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Ramadan A, König SD, Zhang M, Ross EK, Herman A, Netoff TI, Darrow DP. Methods and system for recording human physiological signals from implantable leads during spinal cord stimulation. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1072786. [PMID: 36937564 PMCID: PMC10020336 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1072786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This article presents a method-including hardware configuration, sampling rate, filtering settings, and other data analysis techniques-to measure evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) during spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in humans with externalized percutaneous electrodes. The goal is to provide a robust and standardized protocol for measuring ECAPs on the non-stimulation contacts and to demonstrate how measured signals depend on hardware and processing decisions. Methods Two participants were implanted with percutaneous leads for the treatment of chronic pain with externalized leads during a trial period for stimulation and recording. The leads were connected to a Neuralynx ATLAS system allowing us to simultaneously stimulate and record through selected electrodes. We examined different hardware settings, such as online filters and sampling rate, as well as processing techniques, such as stimulation artifact removal and offline filters, and measured the effects on the ECAPs metrics: the first negative peak (N1) time and peak-valley amplitude. Results For accurate measurements of ECAPs, the hardware sampling rate should be least at 8 kHz and should use a high pass filter with a low cutoff frequency, such as 0.1 Hz, to eliminate baseline drift and saturation (railing). Stimulation artifact removal can use a double exponential or a second-order polynomial. The polynomial fit is 6.4 times faster on average in computation time than the double exponential, while the resulting ECAPs' N1 time and peak-valley amplitude are similar between the two. If the baseline raw measurement drifts with stimulation, a median filter with a 100-ms window or a high pass filter with an 80-Hz cutoff frequency preserves the ECAPs. Conclusions This work is the first comprehensive analysis of hardware and processing variations on the observed ECAPs from SCS leads. It sets recommendations to properly record and process ECAPs from the non-stimulation contacts on the implantable leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ramadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Seth D. König
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Clinical and Applied Research, Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, United States
- Correspondence: David P. Darrow Mingming Zhang
| | - Erika K. Ross
- Clinical and Applied Research, Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Theoden I. Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David P. Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Correspondence: David P. Darrow Mingming Zhang
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Settell ML, Pelot NA, Knudsen BE, Dingle AM, McConico AL, Nicolai EN, Trevathan JK, Ezzell JA, Ross EK, Gustafson KJ, Shoffstall AJ, Williams JC, Zeng W, Poore SO, Populin LC, Suminski AJ, Grill WM, Ludwig KA. Corrigendum: Functional vagotopy in the cervical vagus nerve of the domestic pig: implications for the study of vagus nerve stimulation (2020 J. Neural Eng.17 026022). J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34096889 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac01ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Settell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Nicole A Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Andrea L McConico
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - James K Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - J Ashley Ezzell
- Histology Research Core, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Erika K Ross
- Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J Gustafson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis C Populin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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3
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Yu JY, Rajagopal A, Syrkin-Nikolau J, Shin S, Rosenbluth KH, Khosla D, Ross EK, Delp SL. Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation Therapy Reduces Hand Tremor for One Hour in Essential Tremor Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:530300. [PMID: 33281539 PMCID: PMC7689107 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.530300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) patients often experience hand tremor that impairs daily activities. Non-invasive electrical stimulation of median and radial nerves in the wrist using a recently developed therapy called transcutaneous afferent patterned stimulation (TAPS) has been shown to provide symptomatic tremor relief in ET patients and improve patients’ ability to perform functional tasks, but the duration of tremor reduction is unknown. In this single-arm, open-label study, fifteen ET patients performed four hand tremor-specific tasks (postural hold, spiral drawing, finger-to-nose reach, and pouring) from the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Clinical Rating Scale (FTM-CRS) prior to, during, and 0, 30, and 60 min following TAPS. At each time point, tremor severity was visually rated according to the FTM-CRS and simultaneously measured by wrist-worn accelerometers. The duration of tremor reduction was assessed using (1) improvement in the mean FTM-CRS score across all four tasks relative to baseline, and (2) reduction in accelerometer-measured tremor power relative to baseline for each task. Patients were labeled as having at least 60 min of therapeutic benefit from TAPS with respect to each specified metric if all three (i.e., 0, 30, and 60 min) post-therapy measurements were better than that metric’s baseline value. The mean FTM-CRS scores improved for at least 60 min beyond the end of TAPS for 80% (12 of 15, p = 4.6e–9) of patients. Similarly, for each assessed task, tremor power improved for at least 60 min beyond the end of TAPS for over 70% of patients. The postural hold task had the largest reduction in tremor power (median 5.9-fold peak reduction in tremor power) and had at least 60 min of improvement relative to baseline beyond the end of TAPS therapy for 73% (11 of 15, p = 9.8e–8) of patients. Clinical ratings of tremor severity were correlated to simultaneously recorded accelerometer-measured tremor power (r = 0.33–0.76 across the four tasks), suggesting tremor power is a valid, objective tremor assessment metric that can be used to track tremor symptoms outside the clinic. These results suggest TAPS can provide reductions in upper limb tremor symptoms for at least 1 h post-therapy in some patients, which may improve patients’ ability to perform tasks of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Y Yu
- Cala Health, Inc., Burlingame, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Sooyoon Shin
- Cala Health, Inc., Burlingame, CA, United States
| | | | - Dhira Khosla
- Personal Care Neurology, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Erika K Ross
