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Harold GT, Leve LD, Sellers R. How Can Genetically Informed Research Help Inform the Next Generation of Interparental and Parenting Interventions? Child Dev 2017; 88:446-458. [PMID: 28160281 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is robust evidence that the interparental relationship and parenting behaviors each have a significant influence on children's risk for emotional (internalizing) and behavioral (externalizing) problems. Indeed, interventions targeting the interparental relationship and parenting processes show significant intervention-related reductions in child internalizing and externalizing problems. However, most evidence-based parenting- and couple-focused interventions result in small to medium effects on children's emotional and behavior problems. It is proposed that there is opportunity to improve upon these interventions through incorporation of knowledge from quantitative genetic research. Three core recommendations are provided for practitioners engaging in intervention work with children and families. These recommendations are contextualized relative to what quantitative genetic studies can tell us about the role of the interparental relationship and parenting behaviors on child outcomes.
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Luthar SS, Eisenberg N. Resilient Adaptation Among At-Risk Children: Harnessing Science Toward Maximizing Salutary Environments. Child Dev 2017; 88:337-349. [PMID: 28144962 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Compiled in this Special Section are recommendations from multiple experts on how to maximize resilience among children at risk for maladjustment. Contributors delineated processes with relatively strong effects and modifiable by behavioral interventions. Commonly highlighted was fostering the well-being of caregivers via regular support, reduction of maltreatment while promoting positive parenting, and strengthening emotional self-regulation of caregivers and children. In future work, there must be more attention to developing and testing interventions within real-world settings (not just in laboratories) and to ensuring feasibility in procedures, costs, and assessments involved. Such movement will require shifts in funding priorities-currently focused largely on biological processes-toward maximizing the benefits from large-scale, empirically supported intervention programs for today's at-risk youth and families.
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Crnic KA, Neece CL, McIntyre LL, Blacher J, Baker BL. Intellectual Disability and Developmental Risk: Promoting Intervention to Improve Child and Family Well-Being. Child Dev 2017; 88:436-445. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Souza I, Vasconcelos AGG, Caumo W, Baptista AF. Resilience profile of patients with chronic pain. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00146915. [PMID: 28125124 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00146915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify resilience profiles of patients with chronic pain. Using latent class analysis in a sample of 414 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, three profiles were identified: primary resilience (40%), consisting of individuals 40 years or younger with high education, who seek medical care, are not working, and without symptoms of psychological stress; secondary resilience (30%), consisting of women over 54 years of age with low schooling, who seek medical care, are not working, and with low likelihood of symptoms of psychological stress; tertiary resilience (29%), women with medium schooling, 40 to 54 years old, working, who do not seek medical care, and with a high likelihood of symptoms of psychological stress. The three profiles display different paths of resilience in chronic pain that are relevant to clinical practice, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary care for patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Wolnei Caumo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Infurna FJ, Luthar SS. Resilience to Major Life Stressors Is Not as Common as Thought. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 11:175-94. [PMID: 26993272 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615621271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to replicate findings that "most people are resilient" following three events: spousal loss, divorce, and unemployment. We applied growth mixture models to the same longitudinal data set that has previously been used to assert that resilience is ubiquitous. When using identical model specifications, as in prior studies, we found that resilient trajectories were most common, but the number of trajectories identified was different. When we relaxed two assumptions used in prior studies-that (a) all classes have similar variability in levels of postadversity adjustment and (b) there is no variability in changes within classes-we found that a resilience class was least common. Methodologically, our results show how findings on trajectories of change following major life stressors can vary substantially, depending on statistical model specifications. Conceptually, the results underscore the errors inherent in any categorical statements about "rates of resilience" among individuals confronted with major life stressors. Pragmatically, they underscore the dangers in recommending against prophylactic interventions (on the basis of one method of analyzing longitudinal data) for individuals who have experienced major life stressors.
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Botou A, Mylonakou-Keke I, Kalouri O, Tsergas N. Primary School Teachers’ Resilience during the Economic Crisis in Greece. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.81009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Solano JPC, Bracher ESB, Faisal-Cury A, Ashmawi HA, Carmona MJC, Lotufo Neto F, Vieira JE. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Dispositional Resilience Scale among Brazilian adult patients. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2016; 74:1014-1020. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective Verifying the psychometrics of a Brazilian version of the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15). Methods Cross-cultural adaptation was done interviewing 65 adult patients. Validation was evaluated by application of the Lipp Brazilian Stress Symptoms Inventory (ISSL), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ), and other measures to 575 participants from the psychiatric ambulatories (for borderline personality, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorders) and non-psychiatric ambulatories (chronic pain, pre-anesthetic consultation and companions for the latter). Temporal stability was verified with 123 participants. Results Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution. Psychometrics were acceptable (alpha coefficient, 0.71; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.81). Correlations with the ISSL, SRQ and other measures were noted except for factor 3. In the psychiatric sample, hardiness scores of borderline patients were lower than those of patients with anxiety disorders. Conclusion This version of the DRS-15 exhibited good reliability in a sample of Brazilian patients; validity was confirmed in two of the scale factors.
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Coping and mental health outcomes among Sierra Leonean war-affected youth: Results from a longitudinal study. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:11-23. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study explored how coping with war-related traumatic events in Sierra Leone impacted mental health outcomes among 529 youth (aged 10–17 at baseline; 25% female) using longitudinal data from three time points (Time 1 in 2002, Time 2 in 2004, and Time 3 in 2008). We examined two types of coping items (approach and avoidance); used multiple regression models to test their relations with long-term mental health outcomes (internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, adaptive/prosocial behaviors, and posttraumatic stress symptoms); and used mediation analyses to test whether coping explained the relation between previous war exposures (being raped, death of parent(s), or killing/injuring someone during the war) and those outcomes. We found that avoidance coping items were associated with lower internalizing and posttraumatic stress behaviors at Time 3, and provided some evidence of mediating the relation between death of parent(s) during the war and the two outcomes mentioned above. Approach coping was associated with higher Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors, whereas avoidance coping was associated with lower Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors. Avoidance coping may be a protective factor against mental illness, whereas approach coping may be a promotive factor for adaptive/prosocial behaviors in war-affected societies. This study has important implications for designing and implementing mental health interventions for youth in postconflict settings.
