51
|
Ledwon P, Lapkowski M. The Role of Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Techniques in the Preparation and Characterization of Conjugated Polymers: From Polyaniline to Modern Organic Semiconductors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194173. [PMID: 36236121 PMCID: PMC9570781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article presents different electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques used to investigate conjugated polymers. The development of this research area is presented from an over 40-year perspective-the period of research carried out by Professor Mieczyslaw Lapkowski. Initial research involved polymers derived from simple aromatic compounds, such as polyaniline. Since then, scientific advances in the field of conductive polymers have led to the development of so-called organic electronics. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods have a great influence in the development of organic semiconductors. Their potential for explaining many phenomena is discussed and the most relevant examples are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhao M, Zhou X, Tan P, He F, Ma Y. Stability of the Charged Nonfullerene Acceptors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8553-8557. [PMID: 36067392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an electric current passes through an organic semiconductor, a small number of organic molecules will inevitably act as a polaron state that is similar to an ionic charged state. The continuous device operation of organic semiconducting molecules is directly associated with the stability of the charged state. Herein, we choose the high-performance Y-series of nonfullerene acceptors to investigate the stability by a spectro-electrochemical technique. The results reveal the discoloration of molecules in the charged state and can be partially recovered after neutralization with about 10% irreversible part. It is found that the degree of the irreversible process is associated with halogen substituents at the end groups, and the irreversible reactions are also discussed. Our results reveal that the stability of a charged state can be improved by the fine-tuning of the molecular structures, and the local charge density can also be rapidly reduced by the high carrier mobility, the key factor to improving the stability of nonfullerene acceptors for better practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe Distinct, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xuehong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe Distinct, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Pu Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe Distinct, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe Distinct, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang Y, Fu R, Zhu Z, Liu C, Liu S, Yu P, Yan L, Zhou Z, Ning C, Wang Z. Plasmon-Enhanced Electrocatalysis of Conductive Polymer-Based Nano-Heterojunction for Small Molecule Metabolites Diagnostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39799-39807. [PMID: 36018044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are promising electrode candidates in the nonenzymatic catalytic detection of small molecule metabolites, due to the tunable electronic conductivity and versatile modifiability. However, the complex catalytic reaction pathway of conductive polymers results in lower detection sensitivity and a narrower linear range compared with clinical metal-based and carbon-based electrodes. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), characterized by deep strong light-matter coupling, has great potential in driving surface catalytic reactions at an ultrafast rate. Here, we constructed a salix argyracea-like polypyrrole nanowires/silver nanoparticles (PPy/AgNPs) heterojunction electrode using polydopamine as a dopant and chelator. Through cyclic voltammetry, the Mott-Schottky curve, and COMSOL simulation, we demonstrated that the LSPR-excited photocarriers enhanced PPy/AgNPs electrode electrocatalysis. Thus, the detection current response and linear range were significantly improved under the LSPR excitation when taking glucose and hydrogen peroxide as models of small molecule metabolites. Furthermore, we discussed the LSPR-enhanced detection mechanism of PPy/AgNPs electrode from the aspects of the Tafel slope, the apparent electron diffusion coefficient, and the charge transfer resistance. This strategy opens a new avenue toward the design of LSPR-enhanced conductive polymer electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Rumin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zurong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chengli Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Senwei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Zhengnan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhengao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ouyang M, Zhang L, Li Y, Chen L, Tao B, Li W, Lv X, Bai R, Zhou H, Nekrasov A, Zhang C. A new black to highly transmissive switching bilayer polymer composite films with electroactive
pEA
as a color buffer layer for improving electrochromic stability. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwen Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Tao
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Bai
- Center for Integrated Spintronics Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hengzhi Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Nekrasov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS Moscow Russia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Volkov AI, Apraksin RV, Falaleev EA, Novoselova JV, Volosatova YA, Lukyanov DA, Alekseeva EV, Levin OV. Tuning cationic transport in Nisalen polymers via pseudo-crown functionality. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
56
|
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.
