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Wadhwani P, Heidenreich N, Podeyn B, Bürck J, Ulrich AS. Antibiotic gold: tethering of antimicrobial peptides to gold nanoparticles maintains conformational flexibility of peptides and improves trypsin susceptibility. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:817-827. [PMID: 28275774 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-coated nanoparticles are valuable tools for diverse biological applications, such as drug delivery, molecular recognition, and antimicrobial action. The functionalization of pre-fabricated nanoparticles with free peptides in solution is inefficient either due to aggregation of the particles or due to the poor ligand exchange reaction. Here, we present a one-pot synthesis for preparing gold nanoparticles with a homogeneous distribution that are covered in situ with cationic peptides in a site-selective manner via Cys-residue at the N-terminus. Five representative peptides were selected, which are known to perturb cellular membranes and exert their antimicrobial and/or cell penetrating activity by folding into amphiphilic α-helical structures. When tethered to the nanoparticles at a single site, all peptides were found to switch their conformation from unordered state (in aqueous buffers) to their functionally relevant α-helical conformation in the presence of model membranes, as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The conjugated peptides also maintained the same antibacterial activity as in the free form. Most importantly, when tethered to the gold nanoparticles the peptides showed an enormous increase in stability against trypsin digestion compared to the free forms, leading to a dramatic improvement of their lifetimes and activities. These findings suggest that site-selective surface tethering of peptides to gold nanoparticles has several advantages: (i) it does not prevent the peptides from folding into their biologically active conformation, (ii) such conjugation protects the peptides against protease digestion, and (iii) this way it is possible to prepare stable, water soluble antimicrobial nanoparticles as promising antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Wadhwani
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 1Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) P.O.B. 3640, D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nico Heidenreich
- KIT, 2Institute of Organic Chemistry & CFN, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Podeyn
- KIT, 2Institute of Organic Chemistry & CFN, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Bürck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 1Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) P.O.B. 3640, D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 1Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) P.O.B. 3640, D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and KIT, 2Institute of Organic Chemistry & CFN, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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52
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Kumar P, Takayesu A, Abbasi U, Kalathottukaren MT, Abbina S, Kizhakkedathu JN, Straus SK. Antimicrobial Peptide-Polymer Conjugates with High Activity: Influence of Polymer Molecular Weight and Peptide Sequence on Antimicrobial Activity, Proteolysis, and Biocompatibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37575-37586. [PMID: 29019386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, activity, and biocompatibility of a novel series of antimicrobial peptide-polymer conjugates. Using parent peptide aurein 2.2, we designed a peptide array (∼100 peptides) with single and multiple W and R mutations and identified antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These novel AMPs were conjugated to hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) of different molecular weights and number of peptides to improve their antimicrobial activity and toxicity. The cell and blood compatibility studies of these conjugates demonstrated better properties than those of the AMP alone. However, conjugates showed lower antimicrobial activity in comparison to that of peptides, as determined from minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) against S. aureus, but considerably better than that of the available polymer-AMP conjugates in the literature. In addition to measuring MICs and characterizing the biocompatibility, circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction of the novel conjugates with model bacterial biomembranes. Moreover, the novel conjugates were exposed to trypsin to evaluate their stability. It was found that the conjugates resist proteolysis in comparison with unprotected peptides. The peptide conjugates were active in serum and whole blood. Overall, the results show that combining a highly active AMP and low-molecular-weight HPG yields bioconjugates with excellent biocompatibility, MICs below 100 μg/mL, and proteolytic stability, which could potentially improve its utility for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Allen Takayesu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Usama Abbasi
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Manu Thomas Kalathottukaren
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Suzana K Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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53
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Jia F, Wang J, Peng J, Zhao P, Kong Z, Wang K, Yan W, Wang R. D-amino acid substitution enhances the stability of antimicrobial peptide polybia-CP. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:916-925. [PMID: 28981608 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing emergence of resistant microbes toward conventional antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for the development of antimicrobial agents with novel action mode. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are believed to be one kind of ideal alternatives. However, AMPs can be easily degraded by protease, which limited their therapeutic use. In the present study, D-amino acid substitution strategy was employed to enhance the stability of polybia-CP. We investigated the stability of peptides against the degradation of trypsin and chymotrypsin by determining the antimicrobial activity or determining the HPLC profile of peptides after incubation with proteases. Our results showed that both the all D-amino acid derivative (D-CP) and partial D-lysine substitution derivative (D-lys-CP) have an improved stability against trypsin and chymotrypsin. Although D-CP takes left-hand α-helical conformation and D-lys-CP loses some α-helical content, both of the D-amino acid-substituted derivatives maintain their parental peptides' membrane active action mode. In addition, D-lys-CP showed a slight weaker antimicrobial activity than polybia-CP, but the hemolytic activity decreased greatly. These results suggest that D-CP and D-lys-CP can offer strategy to improve the property of AMPs and may be leading compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjing Jia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinxiu Peng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziqing Kong
- Institute of Food Safety, State Key Laboratory Base of Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenjin Yan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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54
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Retro-inverso Urokinase Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Metastatic Sarcomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1312. [PMID: 28465589 PMCID: PMC5430962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of metastases is a multistep process that requires the activation of physiological and biochemical processes that govern migration, invasion and entry of metastatic cells into blood vessels. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) promotes cell migration by interacting with the Formyl Peptide Receptors (FPRs). Since both uPAR and FPR1 are involved in tumor progression, the uPAR-FPR1 interaction is an attractive therapeutic target. We previously described peptide antagonists of the uPAR-FPR1 interaction that inhibited cell migration and angiogenesis. To develop enzyme-resistant analogues, we applied here the Retro-Inverso (RI) approach, whereby the topology of the side chains is maintained by inverting the sequence of the peptide and the chirality of all residues. Molecular dynamics suggests that peptide RI-3 adopts the turn structure typical of uPAR-FPR1 antagonists. Accordingly, RI-3 is a nanomolar competitor of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe for binding to FPR1 and inhibits migration, invasion, trans-endothelial migration of sarcoma cells and VEGF-triggered endothelial tube formation. When sarcoma cells were subcutaneously injected in nude mice, tumor size, intra-tumoral microvessel density, circulating tumor cells and pulmonary metastases were significantly reduced in animals treated daily with 6 mg/Kg RI-3 as compared to animals treated with vehicle only. Thus, RI-3 represents a promising lead for anti-metastatic drugs.