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Solano JPC, da Silva AG, Soares IA, Ashmawi HA, Vieira JE. Resilience and hope during advanced disease: a pilot study with metastatic colorectal cancer patients. BMC Palliat Care 2016; 15:70. [PMID: 27484092 PMCID: PMC4971726 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-016-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The balance between hope-hopelessness plays an important role in the way terminally ill patients report quality of life, and personal resilience may be related to hope at the end of life. The objective of this study was to explore associations between personal resilience, hope, and other possible predictors of hope in advanced cancer patients. Methods A cross-sectional pilot study was carried out with metastatic colorectal cancer patients in a tertiary hospital. The patients answered the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Herth Hope Index, Barthel Index, an instrument addressing family and social support, visual-numeric scales for pain and suffering, a two-item screening for depression, socio-demographic and socio-economic information about the family. Results Forty-four patients were interviewed (mean age 56 years; range 29-86). A strong correlation was noted between resilience and hope (0.63; p < 0.05). No correlation was found between hope and independence for activities of daily living, support from family and community, and pain and suffering levels. Of the 44 patients, 20 presented with depressive symptoms. These depressive patients had lower resilience (p = 0.005) and hope (p = 0.003), and higher scores of suffering (p < 0.001). The association between resilience and hope kept stable after adjusting for age, gender, and presence of depression (p < 0.001). Conclusion Given that resilience is a dynamic, changeable path that can improve hope, resilience-fostering interventions should be most valued in palliative care settings and should be commenced as soon as possible with cancer patients. Patients with advanced stages of non-malignant conditions would also probably benefit from such interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12904-016-0139-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Consentino Solano
- Hospital das Clínicas of Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 (INCOR), 2° andar, bloco I, Zipcode: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Hazem Adel Ashmawi
- Hospital das Clínicas of Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 (INCOR), 2° andar, bloco I, Zipcode: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Edson Vieira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Infurna FJ, Luthar SS. The multidimensional nature of resilience to spousal loss. J Pers Soc Psychol 2016; 112:926-947. [PMID: 27399253 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spousal loss can be one of the most devastating events to occur across one's life, resulting in difficulties across different spheres of adjustment; yet, past research on resilience to bereavement has primarily focused on single adjustment indicators. We applied growth mixture modeling to data from 421 participants from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia Study who experienced spousal loss during the course of the study to examine (a) the extent to which individuals appear to be resilient across 3 indicators of subjective well-being-life satisfaction, negative affect, and positive affect, and 2 indicators of health-perceptions of general health and physical functioning-and (b) factors that might promote resilience. Approximately 66%, 19% and 26% individuals showed resilient trajectories, respectively, for life satisfaction, negative affect, and positive affect, whereas 37% and 28% showed resilience, respectively, for perceptions of general health and physical functioning. When we considered all 5 indicators simultaneously, only 8% showed "multidimensional" resilience, whereas 20% showed a non-resilient trajectory across all 5 indicators. The strongest predictors of resilient trajectories were continued engagement in everyday life activities and in social relationships, followed by anticipation that people would comfort them in times of distress. Overall, our findings demonstrate that resilience in the face of spousal bereavement is less common than previously thought. More importantly, they underscore the critical importance of multidimensional approaches while operationalizing doing well in the context of serious life adversities. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Solano JPC, Bracher ESB, Faisal-Cury A, Ashmawi HA, Carmona MJC, Lotufo F, Vieira JE. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale among Brazilian adult patients. SAO PAULO MED J 2016; 134:400-6. [PMID: 27191249 PMCID: PMC10871851 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2015.02290512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Personal resilience is associated with several mental health outcomes. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) is a widely used self-report measurement of resilience. This study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the CD-RISC. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional validation study carried out in the outpatient clinics of a public university hospital. METHODS The cross-cultural adaptation followed established guidelines and involved interviews with 65 adults in psychiatric and non-psychiatric outpatient clinics at a teaching hospital. Validation was assessed through concurrent application of the Lipp Brazilian Stress Symptom Inventory (ISSL), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ), Sheehan Disability Scales (SDS) and Chronic Pain Grade (CPG) to 575 patients at the same setting. Temporal stability was verified through a second application to 123 participants. RESULTS Factor analysis identified four factors, named tenacity, adaptability-tolerance, reliance on support from outside and intuition. The alpha coefficient of 0.93 and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.84 indicated good internal consistency and temporal stability. Significant correlations between this version of the CD-RISC and the ISSL, SRQ, SDS and CPG were noted. The patients at the outpatient clinic for borderline personality had resilience scores that were significantly lower than those of the patients at the general anxiety or post-traumatic stress outpatient clinics. CONCLUSION This Brazilian Portuguese version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale exhibited adequate reliability and validity among a sample of Brazilian adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Consentino Solano
- MD, MSc. Doctoral Student and Attending Psychiatrist in the Pain Control Group, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexandre Faisal-Cury
- MD, PhD. Medical Researcher, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hazem Adel Ashmawi
- MD, PhD. Head of Pain Control Team, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria José Carvalho Carmona
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Lotufo
- MD, PhD. Head of Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joaquim Edson Vieira
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froma Walsh
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago Center for Family Health, Chicago, IL, USA
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Eriksson I, Cater Å, Andershed AK, Andershed H. What Protects Youths From Externalising and Internalising Problems? A Critical Review of Research Findings and Implications for Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1375/ajgc.21.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProblems in childhood and adolescence, such as pronounced externalising and internalising problems, are associated with a relatively high risk for long-lasting psychosocial difficulties. Therefore, it is essential to understand what protects youth from externalising and internalising problems. The present article has three purposes: (1) To review previous research reviews concerning which factors that have been identified as protecting youth from externalising and internalising problems, (2) to identify and suggest key areas of focus for future research, and (3) to discuss implications of this knowledge for practice. From the 29 included reviews, it can be concluded that an extensive list of factors have been identified as being potentially protective in youths. These factors exist in the individual and the family, as well as outside the family. However, from this review of reviews, it is also evident that many important questions remain unanswered. Answers to these questions would help make interventions for youths at risk more effective. How to use the existing research results concerning protective factors in guidance and counselling with youths is discussed.
