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Mukherjee S, Pramanik S, Das S, Chakraborty S, Mondal S, Ghosh T, Nath R, Kuiri PK. Oriented attachment induced morphology modulation of ZnO nanoparticles at low temperature using KOH as a morphology controller. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oriented attachment induced shape transition of ZnO nanoparticles from nanosphere to nanorod. The shape of the nanoparticles is controlled by the concentration of KOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhamay Pramanik
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhabrata Chakraborty
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Shyamal Mondal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystems-Micro Nano Facility, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Tatan Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
- Department of Physics, Balarampur College, P.O - Rangadih, Purulia, 723143, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Nath
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Probodh K. Kuiri
- Department of Physics, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
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Khosla K, Kangas J, Liu Y, Zhan L, Daly J, Hagedorn M, Bischof J. Cryopreservation and Laser Nanowarming of Zebrafish Embryos Followed by Hatching and Spawning. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000138. [PMID: 32996298 PMCID: PMC8627598 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study shows for the first time the ability to rewarm cryopreserved zebrafish embryos that grow into adult fish capable of breeding normally. The protocol employs a single injection of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and gold nanorods (GNRs) into the yolk and immersion in a precooling bath to dehydrate the perivitelline space. Then embryos are encapsulated within CPA and GNR droplets, plunged into liquid nitrogen, cryogenically stabilized, and rewarmed by a laser pulse. Postlaser nanowarming, embryos (n = 282) exhibit intact structure by 1 h (40%), continued development after 3 h (22%), movement after 24 h (11%), hatching after 48 h (9%), and swimming after Day 5 (3%). Finally, from fish that survives till Day 5, two larvae are grown to adulthood and spawned, yielding survival comparable to an unfrozen control. Future efforts will focus on improving the survival to adulthood and developing methods to cryopreserve large numbers of embryos for research, aquaculture, and biodiversity preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanav Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joseph Kangas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - John Bischof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Han Z, Sharma A, Gao Z, Carlson TW, O’Sullivan MG, Finger EB, Bischof JC. Diffusion Limited Cryopreservation of Tissue with Radiofrequency Heated Metal Forms. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000796. [PMID: 32875732 PMCID: PMC7879698 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreserved tissues are increasingly needed in biomedical applications. However, successful cryopreservation is generally only reported for thin tissues (≤1 mm). This work presents several innovations to reduce cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity and improve tissue cryopreservation, including 1) improved tissue warming rates through radiofrequency metal form and field optimization and 2) an experimentally verified predictive model to optimize CPA loading and rewarming to reduce toxicity. CPA loading is studied by microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging, rewarming by thermal measurements, and modeling, and viability is measured after loading and/or cryopreservation by alamarBlue and histology. Loading conditions for three common CPA cocktails (6, 8.4, and 9.3 m) are designed, and then fast cooling and metal forms rewarming (up to 2000 °C min-1 ) achieve ≥90% viability in cryopreserved 1-2 mm arteries with various CPAs. Despite high viability by alamarBlue, histology shows subtle changes after cryopreservation suggesting some degree of cell damage especially in the central portions of thicker arteries up to 2 mm. While further studies are needed, these results show careful CPA loading and higher metal forms warming rates can help reduce CPA loading toxicity and improve outcomes from cryopreservation in tissues while also offering new protocols to preserve larger tissues ≥1 mm in thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Timothy W. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - M. Gerard O’Sullivan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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54
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Comizzoli P, Holt WV. Breakthroughs and new horizons in reproductive biology of rare and endangered animal species. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:514-525. [PMID: 30772911 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of higher extinction rates due to human and natural factors, more basic and applied research in reproductive biology is required to preserve wild species and design proper strategies leading to sustainable populations. The objective of the review is to highlight recent, inspiring breakthroughs in wildlife reproduction science that will set directions for future research and lead to more successes in conservation biology. Despite new tools and approaches allowing a better and faster understanding of key mechanisms, we still know little about reproduction in endangered species. Recently, the most striking advances have been obtained in nonmammalian species (fish, birds, amphibians, or corals) with the development of alternative solutions to preserve fertility or new information about parental nutritional influence on embryo development. A novel way has also been explored to consider the impact of environmental changes on reproduction-the allostatic load-in a vast array of species (from primates to fish). On the horizon, genomic tools are expected to considerably change the way we study wildlife reproduction and develop a concept of "precision conservation breeding." When basic studies in organismal physiology are conducted in parallel, new approaches using stem cells to create artificial gametes and gonads, innovations in germplasm storage, and more research on reproductive microbiomes will help to make a difference. Lastly, multiple challenges (for instance, poor integration of new tools in conservation programs, limited access to study animals, or few publication options) will have to be addressed if we want reproductive biology to positively impact conservation of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington DC, USA
| | - William V Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Hauwiller MR, Ye X, Jones MR, Chan CM, Calvin JJ, Crook MF, Zheng H, Alivisatos AP. Tracking the Effects of Ligands on Oxidative Etching of Gold Nanorods in Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10239-10250. [PMID: 32806045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface ligands impact the properties and chemistry of nanocrystals, but observing ligand binding locations and their effect on nanocrystal shape transformations is challenging. Using graphene liquid cell electron microscopy and the controllable, oxidative etching of gold nanocrystals, the effect of different ligands on nanocrystal etching can be tracked with nanometer spatial resolution. The chemical environment of liquids irradiated with high-energy electrons is complex and potentially harsh, yet it is possible to observe clear evidence for differential binding properties of specific ligands to the nanorods' surface. Exchanging CTAB ligands for PEG-alkanethiol ligands causes the nanorods to etch at a different, constant rate while still maintaining their aspect ratio. Adding cysteine ligands that bind preferentially to nanorod tips induces etching predominantly on the sides of the rods. This etching at the sides leads to Rayleigh instabilities and eventually breaks apart the nanorod into two separate nanoparticles. The shape transformation is controlled by the interplay between atom removal and diffusion of surface atoms and ligands. These in situ observations are confirmed with ex situ colloidal etching reactions of gold nanorods in solution. The ability to monitor the effect of ligands on nanocrystal shape transformations will enable future in situ studies of nanocrystals surfaces and ligand binding positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hauwiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xingchen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cindy M Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jason J Calvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michelle F Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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56
