota of mice against influenza. Network pharmacology studies also suggested that the anti-influenza effect of HQS was related to TLRs, MAPK, TNF, and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Cui
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010 China ,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine On Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xibao Liu
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Wang
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kun Lou
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junping Hong
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hequn Bai
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rongchu Chen
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China. .,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine On Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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95
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Matsuki E, Kawamoto S, Morikawa Y, Yahagi N. The Impact of Cold Ambient Temperature in the Pattern of Influenza Virus Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad039. [PMID: 36789010 PMCID: PMC9915965 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior literature suggests that cold temperature strongly influences the immune function of animals and human behaviors, which may allow for the transmission of respiratory viral infections. However, information on the impact of cold stimuli, especially the impact of temporal change in the ambient temperature on influenza virus transmission, is limited. Methods A susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible model was applied to evaluate the effect of temperature change on influenza virus transmission. Results The mean temperature of the prior week was positively associated with the number of newly diagnosed cases (0.107 [95% Bayesian credible interval {BCI}, .106-.109]), whereas the mean difference in the temperature of the prior week was negatively associated (-0.835 [95% BCI, -.840 to -.830]). The product of the mean temperature and mean difference in the temperature of the previous week were also negatively associated with the number of newly diagnosed cases (-0.192 [95% BCI, -.197 to -.187]). Conclusions The mean temperature and the mean difference in temperature affected the number of newly diagnosed influenza cases differently. Our data suggest that high ambient temperature and a drop in the temperature and their interaction increase the risk of infection. Therefore, the highest risk of infection is attributable to a steep fall in temperature in a relatively warm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Matsuki
- Correspondence: Naohisa Yahagi, MD, PhD, Keio University, Graduate School of Media and Governance, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan (); Eri Matsuki, MD, PhD, MPH, Keio University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan ()
| | - Shota Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yahagi
- Correspondence: Naohisa Yahagi, MD, PhD, Keio University, Graduate School of Media and Governance, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan (); Eri Matsuki, MD, PhD, MPH, Keio University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan ()
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96
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Pruccoli G, Castagno E, Raffaldi I, Denina M, Barisone E, Baroero L, Timeus F, Rabbone I, Monzani A, Terragni GM, Lovera C, Brach del Prever A, Manzoni P, Barbaglia M, Roasio L, De Franco S, Calitri C, Lupica M, Felici E, Marciano C, Santovito S, Militerno G, Abrigo E, Curtoni A, Quarello P, Bondone C, Garazzino S. The Importance of RSV Epidemiological Surveillance: A Multicenter Observational Study of RSV Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020280. [PMID: 36851494 PMCID: PMC9963567 DOI: 10.3390/v15020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The restrictive measures adopted worldwide against SARS-CoV-2 produced a drastic reduction in respiratory pathogens, including RSV, but a dramatic rebound was thereafter reported. In this multicenter retrospective observational study in 15 Pediatric Emergency Departments, all children <3 years old with RSV infection admitted between 1 September and 31 December 2021 were included and compared to those admitted in the same period of 2020 and 2019. The primary aim was to evaluate RSV epidemiology during and after the COVID-19 pandemic peak. The secondary aims were to evaluate the clinical features of children with RSV infection. Overall, 1015 children were enrolled: 100 in 2019, 3 in 2020 and 912 in 2021. In 2019, the peak was recorded in December, and in 2021, it was recorded in November. Comparing 2019 to 2021, in 2021 the median age was significantly higher and the age group 2-3 years was more affected. Admissions were significantly higher in 2021 than in 2020 and 2019, and the per-year hospitalization rate was lower in 2021 (84% vs. 93% in 2019), while the duration of admissions was similar. No difference was found in severity between 2019-2020-2021. In conclusion, after the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in RSV cases in 2021 exceeding the median seasonal peak was detected, with the involvement of older children, while no difference was found in severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pruccoli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Castagno
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Raffaldi
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Denina
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Barisone
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0113135396
| | - Luca Baroero
- Department of Pediatrics, Martini Hospital, 10141 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Timeus
- Pediatrics Department, Chivasso Hospital, 10034 Chivasso (TO), Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alice Monzani
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Lovera
- Department of Pediatrics, A.O. S.Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Manzoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Degli Infermi di Ponderano, University of Turin, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | | | - Luca Roasio
- Department of Pediatrics, Edoardo Agnelli Hospital, 10064 Pinerolo (TO), Italy
| | - Simona De Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale di Borgomanero, 28021 Borgomanero (NO), Italy
| | - Carmelina Calitri
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale di Rivoli, 10098 Rivoli (TO), Italy
| | - Maddalena Lupica
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale di Rivoli, 10098 Rivoli (TO), Italy
| | - Enrico Felici
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Unit, Children’s Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marciano
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Unit, Children’s Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Savino Santovito