Collapse
|
57
|
Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bouabdallaoui M, El Guerraf A, Aouzal Z, Bazzaoui M, Wang R, Bazzaoui EA. Extremely adherent and protective polymeric coating based on polydiphenylamine electrodeposited on steel in an organic electrolytic medium. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
59
|
Zaar F, Olsson S, Emanuelsson R, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Characterization of a porphyrin-functionalized conducting polymer: A first step towards sustainable electrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
60
|
Pająk AK, Kotowicz S, Gnida P, Małecki JG, Ciemięga A, Łuczak A, Jung J, Schab-Balcerzak E. Synthesis and Characterization of New Conjugated Azomethines End-Capped with Amino-thiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic Acid Diethyl Ester. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158160. [PMID: 35897736 PMCID: PMC9330727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of thiophene-based azomethines differing in the core structure was synthesized. The effect of the central core structure in azomethines on the thermal, optical and electrochemical properties was investigated. The obtained compounds exhibited the ability to form a stable amorphous phase with a high glass transition temperature above 100 °C. They were electrochemically active and undergo oxidation and reduction processes. The highest occupied (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular (LUMO) orbitals were in the range of −3.86–−3.60 eV and −5.46–−5.17 eV, respectively, resulting in a very low energy band gap below 1.7 eV. Optical investigations were performed in the solvents with various polarity and in the solid state as a thin film deposited on a glass substrate. The synthesized imines absorbed radiation from 350 to 600 nm, depending on its structure and showed weak emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield below 2.5%. The photophysical investigations were supported by theoretical calculations using the density functional theory. The synthesized imines doped with lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide were examined as hole transporting materials (HTM) in hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite solar cells. It was found that both a volume of lithium salt and core imine structure significantly impact device performance. The best power conversion efficiency (PCE), being about 35–63% higher compared to other devices, exhibited cells based on the imine containing a core tiphenylamine unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Katarzyna Pająk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (E.S.-B.)
| | - Paweł Gnida
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Ciemięga
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Bałtycka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Adam Łuczak
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.Ł.); (J.J.)
| | - Jarosław Jung
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.Ł.); (J.J.)
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (E.S.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bubniene US, Ratautaite V, Ramanavicius A, Bucinskas V. Conducting Polymers for the Design of Tactile Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152984. [PMID: 35893948 PMCID: PMC9370767 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally remain the same. This paper, first, discusses the chemical and physical properties of conducting polymers. Next, it discusses how these polymers might be involved in the conversion of mechanical effects (such as pressure, force, tension, mass, displacement, deformation, torque, crack, creep, and others) into a change in electrical resistance through a charge transfer mechanism for tactile sensing. Polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacetylene, as well as application examples of conducting polymers in tactile sensors, are overviewed. Attention is paid to the additives used in tactile sensor development, together with conducting polymers. There is a long list of additives and composites, used for different purposes, namely: cotton, polyurethane, PDMS, fabric, Ecoflex, Velostat, MXenes, and different forms of carbon such as graphene, MWCNT, etc. Some design aspects of the tactile sensor are highlighted. The charge transfer and operation principles of tactile sensors are discussed. Finally, some methods which have been applied for the design of sensors based on conductive polymers, are reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urte Samukaite Bubniene
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics and Digital Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, J. Basanaviciaus Str. 28, LT-03224 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (U.S.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (U.S.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Vytautas Bucinskas
- Department of Mechatronics, Robotics and Digital Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, J. Basanaviciaus Str. 28, LT-03224 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Highly sensitive ascorbic acid sensors from EDTA chelation derived nickel hexacyanoferrate/ graphene nanocomposites. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
63
|
Janda DC, Barma K, Kurapati N, Klymenko OV, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Amemiya S. Systematic Assessment of Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer toward Voltammetric Discrimination between Concerted and Non-Concerted Mechanisms. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
64
|