- Cala Health, Inc., Burlingame, CA, United States
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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4
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Nicolai EN, Settell ML, Knudsen BE, McConico AL, Gosink BA, Trevathan JK, Baumgart IW, Ross EK, Pelot NA, Grill WM, Gustafson KJ, Shoffstall AJ, Williams JC, Ludwig KA. Sources of off-target effects of vagus nerve stimulation using the helical clinical lead in domestic pigs. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046017. [PMID: 32554888 PMCID: PMC7717671 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab9db8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Clinical data suggest that efficacious vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is limited by side effects such as cough and dyspnea that have stimulation thresholds lower than those for therapeutic outcomes. VNS side effects are putatively caused by activation of nearby muscles within the neck, via direct muscle activation or activation of nerve fibers innervating those muscles. Our goal was to determine the thresholds at which various VNS-evoked effects occur in the domestic pig—an animal model with vagus anatomy similar to human—using the bipolar helical lead deployed clinically. Approach Intrafascicular electrodes were placed within the vagus nerve to record electroneurographic (ENG) responses, and needle electrodes were placed in the vagal-innervated neck muscles to record electromyographic (EMG) responses. Main results Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle occurred at low amplitudes (~0.3 mA) and resulted from activation of motor nerve fibers in the cervical vagus trunk within the electrode cuff which bifurcate into the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus. At higher amplitudes (~1.4 mA), contraction of the cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles was generated by current leakage outside the cuff to activate motor nerve fibers running within the nearby superior laryngeal branch of the vagus. Activation of these muscles generated artifacts in the ENG recordings that may be mistaken for compound action potentials representing slowly conducting Aδ-, B-, and C-fibers. Significance Our data resolve conflicting reports of the stimulation amplitudes required for C-fiber activation in large animal studies (>10 mA) and human studies (<250 μA). After removing muscle-generated artifacts, ENG signals with post-stimulus latencies consistent with Aδ- and B-fibers occurred in only a small subset of animals, and these signals had similar thresholds to those that caused bradycardia. By identifying specific neuroanatomical pathways that cause off-target effects and characterizing the stimulation dose-response curves for on- and off-target effects, we hope to guide interpretation and optimization of clinical VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Megan L Settell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Andrea L McConico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Brian A Gosink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James K Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ian W Baumgart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Erika K Ross
- Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicole A Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J Gustafson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute of Neuroengineering (WITNe), University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States of America
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5
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Settell ML, Pelot NA, Knudsen BE, Dingle AM, McConico AL, Nicolai EN, Trevathan JK, Ezzell JA, Ross EK, Gustafson KJ, Shoffstall AJ, Williams JC, Zeng W, Poore SO, Populin LC, Suminski AJ, Grill WM, Ludwig KA. Functional vagotopy in the cervical vagus nerve of the domestic pig: implications for the study of vagus nerve stimulation. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026022. [PMID: 32108590 PMCID: PMC7306215 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7ad4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given current clinical interest in vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), there are surprisingly few studies characterizing the anatomy of the vagus nerve in large animal models as it pertains to on-and off-target engagement of local fibers. We sought to address this gap by evaluating vagal anatomy in the pig, whose vagus nerve organization and size approximates the human vagus nerve. APPROACH Here we combined microdissection, histology, and immunohistochemistry to provide data on key features across the cervical vagus nerve in a swine model, and compare our results to other animal models (mouse, rat, dog, non-human primate) and humans. MAIN RESULTS In a swine model we quantified the nerve diameter, number and diameter of fascicles, and distance of fascicles from the epineural surface where stimulating electrodes are placed. We also characterized the relative locations of the superior and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve that have been implicated in therapy limiting side effects with common electrode placement. We identified key variants across the cohort that may be important for VNS with respect to changing sympathetic/parasympathetic tone, such as cross-connections to the sympathetic trunk. We discovered that cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar cells aggregate together to form a very distinct grouping within the nodose ganglion. This distinct grouping gives rise to a larger number of smaller fascicles as one moves caudally down the vagus nerve. This often leads to a distinct bimodal organization, or 'vagotopy'. This vagotopy was supported by immunohistochemistry where approximately half of the fascicles were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, and reactive fascicles were generally grouped in one half of the nerve. SIGNIFICANCE The vagotopy observed via histology may be advantageous to exploit in design of electrodes/stimulation paradigms. We also placed our data in context of historic and recent histology spanning multiple models, thus providing a comprehensive resource to understand similarities and differences across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Settell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Nicole A Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Andrea L McConico
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - James K Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - J Ashley Ezzell
- Histology Research Core, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Erika K Ross
- Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J Gustafson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis C Populin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Settell ML, McConico AL, Nicolai EN, Knudsen BE, Shoffstall A, Ross EK, Pelot NA, Grill WM, Johnson AJ, Ludwig KA. SPARC: A Road Map for Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Evidence of Vagotopy in a Swine Model. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Trevathan JK, Baumgart IW, Nicolai EN, Gosink BA, Asp AJ, Settell ML, Polaconda SR, Malerick KD, Brodnick SK, Zeng W, Knudsen BE, McConico AL, Sanger Z, Lee JH, Aho JM, Suminski AJ, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Weber DJ, Williams JC, Franke M, Ludwig KA, Shoffstall AJ. Neural Interfaces: An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 23/2019). Adv Healthc Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201970090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James K. Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Ian W. Baumgart
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Evan N. Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Brian A. Gosink
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Anders J. Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Megan L. Settell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Shyam R. Polaconda
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Kevin D. Malerick
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Sarah K. Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Bruce E. Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | | | - Zachary Sanger
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Jannifer H. Lee
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Johnathon M. Aho
- Division of General Thoracic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Aaron J. Suminski
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Erika K. Ross
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Jose L. Lujan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Douglas J. Weber
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Neuronoff Inc. Valencia CA 91354 USA
| | - Andrew J. Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Neuronoff Inc. Valencia CA 91354 USA
- Advanced Platform Technologies CenterLouis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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8
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Trevathan JK, Baumgart IW, Nicolai EN, Gosink BA, Asp AJ, Settell ML, Polaconda SR, Malerick KD, Brodnick SK, Zeng W, Knudsen BE, McConico AL, Sanger Z, Lee JH, Aho JM, Suminski AJ, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Weber DJ, Williams JC, Franke M, Ludwig KA, Shoffstall AJ. An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In-Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900892. [PMID: 31697052 PMCID: PMC10425988 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Implanted neural stimulation and recording devices hold vast potential to treat a variety of neurological conditions, but the invasiveness, complexity, and cost of the implantation procedure greatly reduce access to an otherwise promising therapeutic approach. To address this need, a novel electrode that begins as an uncured, flowable prepolymer that can be injected around a neuroanatomical target to minimize surgical manipulation is developed. Referred to as the Injectrode, the electrode conforms to target structures forming an electrically conductive interface which is orders of magnitude less stiff than conventional neuromodulation electrodes. To validate the Injectrode, detailed electrochemical and microscopy characterization of its material properties is performed and the feasibility of using it to stimulate the nervous system electrically in rats and swine is validated. The silicone-metal-particle composite performs very similarly to pure wire of the same metal (silver) in all measures, including exhibiting a favorable cathodic charge storage capacity (CSCC ) and charge injection limits compared to the clinical LivaNova stimulation electrode and silver wire electrodes. By virtue of its simplicity, the Injectrode has the potential to be less invasive, more robust, and more cost-effective than traditional electrode designs, which could increase the adoption of neuromodulation therapies for existing and new indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Ian W Baumgart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Brian A Gosink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anders J Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Megan L Settell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Shyam R Polaconda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kevin D Malerick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sarah K Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Andrea L McConico
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Zachary Sanger
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jannifer H Lee
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Johnathon M Aho
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jose L Lujan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Douglas J Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Neuronoff Inc., Valencia, CA, 91354, USA
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Neuronoff Inc., Valencia, CA, 91354, USA
- Advanced Platform Technologies Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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9
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Lin PT, Ross EK, Chidester P, Rosenbluth KH, Hamner SR, Wong SH, Sanger TD, Hallett M, Delp SL. Noninvasive neuromodulation in essential tremor demonstrates relief in a sham-controlled pilot trial. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1182-1183. [PMID: 29663525 PMCID: PMC6174932 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Lin
- Valley Parkinson Clinic, Los Gatos, California, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Cala Health, Inc., Burlingame, California, USA.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Terence D Sanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biokinesiology, Child Neurology; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Sanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Ross EK. In Reply-Diaphragmatic Pacemaker for Perry Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:263. [PMID: 29406203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Edwards CA, Kouzani A, Lee KH, Ross EK. Neurostimulation Devices for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:1427-1444. [PMID: 28870357 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in neurostimulation technologies are providing relief to an unprecedented number of patients affected by debilitating neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Neurostimulation therapies include invasive and noninvasive approaches that involve the application of electrical stimulation to drive neural function within a circuit. This review focuses on established invasive electrical stimulation systems used clinically to induce therapeutic neuromodulation of dysfunctional neural circuitry. These implantable neurostimulation systems target specific deep subcortical, cortical, spinal, cranial, and peripheral nerve structures to modulate neuronal activity, providing therapeutic effects for a myriad of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent advances in neurotechnologies and neuroimaging, along with an increased understanding of neurocircuitry, are factors contributing to the rapid rise in the use of neurostimulation therapies to treat an increasingly wide range of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Electrical stimulation technologies are evolving after remaining fairly stagnant for the past 30 years, moving toward potential closed-loop therapeutic control systems with the ability to deliver stimulation with higher spatial resolution to provide continuous customized neuromodulation for optimal clinical outcomes. Even so, there is still much to be learned about disease pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders and the latent mechanisms of neurostimulation that provide therapeutic relief. This review provides an overview of the increasingly common stimulation systems, their clinical indications, and enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Edwards
