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Chang TH, Wang R, Peng YH, Chou TH, Li YJ, Shih YH. Biodegradation of hexabromocyclododecane by Rhodopseudomonas palustris YSC3 strain: A free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated in Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125621. [PMID: 31896015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutant, brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), identified as an emerging contaminant has been detected in various environmental matrix. The increased level of this toxic organic compound in the environment has been associated with serious human health risks. The results obtained from this study revealed that various Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains isolated from paddy soil in Taiwan possessed good HBCD biodegradation capability when they were cultured aerobically. Among these strains, YSC3 was considered as one of the most potential isolates for HBCD degradation. The optimum HBCD biodegradation occurred at neutral pH and at 35 °C in all our pH and temperature tests at an initial HBCD concentration of 1 ppm. HBCD degradation kinetics generally decreased with the increase of initial HBCD concentration. The study also suggested that the cultivation temperature played a vital role on YSC3 for its initiation of cellular HBCD degradation. The relative-molar ratio of the released bromide ions during the biodegradation of HBCD was observed in the range between 1 and 3.5, suggesting that the debromination reactions occurred. Concomitant with the loss of HBCD, there was a concurrent production of two metabolites, pentabromocyclododecanol and pentabromocyclododecene, which were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. On the basis of the obtained results, the possible biodegradation pathways were also proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hao Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Reuben Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4 Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Peng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ho Chou
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Li
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Jiang Y, Yang S, Liu J, Ren T, Zhang Y, Sun X. Degradation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by nanoscale zero-valent aluminum (nZVAl). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125536. [PMID: 31816547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2013, but till now there is a lack of efficient methods for its degradation. In this study, nanoscale zero-valent aluminum (nZVAl), an excellent reductant with a very low redox potential of E0(Al3+/Al0) = -1.662 V and strong electron transfer ability, was used to reductively degrade HBCD. Nearly 100% HBCD was degraded within 8 h reaction at 25 °C in ethanol/water (v/v, 50/50) solution without pH adjustment. And about 67% cyclododecatriene (CDT) was obtained, which is the complete debromination product. What's more, the yield of Br- could achieve nearly 100% after optimizing conditions. The reaction was strongly promoted by increasing the dosages of nZVAl or decreasing the initial concentration of HBCD. The temperature had the most significant influence and the degradation was completed in 40 min with elevating the reaction temperature to 45 °C. The reaction mechanism was further revealed through the characterization of nZVAl particles before and after the reaction by SEM-EDS, TEM, HRTEM, XRD, and XPS. It was found that, after corrosion of the oxide film on the surface of nZVAl, metallic aluminum inside was exposed. The reactive sites were provided and electrons released were transferred from nZVAl to HBCD, causing HBCD degraded to dibromocyclododecadiene (DBCD) and then CDT by reductive debromination. These findings imply that nZVAl can degrade HBCD efficiently with no extra energy input and this offers a new idea for better treatment of HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Junqin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tengfei Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xinrong Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Aminot Y, Lanctôt C, Bednarz V, Robson WJ, Taylor A, Ferrier-Pagès C, Metian M, Tolosa I. Leaching of flame-retardants from polystyrene debris: Bioaccumulation and potential effects on coral. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110862. [PMID: 32056644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic debris can act as a reservoir of chemical additives that can pose a potential threat to sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs. A survey of foam macrodebris collected on beaches indeed revealed high concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (ΣHBCDD) in polystyrene (PS) samples (up to 1940 μg g-1). Results also showed that PS fragments can still leach over 150 ng g-1 d-1 of ΣHBCDD (primarily as the α-isomer) for relatively long durations, and that these additives are readily bioaccumulated and well-retained by corals. Despite significant HBCDD bioaccumulation in coral tissue, short-term exposure to HBCDD or PS leachate had no considerable effect on coral photosynthetic activity, symbiont concentration and chlorophyll content. Exposure to the PS leachate did however cause consistent polyp retraction in nubbins over the 5-day exposure. This response was not observed in animals exposed to HBCDD alone, suggesting that another constituent of the leachate stressed corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Aminot
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco; IFREMER, Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - Chantal Lanctôt
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Vanessa Bednarz
- CSM - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Equipe Ecophysiologie corallienne, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - William J Robson
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Taylor
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Christine Ferrier-Pagès
- CSM - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Equipe Ecophysiologie corallienne, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Marc Metian
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
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Sorption Behavior of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) on Weihe River Sediment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010247. [PMID: 31905817 PMCID: PMC6981516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sorption of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) on sediment affects the fate and transport of HBCDs in rivers. The sorption of HBCDs on sediment from the Weihe River was investigated by performing batch equilibration experiments, and the effects of changing the pH ionic, strength, and humic acid concentration (HA) on sorption were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that fast rather than slow sorption was the dominant process. Nonlinear sorption isotherms were acquired, and the Freundlich (R2 0.94–0.98) and Langmuir (R2 0.95–0.99) models both described the sorption of HBCDs well. The adsorption capacity for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, and γ-HBCD were calculated using the Langmuir model, and were 443.56, 614.29 and 1146.37 mg/kg, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis shows that HBCDs sorption on sediment is a spontaneous exothermic process. HBCDs sorption was affected by the HA concentration and ionic strength. The amounts of HBCDs sorbed to the sediment decreased as the ionic strength increased, and first increased and then decreased as the HA concentration increased. Changes in pH did not clearly affect the sorption of HBCDs. Synchrotron radiation Fourier-transform infrared spectra (SR-FTIR) was used to characterize the adsorption mechanism, and the obtained result indicated that hydrophobic interactions dominated the mechanism involved in HBCDs sorption on sediment.