Romero-Fierro D, Bustamante-Torres M, Bravo-Plascencia F, Magaña H, Bucio E. Polymer-Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Industrial Electronic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2467. [PMID: 35746043 PMCID: PMC9228222 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials have acquired great importance, as have similar composite materials on a macroscopic scale, because the reinforcement complements the defects in the properties of the matrix, thus obtaining materials with better mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, among others. At the same time, the importance and research of polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanoparticles of various types have grown. Among those that have stood out the most in the electronics industry are polymeric matrices reinforced with nanoparticles that present dual behavior, that is, both magnetic and semiconductor. This property has been very well used in developing electronic devices such as televisions, computers, and smartphones, which are part of everyday life. In this sense, this review presents a compilation of the synthetic methods to produce polymer nanocomposites with dual magnetic and semiconductor behavior and their potential applications within electronic fields and new relevant trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-Fierro
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Moises Bustamante-Torres
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Bravo-Plascencia
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico;
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Héctor Magaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico;
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Moshrefi R, Connors E, Merschrod E, Stockmann TJ. Simultaneous electropolymerization/Au nanoparticle generation at an electrified liquid/liquid micro-interface. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
66
|
Kassahun GS, Farias ED, Benizri S, Mortier C, Gaubert A, Salinas G, Garrigue P, Kuhn A, Zigah D, Barthélémy P. Electropolymerizable Thiophene-Oligonucleotides for Electrode Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26350-26358. [PMID: 35649248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inserting complex biomolecules such as oligonucleotides during the synthesis of polymers remains an important challenge in the development of functionalized materials. In order to engineer such a biofunctionalized interface, a single-step method for the covalent immobilization of oligonucleotides (ONs) based on novel electropolymerizable lipid thiophene-oligonucleotide (L-ThON) conjugates was employed. Here, we report a new thiophene phosphoramidite building block for the synthesis of modified L-ThONs. The biofunctionalized material was obtained by direct electropolymerization of L-ThONs in the presence of 2,2'-bithiophene (BTh) to obtain a copolymer film on indium tin oxide electrodes. In situ electroconductance measurements and microstructural studies showed that the L-ThON was incorporated in the BTh copolymer backbone. Furthermore, the covalently immobilized L-ThON sequence showed selectivity in subsequent hybridization processes with a complementary target, demonstrating that L-ThONs can directly be used for manufacturing materials via an electropolymerization strategy. These results indicate that L-ThONs are promising candidates for the development of stable ON-based bioelectrochemical platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getnet S Kassahun
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Eliana D Farias
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Sebastien Benizri
- ARNA Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5320, INSERM U121, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudio Mortier
- ARNA Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5320, INSERM U121, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandra Gaubert
- ARNA Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5320, INSERM U121, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR-CNRS 7285, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- ARNA Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5320, INSERM U121, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Gao N, Huang X. Electropolymerization of EDOT in an anionic surfactant-stabilized hydrophobic ionic liquid-based microemulsion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13793-13805. [PMID: 35612814 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05933e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, an anionic surfactant [AOT]- (bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate)-stabilized H2O/[Omim][PF6] (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) microemulsion has been tested for the first time as a medium for the electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). To formulate AOT-stabilized [Omim][PF6]-based microemulsions of different water contents, the phase triangle was determined at 35 °C. Measurements of the conductivities of the microemulsions, their solubilization capacities toward EDOT and their catalytic effects on EDOT electrooxidation show that the present [AOT]--stabilized ionic liquid microemulsion is a good medium for EDOT electropolymerization. Studies on the process of the electropolymerization of EDOT in this [Omim][PF6]-based microemulsion indicate that the water content (i.e., microstructure) of the microemulsion medium is an important factor affecting the onset potential and the deposition rate of the PEDOT. The morphology and the doping level of the as-prepared PEDOT are also found to be correlated with the water content of the ionic liquid microemulsion. The microemulsion with higher water content results in a PEDOT with better electroactivity and higher doping levels. FTIR spectra and XPS analysis show that the PEDOT electrosynthesized in the microemulsion is co-doped by both [AOT]- and [PF6]-. Compared with the neat [Omim][PF6], the use of the ionic liquid