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Liu Y, Kangas J, Wang Y, Khosla K, Pasek-Allen J, Saunders A, Oldenburg S, Bischof J. Photothermal conversion of gold nanoparticles for uniform pulsed laser warming of vitrified biomaterials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12346-12356. [PMID: 32490463 PMCID: PMC7513936 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01614d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser (ms, 1064 nm) gold nanoparticle (GNP) heating has been used recently to achieve fast (>10 000 000 °C min-1) warming of vitrified droplets using gold nanorods (GNRs) as photon-absorbers. To maximize the viability of biomaterials in vitrified droplets, the droplets must be warmed as uniformly as possible. A potential approach to such warming is to use an appropriate combination of photon-absorption and -scattering to distribute heat more uniformly throughout a droplet. To investigate this, 2 plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs), 1 hollow gold nanoshell, and 2 silica-core gold nanoshells (GNSs) were synthesized and characterized under 1064 nm laser irradiation in water, propylene glycol, and protein-rich (egg white) solutions. Using a modified cuvette laser calorimetry experiment with complementary Monte Carlo modeling, the GNSs were found to have higher per-particle absorption and scattering cross sections, while the GNRs had higher photothermal conversion efficiency, absorption efficiency, and Au mass normalized absorption cross sections. In the characterization, the GNSs with larger scattering-to-absorption ratios could have ∼30% over-estimation of photothermal conversion efficiency if scattering and reabsorption inside the solution were not considered, while GNRs with lower ratios were less impacted. Combined Monte Carlo and COMSOL simulations were used to predict the specific absorption rate (W m-3) and heating behavior of GNP-loaded hemispherical droplets, thereby demonstrating that the GNS case with higher scattering-to-absorption ratio achieved more uniform heating than the GNR case. Interestingly, further tuning of the scattering and absorption coefficients of the hemispherical GNP-loaded droplet within the model suggests the ability to obtain an optimal scattering-to-absorption ratio for uniform heating. These results show the importance of considering the reabsorption of scattered light to accurately characterize the photothermal conversion efficiency of GNP solutions during laser irradiation. We also show that the relative scattering and absorption properties of the nanoparticles can be designed to promote both rapid and uniform laser rewarming of vitrified droplets for application in cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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57
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Ferré LB, Kjelland ME, Taiyeb AM, Campos-Chillon F, Ross PJ. Recent progress in bovine in vitro-derived embryo cryotolerance: Impact of in vitro culture systems, advances in cryopreservation and future considerations. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:659-676. [PMID: 32144939 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of in vitro-derived bovine embryos is a crucial step for the widespread reproduction and conservation of valuable high-merit animals. Given the current popularity of bovine in vitro embryo production (IVP), there is a demand for a highly efficient ultra-low temperature storage method in order to maximize donor ovum pickup (OPU) turn-over, recipient availability/utilization and domestic/overseas commercial trading opportunities. However, IVP bovine embryos are still very sensitive to chilling and cryopreservation, and despite recent progress, a convenient (simple and robust) protocol has not yet been developed. At the moment, there are two methods for bovine IVP embryo cryopreservation: slow programmable freezing and vitrification. Both of the aforementioned techniques have pros and cons. While controlled-rate slow cooling can easily be adapted for direct transfer (DT), ice crystal formation remains an issue. On the other hand, vitrification solved this problem but the possibility of successful DT commercial incorporation remains to be determined. Moreover, simplification of the vitrification protocol (including warming) through the use of an in-straw dilution without the use of a microscope is a prerequisite for its use under farm conditions. This review summarizes the bovine IVP embryo cryopreservation achievements, strengths and limitations of both freezing systems and prospective improvements to enhance cryosurvival, as well as perspectives on future directions of this assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Ferré
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael E Kjelland
- Conservation, Genetics & Biotech, LLC, Valley City, ND, USA.,Mayville State University, Mayville, ND, USA
| | - Ahmed M Taiyeb
- Conservation, Genetics & Biotech, LLC, Valley City, ND, USA.,Barz IVF Center for Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Fernando Campos-Chillon
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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58
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Hou Y, Lu C, Dou M, Zhang C, Chang H, Liu J, Rao W. Soft liquid metal nanoparticles achieve reduced crystal nucleation and ultrarapid rewarming for human bone marrow stromal cell and blood vessel cryopreservation. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:403-415. [PMID: 31734413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High warming rates during cryopreservation are crucial and essential for successful vitrification. However, realizing a faster warming rate in low-concentration cryoprotective agents appears to be challenging for conventional warming process through convective heat transfer. Herein, we developed a liquid metal (LM) nanosystem that can act as a spatial source to significantly enhance the warming rates with near-infrared laser irradiation during the warming process. The synthetic Pluronic F127-liquid metal nanoparticles (PLM NPs) displayed multiple performances with uniform particle size, superior photothermal conversion efficiency (52%), repeatable photothermal stability, and low cytotoxicity. Particularly, it is more difficult for the liquid PLM NPs with less surface free energy to form crystal nucleation than other solid NPs such as gold and Fe3O4, which is beneficial for the cooling process during cryopreservation. The viability of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells postcryopreservation reached 78±3%, which is threefold higher than that obtained by the conventional warming method (25±6%). Additionally, the cells postcryopreservation maintained their normal attachment, proliferation, surface marker expression, and intact multilineage differentiation properties. Moreover, the results of mouse tails including blood vessel cryopreservation showed a relatively improved intact structure when using PLM NP rewarming compared with the results of conventional warming. The new LM nanosystem provides a universal platform for cryopreservation that is expected to have potential for widespread applications including bioengineering, cell-based medicine, and clinical translation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we fabricated soft liquid metal nanoparticles with high photothermal conversion efficiency, repeatable photothermal stability, and low cytotoxicity. Particularly, soft liquid metal nanoparticles with less surface free energy and suppression effects of ice formation were first introduced to mediate cryopreservation. Superior ice-crystallization inhibition is achieved as a result of less crystal nucleation and ultrarapid rewarming during the freezing and warming processes of cryopreservation, respectively. Collectively, cryopreservation of human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) and mouse tails including blood vessels can be successfully performed using this new nanoplatform, showing great potential in the application of soft nanoparticles in cryopreservation.