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Shi M, Liu L, Wang ZY, Wang L. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its correlations with positive psychological variables among Chinese medical students: an exploratory cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:3. [PMID: 26754773 PMCID: PMC4707780 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese medical students and its related factors is rather limited. Understanding the correlates of depressive symptoms and the roles that positive psychological variables play in depressive symptoms is of vital importance for future interventions. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the integrated effects of resilience, hope and optimism on depressive symptoms among Chinese medical students. METHODS This multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2014. The questionnaires that consisted of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale-14 (RS-14), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and socio-demographic characteristics, were distributed to students at four medical colleges or universities in Liaoning province, China. A total of 2925 medical students became the final subjects. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to explore the integrated effects of resilience, hope and optimism on depressive symptoms. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese medical students was 66.8 % (CES-D ≥ 16). Resilience, hope and optimism were all negatively correlated with depressive symptoms and they accounted for 26.1 % of the variance in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese medical students calls for special attention from all stakeholders, especially university authorities. Intervention strategies that focus on enhancing the positive psychological variables of resilience, hope and optimism can be integrated into depression prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- Department of English, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Zi Yue Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lie Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Kim J, Seok JH, Choi K, Jon DI, Hong HJ, Hong N, Lee E. The Protective Role of Resilience in Attenuating Emotional Distress and Aggression Associated with Early-life Stress in Young Enlisted Military Service Candidates. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1667-74. [PMID: 26539013 PMCID: PMC4630485 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.11.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) may induce long-lasting psychological complications in adulthood. The protective role of resilience against the development of psychopathology is also important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among ELS, resilience, depression, anxiety, and aggression in young adults. Four hundred sixty-one army inductees gave written informed consent and participated in this study. We assessed psychopathology using the Korea Military Personality Test, ELS using the Childhood Abuse Experience Scale, and resilience with the resilience scale. Analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for statistical analyses. The regression model explained 35.8%, 41.0%, and 23.3% of the total variance in the depression, anxiety, and aggression indices, respectively. We can find that even though ELS experience is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and aggression, resilience may have significant attenuating effect against the ELS effect on severity of these psychopathologies. Emotion regulation showed the most beneficial effect among resilience factors on reducing severity of psychopathologies. To improve mental health for young adults, ELS assessment and resilience enhancement program should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohan Kim
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Seok
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Behavioural Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Choi
- Gyeonggi Northern Region Military Manpower Office, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Duk-In Jon
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Narei Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Eunjeong Lee
- Gyeonggi Northern Region Military Manpower Office, Uijeongbu, Korea
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O'Connor K, Robert M, Pérodeau G, Séguin M. Trajectory-based methods in clinical psychology: A person centred narrative approach. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schonert-Reichl KA, Oberle E, Lawlor MS, Abbott D, Thomson K, Oberlander TF, Diamond A. Enhancing cognitive and social-emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Psychol 2015; 51:52-66. [PMID: 25546595 DOI: 10.1037/a0038454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The authors hypothesized that a social and emotional learning (SEL) program involving mindfulness and caring for others, designed for elementary school students, would enhance cognitive control, reduce stress, promote well-being and prosociality, and produce positive school outcomes. To test this hypothesis, 4 classes of combined 4th and 5th graders (N = 99) were randomly assigned to receive the SEL with mindfulness program versus a regular social responsibility program. Measures assessed executive functions (EFs), stress physiology via salivary cortisol, well-being (self-reports), prosociality and peer acceptance (peer reports), and math grades. Relative to children in the social responsibility program, children who received the SEL program with mindfulness (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology; (b) reported greater empathy, perspective-taking, emotional control, optimism, school self-concept, and mindfulness, (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression, (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial, and (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity). The results of this investigation suggest the promise of this SEL intervention and address a lacuna in the scientific literature-identifying strategies not only to ameliorate children's problems but also to cultivate their well-being and thriving. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Schonert-Reichl
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, University of British Columbia
| | - Eva Oberle
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, University of British Columbia
| | - Molly Stewart Lawlor
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, University of British Columbia
| | - David Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia
| | - Kimberly Thomson
- Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia
| | - Adele Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia
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Enns LN, Barrieau LE, Stack DM, Serbin LA, Ledingham JE, Schwartzman AE. Verbal and nonverbal communication in at-risk mother-child dyads: Implications for relationship quality and developing positive social behaviours in middle-childhood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2015.1049153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liebschutz J, Crooks D, Rose-Jacobs R, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Gerteis J, Appugliese DP, Heymann OD, Lange AV, Frank DA. Prenatal substance exposure: What predicts behavioral resilience by early adolescence? PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2015; 29:329-37. [PMID: 26076097 PMCID: PMC4593628 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding behavioral resilience among at-risk adolescents may guide public policy decisions and future programs. We examined factors predicting behavioral resilience following intrauterine substance exposure in a prospective longitudinal birth-cohort study of 136 early adolescents (ages 12.4-15.9 years) at risk for poor behavioral outcomes. We defined behavioral resilience as a composite measure of lack of early substance use initiation (before age 14), lack of risky sexual behavior, or lack of delinquency. Intrauterine substance exposures included in this analysis were cocaine, tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. We recruited participants from Boston Medical Center as mother-infant dyads between 1990 and 1993. The majority of the sample was African American/Caribbean (88%) and 49% female. In bivariate analyses, none and lower intrauterine cocaine exposure level predicted resilience compared with higher cocaine exposure, but this effect was not found in an adjusted model. Instead, strict caregiver supervision (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.90, 19.00], p = .002), lower violence exposure (AOR = 4.07, 95% CI [1.77, 9.38], p < .001), and absence of intrauterine tobacco exposure (AOR = 3.71, 95% CI [1.28, 10.74], p = .02) predicted behavioral resilience. In conclusion, caregiver supervision in early adolescence, lower violence exposure in childhood, and lack of intrauterine tobacco exposure predicted behavioral resilience among a cohort of early adolescents with significant social and environmental risk. Future interventions should work to enhance parental supervision as a way to mitigate the effects of adversity on high-risk groups of adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Liebschutz