microemulsions can reduce not only the consumption of the expensive ionic liquid, but also the onset potential for the electrooxidation of EDOT. Moreover, by tuning the water content of the medium, the electropolymerization of PEDOT and its electrochemical properties could be regulated accordingly. Under the identical deposited charge, the PEDOT originated from the high water content microemulsion (50% H2O μE) has a higher specific capacitance (124 F g-1) than that from neat [Omim][PF6] (117 F g-1). It follows that the present ionic liquid microemulsion is a good medium for EDOT electropolymerization. The present study opens up a new route for the green and low-cost electrochemical preparation of high-performance PEDOT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Education Ministry of China, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xirong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Education Ministry of China, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Role of Polyoxometalate Contents in Polypyrrole: Linear Actuation and Energy Storage. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103619. [PMID: 35629645 PMCID: PMC9145510 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A combination of polyoxometalates with polypyrrole is introduced in this work. Our goal was to include phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in different molar concentrations (0.005, 0.01, and 0.05 M) in the electropolymerization of pyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) and phosphotungstinates (PT), forming PPy/DBS-PT films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the PPy/DBS-PT films became denser and more compact with increasing PTA concentrations. The incorporation of PT in PPy/DBS was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The linear actuation in cyclic voltammetry and potential square wave steps in an organic electrolyte revealed increasing mixed actuation, with major expansion upon oxidation found for PPy/DBS-PT films with a PTA concentration of 0.005 M. Best results of a strain of 12.8% and stress at 0.68 MPa were obtained for PPy/DBS-PT (0.01 M). The PPy/DBS-PT films polymerized in the presence of 0.05 M of PTA and showed main expansion upon reduction, changing the actuation direction. Chronopotentiometric measurements of PPy/DBS-PT samples were conducted to determine the specific capacitance optimal for a 0.01 M PTA concentration in the range of 80 F g−1 (±0.22 A g−1).
Collapse
|
69
|
Ratautaite V, Brazys E, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical Sensors based on L-Tryptophan Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole and Polyaniline. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
70
|
Xu X, Shen Y, Shu Y, Guan Y, Wei D. Synthesis and application of poly methyl indole-4-carboxylate with blue light blocking properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
71
|
Hong S, Ho Yoon J, Jeong S, Kim YR, Tae Kim I. Electropolymerization of thiazole derivatives bearing thiophene and selenophene and the potential application in capacitors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
72
|
Balciunas D, Plausinaitis D, Ratautaite V, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Towards electrochemical surface plasmon resonance sensor based on the molecularly imprinted polypyrrole for glyphosate sensing. Talanta 2022; 241:123252. [PMID: 35121544 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research the molecular imprinting technology was applied for the formation of glyphosate-sensitive layer. The glyphosate imprinted conducting polymer polypyrrole (MIPpy) was deposited on a gold chip/electrode and used as an electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) sensor. The results described in this study disclose some restrictions and challenges, which arise during the development of glyphosate ESPR sensor based on the molecularly imprinted polymer development stage. It was demonstrated, that glyphosate could significantly affect the electrochemical deposition process of molecularly imprinted polymer on the electrode. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have demonstrated that glyphosate molecules tend to interact with bare gold electrode and thus hinder the polypyrrole deposition. As a possible solution, the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-(1H-Pyrrol-1-yl)undecane-1-thiol (PUT) before electrochemical deposition of MIPpy and NIPpy was applied. Dissociation constant (KD) and free energy of Gibbs (ΔG0) values of glyphosate on MIPpy and Ppy without glyphosate imprints (NIPpy) were calculated. For the interaction of glyphosate with MIPpy the KD was determined as 38.18 ± 2.33⋅10-5 and ΔG0 as -19.51 ± 0.15 kJ/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domas Balciunas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Deivis Plausinaitis
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania; Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center for Nanotechnology and Material Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania; Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Mayhugh AL, Yadav P, Luscombe CK. Circular Discovery in Small Molecule and Conjugated Polymer Synthetic Methodology. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6123-6135. [PMID: 35380440 PMCID: PMC9011355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple and efficient methods are a key consideration for small molecule and polymer syntheses. Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is of increasing interest for preparing conjugated polymers as an effective approach compared to conventional cross-coupling polymerizations. As DArP sees broader utilization, advancements are needed to access materials with improved properties and different monomer structures and to improve the scalability of conjugated polymer synthesis. Presented herein are considerations for developing new methods of conjugated polymer synthesis from small molecule transformations, exploring how DArP has successfully used this approach, and presenting how emerging polymerization methodologies are developing similarly. While it is common to adapt small molecule methods to polymerizations, we demonstrate the ways in which information gained from studying polymerizations can inform and inspire greater advancements in small molecule transformations. This circular approach to organic synthetic method development underlines the value of collaboration between small molecule and polymer-based synthetic research groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Mayhugh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, Unites States
