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Fegan N, Jenson I. The role of meat in foodborne disease: Is there a coming revolution in risk assessment and management? Meat Sci 2018; 144:22-29. [PMID: 29716760 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Meat has featured prominently as a source of foodborne disease and a public health concern. For about the past 20 years the risk management paradigm has dominated international thinking about food safety. Control through the supply chain is supported by risk management concepts, as the public health risk at the point of consumption becomes the accepted outcome based measure. Foodborne pathogens can be detected at several points in the supply chain and determining the source of where these pathogens arise and how they behave throughout meat production and processing are important parts of risk based approaches. Recent improvements in molecular and genetic based technologies and data analysis for investigating source attribution and pathogen behaviour have enabled greater insights into how foodborne outbreaks occur and where controls can be implemented. These new approaches will improve our understanding of the role of meat in foodborne disease and are expected to have a significant impact on our understanding in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Fegan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 671 Sneydes Rd, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Ian Jenson
- Meat and Livestock Australia, Level 1, 40 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Avian Dis 2018; 61:366-371. [PMID: 28956995 DOI: 10.1637/11635-032517-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood. The present study assessed the effects of two different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In separate trials, laying hens were distributed into two groups housed in enriched colony cages at stocking densities of 648 and 973 cm2/bird, and a third group was housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird. All hens were orally inoculated with doses of 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of either Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Typhimurium. At eight weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Heidelberg continued for 8 wk in all housing groups, but Salmonella Typhimurium shedding ceased after as little as 5 wk in enriched colony cages at low stocking density. After Salmonella Heidelberg infection, the overall frequency of positive fecal cultures for all sampling dates combined was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from either conventional cages (51.0%) or enriched colony cages (46.5%) at high stocking density than from enriched colony cages at low stocking density (33.3%). No significant differences in Salmonella Typhimurium fecal isolation were identified between housing groups. These results demonstrate that stocking density can affect intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens for some (but not necessarily all) Salmonella serovars or strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Jean Guard
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- B Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 29765
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- C Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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53
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Argüello H, Manzanilla EG, Lynch H, Walia K, Leonard FC, Egan J, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Surveillance Data Highlights Feed Form, Biosecurity, and Disease Control as Significant Factors Associated with Salmonella Infection on Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29497405 PMCID: PMC5818458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the zoonotic pathogens affecting pigs, Salmonella stands out due to the high number of human cases linked to pork consumption. In the last two decades many countries have put considerable effort into the control of the infection by surveillance and control strategies on farm. Despite this effort, many herds still have a high Salmonella prevalence and they require guidance to address this problem. The present study, using the serological surveillance data of finishing pigs from the Irish National pig Salmonella Control Programme, aimed to highlight factors associated with increased risk or that might mitigate Salmonella occurrence on farm. A questionnaire with 33 questions regarding herd characteristics, management, feeding, biosecurity, and health was completed for 61 individual herds. After the multivariate analysis by linear regression, nine variables were retained in the final model and linked to herd seroprevalence. Home produced-feed linked to the use of meal showed an eight points reduction in Salmonella prevalence compared to purchased feed (p = 0.042). Different biosecurity measures were associated to lower seroprevalence. Changing of footwear from outside to inside the farm decreased seroprevalence nearly 20 units (p = 0.014) and policies not permitting access to the farmyard to feed trucks (p = 0.048) or avoiding the presence of cats on the farm (p = 0.05) were estimated in 10 units less of seroprevalence. In contrast, the lack of perimeter fence increased the chance to have higher seroprevalence in five units (p = 0.05). Finally, intestinal diseases such as swine dysentery (p = 0.044) and E. coli diarrhea (p = 0.1) were estimated to increase Salmonella prevalence in ~20 and 10 units, respectively, demonstrating the importance of controlling other enteric pathogens in an on-farm Salmonella control programme. These results show the usefulness of surveillance data to improve on-farm control and confirm that Salmonella infection in pigs is multi-factorial and the approach to its control should be multifaceted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar G. Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Helen Lynch
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kavita Walia
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Ireland
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
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54
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Bayesian model for tracing Salmonella contamination in the pig feed chain. Food Microbiol 2018; 71:82-92. [PMID: 29366474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in pigs are in most cases asymptomatic, posing a risk of salmonellosis for pork consumers. Salmonella can transmit to pigs from various sources, including contaminated feed. We present an approach for quantifying the risk to pigs from contaminations in the feed chain, based on a Bayesian model. The model relies on Salmonella surveillance data and other information from surveys, reports, registries, statistics, legislation and literature regarding feed production and pig farming. Uncertainties were probabilistically quantified by synthesizing evidence from the available information over a categorically structured flow chain of ingredients mixed for feeds served to pigs. Model based probability for infection from feeds together with Salmonella subtyping data, were used to estimate the proportion of Salmonella infections in pigs attributable to feed. The results can be further used in assessments considering the human health risk linked to animal feed via livestock. The presented methods can be used to predict the effect of changes in the feed chain, and they are generally applicable to other animals and pathogens.