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Kuribara I, Kajiwara N, Sakurai T, Kuramochi H, Motoki T, Suzuki G, Wada T, Sakai S, Takigami H. Time series of hexabromocyclododecane transfers from flame-retarded curtains to attached dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133957. [PMID: 31454598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the production and new use of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) mostly ceased after being listed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention in 2013, its emission from treated products in use to indoor environments still deserves attention. To examine the transfer of HBCD diastereomers to dust on the surface of flame-retarded curtains and to better characterize the potential of treated fabrics to be sources of HBCD in dust, we carried out a series of 196-day experiments using two types of curtains and attached dusts. Concurrently, the physicochemical properties (vapor pressure, water solubility, and octanol-water partition coefficient) of the HBCD diastereomers were measured. HBCD diastereomers migrated from curtains to dust with half-saturation times of about 20-50 days. By day 196, mean HBCD concentrations in dust had reached 13-290 μg/g, depending on the types of curtains and dusts. The composition of HBCD, dominated by γ-HBCD in the curtains, was dominated by α-HBCD in the post-experiment dusts, probably because of the higher vapor pressure of α-HBCD compared to γ-HBCD. The initial HBCD contents of the two curtains were comparable, but the concentrations and profiles of HBCD diastereomers in the post-experiment dusts differed markedly, probably because differences between the texture and/or surface finishing of the treated fabrics affected HBCD transfer to the attached dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Kuribara
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), 1600 Shimotakano, Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Takeo Sakurai
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuramochi
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Motoki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takeharu Wada
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), 1600 Shimotakano, Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakai
- Kyoto University Environment Preservation Research Center, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Guo Z, Zhang L, Liu X, Yu Y, Liu S, Chen M, Huang C, Hu G. The enrichment and purification of hexabromocyclododecanes and its effects on thyroid in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109690. [PMID: 31563749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the third most highly produced brominated flame retardants (BFRs) all over the world. Based on the current research status of HBCDs, zebrafish were exposed to three dietary concentrations of HBCDs (0, 10, 100, 400 ng/g) for 56 days, and followed by clean food for 28 days. In order to investigate the enrichment and purification of HBCDs in zebrafish, HBCD enantiomers in zebrafish were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). To investigate the effects of long-term exposure of HBCDs on thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in zebrafish, the concentrations of thyroid hormone (T3, T4, FT3 and FT4) and the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. RT-PCR was used to reveal the molecular mechanism of HBCDs' influence on thyroid hormone in zebrafish. The result of UPLC-MS/MS showed that there were three main reasons for the existence of α-HBCD as the major isomer in the organism. HBCDs had significant inhibitory effect on T3 and T4 in liver of adult zebrafish after 56 days' exposure. Compared with the control group, the ratio of T3 and T4was significantly higher in the medium and high concentration group. The content of FT3 and FT4 in the liver tissue of zebrafish increased first and then decreased with the increase of exposure concentration. With the increase of exposure concentration, the content of MDA in zebrafish liver decreased firstly and then increased. The activity of SOD and CAT in zebrafish liver showed the opposite trend with MDA. And the concentration of GSH in liver decreased gradually, which showed a significant dose-effect relationship. HBCDs exposure has an inhibitory effect on thyroid hormone receptor gene (TRβ) and adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone gene (Crh) in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China; South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Mianbiao Chen
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Chushan Huang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China; South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China.