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Denise Crooks
- Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 840 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 72 East Concord Street, MA, 02118
| | - Howard J Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Jessie Gerteis
- Abt Associates, Inc., 55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Danielle P. Appugliese
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Orlaith D. Heymann
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Allison V. Lange
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Deborah A. Frank
- Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 840 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 72 East Concord Street, MA, 02118
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Koinis-Mitchell D, Kopel SJ, Boergers J, McQuaid EL, Esteban CA, Seifer R, Fritz GK, Beltran AJ, Klein RB, LeBourgeois M. Good Sleep Health in Urban Children With Asthma: A Risk and Resilience Approach. J Pediatr Psychol 2015; 40:888-903. [PMID: 25991645 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify children demonstrating "good" sleep health in a sample of urban children with persistent asthma; to compare sociocontextual, asthma clinical characteristics, and sleep behaviors in children with "good" versus "poor" sleep health; and to examine protective effects of family-based health behaviors on sleep health. METHODS Participants were 249 Black (33%), Latino (51%) and non-Latino White (16%) children with asthma, ages 7-9 years, and their primary caregivers. RESULTS 32 percent of children had "good" sleep health. Well-controlled asthma and better lung function were more likely in this group. In the context of urban risks, sleep hygiene appeared to be a protective factor associated with better sleep quality. The protective effect of asthma management functioned differently by ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies protective processes that may guard against urban risks to optimize sleep health in children with asthma. Intervention programs can be tailored to consider specific supports that enhance sleep health in this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Koinis-Mitchell
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Sheryl J Kopel
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Julie Boergers
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Elizabeth L McQuaid
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Cynthia A Esteban
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Ronald Seifer
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Gregory K Fritz
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Alvaro J Beltran
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
| | - Robert B Klein
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
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Gore N, Emerson E, Brady S. Rates of breastfeeding and exposure to socio-economic adversity amongst children with intellectual disability. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 39:12-19. [PMID: 25613368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Children with intellectual disability are at increased risk of experiencing poor health relative to their typically developing peers. Previous research indicates that exposure to socio-economic disadvantage contributes towards this disparity but that additional factors (including parenting practices) may be involved in mediating/moderating pathways. This study examined duration of breastfeeding amongst children with and without intellectual disability by a secondary analysis of data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Children with intellectual disability were significantly less likely to have been ever breastfed; breastfed exclusively or at all at 3 months or breastfed at all at 6 months relative to children without intellectual disability. None of these differences remained significant when other psycho-social risk factors for reduced breastfeeding were controlled for. The study adds to both the sparse literature on breastfeeding practices amongst families of children with intellectual disability and research demonstrating relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and wellbeing for children with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gore
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Emerson
- University of Sydney, Australia; University of Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Brady
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, United Kingdom
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The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between big five personality and anxiety among Chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119916. [PMID: 25794003 PMCID: PMC4368674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The psychological distress of medical students is a major concern of public health worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate anxiety symptoms of medical students in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anxiety symptoms among Chinese medical students, to examine the relationships between big five personality traits and anxiety symptoms among medical students, and to explore the mediating role of resilience in these relationships. METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2014. Self-reported questionnaires consisting of the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Big Five Inventory (BFI), Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS-14) and demographic section were distributed to the subjects. A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 2925 medical students (effective response rate: 83.57%) at four medical colleges and universities in Liaoning province, China. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were used to explore the mediating role of resilience. RESULTS The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 47.3% (SAS index score≥50) among Chinese medical students. After adjusting for the demographic factors, the traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness were all negatively associated with anxiety whereas neuroticism was positively associated with it. Resilience functioned as a mediator in the relationships between agreeableness/conscientiousness/openness and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese medical students, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was high and resilience mediated the relationships between big five personality traits and anxiety symptoms. Identifying at-risk individuals and undertaking appropriate intervention strategies that focus on both personality traits and resilience might be more effective to prevent and reduce anxiety symptoms.
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Tallon MM, Kendall GE, Snider PD. Rethinking family-centred care for the child and family in hospital. J Clin Nurs 2015; 24:1426-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shi M, Wang X, Bian Y, Wang L. The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 15:16. [PMID: 25890167 PMCID: PMC4332721 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-015-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological distress of medical students has been widely acknowledged. However, few studies focused on positive well-being among medical students. The purpose of this study was to investigate related demographic factors of life satisfaction among Chinese medical students, to examine the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among this group of people, and to explore the mediating role of resilience in this relationship. METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out in June 2014. Self-reported questionnaires consisting of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS-14), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), as well as demographic section were distributed to students at four medical colleges and universities in Liaoning province, China. A total of 2925 students (effective response rate: 83.6%) became our subjects. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to explore the mediating role of resilience. RESULTS Among the demographic factors, life satisfaction was significantly different in gender (P = 0.001) and study programs (P < 0.001). Stress was negatively correlated with life satisfaction (r = -0.35, P < 0.01). After adjusting for the demographic factors, stress accounted for 12% of the variance in life satisfaction (β = -0.34, P < 0.001) while resilience explained an additional 18% of the variance (β = 0.46, P < 0.001). Resilience functioned as a partial mediator in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students. CONCLUSIONS Both stress and resilience played a big role in life satisfaction among Chinese medical students. Besides reducing perceived stress, the university authorities should adopt evidence-based intervention strategies to enhance their resilience in order to promote life satisfaction among the students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- English Department, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - XiaoXi Wang