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Dekker D, Krumkamp R, Eibach D, Sarpong N, Boahen KG, Frimpong M, Fechtner E, Poppert S, Hagen RM, Schwarz NG, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Owusu-Dabo E, Im J, Marks F, Frickmann H, May J. Characterization of Salmonella enterica from invasive bloodstream infections and water sources in rural Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:47. [PMID: 29351771 PMCID: PMC5775569 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) cause the majority of bloodstream infections in Ghana, however the mode of transmission and source of invasive NTS in Africa are poorly understood. This study compares NTS from water sources and invasive bloodstream infections in rural Ghana. Methods Blood from hospitalised, febrile children and samples from drinking water sources were analysed for Salmonella spp. Strains were serotyped to trace possible epidemiological links between human and water-derived isolates.. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, Results In 2720 blood culture samples, 165 (6%) NTS were isolated. S. Typhimurium (70%) was the most common serovar followed by S. Enteritidis (8%) and S. Dublin (8%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 95 (58%) NTS isolates, including five S. Enteritidis. One S. Typhimurium showed reduced fluroquinolone susceptibility. In 511 water samples, 19 (4%) tested positive for S. enterica with two isolates being resistant to ampicillin and one isolate being resistant to cotrimoxazole. Serovars from water samples were not encountered in any of the clinical specimens. Conclusion Water analyses demonstrated that common drinking water sources were contaminated with S. enterica posing a potential risk for transmission. However, a link between S. enterica from water sources and patients could not be established, questioning the ability of water-derived serovars to cause invasive bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Gyau Boahen
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Frimpong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elina Fechtner
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Bundeswehr Hospital of Hamburg, Germany, Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Justin Im
- Epidemiology Unit, International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Marks
- Epidemiology Unit, International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Bundeswehr Hospital of Hamburg, Germany, Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
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56
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Mainar-Jaime RC, Casanova-Higes A, Andrés-Barranco S, Vico JP. Looking for new approaches for the use of serology in the context of control programmes against pig salmonellosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e222-e228. [PMID: 29218859 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most swine Salmonella national control programmes in Europe have been based on the categorization of herds according to risk levels based on serological results. However, none of the non-Scandinavian countries have reported of any significant success on Salmonella infection reduction in fattening pigs or the number of human cases attributable to pigs or pork. The limited accuracy of the tests used, the small number of animals sampled and the likely lack of herd representativeness of the samples used could be major factors affecting the suitability of these programmes. Focusing on minimizing Salmonella shedding at slaughter appears more important to prevent human infections than focusing on detection of seropositive pigs/herds at this stage. This study assessed whether performing on-farm serology may help to predict shedding at slaughter. Between 2010 and 2016, pigs from six cohorts from a Salmonella-positive herd were bled at 30, 60 and 90 days on fattening and before slaughter, and faecal samples collected at slaughter. Serology on days 60, 90 and before slaughter predicted somewhat shedding at slaughter with no significant differences among them. Pigs with higher OD% values at these point times would have higher risk of shedding when arriving to slaughter. The probability of shedding for a pig sampled on day 90 and showing an OD% value of 10 was 43%, and the risk increased up to 65% if the OD% was 40. Concluding, on-farm serology may help to determine to some extent the risk of Salmonella shedding at slaughter from seropositive fattening units, which would allow for prompt on-farm and slaughter interventions to reduce the likelihood of slaughter contamination with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Mainar-Jaime
- Dpt. de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Casanova-Higes
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Andrés-Barranco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J P Vico
- IRNASUS-CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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57
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Odoch T, Wasteson Y, L’Abée-Lund T, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Nyakarahuka L, Tegule S, Skjerve E. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:365. [PMID: 29187195 PMCID: PMC5707898 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the leading global foodborne pathogens and a significant public health threat. Their occurrence in animal reservoirs and their susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials are poorly understood in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, determine antimicrobial susceptibility and identify risk factors associated with NTS presence in laying hen farms in Uganda through a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Pooled faecal samples were collected from 237 laying hen farms and these were analysed for NTS following standard laboratory procedures. In total, 49 farms (20.7%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 15.6-25.6%) were positive for NTS presence. Altogether, ten Salmonella serotypes were identified among the confirmed 78 isolates, and the predominant serotypes were Salmonella Newport (30.8%), S. Hadar (14.1%), S. Aberdeen (12.8%), S. Heidelberg (12.8%), and S. Bolton (12.8%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was detected in 45(57.7%) of the isolates and the highest resistance was against ciprofloxacin (50.0%) followed by sulphonamides (26.9%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.7%). Resistance was significantly associated with sampled districts (p = 0.034). Resistance to three or more drugs, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 12 (15.4%) of the isolates, 9 (75%) of these were from Wakiso district. A multivariable logistic model identified large farm size (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.5-19.8) and the presence of other animal species on the farm (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1-16.1) as risk factors for NTS prevalence on farms. Having a separate house for birds newly brought to the farms was found to be protective (OR = 0,4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). CONCLUSION This study has highlighted a high prevalence and diversity of NTS species in laying hen farms in Uganda and identified associated risk factors. In addition, it has demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of NTS. This could be because of overuse or misuse of antimicrobials in poultry production. Also importantly, the insights provided in this study justifies a strong case for strengthening One Health practices and this will contribute to the development of NTS control strategies at local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine L’Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Divisions of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) Vet School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Tegule
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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ALEGRIA-MORAN R, RIVERA D, TOLEDO V, MORENO-SWITT AI, HAMILTON-WEST C. First detection and characterization of Salmonella spp. in poultry and swine raised in backyard production systems in central Chile. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3180-3190. [PMID: 28927474 PMCID: PMC9148768 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about Salmonella serovars circulating in backyard poultry and swine populations worldwide. Backyard production systems (BPS) that raise swine and/or poultry are distributed across Chile, but are more heavily concentrated in central Chile, where industrialized systems are in close contact with BPS. This study aims to detect and identify circulating Salmonella serovars in poultry and swine raised in BPS. Bacteriological Salmonella isolation was carried out for 1744 samples collected from 329 BPS in central Chile. Faecal samples were taken from swine, poultry, geese, ducks, turkeys and peacocks, as well as environmental faecal samples. Confirmation of Salmonella spp. was performed using invA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of serovars was carried out using a molecular serotyping approach, where serogroups were confirmed by a multiplex PCR of Salmonella serogroup genes for five Salmonella O antigens (i.e., D, B, C1, C2-C3, and E1), along with two PCR amplifications, followed by sequencing of fliC and fljB genes. A total of 25 samples (1·4% of total samples) from 15 BPS (4·6 % of total sampled BPS) were found positive for Salmonella. Positive samples were found in poultry (chickens and ducks), swine and environmental sources. Molecular prediction of serovars on Salmonella isolated showed 52·0% of S. Typhimurium, 16·0% of S. Infantis, 16·0% S. Enteritidis, 8·0% S. Hadar, 4·0% S. Tennessee and 4·0% S. Kentucky. Poor biosecurity measures were found on sampled BPS, where a high percentage of mixed confinement systems (72·8%); and almost half of the sampled BPS with improper management of infected mortalities (e.g. selling the carcasses of infected animals for consumption). Number of birds other than chickens (P = 0·014; OR = 1·04; IC (95%) = 1·01-1·07), mixed productive objective (P = 0·030; OR = 5·35; IC (95%) = 1·24-27·59) and mixed animal replacement origin (P = 0017; OR = 5·19; IC (95%) = 1·35-20·47) were detected as risk factors for BPS positivity to Salmonella spp. This is the first evidence of serovars of Salmonella spp. circulating in BPS from central Chile. Detected serovars have been linked to human and animal clinical outbreaks worldwide and in Chile, highlighting the importance of BPS on the control and dissemination of Salmonella serovars potentially hazardous to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. ALEGRIA-MORAN