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Méda B, Travel A, Guyot Y, Henri J, Royer E, Baéza-Campone E, Jondreville C. A PBPK model to study the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to tissues of fast- and slow-growing broilers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:316-331. [PMID: 31697187 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1681596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to investigate the production-specific factors involved in the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to broiler meat. The model describes growth and lipid deposition in tissues of fast- (FG) and slow- (SG) growing broilers from hatching to slaughter and simulates the exposure through the ingestion of contaminated feed or expanded polystyrene insulation material. Growth parameters were obtained from the literature while parameters relative to uptake, distribution, and elimination of α-HBCDD were adjusted using results of a previous experiment involving broilers exposed through feed throughout the rearing period or allowed to depurate before slaughter. The model was used to compare the two main edible tissues, breast and leg meat, as well as skin, and to investigate the variability within strain. Between strains and within strain, α-HBCDD assimilation efficiency (AE) is higher when the animals are slaughtered young or heavy. However, increasing slaughter age will lower α-HBCDD concentration in tissues, due to dilution. Based on fresh weight, the concentration of α-HBCDD in breast muscles and skin tends to be lower in SG than in FG broilers (-30 to +10%), while it is 10% to 80% higher in leg muscles. Compared to breast muscles, consuming leg muscles would elicit an exposure 9 and 16 times higher in FG and SG broilers, respectively. The consumption of skin together with muscles would multiply the exposure by up to 36 times compared to breast muscle alone. In case of acute exposure, the α-HBCDD concentration in tissues increased sharply, all the more since the animals are lighter in weight, and then decreased rapidly. In FG broilers, dilution through growth contributed for up to 37%, 28% and 97% to the decontamination of breast muscles, leg muscles and skin, respectively, depending on the duration of depuration before slaughter.
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Lü H, Ma XJ, Huang XJ, Lu S, Huang YH, Mo CH, Cai QY, Wong MH. Distribution, diastereomer-specific accumulation and associated health risks of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-vegetable system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109321. [PMID: 31394478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and diastereomeric profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs, identified as persistent organic pollutants) in soil-vegetable system of open fields remain unknown. In this study, three main HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs) were analyzed in paired soil and vegetable samples from vegetable farms in four cities (Guangzhou, Jiangmen, Huizhou, Foshan) of the Pearl River Delta region, Southern China. The sum concentrations of the three diastereoisomers (∑HBCDs) in soils varied from 0.99 to 18.4 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 5.77 ng/g, decreasing in the order of Jiangmen > Guangzhou > Huizhou > Foshan. The distributions of HBCDs in both soil and vegetable were diastereomer-specific, with γ-HBCD being predominant. The ∑HBCDs in vegetables ranged from 0.87 to 32.7 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 16.6 ng/g, generally higher than those of the corresponding soils. Thus bioconcentration factors (BCFs, the ratio of contaminant concentration in vegetable to that in soil) of HBCDs were generally greater than 1.0, implying higher accumulation in vegetable. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ΣHBCDs via consumption of vegetables varied from 0.26 to 9.35 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 3.60 ng/kg bw/day for adults and from 0.32 to 11.5 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 4.41 ng/kg bw/day for Children, far lower than the oral reference dose (RfD, 2 × 105 ng/kg bw/day) proposed by US National Research Council. These results suggest that HBCD in the vegetables posed low health risk for the local population. These data are the first report on HBCD occurrence and health risk in soil-vegetable system of open fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue-Jing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shi X, Zha J, Wen B, Zhang S. Diastereoisomer-specific neurotoxicity of hexabromocyclododecane in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:893-902. [PMID: 31200309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely applied brominated flame retardant (BFR) and is regarded as a persistent organic pollutant. It has been found in human tissues and has the potential to cause neurological disorders. However, our understanding of HBCD neurotoxicity at the diastereoisomer level remains lacking. Here, we investigated the neurotoxicity of three HBCD diastereoisomers, i.e., α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Results showed that the HBCD diastereoisomers decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and impaired cytoskeleton development. Typical morphological