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Abbas Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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12
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Wilks SJ, Hara SA, Ross EK, Nicolai EN, Pignato PA, Cates AW, Ludwig KA. Non-clinical and Pre-clinical Testing to Demonstrate Safety of the Barostim Neo Electrode for Activation of Carotid Baroreceptors in Chronic Human Implants. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:438. [PMID: 28824361 PMCID: PMC5539240 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Barostim neo™ electrode was developed by CVRx, Inc.to deliver baroreflex activation therapy (BAT)™ to treat hypertension and heart failure. The neo electrode concept was designed to deliver electrical stimulation to the baroreceptors within the carotid sinus bulb, while minimizing invasiveness of the implant procedure. This device is currently CE marked in Europe, and in a Pivotal (akin to Phase III) Trial in the United States. Here we present the in vitro and in vivo safety testing that was completed in order to obtain necessary regulatory approval prior to conducting human studies in Europe, as well as an FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) to conduct a Pivotal Trial in the United States. Stimulated electrodes (10 mA, 500 μs, 100 Hz) were compared to unstimulated electrodes using optical microscopy and several electrochemical techniques over the course of 27 weeks. Electrode dissolution was evaluated by analyzing trace metal content of solutions in which electrodes were stimulated. Lastly, safety testing under Good Laboratory Practice guidelines was conducted in an ovine animal model over a 12 and 24 week time period, with results processed and evaluated by an independent histopathologist. Long-term stimulation testing indicated that the neo electrode with a sputtered iridium oxide coating can be stimulated at maximal levels for the lifetime of the implant without clinically significant dissolution of platinum or iridium, and without increasing the potential at the electrode interface to cause hydrolysis or significant tissue damage. Histological examination of tissue that was adjacent to the neo electrodes indicated no clinically significant signs of increased inflammation and no arterial stenosis as a result of 6 months of continuous stimulation. The work presented here involved rigorous characterization and evaluation testing of the neo electrode, which was used to support its safety for chronic implantation. The testing strategies discussed provide a starting point and proven framework for testing new neuromodulation electrode concepts to support regulatory approval for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth A Hara
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
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13
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Naik ND, Hernandez MC, Anderson JR, Ross EK, Zielinski MD, Aho JM. Needle Decompression of Tension Pneumothorax with Colorimetric Capnography. Chest 2017; 152:1015-1020. [PMID: 28499514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of needle decompression for tension pneumothorax is variable, and there are no objective measures assessing effective decompression. Colorimetric capnography, which detects carbon dioxide present within the pleural space, may serve as a simple test to assess effective needle decompression. METHODS Three swine underwent traumatically induced tension pneumothorax (standard of care, n = 15; standard of care with needle capnography, n = 15). Needle thoracostomy was performed with an 8-cm angiocatheter. Similarly, decompression was performed with the addition of colorimetric capnography. Subjective operator assessment of decompression was recorded and compared with true decompression, using thoracoscopic visualization for both techniques. Areas under receiver operating curves were calculated and pairwise comparison was performed to assess statistical significance (P < .05). RESULTS The detection of decompression by needle colorimetric capnography was found to be 100% accurate (15 of 15 attempts), when compared with thoracoscopic assessment (true decompression). Furthermore, it accurately detected the lack of tension pneumothorax, that is, the absence of any pathologic/space-occupying lesion, in 100% of cases (10 of 10 attempts). Standard of care needle decompression was detected by operators in 9 of 15 attempts (60%) and was detected in 3 of 10 attempts when tension pneumothorax was not present (30%). True decompression, under direct visualization with thoracoscopy, occurred 15 of 15 times (100%) with capnography, and 12 of 15 times (80%) without capnography. Areas under receiver operating curves were 0.65 for standard of care and 1.0 for needle capnography (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Needle decompression with colorimetric capnography provides a rapid, effective, and highly accurate method for eliminating operator bias for tension pneumothorax decompression. This may be useful for the treatment of this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh D Naik
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew C Hernandez
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jeff R Anderson
- Office of Translation to Practice, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin D Zielinski
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Johnathon M Aho
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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14
