51
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Kirkpatrick DC, McKinney CJ, Manis PB, Wightman RM. Expanding neurochemical investigations with multi-modal recording: simultaneous fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, iontophoresis, and patch clamp measurements. Analyst 2018; 141:4902-11. [PMID: 27314130 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-modal recording describes the simultaneous collection of information across distinct domains. Compared to isolated measurements, such studies can more easily determine relationships between varieties of phenomena. This is useful for neurochemical investigations which examine cellular activity in response to changes in the local chemical environment. In this study, we demonstrate a method to perform simultaneous patch clamp measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) using optically isolated instrumentation. A model circuit simulating concurrent measurements was used to predict the electrical interference between instruments. No significant impact was anticipated between methods, and predictions were largely confirmed experimentally. One exception was due to capacitive coupling of the FSCV potential waveform into the patch clamp amplifier. However, capacitive transients measured in whole-cell current clamp recordings were well below the level of biological signals, which allowed the activity of cells to be easily determined. Next, the activity of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) was examined in the presence of an FSCV electrode to determine how the exogenous potential impacted nearby cells. The activities of both resting and active MSNs were unaffected by the FSCV waveform. Additionally, application of an iontophoretic current, used to locally deliver drugs and other neurochemicals, did not affect neighboring cells. Finally, MSN activity was monitored during iontophoretic delivery of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter. Membrane depolarization and cell firing were observed concurrently with chemical changes around the cell resulting from delivery. In all, we show how combined electrophysiological and electrochemical measurements can relate information between domains and increase the power of neurochemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - C J McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - P B Manis
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and The Curriculum of Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R M Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA. and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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52
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Kim DH, Oh Y, Shin H, Park C, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Kim IY, Lee KH, Jang DP. Multi-waveform fast-scan cyclic voltammetry mapping of adsorption/desorption kinetics of biogenic amines and their metabolites. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:2834-2843. [PMID: 31131044 PMCID: PMC6532990 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay00352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an effective method for investigating electro-active neurochemical species. In recent years, FSCV has been used to measure electro-active neurotransmitters in a variety of neuroscience studies. We previously reported on the use of paired-pulse voltammetry (PPV) that enables FSCV to differentiate various analytes and minimize confounding factors by taking advantage of the adsorption characteristics of the analyte on carbon fiber microelectrodes. In spite of a number of studies regarding adsorption/desorption characteristics of neurotransmitters, the difference in adsorption/desorption properties among neurotransmitters has yet to be fully explored. To calculate adsorption/desorption constants for neurotransmitters, we propose the use of multi-waveform FSCV (M-FSCV), which consists of decade triangular waveforms in a single scan. Within the multiple waveforms, the voltammetric response of dopamine decayed exponentially because of the decreased adsorption time period. The decay pattern was mathematically described using adsorption/desorption characteristics and two additional initial points: an exponential decay constant (K) and an initial quantity (A), which were extracted from the decay equation. Using this method, we were able to quantify the decay constant (K-map) and an initial quantity (A-map) color plot in addition to a conventional pseudo color plot. M-FSCV was evaluated with two biogenic amine groups (catecholamines and indolamines) to characterize their inherent adsorption/desorption constants. As a result, the A-map showed a high correlation with concentration and the K-map for each group to be significantly differentiated. These results demonstrate that M-FSCV has the potential to be a useful technique for acquiring additional adsorption/desorption information regarding neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheonho Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles D. Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Kevin E. Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - In Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kendall H. Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Corresponding authors: Tel: +82-2-2220-24261, fax: +82-2-2220-4949, , . Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Tel: +82-2-2220-24261, fax: +82-2-2220-4949, , . Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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53
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Johnson JA, Rodeberg NT, Wightman RM. Measurement of Basal Neurotransmitter Levels Using Convolution-Based Nonfaradaic Current Removal. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7181-7189. [PMID: 29806450 PMCID: PMC6011837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry permits robust subsecond measurements
of in vivo neurotransmitter dynamics, resulting in
its established use in elucidating these species’ roles in
the actions of behaving animals. However, the technique’s limitations,
namely the need for digital background subtraction for analytical
signal resolution, have restricted the information obtainable largely
to that about phasic neurotransmitter release on the second-to-minute
time scale. The study of basal levels of neurotransmitters and their
dynamics requires a means of isolating the portion of the background
current arising from neurotransmitter redox reactions. Previously,
we reported on the use of a convolution-based method for prediction
of the resistive-capacitive portion of the carbon-fiber microelectrode
background signal, to improve the information content of background-subtracted
data. Here we evaluated this approach for direct analytical signal
isolation. First, protocol modifications (i.e., applied waveform and
carbon-fiber type) were optimized to permit simplification of the
interfering background current to components that are convolution-predictable.
It was found that the use of holding potentials of at least 0.0 V,
as well as the use of pitch-based carbon fibers, improved the agreement
between convolution predictions and the observed background. Subsequently,
it was shown that measurements of basal dopamine concentrations are
possible with careful control of the electrode state. Successful use
of this approach for measurement of in vivo basal
dopamine levels is demonstrated, suggesting the approach may serve
as a useful tool in expanding the capabilities of fast-scan cyclic
voltammetry.
