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An J, Kim YY, Cho HD, Kim J, Lee JY, Lee Y, Jo E, Lee J, Cha S, Han SB. Development and investigation of a QuEChERS-based method for determination of phthalate metabolites in human milk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of urinary metabolites of Uvinul® A plus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8143-8152. [PMID: 31773225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uvinul® A plus (DHHB) is a synthetic benzophenone derivative mainly used in sunscreens, and also in other skin care products. The compound is authorized by the EU as UV filter and a maximum concentration of 10% in consumer products is permitted. Despite its high production volume and usage in consumer products,to date, no information about the systemic exposure to Uvinul® A plus in humans is available. Therefore, we developed a human biomonitoring method which allows the simultaneous determination of three major metabolites of Uvinul® A plus in human urine samples. Furthermore, three minor metabolites of Uvinul® A plus were identified by ion trap experiments. Urine samples were enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted via liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by means of UPLC-MS/MS. The final method was validated according to FDA guidelines and applied to 58 urine samples retrieved from the general German population. The three major and specific metabolites of Uvinul® A plus were found in about 36% of the samples, proving the suitability of the method for future human biomonitoring studies.
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Jung MK, Choi HS, Suh J, Kwon A, Chae HW, Lee WJ, Yoo EG, Kim HS. The analysis of endocrine disruptors in patients with central precocious puberty. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:323. [PMID: 31493798 PMCID: PMC6731581 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A few studies have reported a positive association between phthalate exposure and pubertal timing, but several conflicting reports exist. The main objective of the study was to determine whether phthalate exposure was associated with central precocious puberty in girls. Methods This was a multicenter case-control study wherein 47 girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) and 47 controls (26 pre-pubertal girls and 21 pubertal girls) were enrolled. No obese girls were included. Five phthalate metabolites (creatinine adjusted) and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in the first spot urine samples of these 94 girls in the early morning. Results The median values of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were 3.1, 29.3, 18.0, 15.4, and 25.2 μg/g creatinine in the CPP group, 4.3, 53.7, 35.7, 29.1, and 66.0 μg/g creatinine in the pre-pubertal control group, and 1.7, 28.7, 21.4, 12.1, and 33.3 μg/g creatinine in the pubertal control group, respectively. The urinary concentration of the five phthalates was significantly lower in the CPP group than in the pre-pubertal control group (P < 0.001). Conversely, there was no significant difference in the urinary concentration of the five phthalates between the CPP and pubertal control groups (P values: 0.077 for MBzP, 0.733 for MECPP, 0.762 for MEHHP, 0.405 for MEOHP, and 0.981 for MnBP). In addition, the BPA level was not significantly different between the CPP and pubertal control groups (BPA median values: 0.63 μg/g creatinine, the CPP group; 1.7 μg/g creatinine, the pubertal control group; P value = 0.092). Conclusions Our study showed that there was no significant difference in the urinary phthalate levels between the CPP and pubertal control groups. Moreover, phthalate metabolites were significantly lower in the CPP group than in the pre-pubertal control group. Further investigation about endocrine disruptors and pubertal progression is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Kyung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Han Saem Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junghwan Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Gyong Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Boran H, Terzi S. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces DNA strand breaks and gene expression alterations in larval zebrafish Danio rerio. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:520-529. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719869531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment by plastic industrial products and their by-products is remarkable. Because of their physical, chemical, and biological degradation resistance, plasticizers can enter the food chain of living organisms, accumulate in the body and generate toxic effects. Here we determined the potential toxic effects of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer to larval (72 h post fertilization) zebrafish ( Danio rerio) by analyzing changes in expression levels of stress-related genes ( p53, rad51, and xrcc5) by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also, possible DNA damage by DEHP in larvae was determined. The concentration of DEHP (0–160 mg/l) that killed 50% of the larval zebrafish within 96 h was 54.02 mg/l. There was a concentration-related increase in DNA damage in cells from larvae exposed (96 h) to DEHP. DNA damage of 31.13% (mean ± standard error of the mean) was observed in larvae at the highest sublethal DEHP concentration (10 mg/l). Some significant differences in the induction of stress-related genes were also observed in larvae exposed to DEHP relative to control ( p < 0.05). The conclusion drawn from this ecotoxicological risk assessment is that, under present use and exposure patterns, DEHP presents a small hazard to zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halis Boran
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Serap Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
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Bartsch PW, Edwards TM, Brock JW. Prevalence of Eight Phthalate Monoesters in Water from the Okavango Delta, Northern Botswana. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:274-279. [PMID: 31101930 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate diesters are used in personal care products, plastics, and pesticides, resulting in widespread human and wildlife exposure. Phthalate diesters leach out of these products and ultimately enter biological systems where they are quickly metabolized to phthalate monoesters and glucuronides. As such, phthalate monoesters can serve as indicators of anthropogenic activity in wilderness areas. The Okavango Delta, an inland seasonal wetland covering 5000-12,000 km2 in Botswana, provides fresh water to many species of birds, fish, reptiles, and large mammals. Water samples (N = 46) were taken from across the Okavango water system, extracted, and analyzed for eight different phthalate monoesters using liquid chromatography and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Seven of eight phthalate monoesters were detected from the low ng/L to low µg/L levels. Phthalate monoesters were found in samples from all five sampling regions. Sources of these contaminants are unknown, but their presence indicates encroachment of human activity on the Okavango Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry W Bartsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina At Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA
| | - Thea M Edwards
- Department of Biology, University of the South, 735 University Ave., Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina At Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA.