- School of Applied Technology, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - YuGe Bian
- Drury University graduated student, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lie Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Buttram ME. The Social Environmental Elements of Resilience among Vulnerable African American/Black Men Who Have Sex with Men. JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 25:923-933. [PMID: 26839495 PMCID: PMC4733889 DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2015.1040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Resilience theory has been suggested as a strong framework for research on HIV prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Among this population, literature indicates that African American/Black MSM are particularly vulnerable to health and social disparities associated with HIV transmission risk. Conceptualizing resilience as a part of one's social environment, this qualitative study investigates the specific elements of resilience, and the associated contexts and relationships, among a sample of 21 substance-using African American/Black MSM. Data indicate that: 1) elements contributing to resilience are multiple and co-occurring, including inner strengths, social relationships, diversity of experience, religion/spirituality, altruism, and creativity; 2) as an element of resilience, social support was experienced differently among men who did and did not have supportive relationships with other gay and bisexual men, which has implications for social service provision and intervention approaches; and 3) diversity of experiences and relationships is an important influencing factor on expressions of resilience. Social services or interventions that facilitate the development of these elements of resilience will likely be especially beneficial for vulnerable African American/Black MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 2 NE 40 Street, Suite 404, Miami, FL 33137, Tel: 305-571-2774; ,
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Panter-Brick C. Health, Risk, and Resilience: Interdisciplinary Concepts and Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsourtos G, Ward PR, Lawn S, Winefield AH, Hersh D, Coveney J. Is resilience relevant to smoking abstinence for Indigenous Australians? Health Promot Int 2014; 30:64-76. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dau087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Allen J, Hopper K, Wexler L, Kral M, Rasmus S, Nystad K. Mapping resilience pathways of Indigenous youth in five circumpolar communities. Transcult Psychiatry 2014; 51:601-31. [PMID: 23965730 PMCID: PMC4065853 DOI: 10.1177/1363461513497232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This introduction to the Special Issue Indigenous Youth Resilience in the Arctic reviews relevant resilience theory and research, with particular attention to Arctic Indigenous youth. Current perspectives on resilience, as well as the role of social determinants, and community resilience processes in understanding resilience in Indigenous circumpolar settings are reviewed. The distinctive role for qualitative inquiry in understanding these frameworks is emphasized, as is the uniquely informative lens youth narratives can offer in understanding Indigenous, cultural, and community resilience processes during times of social transition. We then describe key shared cross-site methodological elements of the Circumpolar Indigenous Pathways to Adulthood study, including sampling, research design, procedures, and analytic strategies. The site-specific papers further elaborate on methods, focusing on those elements unique to each site, and describe in considerable detail locally salient stressors and culturally patterned resilience strategies operating in each community. The concluding paper considers these across sites, exploring continuities and discontinuities, and the influence of cross-national social policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Allen
- University of Minnesota Medical School and University of Alaska Fairbanks
| | - Kim Hopper
- Columbia University and Nathan Kline Institute
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Suresky MJ, Zauszniewski JA, Bekhet AK. Factors affecting disruption in families of adults with mental illness. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2014; 50:235-42. [PMID: 25324027 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined relationships between vulnerability/risk and protective factors, and family functioning in women family members of adults with serious mental illness. DESIGN AND METHODS Using a descriptive, correlational design, this secondary analysis examined characteristics of the family member with mental illness (e.g., diagnosis, level of care) and measures of caregiver stigma and strain, client dependence, family disruption, sense of coherence, and resourcefulness. FINDINGS Family disruption was greatest in women who provided direct care and whose family member had major depression, followed by bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and panic disorder. Sense of coherence and resourcefulness were associated with lower family disruption, but did not mediate the effects of caregiver strain. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Interventions restricted to one family member may be insufficient for improving the family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jane Suresky
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Vilete L, Figueira I, Andreoli SB, Ribeiro W, Quintana MI, de Jesus Mari J, Coutinho ESF. Resilience to trauma in the two largest cities of Brazil: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:257. [PMID: 25261277 PMCID: PMC4196199 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience is a dynamic process involving the interaction between intrapsychic and social factors of risk and protection. For resilience to be recognized there must be a significant threat to the individual, such as a traumatic event, and a good quality of adjustment. The aim of this study was to identify predisposing factors and possible mechanisms associated with resilience to traumatic events in the general population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with a random sample, aged 15-75 years, living in the two largest cities in Brazil, who were exposed to trauma (N = 3,231). Positive adaptation to trauma was defined as the lifetime absence of anxiety (including posttraumatic stress disorder), depression and alcohol related disorders in the presence of at least one traumatic event. Logistic regression models predicting resilience were used to estimate the incidence density ratio. This measure expresses the extent to which the rate of resilience differs from the exposed group to the non-exposed group. Moreover, we explored the relationship between positive/negative affect and resilience, using linear regression models. RESULTS Male gender was a predisposing factor to positive adaptation (incidence density ratio [IDR] = 1.34; p < 0.001). There was an inverse linear relationship between childhood violence and resilience (IDR = 0.67; 0.53; 0.19; p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that the absence of parental mental disease (IDR = 1.35; p = 0.07) also predisposes individuals to positive adaptation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides results that help to identify vulnerable groups and protective factors that may lead to a positive adaptation following traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Vilete
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Av: Venceslau=Brás 71 - fundos - Botafogo CEP, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, Brazil.