| | - Preeti Yadav
- pi-Conjugated
Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science
and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated
Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science
and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Grocke G, Dong BX, Taggart AD, Martinson ABF, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Strzalka JW, Patel SN. Structure-Transport Properties Governing the Interplay in Humidity-Dependent Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:275-286. [PMID: 36855565 PMCID: PMC9955331 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) are of broad interest in the field of energy storage and conversion, optoelectronics, and bioelectronics. A class of polymeric MIECs are conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which possess a π-conjugated backbone imparting electronic transport characteristics along with side chains composed of a pendant ionic group to allow for ionic transport. Here, our study focuses on the humidity-dependent structure-transport properties of poly[3-(potassium-n-alkanoate) thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3KnT) CPEs with varied side-chain lengths of n = 4-7. UV-vis spectroscopy along with electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals that the infiltration of water leads to a hydrated, self-doped state that allows for electronic transport. The resulting humidity-dependent ionic conductivity (σi) of the thin films shows a monotonic increase with relative humidity (RH) while electronic conductivity (σe) follows a non-monotonic profile. The values of σe continue to rise with increasing RH reaching a local maximum after which σe begins to decrease. P3KnTs with higher n values demonstrate greater resiliency to increasing RH before suffering a decrease in σe. This drop in σe is attributed to two factors. First, disruption of the locally ordered π-stacked domains observed through in situ humidity-dependent grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) experiments can account for some of the decrease in σe. A second and more dominant factor is attributed to the swelling of the amorphous domains where electronic transport pathways connecting ordered domains are impeded. P3K7T is most resilient to swelling (based on ellipsometry and water uptake measurements) where sufficient hydration allows for high σi (1.0 × 10-1 S/cm at 95% RH) while not substantially disrupting σe (1.7 × 10-2 S/cm at 85% RH and 8.0 × 10-3 S/cm at 95% RH). Overall, our study highlights the complexity of balancing electronic and ionic transport in hydrated CPEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett
L. Grocke
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron D. Taggart
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alex B. F. Martinson
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ma J, Wu W, Xiao X, Feng Y, Hao Y, Zhang J, Liu C, Zhang P, Chen J, Zeng R, Chen S. New insight into electropolymerization of melamine. II: Low onset potential deposition of polymelamine with trace active bromine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
76
|
A ‘donor-free’ chromophore with a silicon-based acceptor group for second order nonlinear optics. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
77
|
Harimoto T, Ishigaki Y. Redox‐Active Hydrocarbons: Isolation and Structural Determination of Cationic States toward Advanced Response Systems. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science JAPAN
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science North 10, West 8, North-ward 060-0810 Sapporo JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Modern and Dedicated Methods for Producing Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Layers in Sensing Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting (MI) is the most available and known method to produce artificial recognition sites, similar to antibodies, inside or at the surface of a polymeric material. For this reason, scholars all over the world have found MI appealing, thus developing, in this past period, various types of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) that can be applied to a wide range of applications, including catalysis, separation sciences and monitoring/diagnostic devices for chemicals, biochemicals and pharmaceuticals. For instance, the advantages brought by the use of MIPs in the sensing and analytics field refer to higher selectivity, sensitivity and low detection limits, but also to higher chemical and thermal stability as well as reusability. In light of recent literature findings, this review presents both modern and dedicated methods applied to produce MIP layers that can be integrated with existent detection systems. In this respect, the following MI methods to produce sensing layers are presented and discussed: surface polymerization, electropolymerization, sol–gel derived techniques, phase inversionand deposition of electroactive pastes/inks that include MIP particles.