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54
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Demuru S, Nela L, Marchack N, Holmes SJ, Farmer DB, Tulevski GS, Lin Q, Deligianni H. Scalable Nanostructured Carbon Electrode Arrays for Enhanced Dopamine Detection. ACS Sens 2018; 3:799-805. [PMID: 29480715 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that modulates arousal and motivation in humans and animals. It plays a central role in the brain "reward" system. Its dysregulation is involved in several debilitating disorders such as addiction, depression, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Dopamine neurotransmission and its reuptake in extracellular space takes place with millisecond temporal and nanometer spatial resolution. Novel nanoscale electrodes are needed with superior sensitivity and improved spatial resolution to gain an improved understanding of dopamine dysregulation. We report on a scalable fabrication of dopamine neurochemical probes of a nanostructured glassy carbon that is smaller than any existing dopamine sensor and arrays of more than 6000 nanorod probes. We also report on the electrochemical dopamine sensing of the glassy carbon nanorod electrode. Compared with a carbon fiber, the nanostructured glassy carbon nanorods provide about 2× higher sensitivity per unit area for dopamine sensing and more than 5× higher signal per unit area at low concentration of dopamine, with comparable LOD and time response. These glassy carbon nanorods were fabricated by pyrolysis of a lithographically defined polymeric nanostructure with an industry standard semiconductor fabrication infrastructure. The scalable fabrication strategy offers the potential to integrate these nanoscale carbon rods with an integrated circuit control system and with other complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan Marchack
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Steven J. Holmes
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Damon B. Farmer
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - George S. Tulevski
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Qinghuang Lin
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Hariklia Deligianni
- IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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55
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Kumar P, Sarswat PK, Free ML. Hybridized Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures for Food Quality Assessment: Fabrication and Performance Evaluation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3348. [PMID: 29463866 PMCID: PMC5820310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tungsten oxide based micro and nanosized structures possess good capacitance as well as enhanced rate capability. Such properties are useful in various applications including electrochemical supercapacitors. Apart from supercapacitance, WO3 and their 2D integrated structures have been modified using different methods to widen their range of the utility. Modification using layer coating, functionalization with other nanomaterial or molecules are methods that can be used to improve the core structure of WO3. But such modifications often alter electrochemical performance. The effects and outcomes of such modifications incorporated in WO3 structures were studied using electrochemical methods, sensing behavior, and morphological examination. One goal for such modifications was to improve robustness of the WO3 structures apart from any change in supercapacitance performance. After detailed electrochemical analyses of WO3 structures, a preliminary study was performed regarding the feasibility of the WO3 based sensors for food safety applications based on electrochemical detection of hazardous dyes in food. Preliminary results obtained after various electrochemical tests including pulsed voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggest the viability of WO3 structures for food safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Prashant K Sarswat
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Michael L Free
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Roberts
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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57
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Gill EL, Marks M, Yost RA, Vedam-Mai V, Garrett TJ. Monitoring Dopamine ex Vivo during Electrical Stimulation Using Liquid-Microjunction Surface Sampling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13658-13665. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Gill
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurosurgery, and §Department of
Pathology, Immunology
and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Megan Marks
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurosurgery, and §Department of
Pathology, Immunology
and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurosurgery, and §Department of
Pathology, Immunology
and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurosurgery, and §Department of
Pathology, Immunology
and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurosurgery, and §Department of
Pathology, Immunology
and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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58
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Nasri B, Wu T, Alharbi A, You KD, Gupta M, Sebastian SP, Kiani R, Shahrjerdi D. Hybrid CMOS-Graphene Sensor Array for Subsecond Dopamine Detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1192-1203. [PMID: 29293417 PMCID: PMC5936076 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2778048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a hybrid CMOS-graphene sensor array for subsecond measurement of dopamine via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). The prototype chip has four independent CMOS readout channels, fabricated in a 65-nm process. Using planar multilayer graphene as biologically compatible sensing material enables integration of miniaturized sensing electrodes directly above the readout channels. Taking advantage of the chemical specificity of FSCV, we introduce a region of interest technique, which subtracts a large portion of the background current using a programmable low-noise constant current at about the redox potentials. We demonstrate the utility of this feature for enhancing the sensitivity by measuring the sensor response to a known dopamine concentration in vitro at three different scan rates. This strategy further allows us to significantly reduce the dynamic range requirements of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) without compromising the measurement accuracy. We show that an integrating dual-slope ADC is adequate for digitizing the background-subtracted current. The ADC operates at a sampling frequency of 5-10 kHz and has an effective resolution of about 60 pA, which corresponds to a theoretical dopamine detection limit of about 6 nM. Our hybrid sensing platform offers an effective solution for implementing next-generation FSCV devices that can enable precise recording of dopamine signaling in vivo on a large scale.
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59
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60
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Electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters: Toward synapse-based neural interfaces. Biomed Eng Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-016-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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61
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Mitchell EC, Dunaway LE, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Dynamic Carbon-Fiber Surface in Response to Electrochemical Conditioning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7838-7846. [PMID: 28715197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of electrochemical preconditioning of P-55 pitch-based carbon-fiber microelectrodes were quantitatively examined in this study. Microstructural characterization of the electrode surface was done using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The data show that application of positive potentials provides beneficial structural modifications to the electrode surface. Electrodes that were preconditioned using a static potential of +1.0 V exhibited enhanced sensitivity and electron transfer properties when compared to electrodes conditioned for the same amount of time with dynamic (triangular) waveforms reaching +1.0 V. Conditioning elicited microstructural changes to the electrode surface that were dependent on the amount of time spent at potentials greater than ∼1.0 V. Importantly, the data demonstrate that the carbon-fiber microstructure is dynamic. It is able to quickly and continuously undergo rapid structural reorganization as potential is applied, repeatedly alternating between a relatively ordered state and one that exhibits greater disorder in response to applied electrochemical potentials that span the range commonly used in voltammetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lars E Dunaway
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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62
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Davis AN, Travis AR, Miller DR, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte Physiological Microanalytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:93-111. [PMID: 28605606 PMCID: PMC9235322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in scientific instrumentation have allowed experimentalists to evaluate well-known systems in new ways and to gain insight into previously unexplored or poorly understood phenomena. Within the growing field of multianalyte physiometry (MAP), microphysiometers are being developed that are capable of electrochemically measuring changes in the concentration of various metabolites in real time. By simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes, these devices have begun to unravel the complex pathways that govern biological responses to ischemia and oxidative stress while contributing to basic scientific discoveries in bioenergetics and neurology. Patients and clinicians have also benefited from the highly translational nature of MAP, and the continued expansion of the repertoire of analytes that can be measured with multianalyte microphysiometers will undoubtedly play a role in the automation and personalization of medicine. This is perhaps most evident with the recent advent of fully integrated noninvasive sensor arrays that can continuously monitor changes in analytes linked to specific disease states and deliver a therapeutic agent as required without the need for patient action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nix Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Adam R Travis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Dusty R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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63
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Johnson JA, Hobbs CN, Wightman RM. Removal of Differential Capacitive Interferences in Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6166-6174. [PMID: 28488873 PMCID: PMC5685151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its high spatiotemporal resolution, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes enables the localized in vivo monitoring of subsecond fluctuations in electroactive neurotransmitter concentrations. In practice, resolution of the analytical signal relies on digital background subtraction for removal of the large current due to charging of the electrical double layer as well as surface faradaic reactions. However, fluctuations in this background current often occur with changes in the electrode state or ionic environment, leading to nonspecific contributions to the FSCV data that confound data analysis. Here, we both explore the origin of such shifts seen with local changes in cations and develop a model to account for their shape. Further, we describe a convolution-based method for removal of the differential capacitive contributions to the FSCV current. The method relies on the use of a small-amplitude pulse made prior to the FSCV sweep that probes the impedance of the system. To predict the nonfaradaic current response to the voltammetric sweep, the step current response is differentiated to provide an estimate of the system's impulse response function and is used to convolute the applied waveform. The generated prediction is then subtracted from the observed current to the voltammetric sweep, removing artifacts associated with electrode impedance changes. The technique is demonstrated to remove select contributions from capacitive characteristics changes of the electrode both in vitro (i.e., in flow-injection analysis) and in vivo (i.e., during a spreading depression event in an anesthetized rat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Caddy N Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - R Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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64