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55
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Yu TT, Nizalapur S, Ho KKK, Yee E, Berry T, Cranfield CG, Willcox M, Black DS, Kumar N. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Sulfonylphenyl glyoxamide-Based Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics as Novel Antimicrobial Agents. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Tin Yu
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Kitty K. K. Ho
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Eugene Yee
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia; Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Thomas Berry
- Molecular Biosciences Team; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Charles G. Cranfield
- Molecular Biosciences Team; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - David StC Black
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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56
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Chionis K, Krikorian D, Koukkou AI, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Panou-Pomonis E. Synthesis and biological activity of lipophilic analogs of the cationic antimicrobial active peptide anoplin. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:731-736. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Chionis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
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57
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Mittal S, Maurya IK, Kaur S, Swami A, Jain R, Wangoo N, Sharma RK. Insights into Mechanistic and Synergistic Aspects of Novel Synthetic Short Cationic Antibacterial Peptides. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Mittal
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University, Sector-14; Chandigarh- 160014 India
| | - Indresh K. Maurya
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology; Panjab University, Sector-14; Chandigarh- 160014 India
| | - Sarabjit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University, Sector-14; Chandigarh- 160014 India
| | - Anuradha Swami
- University Institute of Engineering & Technology (U.I.E.T.); Panjab University, Sector-25; Chandigarh- 160014 India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Nishima Wangoo
- University Institute of Engineering & Technology (U.I.E.T.); Panjab University, Sector-25; Chandigarh- 160014 India
| | - Rohit K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University, Sector-14; Chandigarh- 160014 India
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58
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Ahn M, Gunasekaran P, Rajasekaran G, Kim EY, Lee SJ, Bang G, Cho K, Hyun JK, Lee HJ, Jeon YH, Kim NH, Ryu EK, Shin SY, Bang JK. Pyrazole derived ultra-short antimicrobial peptidomimetics with potent anti-biofilm activity. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:551-564. [PMID: 27718471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the first chemical synthesis of ultra-short pyrazole-arginine based antimicrobial peptidomimetics derived from the newly synthesized N-alkyl/aryl pyrazole amino acids. Through the systematic tuning of hydrophobicity, charge, and peptide length, we identified the shortest peptide Py11 with the most potent antimicrobial activity. Py11 displayed greater antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MRSA, MDRPA, and VREF, which was approximately 2-4 times higher than that of melittin. Besides its higher selectivity (therapeutic index) toward bacterial cells than LL-37, Py11 showed highly increased proteolytic stability against trypsin digestion and maintained its antimicrobial activity in the presence of physiological salts. Interestingly, Py11 exhibited higher anti-biofilm activity against MDRPA compared to LL-37. The results from fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggested that Py11 kills bacterial cells possibly by integrity disruption damaging the cell membrane, leading to the cytosol leakage and eventual cell lysis. Furthermore, Py11 displayed significant anti-inflammatory (endotoxin-neutralizing) activity by inhibiting LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. Collectively, our results suggest that Py11 may serve as a model compound for the design of antimicrobial and antisepsis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mija Ahn
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung-Buk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Pethaiah Gunasekaran
- Molecular Embryology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chung-Buk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesan Rajasekaran
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung-Buk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung-Buk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Hyun
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 113 Gwahakro, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 113 Gwahakro, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Molecular Embryology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chung-Buk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung-Buk, 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung-Buk, 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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59
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Stensen W, Turner R, Brown M, Kondori N, Svendsen JS, Svenson J. Short Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Display Superior Antifungal Activities toward Candidiasis and Onychomycosis in Comparison with Terbinafine and Amorolfine. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3595-3600. [PMID: 27576445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel antifungals are in high demand due to the challenges associated with resistant, persistent, and systemic fungal infections. Synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides are emerging as a promising class of compounds for antifungal treatment. In the current study, five synthetic cationic antimicrobial tripeptides were evaluated as antifungal therapeutics against 24 pathogenic strains of fungi. Three of the peptides displayed strong general antifungal properties at low micromolar inhibitory concentrations. The most promising peptide, compound 5, was selected and evaluated as an antifungal remedy for Candida albicans candidiasis in a human skin model and for the treatment of Trichophyton rubrum induced onychomycosis in an infected human nail model. Compound 5 was shown to display antifungal properties and a rapid mode of action superior to those of both the commercial comparators Loceryl and Lamisil. Compound 5 was also active against a clinical isolate of Candida albicans with acquired fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Stensen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma AS , Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd , Guildford, U.K.,TDDT, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Nahid Kondori
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Sigurd Svendsen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma AS , Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden , Borås, Sweden
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60