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- PhD Program in Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D. RIVERA
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - V. TOLEDO
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. I. MORENO-SWITT
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. HAMILTON-WEST
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes shedding in domestic ruminants and characterization of potentially pathogenic strains. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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60
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Mughini-Gras L, van Pelt W, van der Voort M, Heck M, Friesema I, Franz E. Attribution of human infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to livestock sources and identification of source-specific risk factors, The Netherlands (2010-2014). Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e8-e22. [PMID: 28921940 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen of public health concern whose sources and transmission routes are difficult to trace. Using a combined source attribution and case-control analysis, we determined the relative contributions of four putative livestock sources (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, poultry) to human STEC infections and their associated dietary, animal contact, temporal and socio-econo-demographic risk factors in the Netherlands in 2010/2011-2014. Dutch source data were supplemented with those from other European countries with similar STEC epidemiology. Human STEC infections were attributed to sources using both the modified Dutch model (mDM) and the modified Hald model (mHM) supplied with the same O-serotyping data. Cattle accounted for 48.6% (mDM) and 53.1% (mHM) of the 1,183 human cases attributed, followed by small ruminants (mDM: 23.5%; mHM: 25.4%), pigs (mDM: 12.5%; mHM: 5.7%) and poultry (mDM: 2.7%; mHM: 3.1%), whereas the sources of the remaining 12.8% of cases could not be attributed. Of the top five O-serotypes infecting humans, O157, O26, O91 and O103 were mainly attributed to cattle (61%-75%) and O146 to small ruminants (71%-77%). Significant risk factors for human STEC infection as a whole were the consumption of beef, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts. For cattle-attributed STEC infections, specific risk factors were consuming raw meat spreads and beef. Consuming raw/undercooked or minced meat were risk factors for STEC infections attributed to small ruminants. For STEC infections attributed to pigs, only consuming raw/undercooked meat was significant. Consuming minced meat, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts were associated with poultry-attributed STEC infections. Consuming raw vegetables was protective for all STEC infections. We concluded that domestic ruminants account for approximately three-quarters of reported human STEC infections, whereas pigs and poultry play a minor role and that risk factors for human STEC infection vary according to the attributed source.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W van Pelt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M van der Voort
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Heck
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - I Friesema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Franz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Hoffmann S, Devleesschauwer B, Aspinall W, Cooke R, Corrigan T, Havelaar A, Angulo F, Gibb H, Kirk M, Lake R, Speybroeck N, Torgerson P, Hald T. Attribution of global foodborne disease to specific foods: Findings from a World Health Organization structured expert elicitation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183641. [PMID: 28910293 PMCID: PMC5598938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently the World Health Organization, Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) estimated that 31 foodborne diseases (FBDs) resulted in over 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths worldwide in 2010. Knowing the relative role importance of different foods as exposure routes for key hazards is critical to preventing illness. This study reports the findings of a structured expert elicitation providing globally comparable food source attribution estimates for 11 major FBDs in each of 14 world subregions. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used Cooke's Classical Model to elicit and aggregate judgments of 73 international experts. Judgments were elicited from each expert individually and aggregated using both equal and performance weights. Performance weighted results are reported as they increased the informativeness of estimates, while retaining accuracy. We report measures of central tendency and uncertainty bounds on food source attribution estimate. For some pathogens we see relatively consistent food source attribution estimates across subregions of the world; for others there is substantial regional variation. For example, for non-typhoidal salmonellosis, pork was of minor importance compared to eggs and poultry meat in the American and African subregions, whereas in the European and Western Pacific subregions the importance of these three food sources were quite similar. Our regional results broadly agree with estimates from earlier European and North American food source attribution research. As in prior food source attribution research, we find relatively wide uncertainty bounds around our median estimates. CONCLUSIONS We present the first worldwide estimates of the proportion of specific foodborne diseases attributable to specific food exposure routes. While we find substantial uncertainty around central tendency estimates, we believe these estimates provide the best currently available basis on which to link FBDs and specific foods in many parts of the world, providing guidance for policy actions to control FBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hoffmann
- U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Aspinall
- Aspinall & Associates, Tisbury, United Kingdom
- Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Cooke
- Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Technical University of Delft, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Arie Havelaar
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frederick Angulo
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Herman Gibb
- Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Martyn Kirk
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robin Lake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Tine Hald
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Casanova-Higes A, Andrés-Barranco S, Mainar-Jaime RC. Effect of the addition of protected sodium butyrate to the feed on Salmonella spp. infection dynamics in fattening pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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63
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Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1B associated with frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes, Finland 2012. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2727-2734. [PMID: 28770691 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In August to October 2012, a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phase type (PT) 1B with 53 cases occurred in Finland. Hypothesis generating interviews pointed toward ready-to-eat chicken salad from a Finnish company and at the same time Estonian authorities informed of a S. enteritidis PT 1B outbreak linked to chicken wrap prepared at an Estonian restaurant. We found that chicken salad was associated with the infection (odds ratio (OR) 16·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·7-148·7 for consumption and OR 17·5. 95% CI 4·0-76·0 for purchase). The frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes used in Finnish salad and in Estonian wraps were traced back to a production plant in China. Great Britain made two Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed notifications on chicken cubes imported to the UK from the same Chinese production plant. Microbiological investigation confirmed that the patient isolates in Estonia and in Finland were indistinguishable from the strains isolated from chicken cubes in Estonia and in the UK. We recommend that despite certificates for tested Salmonella, food items should be analyzed when Salmonella contamination in outbreak investigations is suspected. In outbreak investigations, electronically implemented case-case study saves time, effort, and money compared with case-control study.