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A voltammetric study on the interaction between isoproterenol and cardiomyocyte DNA by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes, polyaniline and gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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65
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Nicolai EN, Trevathan JK, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Lee KH, Ludwig KA. Detection of Norepinephrine in Whole Blood via Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ... IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL MEASUREMENTS AND APPLICATIONS : PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL MEASUREMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 2017:111-116. [PMID: 29177248 PMCID: PMC5698011 DOI: 10.1109/memea.2017.7985859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronic Medicines is an emerging field that capitalizes on minimally-invasive technology to stimulate the autonomic nervous system in order to evoke therapeutic biomolecular changes at the end-organ. The goal of Bioelectronic Medicines is to realize both 'precision and personalized' medicine. 'Precise' stimulation of neural circuitry creates biomolecular changes targeted exactly where needed to maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing off-target changes associated with side-effects. The therapy is then 'personalized' by utilizing implanted sensors to measure the biomolecular concentrations at, or near, the end-organ of interest and continually adjusting therapy to account for patient-specific biological changes throughout the day. To realize the promise of Bioelectronic Medicines, there is a need for minimally invasive, real-time measurement of biomarkers associated with the effects of autonomic nerve stimulation to be used for continuous titration of therapy. In this study we examine the feasibility of using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to measure norepinephrine levels, a neurochemical relevant to end-organ function, directly from blood. FSCV is a well-understood method for measuring electroactive neurochemicals in the central nervous system with high temporal and high spatial resolution that has yet to be adapted to the study of the autonomic nervous system. The results demonstrate that while detecting the electroactive neurochemical norepinephrine in blood is more challenging than obtaining the same FSCV measurements in a buffer solution due to biofouling of the electrode, it is feasible to utilize a minimally invasive FSCV electrode to obtain neurochemical measurements in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Nicolai
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | | | - Erika K Ross
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
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66
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Abstract
Recent progress in the electrochemical field enabled development of miniaturized sensing devices that can be used in biological settings to obtain fundamental and practical biochemically relevant information on physiology, metabolism, and disease states in living systems. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have demonstrated potential for rapid, real-time measurements of biologically relevant molecules. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent advances in the development of miniaturized sensors for biological investigations in living systems, with focus on the detection of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress markers. The design of electrochemical (bio)sensors, including their detection mechanism and functionality in biological systems, is described as well as their advantages and limitations. Application of these sensors to studies in live cells, embryonic development, and rodent models is discussed.
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67
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Meunier CJ, Roberts JG, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Background Signal as an in Situ Predictor of Dopamine Oxidation Potential: Improving Interpretation of Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:411-419. [PMID: 28044445 PMCID: PMC5684890 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for monitoring subsecond molecular fluctuations in live brain tissue. Despite increasing utilization of FSCV, efforts to improve the accuracy of quantification have been limited due to the complexity of the technique and the dynamic recording environment. It is clear that variable electrode performance renders calibration necessary for accurate quantification; however, the nature of in vivo measurements can make conventional postcalibration difficult, or even impossible. Analyte-specific voltammograms and scaling factors that are critical for quantification can shift or fluctuate in vivo. This is largely due to impedance changes, and the effects of impedance on these measurements have not been characterized. We have previously reported that the background current can be used to predict electrode-specific scaling factors in situ. In this work, we employ model circuits to investigate the impact of impedance on FSCV measurements. Additionally, we take another step toward in situ electrode calibration by using the oxidation potential of quinones on the electrode surface to accurately predict the oxidation potential for dopamine at any point in an electrochemical experiment, as both are dependent on impedance. The model, validated both in adrenal slice and live brain tissue, enables information encoded in the shape of the background voltammogram to determine electrochemical parameters that are critical for accurate quantification. This improves data interpretation and provides a significant next step toward more automated methods for in vivo data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Meunier
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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68
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Rodeberg NT, Sandberg SG, Johnson JA, Phillips PEM, Wightman RM. Hitchhiker's Guide to Voltammetry: Acute and Chronic Electrodes for in Vivo Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:221-234. [PMID: 28127962 PMCID: PMC5783156 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used for over 20 years to study rapid neurotransmission in awake and behaving animals. These experiments were first carried out with carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) encased in borosilicate glass, which can be inserted into the brain through micromanipulators and guide cannulas. More recently, chronically implantable CFMs constructed with small diameter fused-silica have been introduced. These electrodes can be affixed in the brain with minimal tissue response, which permits longitudinal measurements of neurotransmission in single recording locations during behavior. Both electrode designs have been used to make novel discoveries in the fields of neurobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychopharmacology. The purpose of this Review is to address important considerations for the use of FSCV to study neurotransmitters in awake and behaving animals, with a focus on measurements of striatal dopamine. Common issues concerning experimental design, data collection, and calibration are addressed. When necessary, differences between the two methodologies (acute vs chronic recordings) are discussed. The topics raised in this Review are particularly important as the field moves beyond dopamine toward new neurochemicals and brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T. Rodeberg
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences and ∥Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, United States
| | - Stefan G. Sandberg
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences and ∥Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, United States
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences and ∥Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, United States
| | - Paul E. M. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences and ∥Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, United States
| | - R. Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences and ∥Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, United States
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69
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Cholinergic Interneurons Underlie Spontaneous Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2086-2096. [PMID: 28115487 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3064-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of dopamine from terminals in the NAc is regulated by a number of factors, including voltage-gated ion channels, D2-autoreceptors, and nAChRs. Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) drive dopamine release through activation of nAChRs on dopamine terminals. Using cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, nAChR-dependent spontaneous dopamine transients and the mechanisms underlying the origin were examined in the NAc. Spontaneous events were infrequent (0.3 per minute), but the rate and amplitude were increased after blocking Kv channels with 4-aminopyridine. Although the firing frequency of CINs was increased by blocking glutamate reuptake with TBOA and the Sk blocker apamin, only 4-aminopyridine increased the frequency of dopamine transients. In contrast, inhibition of CIN firing with the μ/δ selective opioid [Met5]enkephalin (1 μm) decreased spontaneous dopamine transients. Cocaine increased the rate and amplitude of dopamine transients, suggesting that the activity of the dopamine transporter limits the detection of these events. In the presence of cocaine, the rate of spontaneous dopamine transients was further increased after blocking D2-autoreceptors. Blockade of muscarinic receptors had no effect on evoked dopamine release, suggesting that feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release was not involved. Thus, although spontaneous dopamine transients are reliant on nAChRs, the frequency was not strictly governed by the activity of CINs. The increase in frequency of spontaneous dopamine transients induced by cocaine was not due to an increase in cholinergic tone and is likely a product of an increase in detection resulting from decreased dopamine reuptake.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The actions of dopamine in the NAc are thought to be responsible for endogenous reward and the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants. The present work examines the mechanisms underlying nAChR-induced spontaneous dopamine release. This study demonstrates that spontaneous dopamine release is (1) dependent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, (2) independent on the spontaneous activity of cholinergic interneurons, and (3) that cocaine increased the detection of dopamine transients by prolonging the presence and increasing the diffusion of dopamine in the extracellular space. The release of acetylcholine is therefore responsible for spontaneous dopamine transients, and cocaine augments dopamine tone without altering activity of cholinergic interneurons.
