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Marken F, Cresswell AJ, Bull SD. Recent Advances in Paired Electrosynthesis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2585-2600. [PMID: 33834595 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Progress in electroorganic synthesis is linked to innovation of new synthetic reactions with impact on medicinal chemistry and drug discovery and to the desire to minimise waste and to provide energy-efficient chemical transformations for future industrial processes. Paired electrosynthetic processes that combine the use of both anode and cathode (convergent or divergent) with minimal (or without) intentionally added electrolyte or need for additional reagents are of growing interest. In this overview, recent progress in developing paired electrolytic reactions is surveyed. The discussion focuses on electrosynthesis technology with proven synthetic value for the preparation of small molecules. Reactor types are contrasted and the concept of translating light-energy driven photoredox reactions into paired electrolytic reactions is highlighted as a newly emerging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA27AY, Bath, UK
| | | | - Steven D Bull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA27AY, Bath, UK
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52
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Colburn AW, Levey KJ, O'Hare D, Macpherson JV. Lifting the lid on the potentiostat: a beginner's guide to understanding electrochemical circuitry and practical operation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8100-8117. [PMID: 33875985 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00661d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Students who undertake practical electrochemistry experiments for the first time will come face to face with the potentiostat. To many this is simply a box containing electronics which enables a potential to be applied between a working and reference electrode, and a current to flow between the working and counter electrode, both of which are outputted to the experimentalist. Given the broad generality of electrochemistry across many disciplines it is these days very common for students entering the field to have a minimal background in electronics. This article serves as an introductory tutorial to those with no formalized training in this area. The reader is introduced to the operational amplifier, which is at the heart of the different potentiostatic electronic circuits and its role in enabling a potential to be applied and a current to be measured is explained. Voltage follower op-amp circuits are also highlighted, given their importance in measuring voltages accurately. We also discuss digital to analogue and analogue to digital conversion, the processes by which the electrochemical cell receives input signals and outputs data and data filtering. By reading the article, it is intended the reader will also gain a greater confidence in problem solving issues that arise with electrochemical cells, for example electrical noise, uncompensated resistance, reaching compliance voltage, signal digitisation and data interpretation. We also include trouble shooting tables that build on the information presented and can be used when undertaking practical electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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53
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Liu X, Li B, Han G, Liu X, Cao Z, Jiang DE, Sun Y. Electrocatalytic synthesis of heterocycles from biomass-derived furfuryl alcohols. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1868. [PMID: 33767166 PMCID: PMC7994825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very attractive yet underexplored to synthesize heterocyclic moieties pertaining to biologically active molecules from biomass-based starting compounds. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic Achmatowicz reaction for the synthesis of hydropyranones from furfuryl alcohols, which can be readily produced from biomass-derived and industrially available furfural. Taking advantage of photo-induced polymerization of a bipyridyl ligand, we demonstrate the facile preparation of a heterogenized nickel electrocatalyst, which effectively drives the Achmatowicz reaction electrochemically. A suite of characterization techniques and density functional theory computations were performed to aid the understanding of the reaction mechanism. It is rationalized that the unsaturated coordination sphere of nickel sites in our electrocatalyst plays an important role at low applied potential, not only allowing the intimate interaction between the nickel center and furfuryl alcohol but also enabling the transfer of hydroxide from nickel to the bound furfuryl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xingwu Liu
- Syncat@Beijing, Synfuels CHINA Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Syncat@Beijing, Synfuels CHINA Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China.