Collapse
|
79
|
Kim H, Kim KM, Ryu J, Ki S, Sohn D, Chae J, Chang J. Triiodide-in-Iodine Networks Stabilized by Quaternary Ammonium Cations as Accelerants for Electrode Kinetics of Iodide Oxidation in Aqueous Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12168-12179. [PMID: 35254047 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Zn-polyiodide redox flow battery is considered to be a promising aqueous energy storage system. However, in its charging process, the electrode kinetics of I- oxidation often suffer from an intrinsically generated iodine film (I2-F) on the cathode of the battery. Therefore, it is critical to both understand and enhance the observed slow electrode kinetics of I- oxidation by an electrochemically generated I2-F. In this article, we introduced an electrogenerated N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium iodide (MEPI)-iodine (I2) solution, designated as MEPIS, and demonstrated that the electrode kinetics of I- oxidation were dramatically enhanced compared to an I2-F under conventional electrolyte conditions, such as NaI. We showed that this result mainly contributed to the fast electro-oxidation of triiodide (I3-), which exists in the shape of a I3--in-I2 network, [I3-·(I2)n]. Raman spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses showed that the composition of electrogenerated MEPIS changed from I3- to [I3-·(I2)n] via I5- as the anodic overpotential increased. We also confirmed that I- was electrochemically oxidized on a MEPIS-modified Pt electrode with fast electrode kinetics, which is clearly contrary to the nature of an I2-F derived from a NaI solution as a kinetic barrier of I- oxidation. Through stochastic MEPIS-particle impact electrochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we revealed that the enhanced electrode kinetics of I- oxidation in MEPIS can be attributed to the facilitated charge transfer of I3- oxidation in [I3-·(I2)n]. In addition, we found that the degree of freedom of I3- in a quaternary ammonium-based I2-F can also be critical to determine the kinetics of the electro-oxidation of I-, which is that MEPIS showed more enhanced charge-transfer kinetics of I- oxidation compared to tetrabutylammonium I3- due to the higher degree of freedom of I3-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeok Ki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Sohn
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
o-Toluidine in electrochemistry – an overview. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe substituted aromatic amine o-toluidine (2-methylaniline, 1-amino-2-methylbenzene) is frequently encountered in electrochemical research as a soluble corrosion inhibitor dissolved in aqueous media used e.g., in cooling systems, as a homomonomer for formation of intrinsically conducting poly-o-toluidine and as a comonomer in formation of respective copolymers and their composites. The obtained polymers are suggested as corrosion protection coatings, as active materials in devices for electrochemical energy storage, but more frequently, they are examined as active components in electrochemical sensors.The significant and pronounced carcinogenicity of o-toluidine has hardly been addressed; presumably, most researchers are not even aware of this property. After a brief summary of the health risks and effects, the following overview presents typical examples of said studies and applications. If possible, substitutes with lower health risks are proposed, at least further studies enabling such replacement are suggested.
Collapse
|
81
|
Conjugated microporous polymer membranes for chemical separations. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
82
|
Dingler C, Walter R, Gompf B, Ludwigs S. In Situ Monitoring of Optical Constants, Conductivity, and Swelling of PEDOT:PSS from Doped to the Fully Neutral State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- IPOC─Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ramon Walter
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Bruno Gompf
- 1st Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC─Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Electrochemical sensor for uranium monitoring in natural water based on poly Nile blue modified glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
84
|
The influence of physicochemical properties on the processibility of conducting polymers: A bioelectronics perspective. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:259-279. [PMID: 34111518 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) possess unique electrical and electrochemical properties and hold great potential for different applications in the field of bioelectronics. However, the widespread implementation of CPs in this field has been critically hindered by their poor processibility. There are four key elements that determine the processibility of CPs, which are thermal tunability, chemical stability, solvent compatibility and mechanical robustness. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing the processibility of these materials through pre- or post-synthesis chemical modifications, the fabrication of CP-based complexes and composites, and the adoption of additive manufacturing techniques. In this review, the physicochemical and structural properties that underlie the performance and processibility of CPs are examined. In addition, current research efforts to overcome technical limitations and broaden the potential applications of CPs in bioelectronics are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review details the inherent properties of CPs that have hindered their use in additive manufacturing for the creation of 3D bioelectronics. A fundamental approach is presented with consideration of the chemical structure and how this contributes to their electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. The review then considers how manipulation of these properties has been addressed in the literature including areas where improvements can be made. Finally, the review details the use of CPs in additive manufacturing and the future scope for the use of CPs and their composites in the development of 3D bioelectronics.