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70
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Chen A, Xu L, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang S. Improving Surface Adsorption via Shape Control of Hematite α-Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles for Sensitive Dopamine Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33765-33774. [PMID: 27960401 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) with morphologies varying from shuttle to drum were synthesized through an anion-assisted and surfactant-free hydrothermal method by simply varying the ratios of ethanol and water in solvent. Control experiments show that the structural evolution can be attributed to a small-molecular-induced anisotropic growth mechanism in which the growth rate of α-Fe2O3 NPs along the a-, b-, or c-axis was well-controlled. The detailed structural analysis through the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) indicated that shuttle-like Fe2O3 NP surface was covered by high-density atomic steps, which endowed them with the enhanced adsorption and sensor ability toward dopamine (DA). The XPS characterizations indicated that the percentages of the OC component follow the order of shuttle-like Fe2O3 (S-Fe2O3 for short) > pseudoshuttle-like Fe2O3 (Ps-Fe2O3 for short) > polyhedron-like Fe2O3 (Ph-Fe2O3 for short) > drum-like Fe2O3 (D-Fe2O3 for short). Benefits from these structural advantages, the S-Fe2O3 NPs-Nafion composite electrode exhibited remarkable electrochemical detection ability with a wide liner range from 0.2 μM to 0.107 mM and a low detection limit of 31.25 nM toward DA in the presence of interferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Chen
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimao Yang
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchun Yang
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, People's Republic of China
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71
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Xiao T, Wu F, Hao J, Zhang M, Yu P, Mao L. In Vivo Analysis with Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. Anal Chem 2016; 89:300-313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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72
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Rodeberg NT, Johnson JA, Bucher ES, Wightman RM. Dopamine Dynamics during Continuous Intracranial Self-Stimulation: Effect of Waveform on Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1508-1518. [PMID: 27548680 PMCID: PMC5115212 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is heavily implicated in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Many drugs of abuse that affect ICSS behavior target the dopaminergic system, and optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons is sufficient to support self-stimulation. However, the patterns of phasic dopamine release during ICSS remain unclear. Early ICSS studies using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) rarely observed phasic dopamine release, which led to the surprising conclusion that it is dissociated from ICSS. However, several advances in the sensitivity (i.e., the use of waveforms with extended anodic limits) and analysis (i.e., principal component regression) of FSCV measurements have made it possible to detect smaller, yet physiologically relevant, dopamine release events. Therefore, this study revisits phasic dopamine release during ICSS using these tools. It was found that the anodic limit of the voltammetric waveform has a substantial effect on the patterns of dopamine release observed during continuous ICSS. While data collected with low anodic limits (i.e., +1.0 V) support the disappearance of phasic dopamine release observed in previous investigation, the use of high anodic limits (+1.3 V, +1.4 V) allows for continual detection of dopamine release throughout ICSS. However, the +1.4 V waveform lacks the ability to resolve narrowly spaced events, with the best balance of temporal resolution and sensitivity provided by the +1.3 V waveform. Ultimately, it is revealed that the amplitude of phasic dopamine release decays but does not fully disappear during continuous ICSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T. Rodeberg
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Bucher
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - R. Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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73
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A pipette-based calibration system for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with fast response times. Biotechniques 2016; 61:269-271. [PMID: 27839513 DOI: 10.2144/000114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique that utilizes the oxidation and/or reduction of an analyte of interest to infer rapid changes in concentrations. In order to calibrate the resulting oxidative or reductive current, known concentrations of an analyte must be introduced under controlled settings. Here, I describe a simple and cost-effective method, using a Petri dish and pipettes, for the calibration of carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) using FSCV.
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74
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Trikantzopoulos E, Yang C, Ganesana M, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Novel carbon-fiber microelectrode batch fabrication using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin. Analyst 2016; 141:5256-5260. [PMID: 27536741 PMCID: PMC5019535 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glass insulated carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are standard tools for the measurement of neurotransmitters. However, electrodes are fabricated individually and the glass can shatter, limiting application in higher order mammals. Here, we developed a novel microelectrode batch fabrication method using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin insulating agent. The 3D-printed mold is low cost, customizable to change the electrode shape, and allows 40 electrodes to be made simultaneously. The polyimide resin is biocompatible, quick to cure, and does not adhere to the plastic mold. The electrodes were tested for the response to dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry both in vitro and in vivo and performed similarly to traditional glass-insulated electrodes, but with lower background currents. Thus, polyimide-insulated electrodes can be mass-produced using a 3D-printed mold and are an attractive alternative for making cheap, biocompatible microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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75
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Hoffman AF, Spivak CE, Lupica CR. Enhanced Dopamine Release by Dopamine Transport Inhibitors Described by a Restricted Diffusion Model and Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:700-9. [PMID: 27018734 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) using carbon fiber electrodes is widely used to rapidly monitor changes in dopamine (DA) levels in vitro and in vivo. Current analytical approaches utilize parameters such as peak oxidation current amplitude and decay times to estimate release and uptake processes, respectively. However, peak amplitude changes are often observed with uptake inhibitors, thereby confounding the interpretation of these parameters. To overcome this limitation, we demonstrate that a simple five-parameter, two-compartment model mathematically describes DA signals as a balance of release (r/ke) and uptake (ku), summed with adsorption (kads and kdes) of DA to the carbon electrode surface. Using nonlinear regression, we demonstrate that our model precisely describes measured DA signals obtained in brain slice recordings. The parameters extracted from these curves were then validated using pharmacological manipulations that selectively alter vesicular release or DA transporter (DAT)-mediated uptake. Manipulation of DA release through altering the Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio or adding tetrodotoxin reduced the release parameter with no effect on the uptake parameter. DAT inhibitors methylenedioxypyrovalerone, cocaine, and nomifensine significantly reduced uptake and increased vesicular DA release. In contrast, a low concentration of amphetamine reduced uptake but had no effect on DA release. Finally, the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488 significantly reduced vesicular DA release but had no effect on uptake. Together, these data demonstrate a novel analytical approach to distinguish the effects of manipulations on DA release or uptake that can be used to interpret FSCV data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research
Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Charles E. Spivak
- Electrophysiology Research
Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Carl R. Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research
Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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76