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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54
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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55
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Chang L, Li J, Wu N, Cheng X. Chemoselective electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes with gaseous ammonia. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2468-2472. [PMID: 33650628 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Valuable aromatic nitrogen compounds can be synthesized by reduction of nitroarenes. Herein, we report electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes by a protocol that uses inert graphite felt as electrodes and ammonia as a reductant. Depending on the cell voltage and the solvent, the protocol can be used to obtain aromatic azoxy, azo, and hydrazo compounds, as well as aniline derivatives with high chemoselectivities. The protocol can be readily scaled up to >10 g with no decrease in yield, demonstrating its potential synthetic utility. A stepwise cathodic reduction pathway was proposed to account for the generations of products in turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical Industry, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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57
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Lian F, Xu K, Zeng C. Indirect Electrosynthesis with Halogen Ions as Mediators. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2290-2305. [PMID: 33728812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has gained increasing research interest as it harvests electric current as redox regents, thereby providing a sustainable alternative to conventional approaches. Compared with direct electrosynthesis, indirect electrosynthesis employs mediator(s) to lower the overpotentials for substrate activation, and enhance the reaction efficiency and functional group compatibility by shifting the heterogenous electron transfer process to be homogenous. As one of the most versatile and cost-efficient mediators, halogen mediators are always combined with an irreversible halogenation reaction. Thus, the electrochemical reaction between halogen mediators and substrates doesn't directly controlled by the two standard potentials difference. In this account, our recent developments in the area of halogen-mediated indirect electrosynthesis are summarized. The anodically generated halogen species from halogenide salts have the abilities to undergo electron-transfer (ET) or hydrogen-atom- transfer (HAT) processes. The reaction features, scopes, limitations, and mechanistic rationalisations are discussed in this account. We hope our studies will contribute to the future developments to broaden the scope of halogen-mediated electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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58
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Liang Y, Shi SH, Jin R, Qiu X, Wei J, Tan H, Jiang X, Shi X, Song S, Jiao N. Electrochemically induced nickel catalysis for oxygenation reactions with water. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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59
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Nemez DB, Sidhu BK, Giesbrecht PK, Braun JD, Herbert DE. Electrochemical hydrogenation of α-ketoesters and benzoxazinones using carbon electrodes and a sustainable Brønsted acid. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A convenient electrochemical methodology for the hydrogenation of benzoxazinones and aryl-substituted α-ketoester substrates is presented, using carbon electrodes and sustainable Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion B. Nemez
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | | | | | - Jason D. Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
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60
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Wu M, Yu L, Hou H, Chen H, Zhuang Q, Zhou S, Lin X. Electrochemistry-Enabled Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols for the Preparation of Quinazolinones in Water. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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61
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Jamshidi M, Amani A, Khazalpour S, Torabi S, Nematollahi D. Progress and perspectives of electrochemical insights for C–H and N–H sulfonylation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive electrosulfonylation study has been carried out via cathodic and anodic approaches for the production of organosulfone and sulfonamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jamshidi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Ameneh Amani
- Nahavand Higher Education Complex, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Sara Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
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62
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Osterloh WR, Kumar S, Chaudhri N, Fang Y, Sankar M, Kadish KM. Facile Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Anion Induced Electrosynthesis: An Efficient Method for Obtaining π-Extended Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16737-16746. [PMID: 33143408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two closely related electrosynthetic approaches are applied for the preparation of novel π-extended tetraphenylporphyrins from malononitrile-appended meso-β di-fused porphyrins, represented as MTPP(MN)2, where TPP = the dianion of tetraphenylporphyrin and MN = malononitrile. The first method involves application of a controlled reducing potential at a platinum electrode in CH2Cl2, while the second proceeds via cyanide anion induced electron transfer. Both methods produced the same decyanated, π-extended di-fused porphyrins represented as MTPP(VCN)2 where VCN = vinyl cyanide and M = H2, NiII, CuII, or ZnII in almost quantitative yields. The final isolated and purified porphyrin products are characterized by a split Soret band ranging from 411-497 nm and two broad intense Q bands. The new π-extended porphyrins are easier to reduce than the parent MTPP or MTPP(MN)2 compounds by 760-800 mV and 180-190 mV, respectively, and possess an electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gap ranging from 1.48 to 1.66 V. They are also characterized by two reversible one-electron ring-centered reductions in CH2Cl2 and three reversible one-electron ring-centered reductions in THF. A fourth irreversible reduction is seen in THF at more negative potentials and is assigned to one or two of the fused cyanobenzene rings of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ryan Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Abstract
A revitalization of organic electrosynthesis has incited the organic chemistry community to adopt electrochemistry as a green and cost-efficient method for activating small molecules to replace highly toxic and expensive redox chemicals. However, many of the critical challenges of batch electrosynthesis, especially for organic synthesis, still remain. The combination of continuous flow technology and electrochemistry is a potent means to enable industry to implement large scale electrosynthesis. Indeed, flow electrosynthesis helps overcome problems that mainly arise from macro batch electro-organic systems, such as mass transfer, ohmic drop, and selectivity, but this is still far from being a flawless and generic applicable process. As a result, a notable increase in research on methodology and hardware sophistication has emerged, and many hitherto uncharted chemistries have been achieved. To better help the commercialization of wide-scale electrification of organic synthesis, we highlight in this perspective the advances made in large-scale flow electrosynthesis and its future trajectory while pointing out the main challenges and key improvements of current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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64
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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65