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Wang B, Pachaiyappan B, Gruber JD, Schmidt MG, Zhang YM, Woster PM. Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3140-51. [PMID: 26964758 PMCID: PMC5927580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health exacerbated by a lack of new antibiotics. We now describe a series of substituted diamines that produce rapid bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and stationary-phase bacteria. These compounds reduce biofilm formation and promote biofilm dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most potent analogue, 3 (1,13-bis{[(2,2-diphenyl)-1-ethyl]thioureido}-4,10-diazatridecane), primarily acts by depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane and permeabilization of the bacterial outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that 3 disrupts membrane integrity rapidly. Compound 3 is also synergistic with kanamycin, demonstrated by the checkerboard method and by time-kill kinetic experiments. In human cell toxicity assays, 3 showed limited adverse effects against the HEK293T human kidney embryonic cells and A549 human adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, 3 produced no adverse effects on Caenorhabditis elegans development, survival, and reproduction. Collectively, diamines related to 3 represent a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterials against drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jordon D. Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Michael G. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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61
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Wagner S, Sommer R, Hinsberger S, Lu C, Hartmann RW, Empting M, Titz A. Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5929-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wagner
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hinsberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cenbin Lu
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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62
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Li Y, Cazares M, Wu J, Houghten RA, Toll L, Dooley C. Potent μ-Opioid Receptor Agonists from Cyclic Peptides Tyr-c[D-Lys-Xxx-Tyr-Gly]: Synthesis, Biological, and Structural Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1239-45. [PMID: 26789491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the structure of a μ-opioid receptor ligand, analogs H-Tyr-c[D-Lys-Xxx-Tyr-Gly] were synthesized and their biological activity was tested. The analog containing a Phe(3) was identified as not only exhibiting binding affinity 14-fold higher than the original hit but also producing agonist activity 3-fold more potent than morphine. NMR study suggested that a trans conformation at D-Lys(2)-Xxx(3) is crucial for these cyclic peptides to maintain high affinity, selectivity, and functional activity toward the μ-opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Li
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Margret Cazares
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Laurence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Colette Dooley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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63
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Gabernet G, Müller AT, Hiss JA, Schneider G. Membranolytic anticancer peptides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action of membranolytic anticancer peptides could help them advance to therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gabernet
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - A. T. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - J. A. Hiss
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - G. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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64
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become increasingly popular both in research and in application. There have been numerous studies on the physiochemical characteristics and behavior of CPPs in various environments; likewise, the mechanisms of entry and delivery capabilities of these peptides have also been extensively researched. Besides the fundamental issues, there is an enormous interest in the delivery capabilities of the peptides as the family of CPPs is a promising and mostly non-toxic delivery vector candidate for numerous medical applications such as gene silencing, transgene delivery, and splice correction. Lately, however, there has been an emerging field of study besides the high-profile gene therapy applications-the use of peptides and CPPs to combat various infections caused by harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses.In this chapter, we aim to provide a short overview of the history and properties of CPPs which is followed by more thorough descriptions of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides. To achieve this, we analyze the origin of such peptides, give an overview of the mechanisms of action and discuss the various practical applications which are ongoing or have been suggested based on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Pärn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Nooruse 1/517, Tartu, 50411, Estonia,
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65
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Trepos R, Cervin G, Pile C, Pavia H, Hellio C, Svenson J. Evaluation of cationic micropeptides derived from the innate immune system as inhibitors of marine biofouling. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:393-403. [PMID: 26057499 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1048238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of 13 short synthetic amphiphilic cationic micropeptides, derived from the antimicrobial iron-binding innate defence protein lactoferrin, have been evaluated for their capacity to inhibit the marine fouling process. The whole biofouling process was studied and microfouling organisms such as marine bacteria and microalgae were included as well as the macrofouling barnacle Balanus improvisus. In total 19 different marine fouling organisms (18 microfoulers and one macrofouler) were included and both the adhesion and growth of the microfoulers were investigated. It was shown that the majority of the peptides inhibited barnacle cyprid settlement via a reversible nontoxic mechanism, with IC50 values as low as 0.5 μg ml(-1). Six peptides inhibited adhesion and growth of microorganisms. Two of these were particularly active against the microfoulers with MIC-values ranging between 0.01 and 1 μg ml(-1), which is comparable with the commercial reference antifoulant SeaNine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Trepos
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
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66
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Shin SH, Kim B, Park S, Jo S, Lee IH. Haloganan: a novel antimicrobial peptide for treatmentof wound infections. Peptides 2014; 62:137-43. [PMID: 25445605 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HG1 is a Leu-rich antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Previously, the peptide was shown to lose its activity in human serum although it possessed potent and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microbes. In an attempt to design an HG1 isomer that can overcome the problem of HG1, a structure–activity relationship study was conducted by substitution of each of five Leu residues with a Gln residue. Each substitute was tested for its antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Candida strains. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of HG1 isomers was examined in the presence of glycosaminoglycans or lipid components occurring in the extracellular matrix, human serum and wound fluid. As a result, it was determined that the third residue (Leu) in the sequence of HG1 was mainly responsible for abrogation of its antimicrobial activity in human serum or wound fluid. An HG1 isomer (L3Q) with a Gln-3 substitution exhibited a potent antibacterial activity in 50% human serum. While the anti-MRSA activity of L3Q was equivalent to that of HG1, its anti-Candida activity was found to be substantially reduced. In order to improve anti-Candida activity of L3Q, its cationicity was enhanced by replacement of the C-terminal Ala-19 with a Lys residue. Overall, an HG1 isomer with two substitutions of Gln-3 and Lys-19, named haloganan, was verified to have an advantage over HG1 in that it exerted its potent antimicrobial activity under conditions containing human serum and/or wound fluid.