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64
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BONARDI S. Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1513-1526. [PMID: 28241896 PMCID: PMC9203350 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. comprise the second most common food-borne pathogens in the European Union (EU). The role of pigs as carriers of Salmonella has been intensively studied both on farm and at slaughter. Salmonella infection in pigs may cause fever, diarrhoea, prostration and mortality. However, most infected pigs remain healthy carriers, and those infected at the end of the fattening period could pose a threat to human health. Contamination of pig carcasses can occur on the slaughter line, and it is linked to cross-contamination from other carcasses and the presence of Salmonella in the environment. Therefore, Salmonella serovars present on pig carcasses can be different from those detected in the same bathes on the farm. In recent years, S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. serotype 4,[5],12:i:- (a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium) have been the most common serovars to be detected in pigs in EU countries, but S. Rissen, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Brandenburg have also been reported. In humans, several cases of salmonellosis have been linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked pork and pork products. Among the main serovars of porcine origin detected in confirmed human cases, S. Typhimurium, the monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Derby are certainly the most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. BONARDI
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Inspection, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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65
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1402-1409. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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66
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Rönnqvist M, Välttilä V, Ranta J, Tuominen P. Salmonella risk to consumers via pork is related to the Salmonella prevalence in pig feed. Food Microbiol 2017; 71:93-97. [PMID: 29366475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are an important source of human infections with Salmonella, one of the most common causes of sporadic gastrointestinal infections and foodborne outbreaks in the European region. Feed has been estimated to be a significant source of Salmonella in piggeries in countries of a low Salmonella prevalence. To estimate Salmonella risk to consumers via the pork production chain, including feed production, a quantitative risk assessment model was constructed. The Salmonella prevalence in feeds and in animals was estimated to be generally low in Finland, but the relative importance of feed as a source of Salmonella in pigs was estimated as potentially high. Discontinuation of the present strict Salmonella control could increase the risk of Salmonella in slaughter pigs and consequent infections in consumers. The increased use of low risk and controlled feed ingredients could result in a consistently lower residual contamination in pigs and help the tracing and control of the sources of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rönnqvist
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - V Välttilä
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Ranta
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Tuominen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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67
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28443289 PMCID: PMC5385464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis are often attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs, so the prevalence of this pathogen in egg-laying poultry is an important public health risk factor. Numerous and complex environmental influences on Salmonella persistence and transmission are exerted by management practices and housing facilities used in commercial egg production. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of poultry housing systems have guided the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing, but their food safety consequences are not yet fully understood. The present study assessed the effects of different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In two trials, groups of laying hens were distributed at two stocking densities (648 and 973 cm2/bird) into enriched colony cages and (along with a group housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird) orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis. At 10 weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect S. Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis was detected for up to 10 weeks postinoculation by hens in all three housing treatment groups. The overall frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from conventional cages than from enriched colony cages (at the lower stocking density) for the total of all sampling dates (45.0 vs. 33.3%) and also for samples collected at 4–9 weeks postinfection. Likewise, the frequency of S. Enteritidis isolation from feces from conventional cages was significantly greater than from enriched colony cages (at the higher hen stocking density) for the sum of all samples (45.0 vs. 36.7%) and at 6 weeks postinoculation. Moreover, the frequency of S. Enteritidis fecal recovery from enriched colony cages at the higher hen stocking was significantly greater than from similar cages at the lower stocking density for all 10 sampling dates combined (39.4 vs. 33.3%). These results suggest that stocking density can affect S. Enteritidis intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens, but some other difference between conventional and enriched colony cage systems appears to exert an additional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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68
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Mughini-Gras L, Franz E, van Pelt W. New paradigms for Salmonella source attribution based on microbial subtyping. Food Microbiol 2017; 71:60-67. [PMID: 29366470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial subtyping is the most common approach for Salmonella source attribution. Typically, attributions are computed using frequency-matching models like the Dutch and Danish models based on phenotyping data (serotyping, phage-typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling). Herewith, we critically review three major paradigms facing Salmonella source attribution today: (i) the use of genotyping data, particularly Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis (MLVA), which is replacing traditional Salmonella phenotyping beyond serotyping; (ii) the integration of case-control data into source attribution to improve risk factor identification/characterization; (iii) the investigation of non-food sources, as attributions tend to focus on foods of animal origin only. Population genetics models or simplified MLVA schemes may provide feasible options for source attribution, although there is a strong need to explore novel modelling options as we move towards whole-genome sequencing as the standard. Classical case-control studies are enhanced by incorporating source attribution results, as individuals acquiring salmonellosis from different sources have different associated risk factors. Thus, the more such analyses are performed the better Salmonella epidemiology will be understood. Reparametrizing current models allows for inclusion of sources like reptiles, the study of which improves our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology beyond food to tackle the pathogen in a more holistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfrid van Pelt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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69