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Zhu YT, Lai JH, Liao XD, Ge-rong ZR, Liu SL. Binding ability of phthalate monoesters by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in vitro. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xie X, Deng T, Duan J, Ding S, Yuan J, Chen M. Comparing the effects of diethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate exposure on hypertension in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:75-82. [PMID: 30822670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that high molecular weight phthalates (HMW) such as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are associated with hypertension in humans, while low molecular weight phthalates (LMW) such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), have hardly any impact on the elevation of blood pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this difference are not completely understood. In this experiment, mice were exposed to 0.1/1/10 mg/kg/day DEHP and 0.1/1/10 mg/kg/day DBP for 6 weeks, and their blood pressure was monitored using the tail pressure method. The results showed that exposure to DEHP dosages of 1 or 10 mg/kg/day resulted in a sharp increase in blood pressure, while exposure to DBP did not induce any significant changes in blood pressure. Investigating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and NO pathway in mice exposed to DEHP, we found that levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (AngII) increased with increasing exposure to DEHP, and the expression of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the level of NO decreased. Treatment with ACE inhibitor (ACEI) to block the ACE pathway inhibited the enhancement of RAAS expression, inhibited the increase in blood pressure, and inhibited the decrease in NO levels induced by DEHP. However, the expression of ACE, AngII, AT1R, and eNOS in the DBP treatment groups showed no significant changes. When examining estradiol in vivo, we found that exposure to DBP resulted in a significant increase in the level of estradiol, while exposure to DEHP did not lead to a significant change. When ICI182780 was used to block the estradiol receptors, any increase in the level of NO induced by DBP exposure, was inhibited. These results indicate that exposure to DEHP induces an increase in mouse blood pressure through RAAS, and the different effects of DEHP and DBP on blood pressure are partly due to the different estradiol levels induced by DEHP and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Ting Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jiufei Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Shumao Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Junlin Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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Fang J, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Wong M, He Y, Sun Q, Xu S, Cai Z. Evaluation of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry as an alternative to gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:288-294. [PMID: 30877923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum was developed using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-APCI-MS/MS). The ionization and fragmentation performance of APCI were evaluated and compared with those of electron ionization (EI). In contrast to extensive fragmentation caused by EI with high energy, soft ionization achieved by APCI produced mass spectra dominated by molecular ions from the first stage of MS analysis. Better sensitivity and selectivity achieved by the GC-APCI-MS/MS method allowed to analyze serum samples with a low volume (100 μL). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.067 to 14 pg/mL for the analysis in serum samples. The developed method was evaluated at three spiking levels (0.05, 0.5 and 5 ng/mL for PCBs), showing good recoveries and repeatability. The recoveries ranged from 74.0% to 130.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 20%, for all analytes. The determination of PCBs and PBDEs in the human serum samples by GC-APCI-MS/MS was compared with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with EI (GC-EI-MS/MS). BDE-99 and BDE-100 were successfully quantified by GC-APCI-MS/MS, while these two PBDE congeners were not detected by GC-EI-MS/MS. The GC-APCI-MS/MS method had a clear advantage when analyzing compounds at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minghung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Brehm E, Flaws JA. Transgenerational Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Male and Female Reproduction. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1421-1435. [PMID: 30998239 PMCID: PMC6525581 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are known to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormone signaling. Phthalates, bisphenol A, pesticides, and environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been shown to negatively affect both male and female reproduction. Exposure to these chemicals occurs on a daily basis owing to these compounds being found in plastics, personal care products, and pesticides. Recently, studies have shown that these chemicals may cause transgenerational effects on reproduction in both males and females. This is of concern because exposure to these chemicals prenatally or during adult life can negatively impact the reproductive health of future generations. This mini-review summarizes the endocrine-disrupting chemicals that humans are exposed to on a daily basis and what is known about the transgenerational effects that these chemicals may have on male and female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
- Correspondence: Jodi A. Flaws, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Room 3223, Urbana, Illinois 61802. E-mail: .