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67
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Ong ZY, Wiradharma N, Yang YY. Strategies employed in the design and optimization of synthetic antimicrobial peptide amphiphiles with enhanced therapeutic potentials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 78:28-45. [PMID: 25453271 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which predominantly act via membrane active mechanisms have emerged as an exciting class of antimicrobial agents with tremendous potential to overcome the global epidemic of antibiotics-resistant infections. The first generation of AMPs derived from natural sources as diverse as plants, insects and humans has provided a wealth of compositional and structural information to design novel synthetic AMPs with enhanced antimicrobial potencies and selectivities, reduced cost of production due to shorter sequences and improved stabilities under physiological conditions. In this review, we will first discuss the common strategies employed in the design and optimization of synthetic AMPs, followed by highlighting the various approaches utilized to enhance the therapeutic potentials of designed AMPs under physiological conditions. Lastly, future perspectives on the development of improved AMPs for therapeutic applications will be presented.
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68
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Sivertsen A, Tørfoss V, Isaksson J, Ausbacher D, Anderssen T, Brandsdal BO, Havelkova M, Skjørholm AE, Strøm MB. Anticancer potency of small linear and cyclic tetrapeptides and pharmacokinetic investigations of peptide binding to human serum albumin. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:279-91. [PMID: 24677781 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have in the present study explored the anticancer activity against human Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Ramos) of a series of small linear and cyclic tetrapeptides containing a β2,2-amino acid with either two 2-naphthyl-methylene or two para-CF3-benzyl side chains, along with their interaction with the main plasma protein human serum albumin (HSA). The cyclic and more amphipathic tetrapeptides revealed a notably higher anticancer potency against Ramos cells [50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) 11–70 μM] compared to the linear tetrapeptide counterparts (IC50 18.7 to >413 μM). The most potent cyclic tetrapeptide c3 had a 16.5-fold preference for Ramos cells compared to human red blood cells, whereas the cyclic tetrapeptide c1 both showed low hemolytic activity and displayed the overall highest (2.9-fold) preference for Ramos cells (IC50 23 μM) compared to healthy human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). Investigating the interaction of selected tetrapeptides and recently reported hexapeptides with HSA revealed that the peptides bind to drug site II of HSA in the 22–28 μM range, disregarding size and overall structure. NMR and in silico molecular docking experiments identified the lipophilic residues as responsible for the interaction, but in vitro studies showed that the anticancer potency of the peptides varied in the presence of HSA and that c3 remained the most potent peptide. Based on our findings, we call for implementing serum albumin binding in development of anticancer peptides, as it may have implications for future administration and systemic distribution of peptide-based cancer drugs.
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69
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Kang SJ, Park SJ, Mishig-Ochir T, Lee BJ. Antimicrobial peptides: therapeutic potentials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1477-86. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.976613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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70
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LTX-109 is a novel agent for nasal decolonization of methicillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:145-51. [PMID: 25331699 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03513-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal decolonization has a proven effect on the prevention of severe Staphylococcus aureus infections and the control of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, rising rates of resistance to antibiotics highlight the need for new substances for nasal decolonization. LTX-109 is a broad-spectrum, fast-acting bactericidal antimicrobial drug for topical treatment, which causes membrane disruption and cell lysis. This mechanism of action is not associated with cross-resistance and has a low propensity for development of resistance. In the present study, persistent nasal MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) carriers were treated for 3 days with vehicle or with 1%, 2%, or 5% LTX-109. A significant effect on nasal decolonization was observed already after 2 days of LTX-109 treatment in subjects treated with 2% or 5% LTX-109 compared to vehicle (P ≤ 0.0012 by Dunnett's test). No safety issues were noted during the 9-week follow-up period. Minimal reversible epithelial lesions were observed in the nasal cavity. The systemic exposure was very low, with a maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax) at 1 to 2 h postdosing (3.72 to 11.7 ng/ml). One week after treatment initiation, LTX-109 was not detectable in any subject. Intranasal treatment of S. aureus with LTX-109 is safe and reduces the bacterial load already after a single day of treatment. Hence, LTX-109 has potential as a new and effective antimicrobial agent with a low propensity of resistance development that can prevent infections by MSSA/MRSA during hospitalization. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01158235.).
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71
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Midura-Nowaczek K, Markowska A. Antimicrobial peptides and their analogs: searching for new potential therapeutics. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 6:73-80. [PMID: 25374459 PMCID: PMC4213192 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential part of innate immunity. These compounds have been considered as potential therapeutics because of their broad-spectrum activities and proven ability to avoid antimicrobial resistance, but their clinical and commercial developments have some limitations, such as susceptibility to proteases and a high cost of peptide production. To overcome these problems, many researchers have tried to develop short active peptides, their modifications and mimics with better properties while retaining their basic features of natural AMPs such as cationic charge and the amphipathic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Markowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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72
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Lohan S, Kalanta A, Sonkusre P, Cameotra SS, Bisht GS. Development of novel membrane active lipidated peptidomimetics active against drug resistant clinical isolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4544-52. [PMID: 25131957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of small cationic lipidated peptidomimetics have been synthesized and found to be highly active against several susceptible as well as drug resistant clinical isolates of bacteria and fungi. All lipidated peptidomimetics do not cause significant lysis of human erythrocytes (HC50>200μg/mL). Calcein dye leakage experiment revealed membranolytic effect of LPEP08 which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The involvement of intracellular targets as an alternate mode of action was precluded by DNA retardation assay. Additionally, LPEP08 exhibit high proteolytic stability and dose not elicit resistance against drug resistant clinical isolate of Staphylococcusaureus, even after 16 rounds of passaging. These results demonstrate the potential of lipidated peptidomimetics as biocompatible anti-infective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Lohan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan 173234, India
| | - Arneesh Kalanta
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan 173234, India
| | - Praveen Sonkusre
- Environmental Biotechnology & Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Swaranjit Singh Cameotra
- Environmental Biotechnology & Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Gopal Singh Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan 173234, India.