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Mughini-Gras L, Heck M, van Pelt W. Increase in reptile-associated human salmonellosis and shift toward adulthood in the age groups at risk, the Netherlands, 1985 to 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30324. [PMID: 27589037 PMCID: PMC5144934 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.34.30324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the contribution of the main food-related sources to human salmonellosis is well documented, knowledge on the contribution of reptiles is limited. We quantified and examined trends in reptile-associated salmonellosis in the Netherlands during a 30-year period, from 1985 to 2014. Using source attribution analysis, we estimated that 2% (95% confidence interval: 1.3–2.8) of all sporadic/domestic human salmonellosis cases reported in the Netherlands during the study period (n = 63,718) originated from reptiles. The estimated annual fraction of reptile-associated salmonellosis cases ranged from a minimum of 0.3% (corresponding to 11 cases) in 1988 to a maximum of 9.3% (93 cases) in 2013. There was a significant increasing trend in reptile-associated salmonellosis cases (+ 19% annually) and a shift towards adulthood in the age groups at highest risk, while the proportion of reptile-associated salmonellosis cases among those up to four years-old decreased by 4% annually and the proportion of cases aged 45 to 74 years increased by 20% annually. We hypothesise that these findings may be the effect of the increased number and variety of reptiles that are kept as pets, calling for further attention to the issue of safe reptile–human interaction and for reinforced hygiene recommendations for reptile owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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70
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Ahlstrom C, Muellner P, Spencer SEF, Hong S, Saupe A, Rovira A, Hedberg C, Perez A, Muellner U, Alvarez J. Inferring source attribution from a multiyear multisource data set of Salmonella in Minnesota. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:589-598. [PMID: 28296192 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a global health concern because of its widespread association with foodborne illness. Bayesian models have been developed to attribute the burden of human salmonellosis to specific sources with the ultimate objective of prioritizing intervention strategies. Important considerations of source attribution models include the evaluation of the quality of input data, assessment of whether attribution results logically reflect the data trends and identification of patterns within the data that might explain the detailed contribution of different sources to the disease burden. Here, more than 12,000 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human, bovine, porcine, chicken and turkey sources that originated in Minnesota were analysed. A modified Bayesian source attribution model (available in a dedicated R package), accounting for non-sampled sources of infection, attributed 4,672 human cases to sources assessed here. Most (60%) cases were attributed to chicken, although there was a spike in cases attributed to a non-sampled source in the second half of the study period. Molecular epidemiological analysis methods were used to supplement risk modelling, and a visual attribution application was developed to facilitate data exploration and comprehension of the large multiyear data set assessed here. A large amount of within-source diversity and low similarity between sources was observed, and visual exploration of data provided clues into variations driving the attribution modelling results. Results from this pillared approach provided first attribution estimates for Salmonella in Minnesota and offer an understanding of current data gaps as well as key pathogen population features, such as serotype frequency, similarity and diversity across the sources. Results here will be used to inform policy and management strategies ultimately intended to prevent and control Salmonella infection in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ahlstrom
- Epi-interactive, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - P Muellner
- Epi-interactive, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - S Hong
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Saupe
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Rovira
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - C Hedberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - U Muellner
- Epi-interactive, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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71
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Bonardi S, Bruini I, Magnani R, Cannistrà N, Brindani F. Low Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Cull Dairy Cattle at Slaughter in Northern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2017; 6:6172. [PMID: 28299287 PMCID: PMC5337780 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate Salmonella carrier status of cull dairy cattle at slaughter, 125 animals were randomly selected during the period February-May 2016. Dairy cows were reared in 89 farms located in two regions of Northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions), where bovine milk is primarily used for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese and Grana Padano cheese production. Samples were collected by swabbing a 400-cm2 area of the brisket hide and by rectoanal mucosal swabs. They were tested following the reference ISO 6579 method and the isolates were serotyped following the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and genotyped by XbaI PFGE. Salmonella was detected in 1.6% of the brisket hide samples (2/125) (95% CI: 0.4-5.6) and never found in faecal samples (95% CI: 0-3%). The positive cattle were reared in two farms located only in Emilia-Romagna region. The isolates were typed as S. Derby and S. Seftenberg. The comparison of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of the bovine strains with all the PFGE patterns of the same serotypes responsible for human salmonellosis cases notified in Emilia-Romagna region in the years 2013-2015 did not find any correspondence. Therefore, the role of cull dairy cattle in transmitting Salmonella to humans seems to be less important than those of pigs and poultry in EU, but more data are needed for completing attribution source studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonardi
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bruini
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Magnani
- Parma Local Health Unit, National Veterinary Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Cannistrà
- Parma Local Health Unit, National Veterinary Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Brindani
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Using In Vitro Dynamic Models To Evaluate Fluoroquinolone Activity against Emergence of Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01756-16. [PMID: 27895011 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01756-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of fluoroquinolones that minimize the emergence of resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) using in vitro dynamic models and to establish mechanisms of resistance. Three fluoroquinolones, difloxacin (DIF), enrofloxacin (ENR), and marbofloxacin (MAR), at five dose levels and 3 days of treatment were simulated. Bacterial killing-regrowth kinetics and emergence of resistant bacteria after antibacterial drug exposure were quantified. PK/PD indices associated with different levels of antibacterial activity were computed. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance were determined by analyzing target mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and by analyzing overexpression of efflux pumps. Maximum losses in susceptibility of fluoroquinolone-exposed S Typhimurium occurred at a simulated AUC/MIC ratio (area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC) of 47 to 71. Target mutations in gyrA (S83F) and overexpression of acrAB-tolC contributed to decreased susceptibility in fluoroquinolone-exposed S Typhimurium. The current data suggest AUC/MIC (AUC/mutant prevention concentration [MPC])-dependent selection of resistant mutants of S Typhimurium, with AUC/MPC ratios of 69 (DIF), 62 (ENR), and 39 (MAR) being protective against selection of resistant mutants. These values could not be achieved in veterinary clinical areas under the current recommended therapeutic doses of the fluoroquinolones, suggesting the need to reassess the current dosing regimen to include both clinical efficacy and minimization of emergence of resistant bacteria.