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Romano ME, O'Connell K, Du M, Rehm CD, Kantor ED. Use of dietary supplements in relation to urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:437-443. [PMID: 30826666 PMCID: PMC6800060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that dietary supplements may be a source of exposure to phthalates, given that diethyl phthalate (DEP) or di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) can be components of coatings that facilitate extended release or encapsulate dietary supplements. METHODS Using nationally representative data on a population of 12,281 adults ages 20 y + surveyed between 1999 and 2014 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we evaluated the association between dietary supplement use in relation to urinary phthalate metabolites of DEP (monoethyl phthalate, MEP) and DBP (mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBP). We examined associations pertaining to regular use of multivitamin/multimineral (MVMM) supplements, as well as regular use of any other non-MVMM supplement products, the number of non-MVMM supplement products used, as well as individual supplements potentially containing phthalates (exclusive of MVMM). For each urinary phthalate metabolite, results are presented as the minimally-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted ratio, comparing the geometric mean among users to non-users. RESULTS In multivariable models, we observed a significant positive association between regular use of MVMM use and MEP, with persons using MVMM supplements having 11% higher geometric mean MEP than non-users (Ratio: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04-1.20); no association was observed for MVMM in relation to MBP. No other significant multivariable-adjusted associations were observed, although power was limited in analyses of individual supplements. Associations did not markedly vary by gender; however, the associations of garlic supplement use with MEP and MBP varied by calendar time, with statistically significant positive associations observed in later years. CONCLUSIONS A modest significant association was observed between MVMM use and MEP. No other significant associations were observed in our overall multivariable models. Follow-up on the positive association observed between garlic and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations observed in later years in a well-powered, prospective study would further clarify study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, and Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kelli O'Connell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Colin D Rehm
- Office of Community and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Kantor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Li X, Liu L, Wang H, Zhang X, Xiao T, Shen H. Phthalate exposure and cumulative risk in a Chinese newborn population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7763-7771. [PMID: 30673950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been attracted as a considerable attention in toxicological research as well as public health context due to their ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse health effects. Newborns are susceptible to the environmental risk factors; however, data are still limited on newborn phthalate exposure and risk assessment worldwide, especially in China. This study was nested in a cross-sectional retrospective study of 1359 pregnant women recruited in Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China, during June to July 2012. All urine samples from newborn were collected using disposal diapers during the first two postnatal days, and seven phthalate metabolites were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Phthalate exposure and accumulation risk were evaluated based on the measured newborn urinary internal doses. The detection rate (96.5%) and the median concentration (17.5 ng/mL) of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were the highest, while monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was the lowest with a detection rate (1.50%). By estimating the daily intakes of the parent phthalates, their EDI were 0.04, 0.10, 0.32, 0.00, and 0.12 μg/kg-bw/day for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The newborns were commonly exposed to phthalates but no one exceeds the regulated tolerable daily intake (TDI) values in this large newborn population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Tonghu Xiao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Bury D, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of metabolites of the UV filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate in human urine by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pinguet J, Kerckhove N, Eljezi T, Lambert C, Moreau E, Bernard L, Boeuf B, Decaudin B, Genay S, Masse M, Storme L, Sautou V, Richard D. New SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination in urine of 22 metabolites of DEHP and alternative plasticizers from PVC medical devices. Talanta 2019; 198:377-389. [PMID: 30876575 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DiEthylHexylPhthalate (DEHP) can leach out of plasticized PVC medical devices (MD) and may enter into contact with patients. This phthalate is known for its reprotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects. Its use in medical devices (MD) has been restricted and alternative plasticizers have been developed. Nevertheless, no published clinical studies exist concerning patient exposure to these alternative plasticizers during medical care. This is particularly worrisome when high-risk populations, such as newborns, are exposed to these new plasticizers in intensive care units. Our study aimed to develop a novel sensitive and selective method to simultaneously identify and quantify DEHP and 17 other plasticizer metabolites (free or glucuronide conjugates), which are specific biomarkers of DEHTP, TOTM, DINP, DINCH and DEHA exposure in human urine. This robust method uses turbulent-flow online extraction technology coupled to high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Special care was taken to address two major problems in plasticizer analysis: contamination and chromatographic separation of interfering analogue structures. The validation was assessed in synthetic urine and the linearity of response was demonstrated for all compounds (R2 > 0.99), with limits of quantification from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml. Accuracies ranged from 86% to 117% and inter- and intra-day precisions were <20%. The clinical applicability and suitability of our new method was assessed in patients in a neonatal intensive care unit to measure urinary concentrations of DEHP and alternative plasticizer metabolites. These metabolites were found in the majority of urine samples, with a median detection frequency of 95.2% (ranging from 12.5% to 100%). The high sensitivity, selectivity and ruggedness make the method suitable for large-scale biomonitoring studies of high-risk and general populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nicolas Kerckhove
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Teuta Eljezi
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INSERM U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Lise Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Boeuf
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, service de réanimation pédiatrique et périnatalogie, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Genay
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Morgane Masse