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Yang C, Trikantzopoulos E, Nguyen MD, Jacobs CB, Wang Y, Mahjouri-Samani M, Ivanov IN, Venton BJ. Laser Treated Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine in Vivo. ACS Sens 2016; 1:508-515. [PMID: 27430021 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) exhibit rapid and selective detection of dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV); however, the sensitivity limits their application in vivo. In this study, we introduce laser treatment as a simple, reliable, and efficient approach to improve the sensitivity of CNTYMEs by three fold while maintaining high temporal resolution. The effect of laser treatment on the microelectrode surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, and laser confocal microscopy. Laser treatment increases the surface area and oxygen containing functional groups on the surface, which provides more adsorption sites for dopamine than at unmodified CNTYMEs. Moreover, similar to unmodified CNTYMEs, the dopamine signal at laser treated CNTYMEs is not dependent on scan repetition frequency, unlike the current at carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) which decreases with increasing scan repetition frequency. This frequency independence is caused by the significantly larger surface roughness which would trap dopamine-o-quinone and amplify the dopamine signal. CNTYMEs were applied as an in vivo sensor with FSCV for the first time and laser treated CNTYMEs maintained high dopamine sensitivity compared to CFMEs with an increased scan repetition frequency of 50 Hz, which is five-fold faster than the conventional frequency. CNTYMEs with laser treatment are advantageous because of their easy fabrication, high reproducibility, fast electron transfer kinetics, high sensitivity, and rapid in vivo measurement of dopamine and could be a potential alternative to CFMEs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Michael D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Christopher B. Jacobs
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Masoud Mahjouri-Samani
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ilia N. Ivanov
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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77
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Bennet KE, Tomshine JR, Min HK, Manciu FS, Marsh MP, Paek SB, Settell ML, Nicolai EN, Blaha CD, Kouzani AZ, Chang SY, Lee KH. A Diamond-Based Electrode for Detection of Neurochemicals in the Human Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:102. [PMID: 27014033 PMCID: PMC4791376 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a surgical technique to treat certain neurologic and psychiatric conditions, relies on pre-determined stimulation parameters in an open-loop configuration. The major advancement in DBS devices is a closed-loop system that uses neurophysiologic feedback to dynamically adjust stimulation frequency and amplitude. Stimulation-driven neurochemical release can be measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), but existing FSCV electrodes rely on carbon fiber, which degrades quickly during use and is therefore unsuitable for chronic neurochemical recording. To address this issue, we developed durable, synthetic boron-doped diamond-based electrodes capable of measuring neurochemical release in humans. Compared to carbon fiber electrodes, they were more than two orders-of-magnitude more physically-robust and demonstrated longevity in vitro without deterioration. Applied for the first time in humans, diamond electrode recordings from thalamic targets in patients (n = 4) undergoing DBS for tremor produced signals consistent with adenosine release at a sensitivity comparable to carbon fiber electrodes. (Clinical trials # NCT01705301).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Bennet
- Division of Engineering, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA; Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA; School of Engineering, Deakin UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Tomshine
- Division of Engineering, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA; Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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78
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79
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Ramsson ES, Cholger D, Dionise A, Poirier N, Andrus A, Curtiss R. Characterization of Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetric Electrodes Using Paraffin as an Effective Sealant with In Vitro and In Vivo Applications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141340. [PMID: 26505195 PMCID: PMC4623982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a powerful technique for measuring sub-second changes in neurotransmitter levels. A great time-limiting factor in the use of FSCV is the production of high-quality recording electrodes; common recording electrodes consist of cylindrical carbon fiber encased in borosilicate glass. When the borosilicate is heated and pulled, the molten glass ideally forms a tight seal around the carbon fiber cylinder. It is often difficult, however, to guarantee a perfect seal between the glass and carbon. Indeed, much of the time spent creating electrodes is in an effort to find a good seal. Even though epoxy resins can be useful in this regard, they are irreversible (seals are permanent), wasteful (epoxy cannot be reused once hardener is added), hazardous (hardeners are often caustic), and require curing. Herein we characterize paraffin as an electrode sealant for FSCV microelectrodes. Paraffin boasts the advantages of near-immediate curing times, simplicity in use, long shelf-life and stable waterproof seals capable of withstanding extended cycling. Borosilicate electrode tips were left intact or broken and dipped in paraffin embedding wax. Excess wax was removed from the carbon surface with xyelenes or by repeated cycling at an extended waveform (-0.4 to 1.4V, 400 V/s, 60 Hz). Then, the waveform was switched to a standard waveform (-0.4 to 1.3V, 400 V/s, 10 Hz) and cycled until stable. Wax-sealing does not inhibit electrode sensitivity, as electrodes detected linear changes in dopamine before and after wax (then xylenes) exposure. Paraffin seals are intact after 11 days of implantation in the mouse, and still capable of measuring transient changes in in vivo dopamine. From this it is clear that paraffin wax is an effective sealant for FSCV electrodes that provides a convenient substitute to epoxy sealants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Ramsson
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
| | - Daniel Cholger
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
| | - Albert Dionise
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Poirier
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
| | - Avery Andrus
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
| | - Randi Curtiss
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States of America
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80
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Dengler AK, Wightman RM, McCarty GS. Microfabricated Collector-Generator Electrode Sensor for Measuring Absolute pH and Oxygen Concentrations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10556-64. [PMID: 26375039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has attracted attention for studying in vivo neurotransmission due to its subsecond temporal resolution, selectivity, and sensitivity. Traditional FSCV measurements use background subtraction to isolate changes in the local electrochemical environment, providing detailed information on fluctuations in the concentration of electroactive species. This background subtraction removes information about constant or slowly changing concentrations. However, determination of background concentrations is still important for understanding functioning brain tissue. For example, neural activity is known to consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide which affects local levels of oxygen and pH. Here, we present a microfabricated microelectrode array which uses FSCV to detect the absolute levels of oxygen and pH in vitro. The sensor is a collector-generator electrode array with carbon microelectrodes spaced 5 μm apart. In this work, a periodic potential step is applied at the generator producing transient local changes in the electrochemical environment. The collector electrode continuously performs FSCV enabling these induced changes in concentration to be recorded with the sensitivity and selectivity of FSCV. A negative potential step applied at the generator produces a transient local pH shift at the collector. The generator-induced pH signal is detected using FSCV at the collector and correlated to absolute solution pH by postcalibration of the anodic peak position. In addition, in oxygenated solutions a negative potential step at the generator produces hydrogen peroxide by reducing oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is detected with FSCV at the collector electrode, and the magnitude of the oxidative peak is proportional to absolute oxygen concentrations. Oxygen interference on the pH signal is minimal and can be accounted for with a postcalibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Dengler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - R Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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81