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Eguale T, Birungi J, Asrat D, Njahira MN, Njuguna J, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Djikeng A, Engidawork E. Genetic markers associated with resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in central Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:13. [PMID: 28105330 PMCID: PMC5240271 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials are commonly used for treatment of infections caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and other pathogens. Resistance to these classes of antimicrobials has increased significantly in the recent years. However, little is known on the genetic basis of resistance to these drugs in Salmonella isolates from Ethiopia. Methods Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams (n = 43) were tested for genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes, and those resistant to quinolones (n = 29) for mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) as well as plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes using PCR and sequencing. Results Beta-lactamase genes (bla) were detected in 34 (79.1%) of the isolates. The dominant bla gene was blaTEM, recovered from 33 (76.7%) of the isolates, majority being TEM-1 (24, 72.7%) followed by TEM-57, (10, 30.3%). The blaOXA-10 and blaCTX-M-15 were detected only in a single S. Concord human isolate. Double substitutions in gyrA (Ser83-Phe + Asp87-Gly) as well as parC (Thr57-Ser + Ser80-Ile) subunits of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were detected in all S. Kentucky isolates with high level resistance to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Single amino acid substitutions, Ser83-Phe (n = 4) and Ser83-Tyr (n = 1) were also detected in the gyrA gene. An isolate of S. Miami susceptible to nalidixic acid but intermediately resistant to ciprofloxacin had Thr57-Ser and an additional novel mutation (Tyr83-Phe) in the parC gene. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes investigated were not detected in any of the isolates. In some isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and/or nalidixic acid, no mutations in QRDR or PMQR genes were detected. Over half of the quinolone resistant isolates in the current study 17 (58.6%) were also resistant to at least one of the beta-lactam antimicrobials. Conclusion Acquisition of blaTEM was the principal beta-lactamase resistance mechanism and mutations within QRDR of gyrA and parC were the primary mechanism for resistance to quinolones. Further study on extended spectrum beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance mechanisms in other gram negative pathogens is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Josephine Birungi
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moses N Njahira
- ICIPE-African Insect Science for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Njuguna
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 432101214 USA
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Casanova-Higes A, Andrés-Barranco S, Mainar-Jaime RC. Influence of On-farm pig Salmonella status on Salmonella Shedding at Slaughter. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:328-336. [PMID: 27549508 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of Salmonella shedding among pigs at slaughter with regard to their previous on-farm Salmonella status was assessed in a group of pigs from a farm from NE of Spain. A total of 202 pigs that had been serologically monitored monthly during the fattening period and from which mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and faecal (SFEC) samples were collected at slaughter for Salmonella isolation were included. A repeated-measures anova was used to assess the relationship between mean OD% values during the fattening period and sampling time and bacteriology on MLN and SFEC. Pigs were also grouped into four groups, that is pigs seronegative during the fattening period and Salmonella negative in MLN (group A; n = 69); pigs seronegative during the fattening period but Salmonella positive in MLN (B; n = 36); pigs seropositive at least once and Salmonella positive in MLN (C; n = 50); and pigs seropositive at least once but Salmonella negative in (D; n = 47). Pigs shedding at slaughter seroconverted much earlier and showed much higher mean OD% values than non-shedders pigs. The proportion of Salmonella shedders in groups A and D was high and similar (26.1% and 29.8%, respectively), but significantly lower than that for groups B and C. The odds of shedding Salmonella for groups B and C were 4.8 (95% CI = 1.5-15.5) and 20.9 (3.7-118) times higher, respectively, when compared to A. It was concluded that a large proportion of Salmonella seronegative pigs may shed Salmonella at slaughter, which would be likely associated to previous exposure with contaminated environments (i.e. transport and lairage). For pigs already infected at farm, the likelihood of shedding Salmonella was much higher and may depend on whether the bacterium has colonized the MLN or not. The odds of shedding Salmonella spp. were always much higher for pigs in which Salmonella was isolated from MLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casanova-Higes
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Andrés-Barranco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R C Mainar-Jaime
- Dpt. de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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75
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Kariuki S, Onsare RS. Epidemiology and Genomics of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in Kenya. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S317-24. [PMID: 26449947 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Kenya, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease causes severe bacteremic illness among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and especially among children <5 years of age coinfected with HIV or malaria, or who are compromised by sickle cell disease or severe malnutrition. The incidence of iNTS disease in children ranges from 166 to 568 cases per 100,000 persons per year. METHODS We review the epidemiology of iNTS disease and genomics of strains causing invasive illness in Kenya. We analyzed a total of 192 NTS isolates (114 Typhimurium, 78 Enteritidis) from blood and stools from pediatric admissions in 2005-2013. Testing for antimicrobial susceptibility to commonly used drugs and whole-genome sequencing were performed to assess prevalence and genetic relatedness of multidrug-resistant iNTS strains, respectively. RESULTS A majority (88/114 [77%]) of Salmonella Typhimurium and 30% (24/79) of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates tested were found to be multidrug resistant, whereas a dominant Salmonella Typhimurium pathotype, ST313, was primarily associated with invasive disease and febrile illness. Analysis of the ST313 isolates has identified genome degradation, compared with the ST19 genotype that typically causes diarrhea in humans, especially in industrialized countries, adapting a more host-restricted lifestyle typical of Salmonella Typhi infections. CONCLUSIONS From 2012, we have observed an emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant strains also showing reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. As most cases present with nonspecific febrile illness with no laboratory-confirmed etiology, empiric treatment of iNTS disease is a major challenge in Kenya. Multidrug resistance, including to ceftriaxone, will pose further difficulty in management of iNTS disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Robert S Onsare
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
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VIEIRA AR, GRASS J, FEDORKA-CRAY PJ, PLUMBLEE JR, TATE H, COLE DJ. Attribution of Salmonella enterica serotype Hadar infections using antimicrobial resistance data from two points in the food supply system. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:1983-90. [PMID: 26838291 PMCID: PMC9150654 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge to the development of foodborne illness prevention measures is determining the sources of enteric illness. Microbial subtyping source-attribution models attribute illnesses to various sources, requiring data characterizing bacterial isolate subtypes collected from human and food sources. We evaluated the use of antimicrobial resistance data on isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Hadar, collected from ill humans, food animals, and from retail meats, in two microbial subtyping attribution models. We also compared model results when either antimicrobial resistance or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were used to subtype isolates. Depending on the subtyping model used, 68-96% of the human infections were attributed to meat and poultry food products. All models yielded similar outcomes, with 86% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80-91] to 91% (95% CI 88-96) of the attributable infections attributed to turkey, and 6% (95% CI 2-10) to 14% (95% CI 8-20) to chicken. Few illnesses (<3%) were attributed to cattle or swine. Results were similar whether the isolates were obtained from food animals during processing or from retail meat products. Our results support the view that microbial subtyping models are a flexible and robust approach for attributing Salmonella Hadar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. VIEIRA