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- CHRU Lille, Service de Médecine Néonatale, F-59000 Lille, France; Université Lille I, UPRES EA 4489, Laboratoire de Périnatalité et croissance, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shu H, Jönsson BAG, Gennings C, Lindh CH, Nånberg E, Bornehag CG. PVC flooring at home and uptake of phthalates in pregnant women. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:43-54. [PMID: 30240038 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials and it is known that phthalates may migrate into the surrounding environment and then become a source for human uptake. The aim of the study was to investigate whether residential PVC flooring was related to the urinary levels of phthalate metabolites determined in pregnant women. The data were from the Swedish SELMA study where sampling was conducted during the time period 2007-2010. Spot urine samples from 1674 women at the end of the first trimester were analyzed for 14 metabolites from seven phthalates and one phthalate alternative. Data on flooring material in the kitchen and the parents' bedrooms as well as potential confounders were collected by postal questionnaires at the same time as the urine samples were taken. Multiple regression modeling by least square geometric mean and weighted quantile sum regression was applied to log-transformed and creatinine-adjusted phthalate metabolite concentrations adjusted for potential confounders from questionnaire data. This study has found significantly higher urinary levels of the BBzP metabolite (MBzP) in pregnant women living in homes with PVC flooring as compared to homes with other flooring materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Shu
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eewa Nånberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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65
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Hyun Kim D, Min Choi S, Soo Lim D, Roh T, Jun Kwack S, Yoon S, Kook Kim M, Sil Yoon K, Sik Kim H, Wook Kim D, Lee BM. Risk assessment of endocrine disrupting phthalates and hormonal alterations in children and adolescents. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:1150-1164. [PMID: 30415604 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1543231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment and hormone evaluation were carried out for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in 302 Korean children (n = 223) and adolescents (n = 79) (< age 19). Urinary and serum concentrations of DEHP, MEHP (mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), DBP, MBP (monobutyl phthalate), and PA (phthalic acid, a common final metabolite of phthalates) were detected in children and adolescents. Daily exposure levels were estimated to be 16.45 ± 36.50 μg/kg b.w./day for DEHP, which is one-third of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value (50 μg/kg b.w./day), but 14 out of 302 participants had a hazard index (HI = intake/TDI) value >1. The mean daily exposure level of DBP was 1.23 ± 1.45 μg/kg b.w./day, which is one-eighth of the TDI value (10 μg/kg b.w./day), but 1 out of 302 participants had a HI value > 1. Positive correlations were observed between serum DBP or MEHP, and serum estradiol (E2) and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) in prepubescent children. In addition, serum MBP levels were found to be negatively correlated with serum triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) in male participants, and serum DEHP levels with serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in female adolescents. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were positively correlated with serum PA levels in children and adolescents. DEHP, DBP or its metabolites may be associated with altered hormone levels in children and adolescents. Data suggest that exposure levels of DEHP and DBP in Korean children need to be reduced to levels below TDI to protect them from EDC-mediated toxicities. Abbreviations: DBP: dibutyl phthalate; DEHP: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; E2: estradiol; EDC: endocrine disrupting chemical; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HI: hazard index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LH: luteinizing hormone; MEHP: mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MBP: monobutyl phthalate; PA: phthalic acid; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PVC: polyvinyl chloride; T3: triiodothyronine; T4: thyroxine; TDI: tolerable daily intake; TG: triglyceride; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; UPLC/MS/MS: Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry; WWF: World Wildlife Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Taehyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- b College of Natural Science , Changwon National University , Changwon , Gyeongnam , Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Kyung Sil Yoon
- c Lung Cancer Branch , Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- d College of Statistics , Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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Analyzing terephthalate metabolites in human urine as biomarkers of exposure: Importance of selection of metabolites and deconjugation enzyme. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:91-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jiang J, Mu D, Ding M, Zhang S, Zhang H, Hu J. Simultaneous determination of primary and secondary phthalate monoesters in the Taihu Lake: Exploration of sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:17-24. [PMID: 29554503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While phthalates monoesters have been recognized as the bioactive metabolites of phthalates, the knowledge on their environmental occurrence and sources is limited. In this study, monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) were frequently detected in water samples from the Taihu Lake in China using an improved SPE-LC-MS-MS method. The mean concentrations for MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP were 51.7 ± 25.2, 6.0 ± 4.8, 19.6 ± 14.6, 42.2 ± 64.7, and 33.0 ± 37.4 ng/L, respectively, while those of their corresponding parent chemicals, DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DnBP and DEHP, were 36.54 ± 43.22, 42.64 ± 66.66, 246.8 ± 311.1, 524.7 ± 586.9, and 208.1 ± 223.5 ng/L, respectively. Three secondary monoesters of DEHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) were for the first time detected with mean concentration of 1.27 ± 1.33, 1.33 ± 1.54, and 0.73 ± 0.79 ng/L, respectively. The percentage of the sum concentration of MEOHP, MEHHP, and MECPP relative to total concentration of DEHP metabolites was 5.3-12.4%. DEHP was identified to be biodegraded into secondary phthalate monoesters in water from the Taihu Lake, but their contribution to the total concentration of DEHP metabolites was 1.2-3.6%, lower than those in the Taihu Lake. Primary and secondary DEHP monoesters were also detected in influents and effluents of two sewage treatment plants adjacent to the Taihu Lake, the percentages of secondary DEHP monoesters in influents were 5.8% and 11.3%, similar with those in the Taihu Lake. Taken together with their relatively high concentrations in influents, the discharging of domestic wastewater may be an important contributor to the occurrence of phthalate monoesters in the Taihu Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Jiang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengyu Ding
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Dwivedi P, Zhou X, Powell TG, Calafat AM, Ye X. Impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the quantification of total urinary concentrations of chemical biomarkers. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:256-262. [PMID: 29448192 PMCID: PMC5941949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to consumer and personal care products chemicals such as phenols, including parabens and other antimicrobial agents, can be assessed through biomonitoring by quantifying urinary concentrations of the parent chemical or its metabolites, often after hydrolysis of phase II conjugates. Developing suitable analytical methods for the concurrent quantification of multiple exposure biomarkers is challenging because optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of such conjugates (e.g., O-glucuronides, N-glucuronides, sulfates) may differ depending on the biomarker. We evaluated the effectiveness of seven commercial hydrolytic enzymes to simultaneously hydrolyze N-glucuronides (using the antibacterial triclocarban as example compound) and other conjugates (using select phenols and parabens as examples) by using on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. Incubation (30 min, 55 °C) with a genetically engineered β-glucuronidase (IMCS, ≥15 units/μL urine) hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban, but did not fully hydrolyze the conjugates of phenols and parabens. By contrast, incubation (4 h, 37 °C) with solid β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia, Type H-1, ≥30 units/μL urine) or liquid β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia, 30 units/μL urine [i.e., 30 μL/100 μL urine]) in the presence of 100 μL methanol for 100 μL urine completely hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban and the conjugates of several phenols and parabens, without cleaving the ester bond of the parabens to form p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results highlight the relevance of method validation procedures that include optimizing the hydrolysis of phase II urinary conjugates (e.g., enzyme type and amount used, reaction time, temperature) to quantify accurately and concurrently multiple exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Dwivedi