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Browne RK, Silla AJ, Upton R, Della-Togna G, Marcec-Greaves R, Shishova NV, Uteshev VK, Proaño B, Pérez OD, Mansour N, Kaurova SA, Gakhova EN, Cosson J, Dyzuba B, Kramarova LI, McGinnity D, Gonzalez M, Clulow J, Clulow S. Sperm collection and storage for the sustainable management of amphibian biodiversity. Theriogenology 2020; 133:187-200. [PMID: 31155034 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current rates of biodiversity loss pose an unprecedented challenge to the conservation community, particularly with amphibians and freshwater fish as the most threatened vertebrates. An increasing number of environmental challenges, including habitat loss, pathogens, and global warming, demand a global response toward the sustainable management of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs) are needed for the sustainable management of amphibian species threatened with extinction. CBPs support species survival while increasing public awareness and political influence. Current CBPs only cater for 10% of the almost 500 amphibian species in need. However, the use of sperm storage to increase efficiency and reliability, along with an increased number of CBPs, offer the potential to significantly reduce species loss. The establishment and refinement of techniques over the last two decades, for the collection and storage of amphibian spermatozoa, gives confidence for their use in CBPs and other biotechnical applications. Cryopreserved spermatozoa has produced breeding pairs of frogs and salamanders and the stage is set for Lifecycle Proof of Concept Programs that use cryopreserved sperm in CBPs along with repopulation, supplementation, and translocation programs. The application of cryopreserved sperm in CBPs, is complimentary to but separate from archival gene banking and general cell and tissue storage. However, where appropriate amphibian sperm banking should be integrated into other global biobanking projects, especially those for fish, and those that include the use of cryopreserved material for genomics and other research. Research over a broader range of amphibian species, and more uniformity in experimental methodology, is needed to inform both theory and application. Genomics is revolutionising our understanding of biological processes and increasingly guiding species conservation through the identification of evolutionary significant units as the conservation focus, and through revealing the intimate relationship between evolutionary history and sperm physiology that ultimately affects the amenability of sperm to refrigerated or frozen storage. In the present review we provide a nascent phylogenetic framework for integration with other research lines to further the potential of amphibian sperm banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize.
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Gina Della-Togna
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panama City, Panama; Universidad Interamericana de Panamá, Dirección de Investigación, Sede Central, Panama
| | - Ruth Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center Detroit Zoological Society, Detroit, USA
| | - Natalia V Shishova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Victor K Uteshev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Belin Proaño
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Oscar D Pérez
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Nabil Mansour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Edith N Gakhova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Jacky Cosson
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, 38925, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dyzuba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, 38925, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila I Kramarova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | | | - Manuel Gonzalez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Yang J, Gao L, Liu M, Sui X, Zhu Y, Wen C, Zhang L. Advanced Biotechnology for Cell Cryopreservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12209-019-00227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCell cryopreservation has evolved as an important technology required for supporting various cell-based applications, such as stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and assisted reproduction. Recent times have witnessed an increase in the clinical demand of these applications, requiring urgent improvements in cell cryopreservation. However, cryopreservation technology suffers from the issues of low cryopreservation efficiency and cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity. Application of advanced biotechnology tools can significantly improve post-thaw cell survival and reduce or even eliminate the use of organic solvent CPAs, thus promoting the development of cryopreservation. Herein, based on the different cryopreservation mechanisms available, we provide an overview of the applications and achievements of various biotechnology tools used in cell cryopreservation, including trehalose delivery, hydrogel-based cell encapsulation technique, droplet-based cell printing, and nanowarming, and also discuss the associated challenges and perspectives for future development.