Collapse
|
85
|
Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
86
|
Pluczyk-Malek S, Nastula D, Honisz D, Lapkowski M, Data P, Wagner P. s-Tetrazine donor-acceptor electrodeposited layer with properties controlled by doping anions generally considered as interchangeable. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
87
|
Demir F, Yenilmez HY, Koca A, Bayır ZA. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and electrocatalytic activity of thiazole-substituted phthalocyanine complexes. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
88
|
Arnaboldi S, Grecchi S, Vaghi L, Penoni A, Scapinello L, Buzzi IF, Cirilli R, Pierini M, Benincori T, Mussini PR. Trópos
and
Átropos
Biindole Chiral Electroactive Monomers: A Voltammetry and HPLC Comparative Insight. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Luca Scapinello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Ivo Franco Buzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci Istituto Superiore di Sanita' Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Du JL, Bao X, Zhang WB, Zhang L, Guo YW, Zhou X, Zhang XL, Chai SS, Guo SB, Han XW, Long J. Electrochemical Kinetics of Layered Manganese Phosphate via Interfacial Polypyrrole Chemical Binding. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Du
- Chengdu University of Technology College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xu Bao
- Chengdu University of Technology College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei-Bin Zhang
- Chengdu University of Technology 1#, Dongsan Road, Erxiaoqiao, Chenghua District Chengdu CHINA
| | - Lun Zhang
- Chengdu University of Technology cmcce CHINA
| | - Yao-Wen Guo
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Xian-Li Zhang
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Shan-Shan Chai
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Shao-Bo Guo
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Xiong-Wei Han
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| | - Jianping Long
- Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lukyanov DA, Vereshchagin AA, Beletskii EV, Atangulov AB, Yankin AN, Sizov VV, Levin OV. Nickel Salicylideniminato 1D MOFs
via
Electrochemical Polymerization. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A. Lukyanov
- Saint Petersburg University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | | | - Evgenii V. Beletskii
- Saint Petersburg University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Arslan B. Atangulov
- Saint Petersburg University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Andrei N. Yankin
- ITMO University Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A St. Petersburg 197101 Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Sizov
- Saint Petersburg University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Levin
- Saint Petersburg University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole based sensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Electrochim Acta 2022; 403:139581. [PMID: 34898691 PMCID: PMC8643074 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the application of a polypyrrole-based sensor for the determination of SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. The SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein is a spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that recently caused the worldwide spread of COVID-19 disease. This study is dedicated to the development of an electrochemical determination method based on the application of molecularly imprinted polymer technology. The electrochemical sensor was designed by molecular imprinting of polypyrrole (Ppy) with SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein (MIP-Ppy). The electrochemical sensors with MIP-Ppy and with polypyrrole without imprints (NIP-Ppy) layers were electrochemically deposited on a platinum electrode surface by a sequence of potential pulses. The performance of polymer layers was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection. According to the obtained results, a sensor based on MIP-Ppy is more sensitive to the SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein than a sensor based on NIP-Ppy. Also, the results demonstrate that the MIP-Ppy layer is more selectively interacting with SARS-CoV-2-S glycoprotein than with bovine serum albumin. This proves that molecularly imprinted MIP-Ppy-based sensors can be applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins.