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Pathirathna P, Samaranayake S, Atcherley CW, Parent KL, Heien ML, McElmurry SP, Hashemi P. Fast voltammetry of metals at carbon-fiber microelectrodes: copper adsorption onto activated carbon aids rapid electrochemical analysis. Analyst 2015; 139:4673-80. [PMID: 25051455 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, in situ trace metal analysis is essential for understanding many biological and environmental processes. For example, trace metals are thought to act as chemical messengers in the brain. In the environment, some of the most damaging pollution occurs when metals are rapidly mobilized and transported during hydrologic events (storms). Electrochemistry is attractive for in situ analysis, primarily because electrodes are compact, cheap and portable. Electrochemical techniques, however, do not traditionally report trace metals in real-time. In this work, we investigated the fundamental mechanisms of a novel method, based on fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), that reports trace metals with sub-second temporal resolution at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). Electrochemical methods and geochemical models were employed to find that activated CFMs rapidly adsorb copper, a phenomenon that greatly advances the temporal capabilities of electrochemistry. We established the thermodynamics of surface copper adsorption and the electrochemical nature of copper deposition onto CFMs and hence identified a unique adsorption-controlled electrochemical mechanism for ultra-fast trace metal analysis. This knowledge can be exploited in the future to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of CFMs for fast voltammetry of trace metals in a variety of biological and environmental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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82
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Trouillon R, Gijs MA. Interplay between the potential waveform and diffusion layer dynamics determines the time-response of voltammetric detection in microchannels. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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83
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Özel RE, Hayat A, Andreescu S. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR THE DETECTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOR APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE. ANAL LETT 2015; 48:1044-1069. [PMID: 26973348 PMCID: PMC4787221 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.976867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are important biological molecules that are essential to many neurophysiological processes including memory, cognition, and behavioral states. The development of analytical methodologies to accurately detect neurotransmitters is of great importance in neurological and biological research. Specifically designed microelectrodes or microbiosensors have demonstrated potential for rapid, real-time measurements with high spatial resolution. Such devices can facilitate study of the role and mechanism of action of neurotransmitters and can find potential uses in biomedicine. This paper reviews the current status and recent advances in the development and application of electrochemical sensors for the detection of small-molecule neurotransmitters. Measurement challenges and opportunities of electroanalytical methods to advance study and understanding of neurotransmitters in various biological models and disease conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rıfat Emrah Özel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
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84
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Shin M, Kaplan SV, Raider KD, Johnson MA. Simultaneous measurement and quantitation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Analyst 2015; 140:3039-47. [PMID: 25785694 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds have been used extensively to investigate neuronal function in a variety of preparations, including cell culture, ex vivo tissue samples, and in vivo. As a first step toward electrochemically measuring the extent of caged compound photoactivation while also measuring the release of the catecholamine neurotransmitter, dopamine, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (FSCV) was used to electrochemically characterize 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) in the absence and presence of dopamine. 4HPAA is a by-product formed during the process of photoactivation of p-hydroxyphenacyl-based caged compounds, such as p-hydroxyphenylglutamate (pHP-Glu). Our data suggest that the oxidation of 4HPAA occurs through the formation of a conjugated species. Moreover, we found that a triangular waveform of -0.4 V to +1.3 V to -0.4 V at 600 V s(-1), repeated every 100 ms, provided an oxidation current of 4HPAA that was enhanced with a limit of detection of 100 nM, while also allowing the detection and quantitation of dopamine within the same scan. Along with quantifying 4HPAA in biological preparations, the results from this work will allow the electrochemical measurement of photoactivation reactions that generate 4HPAA as a by-product as well as provide a framework for measuring the photorelease of electroactive by-products from caged compounds that incorporate other chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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85
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Wu LN, Tan YL, Wang L, Sun SN, Qu ZY, Zhang JM, Fan YJ. Dopamine sensor based on a hybrid material composed of cuprous oxide hollow microspheres and carbon black. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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86
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Liang R, Broussard GJ, Tian L. Imaging chemical neurotransmission with genetically encoded fluorescent sensors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:84-93. [PMID: 25565280 DOI: 10.1021/cn500280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in neuroscience is to decipher the logic of neural circuitry and to link it to learning, memory, and behavior. Synaptic transmission is a critical event underlying information processing within neural circuitry. In the extracellular space, the concentrations and distributions of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory neurotransmitters impact signal integration, which in turn shapes and refines the function of neural networks. Thus, the determination of the spatiotemporal relationships between these chemical signals with synaptic resolution in the intact brain is essential to decipher the codes for transferring information across circuitry and systems. Here, we review approaches and probes that have been employed to determine the spatial and temporal extent of neurotransmitter dynamics in the brain. We specifically focus on the design, screening, characterization, and application of genetically encoded indicators directly probing glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. These indicators provide synaptic resolution of glutamate dynamics with cell-type specificity. We also discuss strategies for developing a suite of genetically encoded probes for a variety of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqiang Liang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and ‡Center
for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95817, United States
| | - Gerard Joseph Broussard
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and ‡Center
for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95817, United States
| | - Lin Tian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and ‡Center
for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95817, United States
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87
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Fortin SM, Cone JJ, Ng-Evans S, McCutcheon JE, Roitman MF. Sampling phasic dopamine signaling with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in awake, behaving rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:7.25.1-7.25.20. [PMID: 25559005 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0725s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique that permits the in vivo measurement of extracellular fluctuations in multiple chemical species. The technique is frequently utilized to sample sub-second (phasic) concentration changes of the neurotransmitter dopamine in awake and behaving rats. Phasic dopamine signaling is implicated in reinforcement, goal-directed behavior, and locomotion, and FSCV has been used to investigate how rapid changes in striatal dopamine concentration contribute to these and other behaviors. This unit describes the instrumentation and construction, implantation, and use of components required to sample and analyze dopamine concentration changes in awake rats with FSCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fortin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J J Cone