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Sharma A, Bischof JC, Finger EB. Liver Cryopreservation for Regenerative Medicine Applications. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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62
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Cirino L, Wen ZH, Hsieh K, Huang CL, Leong QL, Wang LH, Chen CS, Daly J, Tsai S, Lin C. First instance of settlement by cryopreserved coral larvae in symbiotic association with dinoflagellates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18851. [PMID: 31827193 PMCID: PMC6906398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are suffering on a global scale due to human impacts, thereby necessitating cryopreservation efforts. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable vitrification and laser warming protocol for larvae of the scleractinian coral Seriatopora caliendrum, which inherit their dinoflagellate algal symbionts vertically. Toxicity experiments were conducted with the cryoprotectants (CPAs) ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (METH; listed in order from least to most toxic), and larvae were subjected to vitrification and laser warming using 2 M EG + 1 M PG and 2 M EG + 1 M DMSO. Vitrification and laser warming (300 V, 10 ms pulse width, 2 mm beam diameter) using a vitrification solution of 2 M EG + 1 M PG, 40% w/v Ficoll, and 10% v/v gold nanobars (GNB) at a final concentration of 1.2 × 1018 GNB/mL and a characteristic wavelength of 535 nm resulted in larvae with vitality and settlement percentages of 55 and 9%, respectively. This represents the first successful instance of cryopreservation of coral larvae that proceeded to settle upon warming, and suggests that the vitrification and ultra-fast laser warming approach may be applicable to other threatened marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cirino
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yai-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yai-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Hsieh
- He Wei Precision Company Limited, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Qi Lun Leong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yai-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, USA
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sujune Tsai
- Department of Post Modern Agriculture, Mingdao University, Chang Hua, Taiwan.
| | - Chiahsin Lin
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhao G, Zhao Y, He X. Cold-Responsive Nanocapsules Enable the Sole-Cryoprotectant-Trehalose Cryopreservation of β Cell-Laden Hydrogels for Diabetes Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904290. [PMID: 31833664 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Review: Recent advances in bovine in vitro embryo production: reproductive biotechnology history and methods. Animal 2019; 14:991-1004. [PMID: 31760966 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro production (IVP) of embryos and associated technologies in cattle have shown significant progress in recent years, in part driven by a better understanding of the full potential of these tools by end users. The combination of IVP with sexed semen (SS) and genomic selection (GS) is being successfully and widely used in North America, South America and Europe. The main advantages offered by these technologies include a higher number of embryos and pregnancies per unit of time, and a wider range of potential female donors from which to retrieve oocytes (including open cyclic females and ones up to 3 months pregnant), including high index genomic calves, a reduced number of sperm required to produce embryos and increased chances of obtaining the desired sex of offspring. However, there are still unresolved aspects of IVP of embryos that limit a wider implementation of the technology, including potentially reduced fertility from the use of SS, reduced oocyte quality after in vitro oocyte maturation and lower embryo cryotolerance, resulting in reduced pregnancy rates compared to in vivo-produced embryos. Nevertheless, promising research results have been reported, and work is in progress to address current deficiencies. The combination of GS, IVP and SS has proven successful in the commercial field in several countries assisting practitioners and cattle producers to improve reproductive performance, efficiency and genetic gain.
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65
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Marinović Z, Li Q, Lujić J, Iwasaki Y, Csenki Z, Urbányi B, Yoshizaki G, Horváth Á. Preservation of zebrafish genetic resources through testis cryopreservation and spermatogonia transplantation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13861. [PMID: 31554831 PMCID: PMC6761286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is one of the most commonly used model organisms in biomedical, developmental and genetic research. The production of several thousands of transgenic lines is leading to difficulties in maintaining valuable genetic resources as cryopreservation protocols for eggs and embryos are not yet developed. In this study, we utilized testis cryopreservation (through both slow-rate freezing and vitrification) and spermatogonia transplantation as effective methods for long-term storage and line reconstitution in zebrafish. During freezing, utilization of 1.3 M of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) displayed the highest spermatogonia viability (~60%), while sugar and protein supplementation had no effects. Needle-immersed vitrification also yielded high spermatogonia viability rates (~50%). Both optimal slow-rate freezing and vitrification protocols proved to be reproducible in six tested zebrafish lines after displaying viability rates of >50% in all lines. Both fresh and cryopreserved spermatogonia retained their ability to colonize the recipient gonads after intraperitoneal transplantation of vasa::egfp and actb:yfp spermatogonia into wild-type AB recipient larvae. Colonization rate was significantly higher in dnd-morpholino sterilized recipients than in non-sterilized recipients. Lastly, wild-type recipients produced donor-derived sperm and donor-derived offspring through natural spawning. The method demonstrated in this study can be used for long-term storage of valuable zebrafish genetic resources and for reconstitution of whole zebrafish lines which will greatly improve the current preservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Marinović
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Yoshiko Iwasaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ákos Horváth
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
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66
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Bischof JC, Diller KR. From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 20:301-327. [PMID: 29865870 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review explores bioheat transfer applications at multiple scales from nanoparticle (NP) heating to whole-body thermoregulation. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles are being used for nanowarming, which uniformly and quickly rewarms 50-80-mL (≤5-cm-diameter) vitrified systems by coupling with radio-frequency (RF) fields where standard convective warming fails. A modification of this approach can also be used to successfully rewarm cryopreserved fish embryos (∼0.8 mm diameter) by heating previously injected gold nanoparticles with millisecond pulsed laser irradiation where standard convective warming fails. Finally, laser-induced heating of gold nanoparticles can improve the sensitivity of lateral flow assays (LFAs) so that they are competitive with laboratory tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This approach addresses the main weakness of LFAs, which are otherwise the cheapest, easiest, and fastest to use point-of-care diagnostic tests in the world. Body core temperature manipulation has now become possible through selective thermal stimulation (STS) approaches. For instance, simple and safe heating of selected areas of the skin surface can open arteriovenous anastomosis flow in glabrous skin when it is not already established, thereby creating a convenient and effective pathway to induce heat flow between the body core and environment. This has led to new applications of STS to increase or decrease core temperatures in humans and animals to assist in surgery (perioperative warming), to aid ischemic stress recovery (cooling), and even to enhance the quality of sleep. Together, these multiscale applications of nanoparticle heating and thermoregulation point to dramatic opportunities for translation and impact in these prophylactic, preservative, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of bioheat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