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Nicolai EN, Trevathan JK, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Lee KH, Ludwig KA. Detection of Norepinephrine in Whole Blood via Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. IEEE Int Symp Med Meas Appl 2017; 2017:111-116. [PMID: 29177248 PMCID: PMC5698011 DOI: 10.1109/memea.2017.7985859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronic Medicines is an emerging field that capitalizes on minimally-invasive technology to stimulate the autonomic nervous system in order to evoke therapeutic biomolecular changes at the end-organ. The goal of Bioelectronic Medicines is to realize both 'precision and personalized' medicine. 'Precise' stimulation of neural circuitry creates biomolecular changes targeted exactly where needed to maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing off-target changes associated with side-effects. The therapy is then 'personalized' by utilizing implanted sensors to measure the biomolecular concentrations at, or near, the end-organ of interest and continually adjusting therapy to account for patient-specific biological changes throughout the day. To realize the promise of Bioelectronic Medicines, there is a need for minimally invasive, real-time measurement of biomarkers associated with the effects of autonomic nerve stimulation to be used for continuous titration of therapy. In this study we examine the feasibility of using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to measure norepinephrine levels, a neurochemical relevant to end-organ function, directly from blood. FSCV is a well-understood method for measuring electroactive neurochemicals in the central nervous system with high temporal and high spatial resolution that has yet to be adapted to the study of the autonomic nervous system. The results demonstrate that while detecting the electroactive neurochemical norepinephrine in blood is more challenging than obtaining the same FSCV measurements in a buffer solution due to biofouling of the electrode, it is feasible to utilize a minimally invasive FSCV electrode to obtain neurochemical measurements in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Nicolai
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | | | - Erika K Ross
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
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15
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Lee KH, Lujan JL, Trevathan JK, Ross EK, Bartoletta JJ, Park HO, Paek SB, Nicolai EN, Lee JH, Min HK, Kimble CJ, Blaha CD, Bennet KE. WINCS Harmoni: Closed-loop dynamic neurochemical control of therapeutic interventions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46675. [PMID: 28452348 PMCID: PMC5408229 DOI: 10.1038/srep46675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been significant progress in understanding the role of neurotransmitters in normal and pathologic brain function. However, preclinical trials aimed at improving therapeutic interventions do not take advantage of real-time in vivo neurochemical changes in dynamic brain processes such as disease progression and response to pharmacologic, cognitive, behavioral, and neuromodulation therapies. This is due in part to a lack of flexible research tools that allow in vivo measurement of the dynamic changes in brain chemistry. Here, we present a research platform, WINCS Harmoni, which can measure in vivo neurochemical activity simultaneously across multiple anatomical targets to study normal and pathologic brain function. In addition, WINCS Harmoni can provide real-time neurochemical feedback for closed-loop control of neurochemical levels via its synchronized stimulation and neurochemical sensing capabilities. We demonstrate these and other key features of this platform in non-human primate, swine, and rodent models of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Ultimately, systems like the one described here will improve our understanding of the dynamics of brain physiology in the context of neurologic disease and therapeutic interventions, which may lead to the development of precision medicine and personalized therapies for optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall H. Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - J. Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - James K. Trevathan
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Erika K. Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - John J. Bartoletta
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hyung Ook Park
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Seungleal Brian Paek
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Evan N. Nicolai
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Jannifer H. Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | | | - Charles D. Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
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16
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Winter AN, Ross EK, Wilkins HM, Stankiewicz TR, Wallace T, Miller K, Linseman DA. An anthocyanin-enriched extract from strawberries delays disease onset and extends survival in the hSOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:414-426. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1297023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N. Winter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Erika K. Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Trisha R. Stankiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Keith Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA
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17
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Winter AN, Ross EK, Khatter S, Miller K, Linseman DA. Chemical basis for the disparate neuroprotective effects of the anthocyanins, callistephin and kuromanin, against nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:23-34. [PMID: 27986528 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress are major factors in neuronal cell death underlying neurodegenerative disease. Thus, supplementation of antioxidant defenses may be an effective therapeutic strategy for diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In this regard, treatment with nutraceutical antioxidants has garnered increasing attention; however, the differential neuroprotective effects of structurally similar nutraceuticals, which may affect their suitability as therapeutic agents, has not been directly examined. In this study we compare the ability of two anthocyanins, callistephin (pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) and kuromanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) to protect cerebellar granule neurons from damage induced by either oxidative or nitrosative stress. These anthocyanins differ by the presence of a single hydroxyl group on the B-ring of kuromanin, forming a catechol moiety. While both compounds protected neurons from oxidative stress induced by glutamate excitotoxicity, a stark contrast was observed under conditions of nitrosative stress. Only kuromanin displayed the capacity to defend neurons from nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis. This protective effect was blocked by addition of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase, indicating that the neuroprotective mechanism is superoxide dependent. Based on these observations, we suggest a unique mechanism by which slight structural variances, specifically the absence or presence of a catechol moiety, lend kuromanin the unique ability to generate superoxide, which acts as a scavenger of NO. These findings indicate that kuromanin and compounds that share similar chemical characteristics may be more effective therapeutic agents for treating neurodegenerative diseases than callistephin and related (non-catechol) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N Winter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States
| | - Sonia Khatter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States
| | - Keith Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States; Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States; Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208, United States.