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. GRASS
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J. R. PLUMBLEE
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - H. TATE
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - D. J. COLE
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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77
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Stipetic K, Chang YC, Peters K, Salem A, Doiphode SH, McDonough PL, Chang YF, Sultan A, Mohammed HO. The risk of carriage of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food animals in dynamic populations. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:246-254. [PMID: 29067200 PMCID: PMC5645852 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are foodborne pathogens of global importance. We assessed their risks and associated factors in a highly dynamic population of animals. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy cattle, sheep, camel and chickens at either the farms or the abattoirs. The pathogens were detected using a combination of bacterial enrichment culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on putative risk factors were collect and analysed for their significance of association with these pathogens. Salmonella spp. were detected at higher proportions in sheep faeces and sheep carcasses in comparison to cattle faeces (odds ratio = 2.4 and 2.2, respectively). This pathogen was less common in milk or carcasses samples from cattle or chickens. Sheep and camel carcass samples were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. Faecal samples from cattle had the most diverse serovars of Salmonella enterica including S. Newport, S. Haifa, S. Kedougou, S. Kentucky, S. Mbandaka and S. Goettingen. Exotic serovars in sheep included S. Eastbourne, S. Chester and S. Kottnus. Serovars that were shed in camel faeces included S. Newport, S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis. In all sampled populations, detection of Salmonella spp. was more likely during warmer months than cold months. Listeria monocytogenes was not common in the targeted populations and was detected at a rate of 2.4%, mainly from sheep carcasses. The study highlights the role of food animals as reservoirs of pathogens across boundaries since all feed are imported in that population from different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korana Stipetic
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Kenlyn Peters
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Department of Animal ResourcesMinistry of EnvironmentQatar
| | | | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yung Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ali Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical College-QatarEducation CityDohaQatar
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
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78
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1363-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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79
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Vigre H, Domingues ARCC, Pedersen UB, Hald T. An Approach to Cluster EU Member States into Groups According to Pathways of Salmonella in the Farm-to-Consumption Chain for Pork Products. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:450-460. [PMID: 26856391 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the project as the cluster analysis was to in part to develop a generic structured quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) model of human salmonellosis due to pork consumption in EU member states (MSs), and the objective of the cluster analysis was to group the EU MSs according to the relative contribution of different pathways of Salmonella in the farm-to-consumption chain of pork products. In the development of the model, by selecting a case study MS from each cluster the model was developed to represent different aspects of pig production, pork production, and consumption of pork products across EU states. The objective of the cluster analysis was to aggregate MSs into groups of countries with similar importance of different pathways of Salmonella in the farm-to-consumption chain using available, and where possible, universal register data related to the pork production and consumption in each country. Based on MS-specific information about distribution of (i) small and large farms, (ii) small and large slaughterhouses, (iii) amount of pork meat consumed, and (iv) amount of sausages consumed we used nonhierarchical and hierarchical cluster analysis to group the MSs. The cluster solutions were validated internally using statistic measures and externally by comparing the clustered MSs with an estimated human incidence of salmonellosis due to pork products in the MSs. Finally, each cluster was characterized qualitatively using the centroids of the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Vigre
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrik Bo Pedersen
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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80
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Glass K, Fearnley E, Hocking H, Raupach J, Veitch M, Ford L, Kirk MD. Bayesian Source Attribution of Salmonellosis in South Australia. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:561-570. [PMID: 26133008 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a significant cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in Australia, and rates of illness have increased over recent years. We adopt a Bayesian source attribution model to estimate the contribution of different animal reservoirs to illness due to Salmonella spp. in South Australia between 2000 and 2010, together with 95% credible intervals (CrI). We excluded known travel associated cases and those of rare subtypes (fewer than 20 human cases or fewer than 10 isolates from included sources over the 11-year period), and the remaining 76% of cases were classified as sporadic or outbreak associated. Source-related parameters were included to allow for different handling and consumption practices. We attributed 35% (95% CrI: 20-49) of sporadic cases to chicken meat and 37% (95% CrI: 23-53) of sporadic cases to eggs. Of outbreak-related cases, 33% (95% CrI: 20-62) were attributed to chicken meat and 59% (95% CrI: 29-75) to eggs. A comparison of alternative model assumptions indicated that biases due to possible clustering of samples from sources had relatively minor effects on these estimates. Analysis of source-related parameters showed higher risk of illness from contaminated eggs than from contaminated chicken meat, suggesting that consumption and handling practices potentially play a bigger role in illness due to eggs, considering low Salmonella prevalence on eggs. Our results strengthen the evidence that eggs and chicken meat are important vehicles for salmonellosis in South Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - E Fearnley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
- Communicable Disease Control Branch, South Australian Department for Health, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - H Hocking
- Australian Salmonella Reference Centre, S.A. Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Raupach
- Communicable Disease Control Branch, South Australian Department for Health, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - M Veitch
- Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - L Ford
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - M D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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81
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Snary EL, Swart AN, Hald T. Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment and Source Attribution for Salmonella: Taking it Further. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:433-6. [PMID: 27002671 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Arno N Swart
- RIVM - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tine Hald
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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82
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de Knegt LV, Pires SM, Löfström C, Sørensen G, Pedersen K, Torpdahl M, Nielsen EM, Hald T. Application of Molecular Typing Results in Source Attribution Models: The Case of Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) of Salmonella Isolates Obtained from Integrated Surveillance in Denmark. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:571-88. [PMID: 27002674 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important cause of bacterial foodborne infections in Denmark. To identify the main animal-food sources of human salmonellosis, risk managers have relied on a routine application of a microbial subtyping-based source attribution model since 1995. In 2013, multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) substituted phage typing as the subtyping method for surveillance of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolated from animals, food, and humans in Denmark. The purpose of this study was to develop a modeling approach applying a combination of serovars, MLVA types, and antibiotic resistance profiles for the Salmonella source attribution, and assess the utility of the results for the food safety decisionmakers. Full and simplified MLVA schemes from surveillance data were tested, and model fit and consistency of results were assessed using statistical measures. We conclude that loci schemes STTR5/STTR10/STTR3 for S. Typhimurium and SE9/SE5/SE2/SE1/SE3 for S. Enteritidis can be used in microbial subtyping-based source attribution models. Based on the results, we discuss that an adjustment of the discriminatory level of the subtyping method applied often will be required to fit the purpose of the study and the available data. The issues discussed are also considered highly relevant when applying, e.g., extended multi-locus sequence typing or next-generation sequencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V de Knegt