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Khosla K, Zhan L, Bhati A, Carley-Clopton A, Hagedorn M, Bischof J. Characterization of Laser Gold Nanowarming: A Platform for Millimeter-Scale Cryopreservation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7364-7375. [PMID: 30299961 PMCID: PMC6536355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Preventing ice formation during cryopreservation by vitrification has led to the successful storage and banking of numerous cellular- and tissue-based biomaterials. In their breakthrough work, Peter Mazur's group achieved over 90% survival by using a laser warming technique for 100 μm mice oocytes that were cooled in 0.1 μL droplets with 2.3 M CPA and extracellularly loaded India ink (laser absorber). Laser warming can provide rapid and uniform warming rates to "outrun" damaging ice crystal growth. Here we generalize Mazur's technique for microliter-sized droplets using laser nanowarming to rewarm millimeter-scale biomaterials when loaded extracellularly and/or intracellularly with biocompatible 1064 nm resonant gold nanoparticles. First, we show that droplets containing low-concentration cryoprotectants (such as 2 M propylene glycol ± 1 M trehalose) can be rapidly cooled at rates up to 90 000 °C/min by plunging into liquid nitrogen to achieve either a visually transparent state (i.e., vitrified) or a cloudy with ice (i.e., nonvitrified) state. Both modeling and experiments were then used to characterize the laser nanowarming process for different laser energy (2-6 J), pulse length (1-20 ms), droplet volume (0.2-1.8 μL), cryoprotectant (2-3 M), and gold concentration (0.77 × 1017-4.8 × 1017 nps/m3) values to assess physical and biological success. Physical success was achieved by finding conditions that minimize cloudiness and white spots within the droplets during cooling and warming as signs of damaging ice formation and ice crystallization, respectively. Biological success was achieved using human dermal fibroblasts to find conditions that achieve ≥90% cell viability normalized to controls postwarming. Thus, physical and biological success can be achieved using this platform cryopreservation approach of rapid cooling and laser gold nanowarming in millimeter-scale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanav Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Aditya Bhati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Aiden Carley-Clopton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744
| | - John Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55408
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68
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Rivas Leonel EC, Lucci CM, Amorim CA. Cryopreservation of Human Ovarian Tissue: A Review. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:173-181. [PMID: 31244585 PMCID: PMC6558345 DOI: 10.1159/000499054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue has been increasingly applied worldwide to safeguard fertility in cancer patients, notably in young girls and women who cannot delay the onset of their treatment. Moreover, it has been proposed to patients with benign pathologies with a risk of premature ovarian insufficiency. So far, more than 130 live births have been reported after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue, and almost all patients recovered their ovarian function after tissue reimplantation. SUMMARY This review aims to summarize the recent results described in the literature regarding human ovarian tissue cryopreservation in terms of methods and main results obtained so far. To cryopreserve human ovarian tissue, most studies describe a slow freezing/rapid thawing protocol, which is usually an adaptation of a protocol developed for sheep ovarian tissue. Since freezing has been shown to have a deleterious effect on ovarian stroma and granulosa cells, various research groups have been vitrifying ovarian tissue. Despite promising results, only 2 babies have been born after transplantation of vitrified/warmed ovarian tissue. Optimization of both cryopreservation strategies as well as thawing/warming protocols is therefore necessary to improve the survival of follicles in cryopreserved ovarian tissue. KEY MESSAGES Human ovarian tissue cryopreservation has been successfully applied worldwide to preserve fertility in patients with malignant or nonmalignant pathologies that have a detrimental effect on fertility. Human ovarian tissue cryopreservation could also be applied as an alternative to postpone pregnancy or menopause in healthy women. Slow freezing and vitrification procedures have been applied to cryopreserve human ovarian tissue, but both alternatives require optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biology, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Lucci
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Christiani A. Amorim
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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69
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Hauwiller MR, Ondry JC, Chan CM, Khandekar P, Yu J, Alivisatos AP. Gold Nanocrystal Etching as a Means of Probing the Dynamic Chemical Environment in Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4428-4437. [PMID: 30777753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy has the necessary temporal and spatial resolution to enable the in situ observation of nanoscale dynamics in solution. However, the chemistry of the solution in the liquid cell during imaging is as yet poorly understood due to the generation of a complex mixture of radiolysis products by the electron beam. In this work, the etching trajectories of nanocrystals were used as a probe to determine the effect of the electron beam dose rate and preloaded etchant, FeCl3, on the chemistry of the liquid cell. Initially, illuminating the sample at a low electron beam dose rate generates hydrogen bubbles, providing a reservoir of sacrificial reductant. Increasing the electron beam dose rate leads to a constant etching rate that varies linearly with the electron beam dose rate. Comparing these results with the oxidation potentials of the species in solution, the electron beam likely controls the total concentration of oxidative species in solution and FeCl3 likely controls the relative ratio of oxidative species, independently determining the etching rate and chemical potential of the reaction, respectively. Correlating these liquid cell etching results with the ex situ oxidative etching of gold nanocrystals using FeCl3 provides further insight into the liquid cell chemistry while corroborating the liquid cell dynamics with ex situ synthetic behavior. This understanding of the chemistry in the liquid cell will allow researchers to better control the liquid cell electron microscopy environment, allowing new nanoscale materials science experiments to be conducted systematically in a reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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70