features and apoptosis rates showed that the HBCD diastereoisomers induced SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis. The expression levels of several cell apoptosis-related genes and proteins, including Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome c, Bcl-2, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), as well as the cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, were examined. Results showed that the HBCD diastereoisomer neurotoxicity was ranked β-HBCD > γ-HBCD > α-HBCD. The cell apoptosis and caspase expression levels of the three HBCD diastereoisomers followed the same order, suggesting that caspase-dependent apoptosis may be one mechanism responsible for the structure-selective HBCD diastereoisomer neurotoxicity. The levels of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS increased significantly. The ROS levels were ordered β-HBCD > γ-HBCD > α-HBCD, whereas those of intracellular Ca2+ were γ-HBCD > β-HBCD > α-HBCD. Thus, ROS may be a key factor regulating the neurotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the diastereoisomer-specific toxicity of HBCD in human neural cells and on the possible mechanisms responsible for the selective neurotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Shen M, Ge J, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Li J, Zeng L. Occurrence of two novel triazine-based flame retardants in an E-waste recycling area in South China: Implication for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:249-257. [PMID: 31132704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in the use of alternative flame retardants (FRs) in consumer products has led to emerging contaminants in the environment. Identification of novel FRs is urgently needed because the potential threat posed by these chemicals has provoked considerable attention, but the details of the threat are not yet widely understood. In this study, two novel triazine-based FRs, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), were identified in dust samples from an e-waste recycling area in China. Two legacy FRs, namely, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), were also analyzed for comparison. The mean level of TDBP-TAZTO in the e-waste dust samples was found to be much higher (2060 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (526 ng g-1), while the mean level of TTBP-TAZ in residential dust samples was moderately higher (119 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (35.7 ng g-1). A comparison of the TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ concentrations with those of other alternative and legacy FRs indicated that TDBP-TAZTO is a major FR that is currently used in China. The estimated daily intake of TDBP-TAZTO via dust ingestion for occupational workers was much higher than that of HBCDD and was also much higher than for local adults and children. Exposure to TDBP-TAZTO poses a potentially high risk to the health of the local population, especially for the occupational workers, when the multicomponent chemical 'cocktail' effects are taken into account. More investigations on the environmental behaviors and risk factors of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ in various environmental matrices, as well as their toxicological effects, should be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Shen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A case study applying tiered testing for human health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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62
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Han F, Gao Y, Hu F, Yu X, Xie H, Li H, Zhao Y, Kimura SY, Zhang Y, Zubizarreta ME, Xiao S, Zhan M, Zheng W. Solid-phase extraction of seventeen alternative flame retardants in water as determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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63
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Li H, Hu Y, Sun Y, De Silva AO, Muir DCG, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Pei N, Xiong Y, Luo X, Mai B. Bioaccumulation and translocation of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecanes in mangrove plants from a national nature reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:239-246. [PMID: 31146158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are of ecological concern due to their ubiquitous presence and adverse effects. There is a paucity of data on environmental fate of such compounds in mangrove wetlands, which are unique ecosystems in coastal intertidal areas and act as natural sinks for many pollutants. In this study, mangrove plants and sediments were collected from an urban nature reserve in South China to investigate bioaccumulation and translocation of TBBPA and HBCDs. The mean (range) concentrations of TBBPA and ΣHBCD in roots, stems and leaves were 67 (<MDL-999), 174 (0.73-1105) and 20 (0.59-250) pg/g dry weight (dw), and 329 (15.6-2234), 766 (32.9-3255) and 298 (19.9-1520) pg/g dw, respectively. Tissue-specific accumulations were observed, varying with plant species and compounds. HBCD diastereoisomer patterns were similar for all plant species. γ-HBCD was the major diastereoisomer in roots, while α-HBCD dominated in stems and leaves. The predominance of α-HBCD in aboveground tissues may be