| | - Ivan Figueira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Av: Venceslau=Brás 71 – fundos – Botafogo CEP, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-140 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Baxter Andreoli
- Universidade Católica de Santos, São Paulo, Brazil ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil ,King’s College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Maria Ines Quintana
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil ,King’s College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Ellingsen R, Baker BL, Blacher J, Crnic K. Resilient parenting of preschool children at developmental risk. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:664-678. [PMID: 23834102 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the great benefits of effective parenting to child development under normal circumstances, and the even greater benefits in the face of risk, it is important to understand why some parents manage to be effective in their interactions with their child despite facing formidable challenges. This study examined factors that promoted effective parenting in the presence of child developmental delay, high child behaviour problems, and low family income. METHOD Data were obtained from 232 families at child age 3 and 5 years. Using an adapted ABCX model, we examined three risk domains (child developmental delay, child behaviour problems, and low family income) and three protective factors (mother's education, health, and optimism). The outcome of interest was positive parenting as coded from mother-child interactions. RESULTS Levels of positive parenting differed across levels of risk. Education and optimism appeared to be protective factors for positive parenting at ages 3 and 5, and health appeared to be an additional protective factor at age 5. There was an interaction between risk and education at age 3; mothers with higher education engaged in more positive parenting at higher levels of risk than did mothers with less education. There was also an interaction between risk and optimism at age 3; mothers with higher optimism engaged in more positive parenting at lower levels of risk than did mothers with less optimism. The risk index did not predict change in positive parenting from age 3-5, but the protective factor of maternal health predicted positive changes. CONCLUSIONS This study examined factors leading to positive parenting in the face of risk, a topic that has received less attention in the literature on disability. Limitations, future directions, and implications for intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ellingsen
- Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ellingsen R, Baker BL, Blacher J, Crnic K. Resilient parenting of children at developmental risk across middle childhood. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1364-74. [PMID: 24713516 PMCID: PMC4697460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on factors that might influence positive parenting during middle childhood when a parent faces formidable challenges defined herein as "resilient parenting." Data were obtained from 162 families at child age 5 and 8 years. Using an adapted ABCX model, we examined three risk domains (child developmental delay, child ADHD/ODD diagnosis, and low family income) and three protective factors (mother's education, health, and optimism). The outcome of interest was positive parenting as coded from mother-child interactions. We hypothesized that each of the risk factors would predict poorer parenting and that higher levels of each protective factor would buffer the risk-parenting relationship. Positive parenting scores decreased across levels of increasing risk. Maternal optimism appeared to be a protective factor for resilient parenting concurrently at age 5 and predictively to age 8, as well as a predictor of positive change in parenting from age 5 to age 8, above and beyond level of risk. Maternal education and health were not significantly protective for positive parenting. Limitations, future directions, and implications for intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ellingsen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Bruce L Baker
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1257D Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jan Blacher
- University of California, Riverside, Graduate School of Education, Sproul Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Keith Crnic
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, 950 South McAllister, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent data on the high burden of HIV among transgender women have stimulated interest in addressing HIV in this vulnerable population. This review situates the epidemiologic data on HIV among transgender women in the context of the social determinants of health and describes opportunities for effective interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Transgender women experience unique vulnerability to HIV that can be attributed to multilevel, intersecting factors that also influence the HIV treatment and care continuum. Stigma and discrimination, lack of social and legal recognition of their affirmed gender, and exclusion from employment and educational opportunities represent fundamental drivers of HIV risk in transgender women worldwide. SUMMARY Interventions to improve engagement in HIV prevention, testing, care, and treatment among transgender women should build on community strengths and address structural factors as well as psychosocial and biologic factors that increase HIV vulnerability and prevent access to HIV services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Poteat
- aDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland bThe Fenway Institute, Fenway Health cDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA dCallen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York, USA
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Khanlou N, Wray R. A Whole Community Approach toward Child and Youth Resilience Promotion: A Review of Resilience Literature. Int J Ment Health Addict 2014; 12:64-79. [PMID: 24523668 PMCID: PMC3913859 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-013-9470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature review of child and youth resilience with a focus on: definitions and factors of resilience; relationships between resilience, mental health and social outcomes; evidence for resilience promoting interventions; and implications for reducing health inequities. To conduct the review, the first two following steps were conducted iteratively and informed the third step: 1) Review of published peer-review literature since 2000; and 2) Review of grey literature; and 3) Quasi-realist synthesis of evidence. Evidence from three perspectives were examined: i) whether interventions can improve 'resilience' for vulnerable children and youth; ii) whether there is a differential effect among different populations; and, iii) whether there is evidence that resilience interventions 'close the gap' on health and social outcome measures. Definitions of resilience vary as do perspectives on it. We argue for a hybrid approach that recognizes the value of combining multiple theoretical perspectives, epistemologies (positivistic and constructivist/interpretive/critical) in studying resilience. Resilience is: a) a process (rather than a single event), b) a continuum (rather than a binary outcome), and c) likely a global concept with specific dimensions. Individual, family and social environmental factors influence resilience. A social determinants perspective on resilience and mental health is emphasized. Programs and interventions to promoting resilience should be complimentary to public health measures addressing the social determinants of health. A whole community approach to resilience is suggested as a step toward closing the public health policy gap. Local initiatives that stimulate a local transformation process are needed. Recognition of each child's or youth's intersections of gender, lifestage, family resources within the context of their identity markers fits with a localized approach to resilience promotion and, at the same time, requires recognition of the broader determinants of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazilla Khanlou
- York University, HNES 3rd floor, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Ron Wray
- DGL Consulting, Toronto, ON Canada
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Rounding K, Jacobson JA. The Role of Causal Uncertainty in the Relationship Between Perceived Parental Dysphoria and Offspring’s Own Dysphoria. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Reisner SL, Gamarel KE, Dunham E, Hopwood R, Hwahng S. Female-to-male transmasculine adult health: a mixed-methods community-based needs assessment. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2013; 19:293-303. [PMID: 23963876 DOI: 10.1177/1078390313500693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of health research about transgender people. OBJECTIVES This mixed-methods study sought to formatively investigate the health and perceived health needs of female-to-male transmasculine adults. DESIGN A cross-sectional quantitative needs assessment (n = 73) and qualitative open-ended input (n = 19) were conducted in June 2011. A latent class analysis modeled six binary health indicators (depression, alcohol use, current smoking, asthma, physical inactivity, overweight status) to identify clusters of presenting health issues. RESULTS Four clusters of health indicators emerged: (a) depression; (b) syndemic (all indicators); (c) alcohol use, overweight status; and (d) smoking, physical inactivity, overweight status. Transphobic discrimination in health care and avoiding care were each associated with membership in the syndemic class. Qualitative themes included personal health care needs, community needs, and resilience and protective factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings fill an important gap about the health of transmasculine communities, including the need for public health efforts that holistically address concomitant health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari L Reisner