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Logical-Information Model of Energy-Saving Production of Organic Sulfur Compounds from Low-Molecular Sulfur Waste Fuel Oil. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13205286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A logical-informational model of energy resource-efficient chemical technology for the utilization of hydrogen sulfide and low molecular alkanethiols, which are toxic and difficult to remove sulfur components of residual fuel (fuel oil), is proposed. Based on the IDEF1 methodology and existing knowledge about the technological processes of the demercaptanization of various hydrocarbon raw materials (oils, gas condensates), a scheme for the production of organic sulfur compounds from sulfur waste extracted from fuel oil has been modeled. For a sufficiently complete removal of hydrogen sulfide and low molecular weight alkanethiols, energy- and resource-saving stages of the technological process have been developed, which are implemented by ultrasonic and/or magnetic treatment of fuel oil. It is proposed to use the combined action of two alternative methods of processing fuel oil to increase the efficiency of cleaning fuel oil from sulfur components. For the first time, an approach has been developed to utilize unwanted sulfuric impurities contained in fuel oil by involving electric and microwave synthesis in green technological processes, to obtain practically useful organic sulfur compounds with biological activity. It is shown that the use of one-electron oxidant thiols and hydrogen sulfide in organic media leads to the synthesis of organic disulfides and elemental sulfur. Indirect (with the use of mediators) electrosynthesis contributes to the cyclic conduct of the technological process, an increase in efficiency and a decrease in energy consumption compared to the direct (on electrodes) initiation of sulfur components.
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67
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Lai J, Pericàs MA. Manganese/Copper Co-catalyzed Electrochemical Wacker-Tsuji-Type Oxidation of Aryl-Substituted Alkenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7338-7342. [PMID: 32866388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A manganese/copper co-catalyzed electrochemical Wacker-Tsuji-type oxidation of aryl-substituted alkenes has been developed. The process involves the use of 5 mol % MnBr2 and 7.5 mol % CuCl2, in 4:1 acetonitrile/water in an undivided cell at 60 °C, with 2.8 V constant applied potential. α-Aryl ketones are formed in moderate to excellent yields, with the advantages of avoidance of palladium as a catalyst and any external chemical oxidant in an easily operated, cost-effective procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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68
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Electroreductive heterocyclization of ortho-piperidino substituted nitro(het)arenes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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69
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of Bristol School of Chemistry Cantocks Close Bristol, Avon BS8 1TS UK
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71
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Poschmann M, Groß H, Amin R, Fritsch C, Dankwort T, Radinger H, Indris S, Kienle L, Bensch W. CuCo
2
S
4
Deposited on TiO
2
: Controlling the pH Value Boosts Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Poschmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Kiel University Max‐Eyth Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Hendrik Groß
- Institute of Materials Science Kiel University Kaiserstraße 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Reza Amin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Guilan Rasht Guilan Iran
| | - Charlotte Fritsch
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Torben Dankwort
- Institute of Materials Science Kiel University Kaiserstraße 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Hannes Radinger
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute of Materials Science Kiel University Kaiserstraße 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Kiel University Max‐Eyth Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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72
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Highly Site-selective Electrooxidation Providing Facile Entries to Functionalized Aromatic Acetals. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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73
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Barham JP, König B. Synthetic Photoelectrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11732-11747. [PMID: 31805216 PMCID: PMC7383880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) and synthetic organic electrochemistry (SOE) are often considered competing technologies in organic synthesis. Their fusion has been largely overlooked. We review state-of-the-art synthetic organic photoelectrochemistry, grouping examples into three categories: 1) electrochemically mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC), 2) decoupled photoelectrochemistry (dPEC), and 3) interfacial photoelectrochemistry (iPEC). Such synergies prove beneficial not only for synthetic "greenness" and chemical selectivity, but also in the accumulation of energy for accessing super-oxidizing or -reducing single electron transfer (SET) agents. Opportunities and challenges in this emerging and exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
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74
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Wills AG, Poole DL, Alder CM, Reid M. A Mechanistic and Cautionary Case Study on the Use of Alternating Potential in Electrochemical Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfie G. Wills
- Medicinal Chemistry GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage UK SG1 2NY
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK G1 1XL
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage UK SG1 2NY
| | - Catherine M. Alder
- Medicinal Chemistry GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage UK SG1 2NY
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK G1 1XL
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75
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Jud W, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. A Continuous Flow Cell for High‐Temperature/High‐Pressure Electroorganic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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76
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Site-selective electrooxidation of methylarenes to aromatic acetals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2706. [PMID: 32483217 PMCID: PMC7264330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde is one of most synthetically versatile functional groups and can participate in numerous chemical transformations. While a variety of simple aromatic aldehydes are commercially available, those with a more complex substitution pattern are often difficult to obtain. Benzylic oxygenation of methylarenes is a highly attractive method for aldehyde synthesis as the starting materials are easy to obtain and handle. However, regioselective oxidation of functionalized methylarenes, especially those that contain heterocyclic moieties, to aromatic aldehydes remains a significant challenge. Here we show an efficient electrochemical method that achieves site-selective electrooxidation of methyl benzoheterocycles to aromatic acetals without using chemical oxidants or transition-metal catalysts. The acetals can be converted to the corresponding aldehydes through hydrolysis in one-pot or in a separate step. The synthetic utility of our method is highlighted by its application to the efficient preparation of the antihypertensive drug telmisartan. Benzylic oxygenation of methylarenes is a direct but challenging method for aldehyde synthesis from simple starting materials. Here, the authors show an electrochemical, site-selective method for the oxidation of methyl benzoheterocycles to aromatic acetals without using chemical oxidants or transition metal catalysts.