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - S Ng-Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - J E McCutcheon
- Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - M F Roitman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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88
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Tan C, Zhang W, Zheng J, You X, Lin X, Li S. Fabrication of metal–organic single crystalline nanowires and reduced graphene oxide enhancement for an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7117-7124. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic of the copper phthalocyanine nanowire modified glassy carbon electrode with reduced graphene oxide–Nafion composite film used for detecting dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
| | - Wuxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuli You
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
| | - Xuan Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
| | - Shunxing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Morden Analytical Science and Separation Technology
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P. R. China
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89
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Zhang W, Zheng J, Tan C, Lin X, Hu S, Chen J, You X, Li S. Designed self-assembled hybrid Au@CdS core–shell nanoparticles with negative charge and their application as highly selective biosensors. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:217-224. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the reaction mechanism of Au@CdS core–shell structure with DA in the presence of UA and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Zhangzhou Environmental Monitoring Station
| | - Changhui Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
| | - Xuan Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
| | - Shirong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
| | - Jianhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
| | - Xiuli You
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
| | - Shunxing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology
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90
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Cifuentes Castro VH, López Valenzuela CL, Salazar Sánchez JC, Peña KP, López Pérez SJ, Ibarra JO, Villagrán AM. An update of the classical and novel methods used for measuring fast neurotransmitters during normal and brain altered function. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:490-508. [PMID: 25977677 PMCID: PMC4428024 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141223223657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand better the cerebral functions, several methods have been developed to study the brain activity, they could be related with morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and neurochemical techniques. Monitoring neurotransmitter concentration is a key role to know better how the brain works during normal or pathological conditions, as well as for studying the changes in neurotransmitter concentration with the use of several drugs that could affect or reestablish the normal brain activity. Immediate response of the brain to environmental conditions is related with the release of the fast acting neurotransmission by glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) through the opening of ligand-operated ion channels. Neurotransmitter release is mainly determined by the classical microdialysis technique, this is generally coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detection of neurotransmitters can be done by fluorescence, optical density, electrochemistry or other detection systems more sophisticated. Although the microdialysis method is the golden technique to monitor the brain neurotransmitters, it has a poor temporal resolution. Recently, with the use of biosensor the drawback of temporal resolution has been improved considerably, however other inconveniences have merged, such as stability, reproducibility and the lack of reliable biosensors mainly for GABA. The aim of this review is to show the important advances in the different ways to measure neurotransmitter concentrations; both with the use of classic techniques as well as with the novel methods and alternant approaches to improve the temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Morales Villagrán
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, Zapopan,
Jalisco, México, Zip code: 45110, Mexico
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91
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Ross AE, Venton BJ. Adenosine transiently modulates stimulated dopamine release in the caudate-putamen via A1 receptors. J Neurochem 2014; 132:51-60. [PMID: 25219576 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine modulates dopamine in the brain via A1 and A2A receptors, but that modulation has only been characterized on a slow time scale. Recent studies have characterized a rapid signaling mode of adenosine that suggests a possible rapid modulatory role. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the extent to which transient adenosine changes modulate stimulated dopamine release (5 pulses at 60 Hz) in rat caudate-putamen brain slices. Exogenous adenosine was applied and dopamine concentration monitored. Adenosine only modulated dopamine when it was applied 2 or 5 s before stimulation. Longer time intervals and bath application of 5 μM adenosine did not decrease dopamine release. Mechanical stimulation of endogenous adenosine 2 s before dopamine stimulation also decreased stimulated dopamine release by 41 ± 7%, similar to the 54 ± 6% decrease in dopamine after exogenous adenosine application. Dopamine inhibition by transient adenosine was recovered within 10 min. The A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine blocked the dopamine modulation, whereas dopamine modulation was unaffected by the A2A receptor antagonist SCH 442416. Thus, transient adenosine changes can transiently modulate phasic dopamine release via A1 receptors. These data demonstrate that adenosine has a rapid, but transient, modulatory role in the brain. Here, transient adenosine was shown to modulate phasic dopamine release on the order of seconds by acting at the A1 receptor. However, sustained increases in adenosine did not regulate phasic dopamine release. This study demonstrates for the first time a transient, neuromodulatory function of rapid adenosine to regulate rapid neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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92
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Walters SH, Taylor IM, Shu Z, Michael AC. A novel restricted diffusion model of evoked dopamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:776-83. [PMID: 24983330 PMCID: PMC4176316 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry provides high-fidelity recordings of electrically evoked dopamine release in the rat striatum. The evoked responses are suitable targets for numerical modeling because the frequency and duration of the stimulus are exactly known. Responses recorded in the dorsal and ventral striatum of the rat do not bear out the predictions of a numerical model that assumes the presence of a diffusion gap interposed between the recording electrode and nearby dopamine terminals. Recent findings, however, suggest that dopamine may be subject to restricted diffusion processes in brain extracellular space. A numerical model cast to account for restricted diffusion produces excellent agreement between simulated and observed responses recorded under a broad range of anatomical, stimulus, and pharmacological conditions. The numerical model requires four, and in some cases only three, adjustable parameters and produces meaningful kinetic parameter values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - I. Mitch Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Adrian C. Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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93
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Ross AE, Venton BJ. Sawhorse waveform voltammetry for selective detection of adenosine, ATP, and hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7486-93. [PMID: 25005825 PMCID: PMC4368507 DOI: 10.1021/ac501229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV)
is an electrochemistry technique
which allows subsecond detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Adenosine detection using FSCV has become increasingly popular
but can be difficult because of interfering agents which oxidize at
or near the same potential as adenosine. Triangle shaped waveforms
are traditionally used for FSCV, but modified waveforms have been
introduced to maximize analyte sensitivity and provide stability at
high scan rates. Here, a modified sawhorse waveform was used to maximize
the time for adenosine oxidation and to manipulate the shapes of cyclic
voltammograms (CVs) of analytes which oxidize at the switching potential.