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Hagedorn M, Varga Z, Walter RB, Tiersch TR. Workshop report: Cryopreservation of aquatic biomedical models. Cryobiology 2019; 86:120-129. [PMID: 30389588 PMCID: PMC9903301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genetic resources of aquatic biomedical model organisms are the products of millions of years of evolution, decades of scientific development, and hundreds of millions of dollars of research funding investment. Genetic resources (e.g., specific alleles, transgenes, or combinations) of each model organism can be considered a form of scientific wealth that can be accumulated and exchanged, typically in the form of live animals or germplasm. Large-scale maintenance of live aquatic organisms that carry these genetic resources is inefficient, costly, and risky. In situ maintenance may be substantially enhanced and backed up by combining cryopreserved germplasm repositories and genetic information systems with live animal culture. Unfortunately, cryopreservation has not advanced much beyond the status of an exploratory research for most aquatic species, lacks widespread application, and methods for successful cryopreservation remain poorly defined. For most aquatic species biological materials other than sperm or somatic cells are not comprehensively banked to represent and preserve a broad range of genetic diversity for each species. Therefore, new approaches and standardization are needed for repository-level application to ensure reproducible recovery of cryopreserved materials. Additionally, development of new technologies is needed to address preservation of novel biological materials, such as eggs and embryos of aquatic species. To address these goals, the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) hosted the Cryopreservation of Aquatic Biomedical Models Workshop on January 7 to 8, 2017, in conjunction with the 8th Aquatic Animal Models of Human Disease Conference in Birmingham, Alabama. The goals of the workshop were to assess the status of germplasm cryopreservation in various biomedical aquatic models and allow representatives of the scientific community to develop and prioritize a consensus of specific actionable recommendations that will move the field of cryopreservation of aquatic resources forward. This workshop included sessions devoted to new approaches for cryopreservation of aquatic species, discussion of current efforts and approaches in preservation of aquatic model germplasm, consideration of needs for standardization of methods to support reproducibility, and enhancement of repository development by establishment of scalable high-throughput technologies. The following three broad recommendations were forwarded from workshop attendees: 1: Establish a comprehensive, centralized unit ("hub") to programmatically develop training for and documentation of cryopreservation methods for aquatic model systems. This would include development of species-specific protocols and approaches, outreach programs, community development and standardization, freezing services and training of the next generation of experts in aquatic cryopreservation. 2: Provide mechanisms to support innovative technical advancements that will increase the reliability, reproducibility, simplicity, throughput, and efficiency of the cryopreservation process, including vitrification and pipelines for sperm, oocytes, eggs, embryos, larvae, stem cells, and somatic cells of all aquatic species. This recommendation encompasses basic cryopreservation knowledge and engineering technology, such as microfluidics and automated processing technologies. 3: Implement mechanisms that allow the various aquatic model stock centers to increase their planning, personnel, ability to secure genetic resources and to promote interaction within an integrated, comprehensive repository network for aquatic model species repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hagedorn
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB), Kaneohe, HI, USA.
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Zebrafish International Research Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Ronald B Walter
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Terrence R Tiersch
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center (LSUAC), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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71
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Amstislavsky S, Mokrousova V, Brusentsev E, Okotrub K, Comizzoli P. Influence of Cellular Lipids on Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos: A Review. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 17:76-83. [PMID: 30256133 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Amstislavsky
- Department of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Mokrousova
- Department of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugeny Brusentsev
- Department of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin Okotrub
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter, Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Center of Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
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72
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Clulow J, Upton R, Trudeau VL, Clulow S. Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:413-463. [PMID: 31471805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians have experienced a catastrophic decline since the 1980s driven by disease, habitat loss, and impacts of invasive species and face ongoing threats from climate change. About 40% of extant amphibians are under threat of extinction and about 200 species have disappeared completely. Reproductive technologies and biobanking of cryopreserved materials offer technologies that could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation programs involving management of captive breeding and wild populations through reduced costs, better genetic management and reduced risk of species extinctions. However, there are relatively few examples of applications of these technologies in practice in on-the-ground conservation programs, and no example that we know of where genetic diversity has been restored to a threatened amphibian species in captive breeding or in wild populations using cryopreserved genetic material. This gap in the application of technology to conservation programs needs to be addressed if assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and biobanking are to realise their potential in amphibian conservation. We review successful technologies including non-invasive gamete collection, IVF and sperm cryopreservation that work well enough to be applied to many current conservation programs. We consider new advances in technology (vitrification and laser warming) of cryopreservation of aquatic embryos of fish and some marine invertebrates that may help us to overcome factors limiting amphibian oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Finally, we address two case studies that illustrate the urgent need and the opportunity to implement immediately ARTs, cryopreservation and biobanking to amphibian conservation. These are (1) managing the biosecurity (disease risk) of the frogs of New Guinea which are currently free of chytridiomycosis, but are at high risk (2) the Sehuencas water frog of Bolivia, which until recently had only one known surviving male.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - R Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Clulow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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73