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77
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Synergistic effects between electrocatalyst and electrolyte in the electrocatalytic reduction of lignin model compounds in a stirred slurry reactor. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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78
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Tian C, Meyer TH, Stangier M, Dhawa U, Rauch K, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation for resource-economical molecular syntheses. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1760-1774. [PMID: 32296151 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The direct cleavage of otherwise inert C-H bonds has emerged as a sustainable approach for organic synthesis; in contrast to other approaches, these reactions result in the formation of fewer undesired by-products and do not require pre-functionalization steps. In recent years, oxidative C-H/N-H alkyne annulations and C-H oxygenations were realized by 3d metals. Unfortunately, most of these reactions require stoichiometric amounts of often toxic chemical oxidants. This protocol provides a general method for cobaltaelectro-catalyzed C-H activations of benzamides. Here, anodic oxidation obviates the need for a chemical oxidant and uses 10-20% of a more environmentally benign, inexpensive catalyst. We outline a detailed and precise description of the designed electrolytic cell for metallaelectrocatalysis, including readily available electrode materials and electrode holders. The custom-made device is further compared with the commercially available and standardized ElectraSyn 2.0 electrochemistry kit. As example applications of this approach, we describe cobaltaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation protocols for the direct C-H oxygenation of benzamides and resource-economical synthesis of isoquinolones. The cobaltaelectrocatalysis setup and reaction take about 17 h, while an additional 5 h have to be anticipated for workup and chromatographic purification. The methods described herein feature broad functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, low waste-product formation and an overall exceptional level of resource economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Rauch
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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80
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Yang Y, Zhang D, Vessally E. Direct Amination of Aromatic C-H Bonds with Free Amines. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:37. [PMID: 32236795 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-0300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines belong to a highly important class of organic compounds which are found in various natural products, functional materials, and pharmaceutical agents. Their prevalence has sparked continuing interest in the development of highly efficient and environmentally benign synthetic strategies for the construction of these compounds. Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions between two unmodified C(X)-H bonds have recently emerged as a versatile and powerful strategy for the fabrication of new C(X)-C(X) bonds. In this context, several procedures have been reported for the synthesis of aromatic amines through the direct amination of aromatic C-H bonds with free amines. This review highlights recent advances and progress in this appealing research arena, with special emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Yang
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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81
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Lehmann M, Scarborough CC, Godineau E, Battilocchio C. An Electrochemical Flow-Through Cell for Rapid Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lehmann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Stein, Switzerland
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82
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Kumar GS, Peshkov A, Brzozowska A, Nikolaienko P, Zhu C, Rueping M. Nickel‐Catalyzed Chain‐Walking Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of Alkyl and Aryl Halides and Olefin Hydroarylation Enabled by Electrochemical Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6513-6519. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anatoly Peshkov
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksandra Brzozowska
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Pavlo Nikolaienko
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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83
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Kumar GS, Peshkov A, Brzozowska A, Nikolaienko P, Zhu C, Rueping M. Nickel‐Catalyzed Chain‐Walking Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of Alkyl and Aryl Halides and Olefin Hydroarylation Enabled by Electrochemical Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anatoly Peshkov
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksandra Brzozowska
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Pavlo Nikolaienko
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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84
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Neha N, Kouamé BSR, Rafaïdeen T, Baranton S, Coutanceau C. Remarkably Efficient Carbon-Supported Nanostructured Platinum-Bismuth Catalysts for the Selective Electrooxidation of Glucose and Methyl-Glucoside. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-020-00586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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Fransen S, Ballet S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Overcoming diffusion limitations in electrochemical microreactors using acoustic streaming. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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86
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Leech MC, Garcia AD, Petti A, Dobbs AP, Lam K. Organic electrosynthesis: from academia to industry. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing impetus to develop greener and more cost-efficient synthetic methods has prompted chemists to look for new ways to activate small organic molecules. In this review, we cover the most recent industrial developments in electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science
- University of Greenwich
- Kent