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18
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Gibson WS, Ross EK, Han SR, Van Gompel JJ, Min HK, Lee KH. Anterior Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation: Functional Activation Patterns in a Large Animal Model. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:770-773. [PMID: 27160467 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) exerts its effects by modulating neural circuits involved in seizures. However, these networks remain incompletely characterized. OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of ATN DBS on network activity in a large animal model using 3-T fMRI. METHODS Anesthetized swine underwent ATN DBS using stimulation parameters applied in the Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamus for the Treatment of Epilepsy (SANTE) trial. Stimulation amplitude, frequency, and temporal paradigm were varied and the resulting blood oxygen level-dependent signal was measured. RESULTS ATN DBS resulted in activation within temporal, prefrontal, and sensorimotor cortex. An amplitude-dependent increase in cluster volume was observed at 60 Hz and 145 Hz stimulation. CONCLUSION ATN DBS in swine induced parameter-dependent activation in cortical regions including but not limited to the Papez circuit. These findings may hold clinical implications for treatment of epilepsy in patients with temporal or extratemporal seizure foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Gibson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seong Rok Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jamie J Van Gompel
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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19
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Ross EK, Kim JP, Settell ML, Han SR, Blaha CD, Min HK, Lee KH. Fornix deep brain stimulation circuit effect is dependent on major excitatory transmission via the nucleus accumbens. Neuroimage 2016; 128:138-148. [PMID: 26780572 PMCID: PMC4764383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a circuit-based treatment shown to relieve symptoms from multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. In order to treat the memory deficit associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), several clinical trials have tested the efficacy of DBS near the fornix. Early results from these studies indicated that patients who received fornix DBS experienced an improvement in memory and quality of life, yet the mechanisms behind this effect remain controversial. It is known that transmission between the medial limbic and corticolimbic circuits plays an integral role in declarative memory, and dysfunction at the circuit level results in various forms of dementia, including AD. Here, we aimed to determine the potential underlying mechanism of fornix DBS by examining the functional circuitry and brain structures engaged by fornix DBS. METHODS A multimodal approach was employed to examine global and local temporal changes that occur in an anesthetized swine model of fornix DBS. Changes in global functional activity were measured by functional MRI (fMRI), and local neurochemical changes were monitored by fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) during electrical stimulation of the fornix. Additionally, intracranial microinfusions into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were performed to investigate the global activity changes that occur with dopamine and glutamate receptor-specific antagonism. RESULTS Hemodynamic responses in both medial limbic and corticolimbic circuits measured by fMRI were induced by fornix DBS. Additionally, fornix DBS resulted in increases in dopamine oxidation current (corresponding to dopamine efflux) monitored by FSCV in the NAc. Finally, fornix DBS-evoked hemodynamic responses in the amygdala and hippocampus decreased following dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonism in the NAc. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that fornix DBS modulates dopamine release on presynaptic dopaminergic terminals in the NAc, involving excitatory glutamatergic input, and that the medial limbic and corticolimbic circuits interact in a functional loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joo Pyung Kim
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Megan L Settell
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Seong Rok Han
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Da Cunha C, Boschen SL, Gómez-A A, Ross EK, Gibson WSJ, Min HK, Lee KH, Blaha CD. Toward sophisticated basal ganglia neuromodulation: Review on basal ganglia deep brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:186-210. [PMID: 25684727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge about the roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in action-selection, cognition, and motivation, and how this knowledge has been used to improve deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Such pathological conditions include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The first section presents evidence supporting current hypotheses of how the cortico-BG circuitry works to select motor and emotional actions, and how defects in this circuitry can cause symptoms of the BG diseases. Emphasis is given to the role of striatal dopamine on motor performance, motivated behaviors and learning of procedural memories. Next, the use of cutting-edge electrochemical techniques in animal and human studies of BG functioning under normal and disease conditions is discussed. Finally, functional neuroimaging studies are reviewed; these works have shown the relationship between cortico-BG structures activated during DBS and improvement of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Da Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Suelen L Boschen
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexander Gómez-A
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Ross EK, Winter AN, Wilkins HM, Sumner WA, Duval N, Patterson D, Linseman DA. A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal(®)) Delays Disease Onset and Prevents Spinal Cord Glutathione Depletion in the hSOD1(G93A) Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:843-65. [PMID: 26785244 PMCID: PMC4665503 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), underlies progression of the devastating neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Thus, strategies aimed at elevating GSH may yield new therapeutics for ALS. Here, we investigated the effects of a unique non-denatured whey protein supplement, Immunocal(®), in the transgenic Gly position 93 to Ala (G93A) mutant hSOD1 (hSOD1(G93A)) mouse model of ALS. Immunocal(®) is rich in the GSH precursor, cystine, and is therefore capable of bolstering GSH content. Transgenic hSOD1(G93A) mice receiving Immunocal(®) displayed a significant delay in disease onset compared to untreated hSOD1(G93A) controls. Additionally, Immunocal(®) treatment significantly decreased the rate of decline in grip strength and prevented disease-associated reductions in whole blood and spinal cord tissue GSH levels in end-stage hSOD1(G93A) mice. However, Immunocal(®) did not extend survival, likely due to its inability to preserve the mitochondrial GSH pool in spinal cord. Combination treatment with Immunocal(®) and the anti-glutamatergic compound, riluzole, delayed disease onset and extended survival in hSOD1(G93A) mice. These findings demonstrate that sustaining tissue GSH with Immunocal(®) only modestly delays disease onset and slows the loss of skeletal muscle strength in hSOD1(G93A) mice. Moreover, the inability of Immunocal(®) to rescue mitochondrial GSH in spinal cord provides a possible mechanism for its lack of effect on survival and is a limiting factor in the potential utility of this supplement as a therapeutic for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Aimee N Winter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Whitney A Sumner