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Xiaoliu Zhou
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tolar G Powell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Comprehensive monitoring of specific metabolites of tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) in urine by column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4343-4357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cha S, Jung K, Lee MY, Hwang YJ, Yang E, Lee SH, Jung HI, Cheon YP. Nonmonotonic Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Gonadal Weight and Reproductive. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:85-94. [PMID: 29707687 PMCID: PMC5915770 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.1.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors have been concerned in toxicology but now challenged as
physiological point especially concerned with exposing dose and period. In this
study the low-dose chronic administration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthaltae (DEHP)
during reproductive period was examined to evaluate the possible roles. Adult
male and female CD-1 mice were exposed to DEHP with drinking water containing
133 1g/L and 1,330 /g/L DEHP in water according to OECD 433 guide line and
sacrificed just after weaning. The weights of uterus and ovary were decreased by
drinking of 1,330 /g/L DEHP water. There was not adverse effects on either
accumulated mating rate and mating rate depend on estrus stage, pregnancy
duration, and sex ration at birth. However, the accumulated rate of successful
delivery and litter size were significantly high at 1,330 dg/L DEHP water. The
number of epididymal sperm was significantly increased by drinking of 1,330 g/L
DEHP water. In addition, the number of follicles (primary, secondary, tertiary)
were more many than control at 1,330 /g/L DEHP water drunk mother. Though
further studies are needed to identify what are the mechanism of DEHP in
folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis. From this study we firstly report the
effect of low-dose chronic administration of DEHP with drinking could change the
ovarian follicle population size and spermatogenesis rate. Put together, those
finding is different from previous high-dose effects and suggest the
physiological role of DEHP in gonads and uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyeong Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Kayeon Jung
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Eunhyeok Yang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Lifesicence, Sangmyung University, Soeul 03016, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
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Tsai YA, Tsai MS, Hou JW, Lin CL, Chen CY, Chang CH, Liao KW, Wang SL, Chen BH, Wu MT, Hsieh CJ, Chen ML. Evidence of high di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure due to tainted food intake in Taiwanese pregnant women and the health effects on birth outcomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:635-644. [PMID: 29055577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of a clouding agent with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a substitute emulsifier-containing compound used in a variety of foods was announced on May 23, 2011. The aims of this study were as follows (1) compare the urine phthalates (PAE) metabolites concentration and estimate the daily intake (DI) of PAEs in pregnant women before and after the tainted food scandal and (2) examine the effect of relatively high PAEs exposure on birth outcome. One-hundred twelve pregnant women in Northern Taiwan participated in this study from March to December 2010, i.e., before the tainted food scandal. After the tainted food scandal, we collected 69, 73, and 180 urine specimens (January 2013 to August 2014) from women whom were in their first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. We measure urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations to estimate the DI of DEHP and the hazard quotient (HQ) of subjects. This was the first study to assess the effects of DEHP-tainted food scandal exposure in pregnant women across the three trimesters of pregnancy. After the tainted food report, the concentrations of urine PAE metabolite were significantly decreased, especially those of DEHP metabolites. Based on different reference limit values, the percentages of pregnant women whose HQDEHP value exceeded the limit ranged from 0.53% to 8.93%. Despite this low frequency, the higher ΣPAE exposure during the second trimester may significantly increase the risk of relatively low birth height compared to the lower exposure group (β=-0.63 (-1.20 to -0.06)). Our results support the hypothesis that exposure to relatively high concentrations of DEHP in pregnant Taiwanese women may have an adverse effect on birth outcomes. The percentage of subjects whose exposure level exceeded the exposure limit was low; however, high PAEs exposure appears to be significantly associated with birth outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that reference dose for PAEs should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-An Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Song Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Woei Hou
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ling Lin
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Chen
- Division of Obstetrics and High Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huang Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Rajwar D, Paliwal R, Rai JPN. Biodegradation of pulp and paper mill effluent by co-culturing ascomycetous fungi in repeated batch process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:482. [PMID: 28861773 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The competence of novel fungal consortium, consisting of Nigrospora sp. LDF00204 (accession no. KP732542) and Curvularia lunata LDF21 (accession no. KU664593), was investigated for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. Fungal consortium exhibited enhanced biomass production under optimized medium conditions, i.e., glucose as carbon (C), sodium nitrate as nitrogen (N), C/N 1.5:0.5, pH 5, temperature 30 °C, and agitation 140 rpm, and significantly reduced biochemical oxygen demand (85.6%), chemical oxygen demand (80%), color (82.3%), and lignin concentration (76.1%) under catalytic enzyme activity; however, unutilized ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP), were observed to be 13.5, 11.4, and 9.4 U/ml after the third cycle of effluent treatment in repeated batch process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fungal consortium revealed their compatibility through intermingled hyphae and spores, while the FTIR spectra confirmed the alteration of functional groups ensuring structural changes during the effluent treatment. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed the reduction of complex compounds and development of numerous low-molecular-weight metabolites, such as 1-3-dimethyl benzene, 2-chloro-3-methyl butane, pentadecanoic acid, and 1-2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, during the treatment, demonstrating the massive potential of the novel fungal consortium to degrade recalcitrant industrial pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Rajwar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, India.