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, 10143 Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia Militerno
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Enrica Abrigo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Antonio Curtoni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Quarello
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Bondone
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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97
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Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Boateng BO, Lutuf H, Osei JHN, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Aiduenu AF, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Opoku MJ, Aidoo OF. The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2023; 16:2632010X231218075. [PMID: 38144436 PMCID: PMC10748929 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people's health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selina Mawunyo Ayivi-Tosuh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Jnr Opoku
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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98
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Zhu L, Luo T, Yuan Y, Yang S, Niu C, Gong T, Wang X, Xie X, Luo J, Liu E, Fu Z, Tian D. Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory viruses in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in southwestern China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142199. [PMID: 37153160 PMCID: PMC10157792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multinational studies have reported that the implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission coincided with the decline of other respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus. Objective To investigate the prevalence of common respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Respiratory specimens of children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2021 were collected. Seven common pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus A and B (Flu A, Flu B), and parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (PIV1-3), were detected by a multiplex direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA). Demographic data and laboratory test results were analyzed. Results 1) A total of 31,113 children with LRTIs were enrolled, including 8141 in 2018, 8681 in 2019, 6252 in 2020, and 8059 in 2021.The overall detection rates decreased in 2020 and 2021 (P < 0.001). The detection rates of RSV, ADV, Flu A, PIV-1, and PIV-3 decreased when NPIs were active from February to August 2020, with Flu A decreasing most predominantly, from 2.7% to 0.3% (P < 0.05). The detection rates of RSV and PIV-1 resurged and even surpassed the historical level of 2018-2019, while Flu A continued decreasing when NPIs were lifted (P < 0.05). 2) Seasonal patterns of Flu A completely disappeared in 2020 and 2021. The Flu B epidemic was observed until October 2021 after a long period of low detection in 2020. RSV decreased sharply after January 2020 and stayed in a nearly dormant state during the next seven months. Nevertheless, the detection rates of RSV were abnormally higher than 10% in the summer of 2021. PIV-3 decreased significantly after the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it atypically surged from August to November 2020. Conclusion The NPIs implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the prevalence and seasonal patterns of certain viruses such as RSV, PIV-3, and influenza viruses. We recommend continuous surveillance of the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of multiple respiratory pathogens, especially when NPIs are no longer necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yining Yuan
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueer Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daiyin Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Daiyin Tian,
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99
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Gunning CE, Rohani P, Mwananyanda L, Kwenda G, Mupila Z, Gill CJ. Young Zambian infants with symptomatic RSV and pertussis infections are frequently prescribed inappropriate antibiotics: a retrospective analysis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15175. [PMID: 37193027 PMCID: PMC10183159 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a pressing global health concern, particularly in low-resource settings where diagnosis and treatment rely on empiric, symptoms-based guidelines such as the WHO's Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). This study details the delivery of IMCI-based health care to 1,320 young infants and their mothers in a low-resource urban community in Lusaka, Zambia during 2015. Our Southern Africa Mother Infant Pertussis Study (SAMIPS) prospectively monitored a cohort of mother/infant pairs across infants' first four months of life, recording symptoms of respiratory infection and antibiotics prescriptions (predominantly penicillins), and tested nasopharyngeal (NP) samples for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Bordetella pertussis. Our retrospective analysis of the SAMIPS cohort found that symptoms and antibiotics use were more common in infants (43% and 15.7%) than in mothers (16.6% and 8%), while RSV and B. pertussis were observed at similar rates in infants (2.7% and 32.5%) and mothers (2% and 35.5%), albeit frequently at very low levels. In infants, we observed strong associations between symptoms, pathogen detection, and antibiotics use. Critically, we demonstrate that non-macrolide antibiotics were commonly prescribed for pertussis infections, some of which persisted across many weeks. We speculate that improved diagnostic specificity and/or clinician education paired with timely, appropriate treatment of pertussis could substantially reduce the burden of this disease while reducing the off-target use of penicillins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Gunning
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Mwananyanda
- School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Right to Care Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Christopher J. Gill
- School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
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100
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Billard MN, Bont LJ. Quantifying the RSV immunity debt following COVID-19: a public health matter. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:3-5. [PMID: 36063827 PMCID: PMC9439700 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Billard
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 EA, Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 EA, Netherlands.
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