- UK
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87
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Mampuys P, McElroy CR, Clark JH, Orru RVA, Maes BUW. Thiosulfonates as Emerging Reactants: Synthesis and Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Mampuys
- Organic Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - C. R. McElroy
- Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - J. H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - R. V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - B. U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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88
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Abstract
With water providing a highly favored solution environment for industrial processes (and in biological processes), it is interesting to develop water-based electrolysis processes for the synthesis and conversion of organic and biomass-based molecules. Molecules with low solubility in aqueous media can be dispersed/solubilized (i) by physical dispersion tools (e.g., milling, power ultrasound, or high-shear ultraturrax processing), (ii) in some cases by pressurization/supersaturation (e.g., for gases), (iii) by adding cosolvents or "carriers" such as chremophor EL, or (iv) by adding surfactants to generate micelles, microemulsions, and/or stabilized biphasic conditions. This Account examines and compares methodologies to bring the dispersed or multiphase system into contact with an electrode. Both the microscopic process based on individual particle impact and the overall electro-organic transformation are of interest. Distinct mechanistic cases for multiphase redox processes are considered. Most traditional electro-organic transformations are performed in homogeneous solution with reagents, products, electrolyte, and possibly mediators or redox catalysts all in the same (usually organic) solution phase. This may lead to challenges in the product separation step and in the reuse of solvents and electrolytes. When aqueous electrolyte media are used, reagents and products (or even the electrolyte) may be present as microdroplets or nanoparticles. Redox transformations then occur during interfacial "collisions" under multiphase conditions or within a reaction layer when a redox mediator is present. Benefits of this approach can be (i) the use of a highly conducting aqueous electrolyte, (ii) simple separation of products and reuse of the electrolyte, (iii) phase-transfer conditions in redox catalysis, (iv) new reaction pathways, and (v) improved sustainability. In some cases, a surface phase or phase boundary processes can lead to interesting changes in reaction pathways. Controlling the reaction zone within the multiphase redox system poses a challenge, and methods based on microchannel flow reactors have been developed to provide a higher degree of control. However, detrimental effects in microchannel systems are also observed, in particular for limited current densities (which can be very low in microchannel multiphase flow) or in the development of technical solutions for scale-up of multiphase redox transformations. This Account describes physical approaches (and reactor designs) to bring multiphase redox systems into effective contact with the electrode surface as well as cases of important electro-organic multiphase transformations. Mechanistic cases considered are "impacts" by microdroplets or particles at the electrode, effects of dissolved intermediates or redox mediators, and effects of dissolved redox catalysts. These mechanistic cases are discussed for important multiphase transformations for gaseous, liquid, and solid dispersed phases. Processes based on mesoporous membranes and hydrogen-permeable palladium membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jay D. Wadhawan
- School of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull, North Humberside HU6 7RX, U.K
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89
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Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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90
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Wang H, Shi J, Tan J, Xu W, Zhang S, Xu K. Electrochemical Synthesis of trans-2,3-Disubstituted Aziridines via Oxidative Dehydrogenative Intramolecular C(sp3)–H Amination. Org Lett 2019; 21:9430-9433. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiao Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jianxue Shi
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jiajing Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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91
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Optimizing organic electrosynthesis through controlled voltage dosing and artificial intelligence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17683-17689. [PMID: 31434786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909985116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis can transform the chemical industry by introducing electricity-driven processes that are more energy efficient and that can be easily integrated with renewable energy sources. However, their deployment is severely hindered by the difficulties of controlling selectivity and achieving a large energy conversion efficiency at high current density due to the low solubility of organic reactants in practical electrolytes. This control can be improved by carefully balancing the mass transport processes and electrocatalytic reaction rates at the electrode diffusion layer through pulsed electrochemical methods. In this study, we explore these methods in the context of the electrosynthesis of adiponitrile (ADN), the largest organic electrochemical process in industry. Systematically exploring voltage pulses in the timescale between 5 and 150 ms led to a 20% increase in production of ADN and a 250% increase in relative selectivity with respect to the state-of-the-art constant voltage process. Moreover, combining this systematic experimental investigation with artificial intelligence (AI) tools allowed us to rapidly discover drastically improved electrosynthetic conditions, reaching improvements of 30 and 325% in ADN production rates and selectivity, respectively. This powerful AI-enhanced experimental approach represents a paradigm shift in the design of electrified chemical transformations, which can accelerate the deployment of more sustainable electrochemical manufacturing processes.