| | - Rashmi Paliwal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, India
| | - J P N Rai
- Department of Environmental Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, India
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Sharma B, Sahai C, Sood J. Extraglottic airway devices: technology update. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2017; 10:189-205. [PMID: 28860875 PMCID: PMC5566319 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraglottic airway devices (EADs) have revolutionized the field of airway management. The invention of the laryngeal mask airway was a game changer, and since then, there have been several innovations to improve the EADs in design, functionality, safety and construction material. These have ranged from changes in the shape of the mask, number of cuffs and material used, like rubber, polyvinylchloride and latex. Phthalates, which were added to the construction material in order to increase device flexibility, were later omitted when this chemical was found to have serious adverse reproductive outcomes. The various designs brought out by numerous companies manufacturing EADs resulted in the addition of several devices to the airway market. These airway devices were put to use, many of them with inadequate or no evidence base regarding their efficacy and safety. To reduce the possibility of compromising the safety of the patient, the Difficult Airway Society (DAS) formed the Airway Device Evaluation Project Team (ADEPT) to strengthen the evidence base for airway equipment and vet the new extraglottic devices. A preuse careful analysis of the design and structure may help in better understanding of the functionality of a particular device. In the meantime, the search for the ideal EAD continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimla Sharma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Chand Sahai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayashree Sood
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Sugino M, Hatanaka T, Todo H, Mashimo Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi M, Hosoya O, Jinno H, Juni K, Sugibayashi K. Safety evaluation of dermal exposure to phthalates: Metabolism-dependent percutaneous absorption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 328:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Czernych R, Chraniuk M, Zagożdżon P, Wolska L. Characterization of estrogenic and androgenic activity of phthalates by the XenoScreen YES/YAS in vitro assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 53:95-104. [PMID: 28528305 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presented study investigates and compares the estrogenic and androgenic activities of commonly used diesters of phthalic acid (phthalates) using the XenoScreen YES/YAS assay. Phthalates are commonly used plasticizers in polymers dedicated for i.e. food and drug containers. Since phthalates are not chemically bonded to the polymer, they can leach or migrate from the polymer. Therefore, phthalates are identified as contaminants in a variety of consumer products. Investigation of estrogenic and androgenic activities of phthalates (DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DINP) showed no significant effect of tested substances either on hERα or hAR receptors. Phthalates exhibited strong anti-estrogenic (IC50 for BBP=8.66μM, IC50 for DEHP=3.61μM and IC50 for DINP=0.065μM) and anti-androgenic (IC50 for BBP=5.30μM, IC50 for DEHP=2.87μM and IC50 for DINP=0.068μM) activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Czernych
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki Str. 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Paweł Zagożdżon
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki Str. 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
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76
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de Mello Santos T, da Silveira LTR, Rinaldi JC, Scarano WR, Domeniconi RF. Alterations in prostate morphogenesis in male rat offspring after maternal exposure to Di- n -butyl-phthalate (DBP). Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:254-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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77
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Yoshida T. Analytical method for urinary metabolites as biomarkers for monitoring exposure to phthalates by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 27925246 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, widely used as plasticizers, have been detected in indoor air, but there have been few reports on methods of analyzing urinary metabolites as biomarkers to monitor exposure to di-n-pentyl phthalate or di-n-hexyl phthalate. Presented here is a cost-effective and sensitive analytical method for the determination of urinary metabolites of phthalates containing these two compounds. Nine urinary phthalate metabolites were enzymatically hydrolyzed and extracted with toluene: monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-pentyl phthalate, mono-n-hexyl phthalate, monocyclohexyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate. After transformation to their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, they were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron impact ionization mode. The calibration curves for the metabolites were linear at urinary concentrations of up to 30 μg/L, showing that they could be determined accurately and precisely (detection limits 0.1-0.4 μg/L, quantification limits 0.3-1.3 μg/L). The urine samples collected could be stored for up to 1 month at -20°C. The proposed analytical method was used to examine urine samples from seven healthy volunteers. This method should be useful for monitoring phthalate exposure in the general population.