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73
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Lohan S, Cameotra SS, Bisht GS. Antibacterial evaluation of structurally amphipathic, membrane active small cationic peptidomimetics: Synthesized by incorporating 3-amino benzoic acid as peptidomimetic element. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:102-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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74
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Chang YP, Chu YH. Mixture-based combinatorial libraries from small individual peptide libraries: a case study on α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Molecules 2014; 19:6330-48. [PMID: 24840902 PMCID: PMC6271437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and screening of diversity-oriented peptide libraries using a "libraries from libraries" strategy for the development of inhibitors of α1-antitrypsin deficiency are described. The major buttress of the biochemical approach presented here is the use of well-established solid-phase split-and-mix method for the generation of mixture-based libraries. The combinatorial technique iterative deconvolution was employed for library screening. While molecular diversity is the general consideration of combinatorial libraries, exquisite design through systematic screening of small individual libraries is a prerequisite for effective library screening and can avoid potential problems in some cases. This review will also illustrate how large peptide libraries were designed, as well as how a conformation-sensitive assay was developed based on the mechanism of the conformational disease. Finally, the combinatorially selected peptide inhibitor capable of blocking abnormal protein aggregation will be characterized by biophysical, cellular and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pin Chang
- The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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75
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76
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Seo JK, Lee MJ, Jung HG, Go HJ, Kim YJ, Park NG. Antimicrobial function of SHβAP, a novel hemoglobin β chain-related antimicrobial peptide, isolated from the liver of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:173-183. [PMID: 24495783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 2.3 kDa of antimicrobial peptide was purified from an acidified liver extract of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and C18 reversed-phase HPLC. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with those of other known polypeptides revealed high homology with the C-terminus of hemoglobin β-chain; thus, this peptide was designated as the Skipjack Hemoglobin β chain-related Antimicrobial Peptide (SHβAP). SHβAP showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus iniae (minimal effective concentrations [MECs], 6.5-57.0 μg/mL), Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli D31, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, and two Vibrio parahaemolyticus species (MECs, 2.0-19.0 μg/mL), and against Candida albicans (MEC; 12.0 μg/mL) without significant hemolytic activity. Antimicrobial activity of this peptide was heatstable and pH resistant but is sensitive to proteases and salt. SHβAP did not show membrane permeabilization and killing ability. The secondary structural prediction and the homology modeling expected that this peptide formed an amphipathic α-helical structure. This is the first report the purification of a novel antimicrobial peptide related to the C-terminus of hemoglobin β-chain from marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gyo Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Go
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ja Kim
- Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, Seoul 122-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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77
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Seo JK, Lee MJ, Go HJ, Kim YJ, Park NG. Antimicrobial function of the GAPDH-related antimicrobial peptide in the skin of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:571-581. [PMID: 24412436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 3.4 kDa of antimicrobial peptide was purified from an acidified skin extract of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and C18 reversed-phase HPLC. A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with that of other known polypeptides revealed high sequence homology with the YFGAP (Yellowfin tuna Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-related Antimicrobial Peptide); thus, this peptide was identified as the skipjack tuna GAPDH-related antimicrobial peptide (SJGAP). SJGAP showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus iniae (minimal effective concentrations [MECs], 1.2-17.0 μg/mL), Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli D31, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MECs, 3.1-12.0 μg/mL), and against Candida albicans (MEC, 16.0 μg/mL) without significant hemolytic activity. Antimicrobial activity of this peptide is heat-stable but salt-sensitive. According to the secondary structural prediction and the homology modeling, this peptide consists of three secondary structural motifs, including one α-helix and two parallel β-strands, and forms an amphipathic structure. This peptide showed neither membrane permeabilization ability nor killing ability, but did display a small degree of leakage ability. These results suggest that SJGAP acts through a bacteriostatic process rather than bactericidal one. SJGAP is another GAPDH-related antimicrobial peptide isolated from skipjack tuna and likely plays an important role for GAPDH in the innate immune defense of tuna fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Go
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Kim
- West Vancouver Secondary School, 1750 Mathers Ave., West Vancouver, BC V7V 2G7, Canada
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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Sivertsen A, Isaksson J, Leiros HKS, Svenson J, Svendsen JS, Brandsdal BO. Synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides bind with their hydrophobic parts to drug site II of human serum albumin. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:4. [PMID: 24456893 PMCID: PMC3907362 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Many biologically active compounds bind to plasma transport proteins, and this binding can be either advantageous or disadvantageous from a drug design perspective. Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most important transport proteins in the cardiovascular system due to its great binding capacity and high physiological concentration. HSA has a preference for accommodating neutral lipophilic and acidic drug-like ligands, but is also surprisingly able to bind positively charged peptides. Understanding of how short cationic antimicrobial peptides interact with human serum albumin is of importance for developing such compounds into the clinics. Results The binding of a selection of short synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) to human albumin with binding affinities in the μM range is described. Competitive isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and NMR WaterLOGSY experiments mapped the binding site of the CAPs to the well-known drug site II within subdomain IIIA of HSA. Thermodynamic and structural analysis revealed that the binding is exclusively driven by interactions with the hydrophobic moieties of the peptides, and is independent of the cationic residues that are vital for antimicrobial activity. Both of the hydrophobic moieties comprising the peptides were detected to interact with drug site II by NMR saturation transfer difference (STD) group epitope mapping (GEM) and INPHARMA experiments. Molecular models of the complexes between the peptides and albumin were constructed using docking experiments, and support the binding hypothesis and confirm the overall binding affinities of the CAPs. Conclusions The biophysical and structural characterizations of albumin-peptide complexes reported here provide detailed insight into how albumin can bind short cationic peptides. The hydrophobic elements of the peptides studied here are responsible for the main interaction with HSA. We suggest that albumin binding should be taken into careful consideration in antimicrobial peptide studies, as the systemic distribution can be significantly affected by HSA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bjørn Olav Brandsdal
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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79
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Antimicrobial peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1543-75. [PMID: 24287494 PMCID: PMC3873676 DOI: 10.3390/ph6121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in drug-resistant infections has presented a serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies. The failure of the most potent antibiotics to kill “superbugs” emphasizes the urgent need to develop other control agents. Here we review the history and new development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a growing class of natural and synthetic peptides with a wide spectrum of targets including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. We summarize the major types of AMPs, their modes of action, and the common mechanisms of AMP resistance. In addition, we discuss the principles for designing effective AMPs and the potential of using AMPs to control biofilms (multicellular structures of bacteria embedded in extracellular matrixes) and persister cells (dormant phenotypic variants of bacterial cells that are highly tolerant to antibiotics).