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Mayer I. The Role of Reproductive Sciences in the Preservation and Breeding of Commercial and Threatened Teleost Fishes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:187-224. [PMID: 31471798 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The teleost fishes are the largest and most diverse vertebrate group, accounting for nearly half of all known vertebrate species. Teleost fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates and this is reflected in the unique variety of different reproductive strategies displayed by fish. Fish have always been an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. While wild capture fisheries have historically been the main source of fish, the farming of fish (aquaculture) is increasingly becoming the more dominant source of food fish, and is predicted to account for 60% of total global fish production by 2030.Fishes are increasingly threatened by a wide range of anthropogenic impacts, including loss of habitat, pollution, invasive species and over-exploitation. In addition, climate change, especially the consequences of global warming, can impact fish at all levels of biological organization from the individual to the population level, influencing both physiological and ecological processes in a variety of direct and indirect ways. As such, there is an urgent need to protect and conserve the huge genetic diversity offered by this diverse vertebrate group, not just as a source of genes for contemporary breeding and for protection against the consequences of climate change and disease, but also as part of our national heritage. While the cryopreservation of reproductive cells is a means of achieving these objectives, currently only fish sperm can be successfully frozen. Due to their large size, large yolk compartment, low membrane permeability and high chilling sensitivity, successful and reproducible protocols for the cryopreservation of fish oocytes and embryos still remains elusive. However, significant advances have been made in the cryopreservation of primordial germ cells as an alternative means of conserving both paternal and maternal genomes. Although more research needs to be carried out on how these cells can be optimally applied to emerging reproductive technologies, including transplantation techniques and surrogate broodstock technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germ cells, and the establishment of genetic resource banks, offers the possibility of both conserving and restoring threatened species. Further, current and future conservation efforts need to consider the impact of climate change in both in situ conservation and reintroduction efforts.In conclusion, it is anticipated that the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will result in a range of economic, ecological and societal benefits. In partnership with emerging assisted reproductive technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will lead to more efficient reproduction in aquaculture, assist selective breeding programmes, and be of crucial importance to future species conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mayer
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Alam MA, Rahman SM, Yamamoto Y, Hattori RS, Suzuki T, Watanabe M, Strüssmann CA. Optimization of protocols for microinjection-based delivery of cryoprotective agents into Japanese whiting Sillago japonica embryos. Cryobiology 2018; 85:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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75
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Successful cryopreservation of coral larvae using vitrification and laser warming. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15714. [PMID: 30356142 PMCID: PMC6200823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has increased the incidence of coral bleaching events, resulting in the loss of ecosystem function and biodiversity on reefs around the world. As reef degradation accelerates, the need for innovative restoration tools has become acute. Despite past successes with ultra-low temperature storage of coral sperm to conserve genetic diversity, cryopreservation of larvae has remained elusive due to their large volume, membrane complexity, and sensitivity to chilling injury. Here we show for the first time that coral larvae can survive cryopreservation and resume swimming after warming. Vitrification in a 3.5 M cryoprotectant solution (10% v/v propylene glycol, 5% v/v dimethyl sulfoxide, and 1 M trehalose in phosphate buffered saline) followed by warming at a rate of approximately 4,500,000 °C/min with an infrared laser resulted in up to 43% survival of Fungia scutaria larvae on day 2 post-fertilization. Surviving larvae swam and continued to develop for at least 12 hours after laser-warming. This technology will enable biobanking of coral larvae to secure biodiversity, and, if managed in a high-throughput manner where millions of larvae in a species are frozen at one time, could become an invaluable research and conservation tool to help restore and diversify wild reef habitats.
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76
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Hauwiller MR, Frechette LB, Jones MR, Ondry JC, Rotskoff GM, Geissler P, Alivisatos AP. Unraveling Kinetically-Driven Mechanisms of Gold Nanocrystal Shape Transformations Using Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5731-5737. [PMID: 30107133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of kinetically driven nanocrystal shape transformations were elucidated by monitoring single particle etching of gold nanocrystals using in situ graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By systematically changing the chemical potential of the oxidative etching and then quantifying the facets of the nanocrystals, nonequilibrium processes of atom removal could be deduced. Etching at sufficiently high oxidation potentials, both cube and rhombic dodecahedra (RDD)-shaped gold nanocrystals transform into kinetically stable tetrahexahedra (THH)-shaped particles. Whereas {100}-faceted cubes adopt an { hk0}-faceted THH intermediate where h/ k depends on chemical potential, {110}-faceted RDD adopt a {210}-faceted THH intermediate regardless of driving force. For cube reactions, Monte Carlo simulations show that removing 6-coordinate edge atoms immediately reveals 7-coordinate interior atoms. The rate at which these 6- and 7-coordinate atoms are etched is sensitive to the chemical potential, resulting in different THH facet structures with varying driving force. Conversely, when RDD are etched to THH, removal of 6-coordinate edge atoms reveals 6-coordinate interior atoms. Thus, changing the driving force for oxidation does not change the probability of edge atom versus interior atom removal, leading to a negligible effect on the kinetically stabilized intermediate shape. These fundamental insights, facilitated by single-particle liquid-phase TEM imaging, provide important atomic-scale mechanistic details regarding the role of kinetics and chemical driving force in dictating shape transformations at the nanometer length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hauwiller
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
| | - Layne B Frechette
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
- Erwin Schrödinger Institute for Mathematics and Physics , University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
| | - Grant M Rotskoff
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , New York University , New York 10012 , United States
| | - Phillip Geissler
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
- Erwin Schrödinger Institute for Mathematics and Physics , University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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77
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Core Concept: Cryopreservation aims to engineer novel ways to freeze, store, and thaw organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 114:13060-13062. [PMID: 29233932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717588114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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78