- Sari L. Reisner, ScD, MA, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Sarre S, Redlich C, Tinker A, Sadler E, Bhalla A, McKevitt C. A systematic review of qualitative studies on adjusting after stroke: lessons for the study of resilience. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 36:716-26. [PMID: 23883420 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.814724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize qualitative studies on adjusting after stroke, from stroke survivors' and carers' perspectives, and to outline their potential contribution to an understanding of resilience. METHODS A systematic review of qualitative studies in peer reviewed journals from 1990 to 2011 was undertaken. Findings from selected studies were summarized and synthesized and then considered alongside studies of resilience. RESULTS Forty studies were identified as suitable. These suggested that the impact of stroke was felt on many dimensions of experience, and that the boundaries between these were permeable. Nor was stroke as an adverse "event" temporally bounded. Adjustment was often marked by setbacks and new challenges over time. Participants identified personal characteristics as key, but also employed practical and mental strategies in their efforts to adjust. Relationships and structural factors also influenced adjustment after stroke. CONCLUSIONS The impacts of stroke and the processes of adjusting to it unfold over time. This presents a new challenge for resilience research. Processes of adjustment, like resilience, draw on personal, inter-personal and structural resources. But the reviewed studies point to the importance of an emic perspective on adversity, social support, and what constitutes a "good" outcome when researching resilience, and to a greater focus on embodiment. Implications for Rehabilitation Stroke is a sudden onset condition which for around a third of people has long-term consequences. Stroke can cause a variety of physical and cognitive impairments, some of which may not be obvious to an outsider. As well as physical functioning, stroke can have a profound effect on survivors' sense of self and on their relationships. Stroke survivors' accounts suggest that relationships (including relationships with health care professionals) and structural factors (such as access to health services, employment possibilities and welfare systems) mediate efforts to adjust after stroke. While there is considerable overlap between notions of adjustment and resilience, the experiences of stroke survivors suggest further issues that need to be addressed in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sarre
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences, King's College London , London , UK
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89
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Measuring subjective resilience despite adversity due to family, peers and teachers. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 16:E19. [PMID: 23866212 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop and validate a scale of subjective resilience for students 12-17 years old. Items covered adverse situations due to parents', peers' and teachers' actions. The validation process included the analysis on the generalizability of the factor structure and of relationships of resilience scores with different kinds of protective and vulnerability factors -goal orientations and learning-oriented classroom motivational climate (CMC)-. A total of 471 students answered four questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analysis and correlation and regression analyses were carried out. Results showed: (a) that factor structure was well defined; (b) that resilience scale had good reliability; (c) that scores correlated as expected with protective-vulnerability factors such as goal orientations and CMC defined by teachers' teaching-patterns, and (d) that students' attribution of perceived change in resilience to teachers' work depended on the degree in which CMC was learning oriented. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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90
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Herrenkohl TI. Person-environment interactions and the shaping of resilience. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2013; 14:191-194. [PMID: 23793901 DOI: 10.1177/1524838013491035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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91
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Emerson E. Commentary: Childhood exposure to environmental adversity and the well-being of people with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:589-600. [PMID: 22676228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities have poorer health than their non-disabled peers. They are also more likely to be exposed to a wide range of environmental adversities in childhood. Research undertaken in the general population has demonstrated that exposure to environmental adversity in childhood can have an adverse impact on health and well-being across the life course. Recently, research in this area has added new breadth and depth to our understanding of: (1) the extent to which cumulative exposure to environmental adversities across the life course, but especially in early childhood, can reduce health and well-being; (2) the social, psychological and biological mediating pathways through which environmental adversities may impair health; (3) the processes associated with resilience and vulnerability in the face of exposure to adversity; and (4) the social significance of these effects in accounting for the magnitude of the inequalities in health that are apparent both between and within populations. This new knowledge is making a significant contribution to the development of social policies that seek to combine health gain with the reduction in health inequalities. This paper attempts to apply this knowledge to research aimed at understanding and improving the health and well-being of people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Emerson
- Centre for Disability Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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92
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Abstract
This article reviews the relationship between factors associated with resilience, and aspects of the individual's social ecology (environment) that promote and protect against the negative impact of exposure to traumatic events. It is shown that the Environment × Individual interactions related to resilience can be understood using three principles: (1) Resilience is not as much an individual construct as it is a quality of the environment and its capacity to facilitate growth (nurture trumps nature); (2) resilience looks both the same and different within and between populations, with the mechanisms that predict positive growth sensitive to individual, contextual, and cultural variation (differential impact); and (3) the impact that any single factor has on resilience differs by the amount of risk exposure, with the mechanisms that protect against the impact of trauma showing contextual and cultural specificity for particular individuals (cultural variation). A definition of resilience is provided that highlights the need for environments to facilitate the navigations and negotiations of individuals for the resources they need to cope with adversity. The relative nature of resilience is discussed, emphasizing that resilience can manifest as either prosocial behaviors or pathological adaptation depending on the quality of the environment.
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93
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Jain S, Cohen AK. Fostering resilience among urban youth exposed to violence: a promising area for interdisciplinary research and practice. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2013; 40:651-62. [PMID: 23818463 DOI: 10.1177/1090198113492761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most studies to date have examined negative effects of exposure to community violence, in line with the deficit-based perspective. However, given that most youth exposed to community violence demonstrate positive adaptation or resilience over time, we suggest a shift in perspective, practices, and policies across systems toward identifying and building individual, family, and community assets and strengths that may more effectively support youth who have been exposed to community violence and related risks into competent, caring, and thriving adults. In this article, we review how resilience has been conceptualized and operationalized within the context of community violence, highlight gaps in literature, and offer directions for future public health research and practice. We illustrate this review with practice-based examples from public health work in the San Francisco Bay Area. Future multidisciplinary longitudinal studies that identify protective processes and successful trajectories and rigorous evaluations of strength-based policies, programs, and protective processes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- 1WestEd, Health and Human Development Program, Oakland, CA, USA
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94
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Topitzes J, Mersky JP, Dezen KA, Reynolds AJ. Adult Resilience among Maltreated Children: A Prospective Investigation of Main Effect and Mediating Models. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2013; 35:937-949. [PMID: 23645949 PMCID: PMC3640482 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Topitzes
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helen Bader School of Social Welfare
| | - Joshua P. Mersky
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Jane Addams College of Social Work
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95
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Amitay G, Gumpel T. Academic self-efficacy as a resilience factor among adjudicated girls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2013.785437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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96