ascribed to diastereoisomer-specific translocation, isomerization and/or metabolization in mangrove plants. Preferential enrichment of (-)-α-, (-)-β- and (+)-γ-HBCDs was found in all mangrove plant tissues, suggesting the enantioselectivity for HBCDs in mangrove plants. Translocation factors (log TF, root to stem) of HBCD diastereoisomers and log Kow were negatively correlated (p = 0.03), indicating passive translocation of HBCDs, driven by water movement during transpiration. Sediment-root bioaccumulation factors and log TFs (stem to leaf) both showed no obvious correlation with log Kow of HBCD diastereoisomers. These results reflected the complex behavior of HBCDs in mangrove plants, which have not been sufficiently captured in laboratory-based studies of plant contaminant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Halogen bonding for increasing efficiency in liquid-liquid microextraction: Application to the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in river water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wang X, Sun R, Chen Y, Zhang X, Cui Z. Temporal-spatial distribution and diastereoisomer pattern of hexabromocyclododecane in the vicinity of a chemical plant. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 82:203-212. [PMID: 31133265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is an effective brominated flame-retardant additive, which is mainly produced in the coastal area of China. This study collected soil samples from a HBCD production plant and its surrounding area in Weifang, Shandong Province, China, and analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of HBCD and its diastereoisomers in soil. The analysis results showed that the concentration of HBCD in soil near the plant was much higher than normal values, with an annual average concentration reaching 5405 ng/g. Soils 1, 2 and 4 km away from the plant were also analyzed, showing that the concentration of HBCD in soil decreased accordingly with the distance from the pollution sources. In order to investigate the effect of the season on HBCD content, the soil samples were collected in all four seasons of the year 2017-2018. According to variations in the wind direction, the concentration of HBCD in soil was also changed. The distribution trend showed that the concentration of HBCD in soil in the downwind direction of the prevailing wind was higher than that in the upwind direction. In addition, this work analyzed the distribution of HBCD in vertical soil sections. It was found that the concentration of HBCD decreased with depth in the soil vertical profile. Finally, the various diastereoisomer patterns in the soil compartments were examined, finding that α-HBCD and γ-HBCD were the predominant diastereoisomers in the soil of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuedong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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66
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Zhang X, Wilson JH, Lawson AJ, Hohenstein EG, Jans U. Stereoisomer specific reaction of hexabromocyclododecane with reduced sulfur species in aqueous solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:238-245. [PMID: 30928716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The individual degradation rates of the three dominant stereoisomers (α, β, γ) of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) with bisulfide and polysulfides were investigated at pH 9 in methanol/water solutions at two different temperatures (25 °C and 40 °C). Under all conditions investigated, α-HBCDD reacts 10 to 20 times slower with bisulfide than β-HBCDD and γ-HBCDD. The difference in reactivity of HBCDD isomers can be explained by the different populations of stable conformers with large dihedral angle between the vicinal bromine atoms. It was also observed that the reaction of HBCDD with polysulfides is about six times faster than with bisulfide. The experiments performed in solvent mixtures with increased water content at 40 °C indicated that the reaction of HBCDD with bisulfide is faster with higher percentage of water. The much slower abiotic reaction of α-HBCDD compared to β-HBCDD and γ-HBCDD could potentially contribute to the fact that α-HBCDD is more persistent in the environment than γ-HBCDD. Only one isomer of tetrabromocyclododecene (TBCDe-5) was identified as a degradation product of the reaction of HBCDD with reduced sulfur species. TBCDe-5 itself reacts about ten times slower with bisulfide and twenty times slower with polysulfide than HBCDD. The study demonstrates that polysulfides and bisulfides can reduce HBCDD sufficiently in natural anoxic environments and the dominant pathway for the degradation of HBCDD by reduced sulfur species is very likely to be the reductive debromination of vicinal dibromides via concerted anti-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmiao Zhang
- Chemistry Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - John H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10031, United States
| | - Ariel J Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10031, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Chemistry Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10031, United States
| | - Urs Jans
- Chemistry Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10031, United States.