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Nathan Duval
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont St., Denver, CO 80220, USA.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Min HK, Ross EK, Lee KH, Dennis K, Han SR, Jeong JH, Marsh MP, Striemer B, Felmlee JP, Lujan JL, Goerss S, Duffy PS, Blaha C, Chang SY, Bennet KE. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces motor network BOLD activation: use of a high precision MRI guided stereotactic system for nonhuman primates. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:603-607. [PMID: 24933029 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful method for identifying in vivo network activation evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS). OBJECTIVE Identify the global neural circuitry effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in nonhuman primates (NHP). METHOD An in-house developed MR image-guided stereotactic targeting system delivered a mini-DBS stimulating electrode, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during STN DBS in healthy NHP was measured by combining fMRI with a normalized functional activation map and general linear modeling. RESULTS STN DBS significantly increased BOLD activation in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, cingulate, insular cortex, and cerebellum (FDR < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that STN DBS evokes neural network grouping within the motor network and the basal ganglia. Taken together, these data highlight the importance and specificity of neural circuitry activation patterns and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall Dennis
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seong Rok Han
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael P Marsh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bryan Striemer
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steve Goerss
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Penelope S Duffy
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charles Blaha
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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K. Ross E, J. Gray J, N. Winter A, A. Linseman D. Immunocal® and Preservation of Glutathione as a Novel Neuroprotective Strategy for Degenerative Disorders of the Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:230-5. [DOI: 10.2174/157488912803252014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to test the diagnostic value and patient tolerance of jelly beans as an alternative to a 50 gm glucose solution. STUDY DESIGN Pregnant women between 26 to 30 weeks of gestation confirmed by early ultrasonography were recruited to participate in the study. Each participant was given a cola beverage containing 50 gm of glucose. The plasma glucose level was determined 1 hour later. Within 2 weeks of the 50 gm glucose test, each patient ate 18 jelly beans and had her plasma glucose levels tested after 1 hour. Finally, within 2 weeks of the jelly bean test a 100 gm, 3-hour glucose tolerance test was performed on each subject. The results of the 3-hour test were used to define the presence or absence of gestational diabetes and carbohydrate intolerance by the criteria of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Patient tolerance was rated by responses to questions regarding side effects. RESULTS One hundred fifty-seven women completed the study. The mean maternal age, gravidity, parity, and number of abortions were 26.06 years, 2.66, 0.96, and 0.69. By use of a 140 mg/dl threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the cola beverage was 46%, 81%, and 18%. These values at a 120 mg/dl threshold for jelly beans were 54%, 81%, and 20%, respectively. The patient tolerance was greater for the jelly beans compared with the 50 gm cola beverage. CONCLUSION Jelly beans may serve as an alternative to a cola beverage containing 50 gm of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Boyd
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Kashanchi F, Shibata R, Ross EK, Brady JN, Martin MA. Second-site long terminal repeat (LTR) revertants of replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus: effects of revertant TATA box motifs on virus infectivity, LTR-directed expression, in vitro RNA synthesis, and binding of basal transcription factors TFIID and TFIIA. J Virol 1994; 68:3298-307. [PMID: 8151790 PMCID: PMC236820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.5.3298-3307.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-site revertants from replication-incompetent molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contain base substitutions adjacent to the TATA motif. The altered TATA box motifs were analyzed for their effect(s) on virus infectivity, long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed expression in transient transfection assays, in vitro RNA synthesis, and assembly of the TFIID-TFIIA preinitiation complex. The revertant TATA boxes accelerated the kinetics of HIV replication when present in the context of an LTR containing a Sp1 mutation (deletion or site specific); no effect was observed on the infectivity of wild-type HIV. In chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays and in vitro transcription systems, the altered TATA box motifs led to elevated basal levels of RNA synthesis from NF-kappa B- and Sp1-mutagenized and wild-type templates, respectively, but did not increase responsiveness to Tat transactivation. The revertant TATA boxes accelerated the binding of TFIID and TFIIA to the LTR and stabilized their association with the promoter. The revertants did not assemble a more-processive elongation complex. These results suggest that in the context of an impaired enhancer/promoter (viz., three mutated Sp1 elements), a series of HIV revertants emerge which contain LTR alterations that significantly augment basal RNA synthesis. The TATA motif revertants are capable of rescuing the enhancer/promoter defect and sustain virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ross EK, Buckler-White AJ, Rabson AB, Englund G, Martin MA. Contribution of NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding motifs to the replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: distinct patterns of viral growth are determined by T-cell types. J Virol 1991; 65:4350-8. [PMID: 2072454 PMCID: PMC248874 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4350-4358.