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78
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Li J, Wang Y, Su Q, Wu S, Wu L. Hollow fiber stir bar sorptive extraction for determination of phthalic acid esters in environmental and biological matrices. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:893-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Yan–Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Qiong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Shang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
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79
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Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to analyze bisphenol A and other plasticizer metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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80
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Tsochatzis ED, Tzimou-Tsitouridou R, Gika HG. Analytical Methodologies for the Assessment of Phthalate Exposure in Humans. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:279-297. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1273754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D. Tsochatzis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R. Tzimou-Tsitouridou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen G. Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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81
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Jenardhanan P, Panneerselvam M, Mathur PP. Effect of environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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82
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Müllerová D, Bouchalová V, Matějková D, Kovářová K, Svačina Š, Vrbík K, Pavloušková J, Dvořáková J, Müller L. Phthalates exposure indicators determined by urinary phthalate metabolites in healthy non-obese Czech adults: FANTOM study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1817-1825. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1241898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Müllerová
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Bouchalová
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Štěpán Svačina
- Third Internal Clinic, 1st Medical Faculty in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vrbík
- The National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Dvořáková
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Müller
- NTIS, European Center of Excellence New Technologies for the Information Society, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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83
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Ge W, Yang X, Wu X, Wang Z, Geng W, Guo C. Phthalate residue in goat milk-based infant formulas manufactured in China. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7776-7781. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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84
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Mariana M, Feiteiro J, Verde I, Cairrao E. The effects of phthalates in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:758-776. [PMID: 27424259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Every year millions of tons of plastic are produced around the world and humans are increasingly exposed to them. This constant exposure to plastics has raised some concerns against human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These compounds have endocrine-disrupting properties, as they have the ability to bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function and quantity. The main use of phthalates is to give flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers. Phthalates are found in a variety of industrial and consumer products, and as they are not covalently bound to the plastic, phthalates contaminate the environment from which human exposure occurs. Studies in human and animal populations suggest a correlation between phthalate exposure and adverse health outcomes, particularly at the reproductive and cardiovascular systems, however there is much less information about the phthalate toxicity of the later. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to present the studies relating the effects already stated of phthalates on the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and also present the link between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio Verde
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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85
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Portolés T, Sales C, Abalos M, Sauló J, Abad E. Evaluation of the capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in complex-matrix food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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86
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Wang J, Huang S, Wang P, Yang Y. Method development for the analysis of phthalate esters in tea beverages by ionic liquid hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatographic detection. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Farzanehfar V, Naderi N, Kobarfard F, Faizi M. Determination of dibutyl phthalate neurobehavioral toxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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88
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Yaghjyan L, Carlsson NP, Ghita GL, Chang SH. Associations of individual characteristics and lifestyle factors with metabolism of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in NHANES 2001-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:23-31. [PMID: 27174780 PMCID: PMC5536839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that a higher ratio of primary to secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), reflective of a slower DEHP conversion rate, is associated with a greater physiologic effect. We examined associations of several individual characteristics and lifestyle factors with the ratio of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate to mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHP:MEHHP) and %MEHP (the ratio of MEHP to the sum of the secondary metabolites). METHODS We used the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2012. The study included adults with BMI<30 and no diabetes. Pregnant women were excluded. We examined associations of age, race, gender, Body Mass Index, smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, medication use, cancer history, and menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (in women) with MEHP:MEHHP and %MEHP using multivariable linear regression. The values for %MEHP were log-transformed in the analysis. RESULTS In multivariable analysis, non-Caucasian individuals had higher %MEHP (non-Hispanic Blacks: β=0.114, 95% Confidence interval [CI]: 0.050, 0.177; Hispanic: β=0.089, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.154; other race: β=0.126, 95% CI: 0.033, 0.219). Age was inversely associated with MEHP:MEHHP (β=-0.001, 95% CI: -0.002, -0.001) and %MEHP (β=-0.006, 95% CI: -0.008, -0.004). Overweight individuals had lower MEHP: MEHHP and lower %MEHP (β=-0.035, 95% CI: 0.062, -0.008 and β=-0.104, 95% CI: -0.162, -0.046, respectively). Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with %MEHP among men (p-trend=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Individual and lifestyle characteristics are associated with differences in DEHP metabolism. Understanding underlying biological mechanisms could help to identify individuals at a greater risk of adverse effects from DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Nils P Carlsson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Gabriela L Ghita
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, USA.
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89
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Brock JW, Bell JM, Guillette LJ. Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Selected Florida Wetlands. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:1-6. [PMID: 26743198 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been shown to cause endocrine disruption in laboratory animals and are associated with altered development of the reproductive system in humans. Further, human have significant exposure to phthalates. However, little is known concerning the exposure of wildlife to phthalates. We report urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations from fifty juvenile alligators from three Florida lakes and a site in the Everglades. Urinary phthalate monoester concentrations varied widely among alligators from the different sites but also among alligators from the same site. Mono-2-ethylhexy phthalate and monobutyl phthalate were found in most samples of alligator urine with maximums of 35,700 ng/mL and 193 ng/mL, respectively. Monobenzyl phthalate was found in 5 alligators with a maximum of 66.7 ng/mL. Other monoesters were found in only one or two alligator urine samples. The wide variation within and among sites, in addition to the high levels of mEHP, mBP and mBzP, is consistent with exposure arising from the intermittent spraying of herbicide formulations to control invasive aquatic plants in Florida freshwater sites. Phthalate diesters are used as adjuvants in many of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA.