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67
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Hu Y, Pei N, Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Zuo L, Xiong Y, Zeng Y, He K, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China: Comparison with historical data and correlation with microbial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:315-322. [PMID: 30995592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and dechlorane plus (DP) were measured in sediments collected from three mangrove wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in South China. This study aims to investigate the distribution of these halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and the correlations between HFRs and microbial community structure in mangrove sediments. Concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, TBBPA, HBCDD and DP in mangrove sediments ranged from 6.97 to 216.1, 3.70-26.0, 0.02-0.73, 0.02-37.5, 0.44-127.5 and 0.07-2.23 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Higher levels of PBDEs, BTBPE, HBCDD and DP were observed in sediments from Futian mangrove wetland of Shenzhen, the only nature reserve located in the downtown of China. The highest concentration of TBBPA found in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou was proximate to a ferry terminal and a dockyard where TBBPA is widely used in the coatings. PBDEs were the predominant HFRs in mangrove sediments, with an average contribution of 63.0%. Mangrove sediments from Guangzhou and Zhuhai showed an enrichment of (-)-α-HBCDD, (-)-β-HBCDD and (-)-γ-HBCDD. Concentrations of HFRs in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou increased significantly from 2012 to 2015, which was probably due to the establishment and rapid development of Nansha Free Trade Zone of Guangzhou. Redundancy analysis showed that HFRs may cause a shift of microbial community structure in mangrove sediments and the variations were significantly correlated with TBBPA, syn-DP and BTBPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linzi Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kehong He
- Qi'ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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68
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Koch C, Sures B. Degradation of brominated polymeric flame retardants and effects of generated decomposition products. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:329-333. [PMID: 30999173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants are often associated with adverse environmental effects. Nevertheless, these chemicals are required in order to comply with fire safety standards. Therefore, a better environmental profile is desirable. A "new" class of flame retardants is claimed to fulfil this request while still being feasible for established industrial processes. Different to previous brominated flame retardants, this new group is based on a polymeric structure that could indeed lead to a better environmental profile. However, not much is known about the long-term behaviour of such flame retardants. This short review summarizes what has already been published. With an annual production volume of 26,000 metric tons, "Polymeric FR" is currently the only industrially produced representative of this group. It has been shown to degrade under specific circumstances (following UV and heat exposure). Detected degradation products cause almost no acute toxicity, whereas chronic toxicity might be relevant. Nevertheless, as long as polymeric flame retardants are only used in building insulation, the actual risk seems to be rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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69
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Wu M, Zhao Y, Li Q, Su G, Liu W, Wang Q, Li C. Thermal catalytic degradation of α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD over Fe 3O 4 micro/nanomaterial: Kinetic behavior, product analysis and mechanism hypothesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:1200-1212. [PMID: 31018460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The new persistent organic pollutant (POP), 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been widely detected in various environmental media and proved to be biotoxic. However, the research on catalytic degradation of HBCD is in its infancy. Herein, we examined the degradation of α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD, over Fe3O4 micro/nanomaterial at 200 °C. The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants were in the range of 0.04-0.15 min-1, with half-life values of 5-19 min. γ-HBCD is slightly less stable than β-HBCD, but both of them readily convert into α-HBCD, as consistent with the Gibbs free energies of isomers themselves. The four products containing pentabromocyclododecene, two isomers of tetrabromocyclododecene and 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene were detected by conventional GC-MS. Interestingly, a high-throughput non-target product detection were performed by ESI-FT-ICR-MS, where up to 59 types of intermediate products were determined. It is tentatively proposed that different types of bromine-removed products (C12H17Br5, C12H18Br4, C12H18, C12H19Br5, C12H24 and C12H19Br5O) and cyclododecane ring-opened products (C12H19Br7, C12H20Br6O and C12H20Br6) form via elimination reaction, nucleophilic substitution, hydrodebromination and addition reaction. Besides, most of the products that were detected contained oxygen. The average carbon oxidation state (OSc¯) of the products indicate that the oxidation reaction is the dominant reaction type. Deep oxidation products, such as small molecular organic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) and gas-phase oxidation products (CO2 and CO) were further detected by ion chromatography and GC-FID, respectively. This study might provide an alternative technique for the low-cost treatment of HBCD waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingge Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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70