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara M Pires
- Research Group for Risk-Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva M Nielsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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83
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Hald T, Aspinall W, Devleesschauwer B, Cooke R, Corrigan T, Havelaar AH, Gibb HJ, Torgerson PR, Kirk MD, Angulo FJ, Lake RJ, Speybroeck N, Hoffmann S. World Health Organization Estimates of the Relative Contributions of Food to the Burden of Disease Due to Selected Foodborne Hazards: A Structured Expert Elicitation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145839. [PMID: 26784029 PMCID: PMC4718673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) was established in 2007 by the World Health Organization (WHO) to estimate the global burden of foodborne diseases (FBDs). This estimation is complicated because most of the hazards causing FBD are not transmitted solely by food; most have several potential exposure routes consisting of transmission from animals, by humans, and via environmental routes including water. This paper describes an expert elicitation study conducted by the FERG Source Attribution Task Force to estimate the relative contribution of food to the global burden of diseases commonly transmitted through the consumption of food. METHODS AND FINDINGS We applied structured expert judgment using Cooke's Classical Model to obtain estimates for 14 subregions for the relative contributions of different transmission pathways for eleven diarrheal diseases, seven other infectious diseases and one chemical (lead). Experts were identified through international networks followed by social network sampling. Final selection of experts was based on their experience including international working experience. Enrolled experts were scored on their ability to judge uncertainty accurately and informatively using a series of subject-matter specific 'seed' questions whose answers are unknown to the experts at the time they are interviewed. Trained facilitators elicited the 5th, and 50th and 95th percentile responses to seed questions through telephone interviews. Cooke's Classical Model uses responses to the seed questions to weigh and aggregate expert responses. After this interview, the experts were asked to provide 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile estimates for the 'target' questions regarding disease transmission routes. A total of 72 experts were enrolled in the study. Ten panels were global, meaning that the experts should provide estimates for all 14 subregions, whereas the nine panels were subregional, with experts providing estimates for one or more subregions, depending on their experience in the region. The size of the 19 hazard-specific panels ranged from 6 to 15 persons with several experts serving on more than one panel. Pathogens with animal reservoirs (e.g. non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii) were in general assessed by the experts to have a higher proportion of illnesses attributable to food than pathogens with mainly a human reservoir, where human-to-human transmission (e.g. Shigella spp. and Norovirus) or waterborne transmission (e.g. Salmonella Typhi and Vibrio cholerae) were judged to dominate. For many pathogens, the foodborne route was assessed relatively more important in developed subregions than in developing subregions. The main exposure routes for lead varied across subregions, with the foodborne route being assessed most important only in two subregions of the European region. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we present worldwide estimates of the proportion of specific diseases attributable to food and other major transmission routes. These findings are essential for global burden of FBD estimates. While gaps exist, we believe the estimates presented here are the best current source of guidance to support decision makers when allocating resources for control and intervention, and for future research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Hald
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Willy Aspinall
- Aspinall & Associates, Tisbury, England
- Bristol University, Bristol, England
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roger Cooke
- Resources for the Future, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Technical University of Delft, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arie H. Havelaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Herman J. Gibb
- Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Fred J. Angulo
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robin J. Lake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Sandra Hoffmann
- U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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84
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Rasschaert G, Michiels J, Tagliabue M, Missotten J, De Smet S, Heyndrickx M. Effect of Organic Acids on Salmonella Shedding and Colonization in Pigs on a Farm with High Salmonella Prevalence. J Food Prot 2016; 79:51-8. [PMID: 26735029 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study builds on the results of a previous study in which six commercial feed products based on organic acids were evaluated with respect to Salmonella contamination of piglets in an artificially challenged seeder model. In the present study, the efficacy of three of these commercial products was assessed for Salmonella reduction in fattening pigs on one closed farm with a natural high Salmonella prevalence. In each of four fattening compartments, one of the following feed treatments was evaluated during two consecutive fattening rounds: (i) butyric acid (active ingredients at 1.3 kg/ton of feed; supplement A1), (ii) a combination of short-chain organic acids (mixture of free acids and salts) and natural extracts (2.92 kg/ton; supplement A4), (iii) a 1:1 blend of two commercial products consisting of medium-chain fatty acids, lactic acid, and oregano oil (3.71 kg/ton; supplement A5+A6), and (iv) a control feed. On the farm, the Salmonella status of the fattening pigs was evaluated by taking fecal samples twice during the fattening period. At the slaughterhouse, samples were collected from the cecal contents and the ileocecal lymph nodes. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This farm had a particularly high number of pigs shedding Salmonella with a wide variety of sero- and pulsotypes. Only the feed blend based on the medium-chain fatty acids was able to significantly reduce Salmonella prevalence both on the farm and at the slaughterhouse. With this combined supplement, the Salmonella reduction in the feces at slaughter age, in cecal contents at slaughter, and the lymph nodes was 50, 36, and 67%, respectively, compared with the control animals. This promising finding calls for further investigation including cost-efficiency of this combined feed product and its effect on the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - J Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Tagliabue
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J Missotten
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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85
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2014. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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86
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The rise and decline inSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods in the United States, 1973–2009. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:810-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSalmonella entericacauses an estimated 1 million domestically acquired foodborne illnesses annually.Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis (SE) is among the top three serovars of reported cases ofSalmonella. We examined trends in SE foodborne outbreaks from 1973 to 2009 using Joinpoint and Poisson regression. The annual number of SE outbreaks increased sharply in the 1970s and 1980s but declined significantly after 1990. Over the study period, SE outbreaks were most frequently attributed to foods containing eggs. The average rate of SE outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods reported by states began to decline significantly after 1990, and the proportion of SE outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods began declining after 1997. Our results suggest that interventions initiated in the 1990s to decrease SE contamination of shell eggs may have been integral to preventing SE outbreaks.
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