The optimized waveform consists of scanning at 400 V/s from −0.4
to 1.35 V and holding briefly for 1.0 ms followed by a ramp back down
to −0.4 V. This waveform allows the use of a lower switching
potential for adenosine detection. Hydrogen peroxide and ATP also
oxidize at the switching potential and can interfere with adenosine
measurements in vivo; however, their CVs were altered
with the sawhorse waveform and they could be distinguished from adenosine.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine that the
sawhorse waveform was better than the triangle waveform at discriminating
between adenosine, hydrogen peroxide, and ATP. In slices, mechanically
evoked adenosine was identified with PCA and changes in the ratio
of ATP to adenosine were observed after manipulation of ATP metabolism
by POM-1. The sawhorse waveform is useful for adenosine, hydrogen
peroxide, and ATP discrimination and will facilitate more confident
measurements of these analytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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94
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Jacobs C, Ivanov IN, Nguyen MD, Zestos AG, Venton BJ. High temporal resolution measurements of dopamine with carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5721-7. [PMID: 24832571 PMCID: PMC4063327 DOI: 10.1021/ac404050t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) can detect small changes in dopamine concentration; however, measurements are typically limited to scan repetition frequencies of 10 Hz. Dopamine oxidation at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) is dependent on dopamine adsorption, and increasing the frequency of FSCV scan repetitions decreases the oxidation current, because the time for adsorption is decreased. Using a commercially available carbon nanotube yarn, we characterized carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) for high-speed measurements with FSCV. For dopamine, CNTYMEs have a significantly lower ΔEp than CFMEs, a limit of detection of 10 ± 0.8 nM, and a linear response to 25 μM. Unlike CFMEs, the oxidation current of dopamine at CNTYMEs is independent of scan repetition frequency. At a scan rate of 2000 V/s, dopamine can be detected, without any loss in sensitivity, with scan frequencies up to 500 Hz, resulting in a temporal response that is four times faster than CFMEs. While the oxidation current is adsorption-controlled at both CFMEs and CNTYMEs, the adsorption and desorption kinetics differ. The desorption coefficient of dopamine-o-quinone (DOQ), the oxidation product of dopamine, is an order of magnitude larger than that of dopamine at CFMEs; thus, DOQ desorbs from the electrode and can diffuse away. At CNTYMEs, the rates of desorption for dopamine and dopamine-o-quinone are about equal, resulting in current that is independent of scan repetition frequency. Thus, there is no compromise with CNTYMEs: high sensitivity, high sampling frequency, and high temporal resolution can be achieved simultaneously. Therefore, CNTYMEs are attractive for high-speed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
B. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road,
Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Ilia N. Ivanov
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road Bld. 8610, Rm. M166, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road,
Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road,
Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road,
Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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95
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Kim DH, Oh Y, Shin H, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Lee KH, Kim IY, Jang DP. Investigation of the reduction process of dopamine using paired pulse voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014; 717-718:157-164. [PMID: 24926227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of dopamine (DA) around +0.6V potential in anodic sweep and its reduction around -0.1V in cathodic sweep at a relatively fast scanning rate (300 V/s or greater) have been used for identification of DA oxidation in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). However, compared to the oxidation peak of DA, the reduction peak has not been fully examined in analytical studies, although it has been used as one of the representative features to identify DA. In this study, the reduction process of DA was investigated using paired pulse voltammetry (PPV), which consists of two identical triangle-shaped waveforms, separated by a short interval at the holding potential. Especially, the discrepancies between the magnitude of the oxidation and reduction peaks of DA were investigated based on three factors: (1) the instant desorption of the DA oxidation product (dopamine-o-quinone: DOQ) after production, (2) the effect of the holding potential on the reduction process, and (3) the rate-limited reduction process of DA. For the first test, the triangle waveform FSCV experiment was performed on DA with various scanrates (from 400 to 1000 V/s) and durations of switching potentials of the triangle waveform (from 0.0 to 6.0 ms) in order to vary the duration between the applied oxidation potential at +0.6V and the reduction potential at -0.2V. As a result, the ratio of reduction over oxidation peak current response decreased as the duration became longer. To evaluate the effect of holding potentials during the reduction process, FSCV experiments were conducted with holding potential from 0.0V to -0.8V. We found that more negative holding potentials lead to larger amount of reduction process. For evaluation of the rate-limited reduction process of DA, PPV with a 1Hz repetition rate and various delays (2, 8, 20, 40 and 80ms) between the paired scans were utilized to determine how much reduction process occurred during the holding potential (-0.4V). These tests showed that relatively large amounts of DOQ are reduced to DA during the holding potential. The rate-limited reduction process was also confirmed with the increase of reduction in a lower pH environment. In addition to the mechanism of the reduction process of DA, we found that the differences between the responses of primary and secondary pulses in PPV were mainly dependent on the rate-limited reduction process during the holding potential. In conclusion, the reduction process may be one of the important factors to be considered in the kinetic analysis of DA and other electroactive species in brain tissue and in the design of new types of waveform in FSCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 5590, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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96
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Ultrasensitive determination of hydrazine using a glassy carbon electrode modified with Pyrocatechol Violet electrodeposited on single walled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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97
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Atcherley CW, Laude ND, Parent KL, Heien ML. Fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry for the quantification of absolute concentrations and adsorption dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14885-92. [PMID: 24245864 DOI: 10.1021/la402686s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry has depended on background subtraction to quantify small changes in neurotransmitter concentration. Because of this requirement, measurements of absolute concentrations using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have been limited. Here we develop and characterize fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV), which enables direct measurements of absolute concentrations in vitro without the use of flow injection to change the concentration. This enables probing the diffusion-controlled adsorption dynamics of biogenic amines and other adsorbing species. An implicit finite-difference model of mass-transport-limited adsorption was developed and is in agreement with experimental results. Optimization of FSCAV yielded a sensitivity of 81 ± 11 nA/μM for dopamine, corresponding to a limit of detection of 3.7 ± 0.5 nM. Through the combination of novel instrumentation and validated computer simulations, we show that FSCAV is an important measurement tool that can be used to determine absolute concentrations and study mass-transport-limited adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Atcherley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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98
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Roberts JG, Toups JV, Eyualem E, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. In situ electrode calibration strategy for voltammetric measurements in vivo. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11568-75. [PMID: 24224460 DOI: 10.1021/ac402884n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances have allowed background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to emerge as a powerful tool for monitoring molecular fluctuations in living brain tissue; however, there has been little progress to date in advancing electrode calibration procedures. Variability in the performance of these handmade electrodes renders calibration necessary for accurate quantification; however, experimental protocol makes standard postcalibration difficult or in some cases impossible. We have developed a model that utilizes information contained in the background charging current to predict electrode sensitivity to dopamine, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and pH shifts at any point in an electrochemical experiment. Analysis determined a high correlation between predicted sensitivity and values obtained using the traditional postcalibration method, across all analytes. To validate this approach in vivo, calibration factors obtained with this model at electrodes in brain tissue were compared to values obtained at these electrodes using a traditional ex vivo calibration. Both demonstrated equal power of predictability for dopamine concentrations. This advance enables in situ electrode calibration, allowing researchers to track changes in electrode sensitivity over time and eliminating the need to generalize calibration factors between electrodes or across multiple days in an experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Roberts
- North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States
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99
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Sharma B, Ma K, Glucksberg MR, Van Duyne RP. Seeing through bone with surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17290-3. [PMID: 24199792 DOI: 10.1021/ja409378f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) is a label-free vibrational spectroscopy that has the potential for in vivo imaging. Previous SESORS experiments have been limited to acquiring spectra using SERS substrates implanted under the skin or from nanoparticles embedded in tissue. Here we present SESORS measurements of SERS active nanoparticles coated with a Raman reporter molecule (nanotags) acquired, for the first time, through bone. We demonstrate the ability of SESORS to measure spectra through various thicknesses (3-8 mm) of bone. We also show that diluted nanotag samples (~2 × 10(12) particles) can be detected through the bone. We apply a least-squares support vector machine analysis to demonstrate quantitative detection. It is anticipated that these through-bone SESORS measurements will enable real-time, non-invasive spectroscopic measurement of neurochemicals through the skull, as well as other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Deptartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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100
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Direct separation of faradaic and double layer charging current in potential step voltammetry. Talanta 2013; 116:575-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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