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Panhwar F, Chen Z, Hossain SMC, Wang M, Haider Z, Memon K, Chen P, Zhao G. Near-infrared laser mediated modulation of ice crystallization by two-dimensional nanosheets enables high-survival recovery of biological cells from cryogenic temperatures. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11760-11774. [PMID: 29770427 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets (NSs) have been widely used as photothermal agents and as potential carriers of antitumor drugs. Their spatial thermal effects have been extensively explored for use at physiological and hyperthermic temperatures (37 to 46 °C). Furthermore, the modulation of the spatial thermal distributions with these NSs may have even more profound applications in the microstructural control of biomaterials at cryogenic temperatures (-196 to 37 °C). These applications include bioinspired microfabrication via freezing, food and drug freeze-drying, and biomaterial cryopreservation. However, such thermal effects of NSs and their applications at cryogenic temperatures had never been fully explored. Therefore, in this study, we have utilized the near-infrared laser induced photothermal effects of GO and MoS2 NSs to suppress the ice nucleation and ice crystal growth during warming of the biosamples. Using this approach, biological cells subjected to fast cooling to a deeply frozen state (-196 °C) were successfully recovered with high survival rates and full biological functionality. Thus, we provide a NS based effective approach to control the crystallization behaviors of water during warming at cryogenic temperatures, as NSs may have wide applications in both materials science and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil Panhwar
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
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79
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Bischof JC, Diller KR. From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2018. [PMID: 29865870 DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐bioeng‐071516‐044532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review explores bioheat transfer applications at multiple scales from nanoparticle (NP) heating to whole-body thermoregulation. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles are being used for nanowarming, which uniformly and quickly rewarms 50-80-mL (≤5-cm-diameter) vitrified systems by coupling with radio-frequency (RF) fields where standard convective warming fails. A modification of this approach can also be used to successfully rewarm cryopreserved fish embryos (∼0.8 mm diameter) by heating previously injected gold nanoparticles with millisecond pulsed laser irradiation where standard convective warming fails. Finally, laser-induced heating of gold nanoparticles can improve the sensitivity of lateral flow assays (LFAs) so that they are competitive with laboratory tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This approach addresses the main weakness of LFAs, which are otherwise the cheapest, easiest, and fastest to use point-of-care diagnostic tests in the world. Body core temperature manipulation has now become possible through selective thermal stimulation (STS) approaches. For instance, simple and safe heating of selected areas of the skin surface can open arteriovenous anastomosis flow in glabrous skin when it is not already established, thereby creating a convenient and effective pathway to induce heat flow between the body core and environment. This has led to new applications of STS to increase or decrease core temperatures in humans and animals to assist in surgery (perioperative warming), to aid ischemic stress recovery (cooling), and even to enhance the quality of sleep. Together, these multiscale applications of nanoparticle heating and thermoregulation point to dramatic opportunities for translation and impact in these prophylactic, preservative, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of bioheat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
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80
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Effect of vitrification solutions on survival rate of cryopreserved Epinephelus moara embryos. Theriogenology 2018; 113:183-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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81
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Anil S, Rawson D, Zhang T. Development of molecular markers for zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicle growth assessment following in-vitro culture in cryopreservation studies. Cryobiology 2018; 83:75-83. [PMID: 29852130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of in vitro culture protocol for early stage ovarian follicles of zebrafish is important since cryopreserved early stage ovarian follicles would need to be matured in vitro following cryopreservation before they can be fertilised. Development of molecular markers for zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicle growth assessment following in vitro culture of early stage zebrafish ovarian follicles in ovarian tissue fragments is reported here for the first time although some work has been reported for in vitro culture of isolated early stage zebrafish ovarian follicles. The main aim of the present study was to develop molecular markers in an optimised in vitro culture protocol for stage I and stage II zebrafish ovarian follicles in ovarian tissue fragments. The effect of concentration of the hormones human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle stimulating hormones, and additives such as Foetal Bovine Serum and Bovine Serum Albumin were studied. The results showed that early stage zebrafish ovarian fragments containing stage I and stage II follicles which are cultured in vitro for 24 h in 20% FBS and 100mIU/ml FSH in 90% L-15 medium at 28 °C can grow to the size of stage II and stage III ovarian follicles respectively. More importantly the follicle growth from stage I to stage II and from stage II to stage III were confirmed using molecular markers such as cyp19a1a (also known as P450aromA) and vtg1 genes respectively. However, no follicle growth was observed following cryopreservation and in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Anil
- NCBS National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 065, India
| | - David Rawson
- iBEST Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, 250 Butterfield, Great Marlings, Luton, Bedfordshire, LU2 8DL, UK
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
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82
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Shi M, Feng S, Zhang X, Ji C, Xu F, Lu TJ. Droplet based vitrification for cell aggregates: Numerical analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:383-393. [PMID: 29656233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregates represent the main format of cells existing in vivo and have been widely used as tissue and disease models in vitro. Nevertheless, the preservation of cell aggregates while maintaining their functionalities for off-the-shelf applications is still challenging. Among various preservation methods, droplet-based vitrification exhibits superior advantages for the cryopreservation of cell aggregates; however, the physical mechanisms underlying droplet-based vitrification of cell aggregate using this method remain elusive. To address this issue, we proposed a voronoi model to construct two-dimensional geometric morphologies of cell aggregates and established a coupled physical model to describe the diffusion, heat transfer and crystallization processes during vitrification. Based on these models, we performed a numerical study on the variation and distribution of cryoprotectant (CPA) concentration, temperature and crystallization in cell aggregates during droplet-based vitrification. The results show that although cell membrane is not an obvious barrier in heat transfer, it affects the diffusion of CPA remarkably as a biologic film and thus the following crystallization in cell aggregates. The effective protection of CPA during vitrification occurs during the initial stage of CPA diffusion, thus a longer CPA loading time does not necessarily lead to significant decrease in crystallization, but rather may induce more toxicity to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Changchun Ji
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Structures and Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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