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Ichihara M, Yamamoto A, Kakutani N, Takakura KI, Sudo M. Inhomogeneity of sediment samples in analysis of hexabromocyclododecane. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:410. [PMID: 31165938 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The repeatability test of the analytical method for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was conducted with sediment sample. The maximum HBCD concentration exceeded the minimum by a factor of 90 even though the identical sediment samples were used. Therefore, we examined which step of the analytical method was the factor causing variability. We examined the blank test, and confirmation test of the extraction and purified procedure. From these results, we confirmed that there was nothing wrong with the accuracy of our analytical method. These results indicate that the variability of HBCD concentration in the repeatability test was attributed not to the analytical method, but to the inhomogeneity of the sediment sample. Aluminum, silicon, and organic carbon in sediments were measured to compare the variability of these concentrations with that of HBCD concentration. These concentrations were similar values within identical samples which showed variability in HBCD concentration. HBCD concentration in several samples did not correlate with organic carbon content. These results suggests that sediment samples were homogeneous by itself, and HBCD was heterogeneously distributed in spite of homogeneity of organic carbon in sediment. The sediment sample with variability in HBCD concentration showed different HBCD diastereomer compositions in identical sediment. It implies that the sample contained HBCD derived from different histories or point sources. Even though we increased sample amounts to analyze the homogeneity of the sample, HBCD concentration varied within identical samples if the sample had a hot spot. Past monitoring data may contain overestimation or underestimation of HBCD concentration in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ichihara
- Osaka City Research Center of Environmental Science, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Tottori University of Environmental Studies, 1-1-1 Wakabadai-kita, Tottori, Tottori, 689-1111, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Takakura
- Department of Biological Resources Management, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Miki Sudo
- Department of Biological Resources Management, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
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71
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Son MH, Gong J, Seo S, Yoon H, Chang YS. Photosensitized diastereoisomer-specific degradation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the presence of humic acid in aquatic systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:171-179. [PMID: 30776600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids (HA) are the most important photosensitizers in the ocean and generate highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), known as photochemically produce reactive intermediates (PPRI), which degrade organic pollutants. Thus, to reveal the fate of organic pollutants in an aqueous environment, it is important to understand the natural photodegradation phenomenon caused by HA. Three ROS generated from HA, 1O2, O2-, and OH, were measured using different probe compounds and instrumental techniques. In this study, HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane), a newly listed one of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention, was studied to understand the phototransformation mechanism, which has not been sufficiently investigated in terms of its environmental fate and transport, despite the distinctive features of its diastereoisomers. The results showed that the diastereoisomer-specific distributions of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD were related to the acceleration and retardation of photodegradation in the presence of AHA (Aldrich Humic Acid) under simulated solar light, and only α-HBCD was rapidly photodegraded as the amount of AHA increased relative to the absence of AHA. This study provides the first characterization of the behavior of photosensitized HBCD degradation in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Son
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianyu Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sunghee Seo
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Yoon
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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72
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Demirtepe H, Imamoglu I. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in treatment plant sludge: Implications on sludge management. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:606-615. [PMID: 30665090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Past usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in commercial products resulted in their continuous emission from sources. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main sinks resulting from their industrial and domestic usage as well as atmospheric deposition. This preliminary study examined levels of PBDEs and HBCDD in urban and industrial WWTP sludge samples for the first time from Turkey. PBDE concentrations (sum of 26 congeners) of eight samples collected from four WWTPs were between 300 and 655 ng g-1 dw and 67-2.5*107 ng g-1 dw, and HBCDD concentrations (sum of α-, β-, and γ- diastereoisomers) ranged 75-616 ng g-1 dw and 13-416 ng g-1 dw, for urban and industrial WWTP samples, respectively. Although PBDEs have never been produced in Turkey, the highest PBDE concentration in sewage sludge worldwide was identified in one of the WWTPs. PBDE and HBCDD levels in other sludge samples were comparable to those reported in the literature. Application of a chemical mass balance model (CMB) suggested: (i) the main source of PBDEs as deca-BDE mixture; (ii) influence of a background air PBDE profile for one of the industrial WWTPs, having low contamination; (iii) indoor dust PBDE contamination as another source for urban WWTPs. The preliminary results for BFR levels in Turkey were discussed in terms of sludge disposal methods used worldwide, and the need for regulatory limits for BFRs in sludge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ipek Imamoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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73
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Yang C, Abdallah MAE, Desborough J, Burniston D, Tomy G, Harrad S, Marvin C. Trends in hexabromocyclododecanes in the UK and North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:861-867. [PMID: 30583182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water samples (n = 107) taken from nine English freshwater lakes from a mix of urban, rural, and remote locations on 12 occasions between August 2008 and February 2012, and archived suspended sediment samples (n = 39) collected over the period 1980-2012 at the mouth of the Niagara River in Lake Ontario were analysed to assess the temporal trends in contamination by the three main hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD). HBCDs (45 to 890 pg L-1, n = 107) were generally equally distributed between the operationally defined freely dissolved and particulate phases in English lake water. Concentrations of HBCDs declined over the sampling period with half-lives of 5.1 years in English water, with a significantly decreasing trend also observed for Niagara River suspended sediments (NRSSs). With respect to seasonal trends, significantly higher concentrations were found in colder compared to warmer periods at 5 out of 9 English lakes, while NRSSs in this study revealed no statistically significant seasonal trends. The maximum HBCD concentration in NRSSs was about 3 orders of magnitude lower than those detected in English lake water, which is plausible given the greater per capita use of HBCD in Europe than North America. While γ-HBCD was consistently dominant (35-86%; mean = 56%) in English lake water samples, and dominated in NRSSs collected prior to 2002 inclusive (13-100%, mean = 73%), the abundance of γ-HBCD was significantly lower (3.5-37%; mean = 23%) in NRSSs from 2003 onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqiao Yang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Desborough