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92
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Kouhestanian E, AlimadadiJani B. Electrochemically Induced Diels-Alder Reaction: An Overview. CHEM REC 2019; 20:273-331. [PMID: 31423739 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important name reactions in organic chemistry, is the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. It is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile to construct a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the stereotypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. In synthesis, the use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidant or reducing agents is definitely appealing for economic, ecological and selective, reasons. In this review, we try to underscore the combination of the electrosynthesis with Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction to establish of a powerful synthetic tool which may encourage synthetic organic chemists to use it in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kouhestanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoush AlimadadiJani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
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93
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Green pseudo-multicomponent synthesis of some new spirocyclopropane derivatives via electro-catalyzed reaction. Mol Divers 2019; 24:763-770. [PMID: 31414305 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the diverse applications of cyclopropane analogs in bioorganic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical chemistry, a clean and efficient procedure was established to synthesize spirocyclopropane via an electrochemical reaction which involves a sequence of Michael addition, halogenation, and intramolecular ring-closing reaction. In this study, an environmentally benign synthesis of spirocyclopropane was carried out through the condensation of indan-1,3-dione by aromatic aldehydes or 2-benzylidenemalononitrile derivatives. Constant current electrosynthesis was applied to a mixture of propanol containing sodium bromide as an electrolyte and a brominating agent at room temperature, respectively.
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94
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Kim RS, Surendranath Y. Electrochemical Reoxidation Enables Continuous Methane-to-Methanol Catalysis with Aqueous Pt Salts. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1179-1186. [PMID: 31403070 PMCID: PMC6661865 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The direct conversion of methane to methanol would enable better utilization of abundant natural gas resources. In the presence of stoichiometric PtIV oxidants, PtII ions are capable of catalyzing this reaction in aqueous solutions at modest temperatures. Practical implementation of this chemistry requires a viable strategy for replacing or regenerating the expensive PtIV oxidant. Herein, we establish an electrochemical strategy for continuous regeneration of the PtIV oxidant to furnish overall electrochemical methane oxidation. We show that Cl-adsorbed Pt electrodes catalyze facile oxidation of PtII to PtIV at low overpotential without concomitant methanol oxidation. Exploiting this facile electrochemistry, we maintain the PtII/IV ratio during PtII-catalyzed methane oxidation via in situ monitoring of the solution potential coupled with dynamic modulation of the electric current. This approach leads to sustained methane oxidation catalysis with 70% selectivity for methanol.
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95
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Lin DZ, Huang JM. Synthesis of 3-Formylindoles via Electrochemical Decarboxylation of Glyoxylic Acid with an Amine as a Dual Function Organocatalyst. Org Lett 2019; 21:5862-5866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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96
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Shatskiy A, Lundberg H, Kärkäs MD. Organic Electrosynthesis: Applications in Complex Molecule Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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97
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Roesel AF, Broese T, Májek M, Francke R. Iodophenylsulfonates and Iodobenzoates as Redox‐Active Supporting Electrolytes for Electrosynthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arend F. Roesel
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Timo Broese
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Michal Májek
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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98
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Martínez Suárez JF, Caram JA, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Gennaro AM, Mirífico MV. Electrosynthesis of N-Methylisatin. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6879-6885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime F. Martínez Suárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - José A. Caram
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo. A. Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata e Instituto IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C. C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oscar E. Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata e Instituto IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C. C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana. M. Gennaro
- Instituto de Física del Litoral, UNL-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María. V. Mirífico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 1, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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99
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Nikolaienko P, Jentsch M, Kale AP, Cai Y, Rueping M. Electrochemical and Scalable Dehydrogenative C(sp
3
)−H Amination via Remote Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Batch and Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2019; 25:7177-7184. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Nikolaienko
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Jentsch
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ajit P. Kale
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunfei Cai
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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100
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Sherbo RS, Kurimoto A, Brown CM, Berlinguette CP. Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation with a Palladium Membrane Reactor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7815-7821. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Sherbo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Aiko Kurimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis P. Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Y 1Z3, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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