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80
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Ahn M, Murugan RN, Jacob B, Hyun JK, Cheong C, Hwang E, Park HN, Seo JH, Srinivasrao G, Lee KS, Shin SY, Bang JK. Discovery of novel histidine-derived lipo-amino acids: Applied in the synthesis of ultra-short antimicrobial peptidomimetics having potent antimicrobial activity, salt resistance and protease stability. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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81
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Sivertsen A, Brandsdal BO, Svendsen JS, Andersen JH, Svenson J. Short cationic antimicrobial peptides bind to human alpha-1 acid glycoprotein with no implications for thein vitrobioactivity. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:461-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annfrid Sivertsen
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Tromsø; NO-9037; Tromsø; Norway
| | | | - John Sigurd Svendsen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Tromsø; NO-9037; Tromsø; Norway
| | - Jeanette Hammer Andersen
- Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactivities and Drug Discovery (MABCENT); University of Tromsø; NO-9037; Tromsø; Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Tromsø; NO-9037; Tromsø; Norway
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82
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Lohan S, Cameotra SS, Bisht GS. Systematic Study of Non-Natural Short Cationic Lipopeptides as Novel Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:557-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Lohan
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan; 173234; India
| | - Swaranjit S. Cameotra
- Environmental Biotechnology & Microbial Biochemistry; Institute of Microbial Technology; Chandigarh; 160036; India
| | - Gopal S. Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan; 173234; India
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83
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Murugan RN, Jacob B, Kim EH, Ahn M, Sohn H, Seo JH, Cheong C, Hyun JK, Lee KS, Shin SY, Bang JK. Non hemolytic short peptidomimetics as a new class of potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4633-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Banerji B, Pramanik SK, Pal U, Maiti NC. Potent anticancer activity of cystine-based dipeptides and their interaction with serum albumins. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:91. [PMID: 23705891 PMCID: PMC3680302 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a severe threat to the human society. In the scientific community worldwide cancer remains a big challenge as there are no remedies as of now. Cancer is quite complicated as it involves multiple signalling pathways and it may be caused by genetic disorders. Various natural products and synthetic molecules have been designed to prevent cell proliferation. Peptide-based anticancer drugs, however, are not explored properly. Though peptides have their inherent proteolytic instability, they could act as anticancer agents. RESULTS In this present communication a suitably protected cystine based dipeptide and its deprotected form have been synthesized. Potent anticancer activities were confirmed by MTT assay (a laboratory test and a standard colorimetric assay, which measures changes in colour, for measuring cellular proliferation and phase contrast images. The IC50 value, a measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological or biochemical function, of these compounds ranges in the sub-micromolar level. The binding interactions with serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were performed with all these molecules and all of them show very strong binding at sub-micromolar concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the cystine-based dipeptides were potential anticancer agents. These peptides also showed very good binding with major carrier proteins of blood, the serum albumins. We are currently working on determining the detailed mechanism of anticancer activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S,C, Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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85
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, de Melo Carrasco LD. Cationic antimicrobial polymers and their assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9906-46. [PMID: 23665898 PMCID: PMC3676821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic compounds are promising candidates for development of antimicrobial agents. Positive charges attached to surfaces, particles, polymers, peptides or bilayers have been used as antimicrobial agents by themselves or in sophisticated formulations. The main positively charged moieties in these natural or synthetic structures are quaternary ammonium groups, resulting in quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The advantage of amphiphilic cationic polymers when compared to small amphiphilic molecules is their enhanced microbicidal activity. Besides, many of these polymeric structures also show low toxicity to human cells; a major requirement for biomedical applications. Determination of the specific elements in polymers, which affect their antimicrobial activity, has been previously difficult due to broad molecular weight distributions and random sequences characteristic of radical polymerization. With the advances in polymerization control, selection of well defined polymers and structures are allowing greater insight into their structure-antimicrobial activity relationship. On the other hand, antimicrobial polymers grafted or self-assembled to inert or non inert vehicles can yield hybrid antimicrobial nanostructures or films, which can act as antimicrobials by themselves or deliver bioactive molecules for a variety of applications, such as wound dressing, photodynamic antimicrobial therapy, food packing and preservation and antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077-05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077-05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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86
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Guanidylation and tail effects in cationic antimicrobial lipopeptoids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41141. [PMID: 22844435 PMCID: PMC3402541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are attractive scaffolds for the next generation of antimicrobial compounds, due to their broad spectrum of activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria and the reduced fitness of CAMP-insensitive mutants. Unfortunately, they are limited by poor in vivo performance, including ready cleavage by endogenous serum proteases. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the potential for peptoid residues to replace well studied CAMP scaffolds we have produced a series of antimicrobial lipopeptoids, with sequences similar to previously reported lipopeptides. The activity of the peptoids was assessed against a panel of clinically relevant and laboratory reference bacteria, and the potential for non-specific binding was determined through hemolytic testing and repeating the antimicrobial testing in the presence of added bovine serum albumin (BSA). The most active peptoids displayed good to moderate activity against most of the Gram positive strains tested and moderate to limited activity against the Gram negatives. Antimicrobial activity was positively correlated with toxicity towards eukaryotic cells, but was almost completely eliminated by adding BSA. Conclusion/Significance The lipopeptoids had similar activities to the previously reported lipopeptides, confirming their potential to act as replacement, proteolytically stable scaffolds for CAMPs.