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Gagnon AJ, Carnevale F, Mehta P, Rousseau H, Stewart DE. Developing population interventions with migrant women for maternal-child health: a focused ethnography. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:471. [PMID: 23672838 PMCID: PMC3733625 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature describing effective population interventions related to the pregnancy, birth, and post-birth care of international migrants, as defined by them, is scant. Hence, we sought to determine: 1) what processes are used by migrant women to respond to maternal-child health and psychosocial concerns during the early months and years after birth; 2) which of these enhance or impede their resiliency; and 3) which population interventions they suggest best respond to these concerns. METHODS Sixteen international migrant women living in Montreal or Toronto who had been identified in a previous study as having a high psychosocial-risk profile and subsequently classified as vulnerable or resilient based on indicators of mental health were recruited. Focused ethnography including in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted. Data were analyzed thematically and as an integrated whole. RESULTS Migrant women drew on a wide range of coping strategies and resources to respond to maternal-child health and psychosocial concerns. Resilient and vulnerable mothers differed in their use of certain coping strategies. Social inclusion was identified as an overarching factor for enhancing resiliency by all study participants. Social processes and corresponding facilitators relating to social inclusion were identified by participants, with more social processes identified by the vulnerable group. Several interventions related to services were described which varied in type and quality; these were generally found to be effective. Participants identified several categories of interventions which they had used or would have liked to use and recommended improvements for and creation of some programs. The social determinants of health categories within which their suggestions fell included: income and social status, social support network, education, personal health practices and coping skills, healthy child development, and health services. Within each of these, the most common suggestions were related to creating supportive environments and building healthy public policy. CONCLUSIONS A wealth of data was provided by participants on factors and processes related to the maternal-child health care of international migrants and associated population interventions. Our results offer a challenge to key stakeholders to improve existing interventions and create new ones based on the experiences and views of international migrant women themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita J Gagnon
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, 3506 University St., Room 207, Montreal QC H3A 2A7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2A7, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Franco Carnevale
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, 3506 University St., Room 207, Montreal QC H3A 2A7, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Praem Mehta
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, 3506 University St., Room 207, Montreal QC H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Hélène Rousseau
- McGill University and CSSS de la Montagne 5700 Côte-des-Neiges Montreal QC H3T 2A8 Canada
| | - Donna E Stewart
- University of Toronto and University Health Network 200 Elizabeth St, EN-7-229 Toronto ON M5G 2C4 Canada
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97
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Ungar M, Ghazinour M, Richter J. Annual Research Review: What is resilience within the social ecology of human development? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:348-66. [PMID: 23215898 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of Bronfenbrenner's bio-social-ecological systems model of human development parallels advances made to the theory of resilience that progressively moved from a more individual (micro) focus on traits to a multisystemic understanding of person-environment reciprocal processes. METHODS This review uses Bronfenbrenner's model and Ungar's social-ecological interpretation of four decades of research on resilience to discuss the results of a purposeful selection of studies of resilience that have been done in different contexts and cultures. RESULTS An ecological model of resilience can, and indeed has been shown to help researchers of resilience to conceptualize the child's social and physical ecologies, from caregivers to neighbourhoods, that account for both proximal and distal factors that predict successful development under adversity. Three principles emerged from this review that inform a bio-social-ecological interpretation of resilience: equifinality (there are many proximal processes that can lead to many different, but equally viable, expressions of human development associated with well-being); differential impact (the nature of the risks children face, their perceptions of the resources available to mitigate those risks and the quality of the resources that are accessible make proximal processes more or less influential to children's development); and contextual and cultural moderation (different contexts and cultures provide access to different processes associated with resilience as it is defined locally). CONCLUSION As this review shows, using this multisystemic social-ecological theory of resilience can inform a deeper understanding of the processes that contribute to positive development under stress. It can also offer practitioners and policy makers a broader perspective on principles for the design and implementation of effective interventions.
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98
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Panter-Brick C, Leckman JF. Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development--interconnected pathways to wellbeing. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:333-6. [PMID: 23517424 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James F. Leckman
- The Child Study Center and the Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
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99
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Bonanno GA, Diminich ED. Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity--trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:378-401. [PMID: 23215790 PMCID: PMC3606676 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on resilience in the aftermath of potentially traumatic life events (PTE) is still evolving. For decades, researchers have documented resilience in children exposed to corrosive early environments, such as poverty or chronic maltreatment. Relatively more recently, the study of resilience has migrated to the investigation of isolated PTE in adults. METHODS In this article, we first consider some of the key differences in the conceptualization of resilience following chronic adversity versus resilience following single-incident traumas, and then describe some of the misunderstandings that have developed about these constructs. To organize our discussion, we introduce the terms emergent resilience and minimal-impact resilience to represent trajectories of positive adjustment in these two domains, respectively. RESULTS We focused in particular on minimal-impact resilience, and reviewed recent advances in statistical modeling of latent trajectories that have informed the most recent research on minimal-impact resilience in both children and adults and the variables that predict it, including demographic variables, exposure, past and current stressors, resources, personality, positive emotion, coping and appraisal, and flexibility in coping and emotion regulation. CONCLUSIONS The research on minimal-impact resilience is nascent. Further research is warranted with implications for a multiple levels of analysis approach to elucidate the processes that may mitigate or modify the impact of a PTE at different developmental stages.
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100
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Ager A. Annual Research Review: Resilience and child well-being--public policy implications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:488-500. [PMID: 23240912 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an 8-fold increase in use of the term resilience within scientific and scholar literature over the last twenty years. The arena of public policy has also seen increasing use made of the concept, both with respect to child well-being and development and wider issues. METHOD A focal sample of literature comprising 108 papers addressing public policy implications of work on child resilience was identified by a structured bibliographic search. RESULTS This literature suggests that current work: is characterized by a breadth of sectoral engagement across the fields of education, social work, and health; demonstrates diversity with regard to the systemic levels--individual (biological and psychological), communal (including systems of faith and cultural identity), institutional and societal--with which it engages; but is based more upon conceptual rather than empirical analysis. Major themes of policy recommendation target strengthened family dynamics, increased capacity for counseling and mental health services, supportive school environments, development of community programs, promotion of socioeconomic improvement and adoption of a more comprehensive conception of resilience. Evaluations of resiliency-informed policy initiatives are limited in number, with greatest rigor in design associated with more discrete programmatic interventions. CONCLUSION A number of strategies to strengthen research-policy linkages are identified. These include greater commitment to operationalize indicators of resilience at all levels of analysis; more coherent engagement with the policy making process through explicit knowledge translation initiatives; and developing complex adaptive systems models amenable to exploring policy scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Ager
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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