| | - Jane Margaret Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC, 28805, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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90
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Zhou Q, Zheng Z, Xiao J, Fan H, Yan X. Determination of phthalate esters at trace level from environmental water samples by magnetic solid-phase extraction with Fe@SiO2@polyethyleneimine magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbent prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5211-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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91
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Schütze A, Otter R, Modick H, Langsch A, Brüning T, Koch HM. Additional oxidized and alkyl chain breakdown metabolites of the plasticizer DINCH in urine after oral dosage to human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:179-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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92
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Determination of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in human urine by HPLC-MS/MS with on-line clean-up. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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93
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Gao CJ, Liu LY, Ma WL, Ren NQ, Guo Y, Zhu NZ, Jiang L, Li YF, Kannan K. Phthalate metabolites in urine of Chinese young adults: Concentration, profile, exposure and cumulative risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:19-27. [PMID: 26575634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products. People are frequently exposed to phthalates due to their applications in daily life. In this study, 14 phthalate metabolites were analyzed in 108 urine samples collected from Chinese young adults using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of 14 phthalate metabolites ranged from 71.3 to 2670 ng/mL, with the geometric mean concentration of 306 ng/mL. mBP and miBP were the two most abundant compounds, accounting for 48% of the total concentrations. Principal component analysis suggested two major sources of phthalates: one dominated by the DEHP metabolites and one by the group of mCPP, mBP and miBP metabolites. The estimated daily intakes of DMP, DEP, DBP, DiBP and DEHP were 1.68, 2.14, 4.12, 3.52 and 1.26-2.98 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. In a sensitivity analysis, urinary concentration and body weight were the most influential variables for human exposure estimation. Furthermore, cumulative risk for hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were evaluated. Nearly half of Chinese young adults had high HI values exceeding the safe threshold. This is the first study on the occurrence and human exposure to urinary phthalate metabolites with Chinese young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- The Second Campus Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
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94
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Heffernan AL, Thompson K, Eaglesham G, Vijayasarathy S, Mueller JF, Sly PD, Gomez MJ. Rapid, automated online SPE-LC-QTRAP-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 14 phthalate metabolites and 5 bisphenol analogues in human urine. Talanta 2016; 151:224-233. [PMID: 26946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have received special attention in recent years due to their frequent use in consumer products and potential for adverse effects on human health. BPA is being replaced with a number of alternatives, including bisphenol S, bisphenol B, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF. These bisphenol analogues have similar potential for adverse health effects, but studies on human exposure are limited. Accurate measurement of multiple contaminants is important for estimating exposure. This paper describes a sensitive and automated method for the simultaneous determination of 14 phthalate metabolites, BPA and four bisphenol analogues in urine using online solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-QTRAP-MS/MS), requiring very little sample volume (50µL). Quantification was performed under selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with negative electrospray ionization. The use of SRM combined with an enhanced product ion scan within the same analysis was examined. Unequivocal identification was provided by the acquisition of three SRM transitions per compound and isotope dilution. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated in synthetic and human urine. Linearity of response over three orders of magnitude was demonstrated for all of the compounds (R(2)>0.99), with method detection limits of 0.01-0.5ng/mL and limits of reporting of 0.07-3.1ng/mL. Accuracy ranged from 93% to 113% and inter- and intra-day precision were <22%. Finally, the validated method has been successfully applied to a cohort of pregnant women to measure biomarker concentrations of phthalates and bisphenols, with median concentrations ranging from 0.3ng/mL (bisphenol S) to 18.5ng/mL (monoethyl phthalate).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Heffernan
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - K Thompson
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - G Eaglesham
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - S Vijayasarathy
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - J F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - P D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, and Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, Level 7, 62 Graham St South, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
| | - M J Gomez
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
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95
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Ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis of conjugated parabens in human urine and their determination by UPLC–MS/MS and UPLC–HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1573-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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96
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Fast and simultaneous determination of endocrine disrupting compounds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 146:326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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97
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Analytical methods for the determination of biomarkers of exposure to phthalates in human urine samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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98
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Hou JW, Lin CL, Tsai YA, Chang CH, Liao KW, Yu CJ, Yang W, Lee MJ, Huang PC, Sun CW, Wang YH, Lin FR, Wu WC, Lee MC, Pan WH, Chen BH, Wu MT, Chen CC, Wang SL, Lee CC, Hsiung CA, Chen ML. The effects of phthalate and nonylphenol exposure on body size and secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:603-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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99
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Shi H, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Fang X, Xie C. Could exposure to phthalates speed up or delay pubertal onset and development? A 1.5-year follow-up of a school-based population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:41-9. [PMID: 26073845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phthalates may interfere with the timing of pubertal development in adolescence and existing studies have shown inconsistent results. This study aims to assess the associations of pubertal onset and progression with urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in school-aged boys and girls. METHODS Using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we analyzed 6 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 430 children (222 boys and 208 girls) aged 9.7 ± 2.2 years (age range 6.1 to 13.8 years) at baseline and 18 months of follow-up. The associations of exposures to phthalates with pubertal development such as the testis, breast and pubic hair were evaluated using ordered logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline development stage, current chronological age, current body fat composition, and parental education. RESULTS Urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was associated with a 39% increase in the odds of presenting lower pubic hair development stages in boys, and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) (p < 0.10), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were associated with 54%-65% increase in the odds of presenting higher breast development stages in girls (p < 0.05), while MEHHP and MEOHP were also associated with a 70% increase in the odds of menarche onset (p < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the associations of girls' pubertal onset with MnBP, MMP, MEP and MEHP were significant. The odds of girls' breast onset were 4 to 10 times higher in high MnBP, MMP, MEP or MEHP exposure group than in low exposure group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest subtle effects of phthalate metabolites associated with pubertal onset and progression. MnBP exposure may be associated with delayed pubic hair development in boys, while MnBP, MMP, MEP, and MEHP exposures may be associated with breast onset, and MEHP metabolites associated with speedup in breast development progression and earlier menarche onset in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Huijing Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Changming Xie
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Ruan J, Zhang J, Sun C. Recent advances in analysis of phthalate esters in foods. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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