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87
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Karstad R, Isaksen G, Wynendaele E, Guttormsen Y, De Spiegeleer B, Brandsdal BO, Svendsen JS, Svenson J. Targeting the S1 and S3 Subsite of Trypsin with Unnatural Cationic Amino Acids Generates Antimicrobial Peptides with Potential for Oral Administration. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6294-305. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3002058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Karstad
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Isaksen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology
Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø,
Norway
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and
Registration
Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat
72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yngve Guttormsen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and
Registration
Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat
72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjørn-Olav Brandsdal
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology
Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø,
Norway
| | | | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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88
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Svenson J. MabCent: Arctic marine bioprospecting in Norway. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2012; 12:567-578. [PMID: 24078803 PMCID: PMC3777186 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-012-9239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The deep waters surrounding the coastline of the northern parts of Norway represent an exciting biotope for marine exploration. Dark and cold Arctic water generates a hostile environment where the ability to adapt is crucial to survival. These waters are nonetheless bountiful and a diverse plethora of marine organisms thrive in these extreme conditions, many with the help of specialised chemical compounds. In comparison to warmer, perhaps more inviting shallower tropical waters, the Arctic region has not been as thoroughly investigated. MabCent is a Norwegian initiative based in Tromsø that aims to change this. Since 2007, scientists within MabCent have focussed their efforts on the study of marine organisms inhabiting the Arctic waters with the long term goal of novel drug discovery and development. The activities of MabCent are diverse and range from sampling the Arctic ice shelf to the chemical synthesis of promising secondary metabolites discovered during the screening process. The current review will present the MabCent pipeline from isolation to identification of new bioactive marine compounds via an extensive screening process. An overview of the main activities will be given with particular focus on isolation strategies, bioactivity screening and structure determination. Pitfalls, hard earned lessons and the results so far are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Svenson
- SmallStruct, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, Breivika, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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89
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Metabolism of small antimicrobial β2,2-amino acid derivatives by murine liver microsomes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 37:191-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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90
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91
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De Zotti M, Biondi B, Peggion C, Formaggio F, Park Y, Hahm KS, Toniolo C. Trichogin GA IV: a versatile template for the synthesis of novel peptaibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1285-99. [PMID: 22179201 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06178j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichogin GA IV, isolated from the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum, is the prototype of lipopeptaibols, the sub-class of short-length peptaibiotics exhibiting membrane-modifying properties. This peptaibol is predominantly folded in a mixed 3(10)-/α- helical conformation with a clear, albeit modest, amphiphilic character, which is likely to be responsible for its capability to perturb bacterial membranes and to induce cell death. In previous papers, we reported on the interesting biological properties of trichogin GA IV, namely its good activity against Gram positive bacteria, in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, its stability towards proteolytic degradation, and its low hemolytic activity. Aiming at broadening the antimicrobial activity spectrum by increasing the peptide helical amphiphilicity, in this work we synthesized, by solution and solid-phase methodologies, purified and fully characterized a set of trichogin GA IV analogs in which the four Gly residues at positions 2, 5, 6, 9, lying in the poorly hydrophilic face of the helical structure, are substituted by one (position 2, 5, 6 or 9), two (positions 5 and 6), three (positions 2, 5, and 9), and four (positions 2, 5, 6, and 9) Lys residues. The conformational preferences of the Lys-containing analogs were assessed by FT-IR absorption, CD and 2D-NMR techniques in aqueous, organic, and membrane-mimetic environments. Interestingly, it turns out that the presence of charged residues induces a transition of the helical conformation adopted by the peptaibols (from 3(10)- to α-helix) as a function of pH in a reversible process. The role played in the analogs by the markedly increased amphiphilicity was further tested by fluorescence leakage experiments in model membranes, protease resistance, antibacterial and antifungal activities, cytotoxicity, and hemolysis. Taken together, our biological results provide evidence that some of the least substituted among these analogs are good candidates for the development of new membrane-active antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
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92
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The role of antimicrobial peptides in preventing multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and biofilm formation. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5971-92. [PMID: 22016639 PMCID: PMC3189763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial-drugs has caused serious problems due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms, which are microbial communities that cause serious chronic infections and dental plaque, form environments that enhance antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there is a continuous search to overcome or control such problems, which has resulted in antimicrobial peptides being considered as an alternative to conventional drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are ancient host defense effector molecules in living organisms. These peptides have been identified in diverse organisms and synthetically developed by using peptidomimic techniques. This review was conducted to demonstrate the mode of action by which antimicrobial peptides combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent biofilm formation and to introduce clinical uses of these compounds for chronic disease, medical devices, and oral health. In addition, combinations of antimicrobial peptides and conventional drugs were considered due to their synergetic effects and low cost for therapeutic treatment.