Collapse
|
92
|
Holze R. Conjugated Molecules and Polymers in Secondary Batteries: A Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:546. [PMID: 35056862 PMCID: PMC8779067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically conducting polymers constituting a subclass of macromolecules, as well as a still growing family of large, conjugated molecules, oligomers, and polymers, have attracted research interest for the recent decades. Closely corresponding to the fascination of these materials, combining typical properties of organic polymers and metallic materials, numerous applications have been suggested, explored, and sometimes transferred into products. In electrochemistry, they have been used in various functions beyond the initially proposed and obvious application as active masses in devices for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. This perspective contribution wraps up basic facts that are necessary to understand the behavior and properties of the oligo and polymers and their behavior in electrochemical cells for energy conversion by electrode reactions and associated energy storage. Representative examples are presented and discussed, and an overview of the state of research and development is provided. Particular attention is paid to stability and related aspects of practical importance. Future trends and perspectives are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Holze
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Institut für Chemie, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany;
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Salinas G, Arnaboldi S, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Recent Advances in Bipolar Electrochemistry with Conducting Polymers. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux ISM UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dip. Di Chimica Univ. degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux ISM UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux ISM UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP 33607 Pessac France
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Huang Q, Wu Y, Mao X, Zhao X, Zhang M, Di S, Wu J, Huang W, Wang L, Li Y. Dimensionally Stable Polyimide Frameworks Enabling Long-Life Electrochemical Alkali-Ion Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:826-833. [PMID: 34939785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials hold unique advantages for electrochemical alkali-ion storage but cannot yet fulfill their potential. The key lies in the design of structurally stable candidates that have negligible solution solubility and can withstand thousands of cycles under operation. To this end, we demonstrate here the preparation of dimensionally stable polyimide frameworks from the two-dimensional cross-linking of tetraaminobenzene and dianhydride. The product consists of hierarchically assembled nanosheets with thin thickness and abundant porosity. Its robust molecular frameworks and advantageous nanoscale features render our polymeric material a promising cathode candidate for both sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries. Most strikingly, an extraordinary cycle life of up to 6000 cycles at 2 A g-1 is demonstrated, outperforming most of its competitors. Theoretical simulations support the great activity of our polymeric product for the electrochemical alkali-ion storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yunling Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinnan Mao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mochun Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sijia Di
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Electrochemical deposited pixel matrix for polymer light-emitting displays. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-04027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
96
|
Tsokkou D, Cavassin P, Rebetez G, Banerji N. Bipolarons rule the short-range terahertz conductivity in electrochemically doped P3HT. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:482-491. [PMID: 34904620 PMCID: PMC8725991 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductor films enhances their conductivity for applications in organic electronics, thermoelectrics and bioelectronics. However, much remains to be learnt about the properties of the conductive charges in order to optimize the design of the materials. Electrochemical doping is not only the fundamental mechanism in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), used in biomedical sensors, but it also represents an ideal playground for fundamental studies. Benefits of investigating doping mechanisms via electrochemistry include controllable doping levels, reversibility and high achievable carrier densities. We introduced here a new technique, applying in situ terahertz (THz) spectroscopy directly to an electrochemically doped polymer in combination with spectro-electrochemistry and chronoamperometry. We evaluate the intrinsic short-range transport properties of the polymer (without the effects of long-range disorder, grain boundaries and contacts), while precisely tuning the doping level via the applied oxidation voltage. Analysis of the complex THz conductivity reveals both the mobility and density of the charges. We find that polarons and bipolarons need to co-exist in an optimal ratio to reach high THz conductivity (∼300 S cm-1) and mobility (∼7 cm2 V-1 s-1) of P3HT in aqueous KPF6 electrolyte. In this regime, charge mobility increases and a high fraction of injected charges (up to 25%) participates in the transport via mixed-valence hopping. We also show significantly higher conductivity in electrochemically doped P3HT with respect to co-processed molecularly doped films at a similar doping level, which suffer from low mobility. Efficient molecular doping should therefore aim for reduced disorder, high doping levels and backbones that favour bipolaron formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Tsokkou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Priscila Cavassin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gonzague Rebetez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
|
98
|
Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y. State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Bottom-up Synthesis of Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to metals, polymers are predominantly thermal and electrical insulators. With their unparalleled advantages such as light weight, turning polymer insulators into heat conductors with metal-like thermal conductivity is...
Collapse
|
99
|
Beletskii EV, Alekseeva EV, Levin OV. VARIABLE RESISTANCE MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
100
|
Wang D, Pillier F, Cachet H, Debiemme-Chouvy C. One-pot electrosynthesis of ultrathin overoxidized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|