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting with a replication-incompetent molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, lacking all the NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding sites present in the native long terminal repeat (LTR), proviruses containing reconstructed LTRs with individual or combinations of NF-kappa B and Sp1 elements were generated and evaluated for their capacity to produce virus progeny following transfection-cocultivation. Virus stocks obtained from these experiments exhibited a continuum of replicative capacities in different human T-cell types depending on which element(s) was present in the LTR. For example, in experiments involving proviral clones with LTRs containing one or two NF-kappa B elements (and no Sp1 binding sites), a hierarchy of cellular permissivity to virus replication (peripheral blood lymphocytes = MT4 greater than H9 greater than CEM greater than Jurkat) was observed. Of note was the associated emergence of second-site LTR revertants which involved an alteration of the TATA box. These results suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR possesses functional redundancy which ensures virus replication in different T-cell types and is capable of changing depending on the particular combination of transcriptional factors present.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Ross
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ross EK, Fuerst TR, Orenstein JM, O'Neill T, Martin MA, Venkatesan S. Maturation of human immunodeficiency virus particles assembled from the gag precursor protein requires in situ processing by gag-pol protease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:475-83. [PMID: 1873082 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccinia virus expression system was used to determine the role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease in viral morphogenesis and maturation. The unprocessed p55 gag precursor polyprotein alone was assembled to form HIV-1 particles which budded from cells. The particles were spherical and immature, containing an electron-dense shell in the particle submembrane; there was no evidence of core formation. Expression of both gag and pol proteins from a recombinant containing the complete gag-pol coding sequences resulted in intracellular processing of gag-pol proteins and the production of mature particles with electron-dense cores characteristic of wild-type HIV virions. To ascertain the role of protein processing in particle maturation, the pol ORF in the gag-pol recombinant was truncated to limit expression of the pol gene to the protease domain. With this recombinant expressing p55 gag and protease, intracellular processing was observed. Some of the resultant particles were partially mature and contained processed gag protein subunits. In contrast, particle maturation was not observed when the HIV-1 protease and p55 gag were coexpressed from separate recombinants, despite evidence of intracellular gag processing. These findings suggest that HIV-1 protease must be an integral component of the full-length gag-pol precursor for optimal processing and virion maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Ross
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Leonard J, Parrott C, Buckler-White AJ, Turner W, Ross EK, Martin MA, Rabson AB. The NF-kappa B binding sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are not required for virus infectivity. J Virol 1989; 63:4919-24. [PMID: 2795721 PMCID: PMC251138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4919-4924.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations were introduced into the regulatory sequences in the long terminal repeat of an infectious molecular clone of the human immunodeficiency virus. Viruses in which the NF-kappa B binding sites were deleted or ones in which one or two Sp1 binding sites were mutated still replicated efficiently in human T lymphocytes. A deletion of the two NF-kappa B sites plus the three Sp1 sites or a mutation of the tat-responsive region rendered the virus replication incompetent. Thus, the NF-kappa B sequences are not required for human immunodeficiency virus infectivity; however, a tat-responsive region is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Willey RL, Ross EK, Buckler-White AJ, Theodore TS, Martin MA. Functional interaction of constant and variable domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J Virol 1989; 63:3595-600. [PMID: 2547987 PMCID: PMC250949 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3595-3600.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously reported amino acid substitution within the second conserved domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope results in the production of noninfectious particles. Molecular characterization of spontaneous revertant viruses, which arose during long-term cocultures of this env mutant, revealed that an amino acid change within another region of gp120 could functionally compensate for the mutation and restore infectivity. In the current study, we have introduced a conservative amino acid substitution at this second-site revertant codon and observed a marked reduction in HIV-1 infectivity. During the passage of this defective virus in cocultures, yet another revertant appeared which contained an amino acid change within a variable region of gp120 which restored infectivity to near wild-type levels. These results, in combination with other point mutations that have been introduced into the HIV-1 envelope, suggest that at least three discrete regions of gp120 may interact during the establishment of a productive viral infection. This critical step occurs subsequent to the adsorption of virions to the cell surface and either prior to or concomitant with the fusion of viral and cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Willey
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ross EK. [What is it like to be dying (author's transl)]. Hu Li Za Zhi 1975; 22:4-9. [PMID: 1042091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ross EK. [What is it like to be dying? 2]. Kango Gijutsu 1972; 18:134-45. [PMID: 4482633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ross EK. [What is it like to be dying? 1]. Kango Gijutsu 1972; 18:130-6. [PMID: 4482616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ross EK. [What is it like to be dying]. Kango 1971; 23:50-8. [PMID: 5210442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ross EK. What is it like to be dying? Am J Nurs 1971; 71:54-60. [PMID: 5203342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ross EK, Priest RG. The effect of hydroxyzine on phenothiazine therapy. Dis Nerv Syst 1970; 31:412-4. [PMID: 4393988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ross EK, Anderson JR. Psychotherapy with least expected. Modified group therapy with blind clients. Rehabil Lit 1968; 29:73-6. [PMID: 5640085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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