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93
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Isaksson J, Brandsdal BO, Engqvist M, Flaten GE, Svendsen JSM, Stensen W. A synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetic (LTX 109): stereochemical impact on membrane disruption. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5786-95. [PMID: 21732630 DOI: 10.1021/jm200450h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
LTX 109 is a synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetic (SAMP) currently in clinical phase II trials for topical treatment of infections of multiresistant bacterial strains. All possible eight stereoisomers of the peptidomimetic have been synthesized and tested for antimicrobial effect, hemolysis, and hydrophobicity, revealing a strong and unusual dependence on the stereochemistry for a molecule proposed to act on a general membrane mechanism. The three-dimensional structures were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in aqueous solution and in phospholipid bilayers. The solution structures of the most active stereoisomers are perfectly preorganized for insertion into the membrane, whereas the less active isomers need to pay an energy penalty in order to enter the lipid bilayer. This effect is also found to be reinforced by a significantly improved water solubility of the less active isomers due to a guanidyl-π stacking that helps to solvate the hydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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94
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Yeung ATY, Gellatly SL, Hancock REW. Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2161-76. [PMID: 21573784 PMCID: PMC11114888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise in the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial therapies to combat these pathogens. Cationic host defence peptides (HDPs) and synthetic derivatives termed innate defence regulators (IDRs) represent a promising alternative approach in the treatment of microbial-related diseases. Cationic HDPs (also termed antimicrobial peptides) have emerged from their origins as nature's antibiotics and are widely distributed in organisms from insects to plants to mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. Although their original and primary function was proposed to be direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites and/or viruses, cationic HDPs are becoming increasingly recognized as multifunctional mediators, with both antimicrobial activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties. Here we provide an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of cationic HDPs, and discuss their potential application as beneficial therapeutics in overcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Y. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shaan L. Gellatly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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95
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Flaten GE, Kottra G, Stensen W, Isaksen G, Karstad R, Svendsen JS, Daniel H, Svenson J. In Vitro Characterization of Human Peptide Transporter hPEPT1 Interactions and Passive Permeation Studies of Short Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2422-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1015704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gabor Kottra
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Geir Isaksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rasmus Karstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - John S. Svendsen
- Lytix Biopharma AS, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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96
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Bang JK, Nan YH, Lee EK, Shin SY. A Novel Trp-rich Model Antimicrobial Peptoid with Increased Protease Stability. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.9.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Cationic amphiphiles, a new generation of antimicrobials inspired by the natural antimicrobial peptide scaffold. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4049-58. [PMID: 20696877 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00530-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their mimics form a diverse class of antibacterial agents currently validated in preclinical and clinical settings for the treatment of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Numerous studies with linear, cyclic, and diastereomeric AMPs have strongly supported the hypothesis that their physicochemical properties, rather than any specific amino acid sequence, are responsible for their microbiological activities. It is generally believed that the amphiphilic topology is essential for insertion into and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. In particular, the ability to rapidly kill bacteria and the relative difficulty with which bacteria develop resistance make AMPs and their mimics attractive targets for drug development. However, the therapeutic use of naturally occurring AMPs is hampered by the high manufacturing costs, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and low bacteriological efficacy in animal models. In order to overcome these problems, a variety of novel and structurally diverse cationic amphiphiles that mimic the amphiphilic topology of AMPs have recently appeared. Many of these compounds exhibit superior pharmacokinetic properties and reduced in vitro toxicity while retaining potent antibacterial activity against resistant and nonresistant bacteria. In summary, cationic amphiphiles promise to provide a new and rich source of diverse antibacterial lead structures in the years to come.
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98
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Karstad R, Isaksen G, Brandsdal BO, Svendsen JS, Svenson J. Unnatural Amino Acid Side Chains as S1, S1′, and S2′ Probes Yield Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides with Stability toward Chymotryptic Degradation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5558-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1006337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Karstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Isaksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Olav Brandsdal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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99
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Ding L, Chi EY, Schanze KS, Lopez GP, Whitten DG. Insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial conjugated polyelectrolytes: lipid headgroup charge and membrane fluidity effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5544-5550. [PMID: 20000327 DOI: 10.1021/la9038045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of antimicrobial cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with two model membranes, liposomes and lipid monolayers at the air-water interface, have been investigated by fluorescence emission, fluorescence quenching, pressure-area isotherm, and dynamic light scattering measurements. This study continues the evaluation of the antimicrobial mechanism of a cationic poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based CPE (polymer 1), which contains a 2,5-thienylene moiety in the repeat unit. To this end, the interactions of polymer 1 with lipids with varying headgroup charge and acyl chain length have been examined. Our results show that the cationic polymer 1 can efficiently associate with and insert into anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) membranes. However, polymer 1 does not exhibit any interactions with zwitterionic lipid membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Polymer 1's selective affinity toward anionic lipids over zwitterionic lipids makes it an attractive antimicrobial agent with low toxicity. The interactions of polymer 1 with lipid membranes of different fluidity were studied by varying the surface pressure of lipid monolayers and by adjusting the temperature of liposomes. We observe that increasing membrane fluidity enhances both the conformational changes of polymer 1 upon associating with lipid membranes and the extent of polymer 1 insertion into lipid monolayers. We also find that the thickness of the lipid bilayers, modulated by acyl chain length, affects the extent of polymer 1 incorporation into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, USA
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100
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Antimicrobial activity of a halocidin-derived peptide resistant to attacks by proteases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2855-66. [PMID: 20385874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01790-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted a great deal of interest as a promising candidate for a novel class of antibiotics that might effectively treat recalcitrant infections caused by a variety of microbes that are resistant to currently available drugs. However, the AMPs are inherently limited in that they are inevitably susceptible to attacks by proteases generated by human and pathogenic microbes; this vulnerability severely hinders their pharmaceutical use in human therapeutic protocols. In this study, we report that a halocidin-derived AMP, designated HG1, was found to be resistant to proteolytic degradation. As a result of its unique structural features, HG1 proved capable of preserving its antimicrobial activity after incubation with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and human matrix metalloprotease 7 (MMP-7). Additionally, HG1 was observed to exhibit profound antimicrobial activity in the presence of fluid from human skin wounds or proteins extracted from the culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Greater understanding of the structural motifs of HG1 required for its protease resistance might provide feasible ways to solve the problems intrinsic to the development of an AMP-based antibiotic.
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