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Debbie Burniston
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gregg Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
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74
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Koch C, Sures B. Ecotoxicological characterization of possible degradation products of the polymeric flame retardant "Polymeric FR" using algae and Daphnia OECD tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:101-107. [PMID: 30504012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
History has shown that brominated flame retardants often pose risks to the environment. However, the new group of polymeric brominated flame retardants might be a safer alternative compared to previously used monomers due to their high molecular weight. An example for this new group is "Polymeric FR", which is persistent by design. Within this publication, we study the acute and chronic toxicity of possible degradation products that were previously described for this polymer following UV irradiation and heat exposure at 60 °C. We have applied the OECD tests No. 201 (Algae growth inhibition), 202 (Daphnia acute immobilisation), and 211 (Daphnia reproduction) to four individual substances, indicated to originate as degradation products of "Polymeric FR" as well as a combination of these. In addition, we have used trend analysis to predict effects on fish as an additional trophic level. The results suggest that acute toxicity to the aquatic organisms chosen is rather limited or even not occurring. Chronic exposure, however, does exert effects that might be relevant from an environmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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75
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Lee HJ, Jung JH, Kwon JH. Evaluation of the bioaccumulation potential of selected alternative brominated flame retardants in marine fish using in vitro metabolic transformation rates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1333-1342. [PMID: 30759573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The global consumption of alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has increased with the restriction of the first generation BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). However, many alternative BFRs are suspected to be persistent in the environment and possibly bioaccumulative after their release into the environment because of their chemical properties, which are similar to those of the already banned BFRs. In this study, the bioaccumulation potential of selected alternative BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6‑tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 1,2,3,4,5,6‑hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3,4,5,6‑pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2‑ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and 2,3,4,5‑tetrabromo-6-chlorotoluene (TBCT)) was evaluated. The in vitro depletion rate constants (kdepl) were measured for the alternative BFRs using liver S9 fractions isolated from five marine fish species (Epinephelus septemfasciatus, Konosirus punctatus, Lateolabrax japonicus, Mugil cephalus, and Sebastes schlegelii) that inhabit the oceans off the Korean coast. The measured kdepl values were converted to in vitro intrinsic clearance rate constants (CLin vitro) to estimate whole-body metabolic rate constants (kMET) using an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Finally, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined using a one-compartment model. The transformation kinetics for obtaining kdepl agreed well with first-order chemical kinetics, regardless of initial BFR concentrations. The values of CLin vitro were lower in the selected marine fish species than those in freshwater fish species, implying slower metabolic transformation. The derived BCF values based on the total concentration in water (BCFTOT) ranged from 16 (TBB in M. cephalus) to 27,000 (HBB in K. punctatus). The BCF values for HBB and PBT were >2000 except for those in M. cephalus suggesting further investigation of BCF values of BFRs whose log KOW is between 6 and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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76
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Koch C, Nachev M, Klein J, Köster D, Schmitz OJ, Schmidt TC, Sures B. Degradation of the Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardant "Polymeric FR" by Heat and UV Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1453-1462. [PMID: 30623663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric brominated flame retardants often pose risks to the environment. The new group of polymeric flame retardants is claimed to be a safer alternative due to their high molecular weight and persistence by design. Within this publication, the degradation of a commercially widely applied example of this group-the polymer "Polymeric FR"-was studied during UV irradiation and long-term exposure to heat (60 °C) for up to 36 weeks. Both treatments led to a variety of degradation products, which might have potentially adverse environmental effects and an increased mobility compared to the mother polymer. Besides identifying some of the possible degradation products (including for instance 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid), the degradation via UV irradiation, which yields 75 different degradation products, and via heat, which led to significantly less products, was compared. In addition, further parameters like TOC and the concentration of free bromine were studied and it was demonstrated that the used type of water (distilled, reconstituted, and rainwater) does not influence the outcome of the degradation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co . KG, 45966 Gladbeck , Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Julia Klein
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Applied Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Daniel Köster
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Applied Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
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77
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Farmahin R, Gannon AM, Gagné R, Rowan-Carroll A, Kuo B, Williams A, Curran I, Yauk CL. Hepatic transcriptional dose-response analysis of male and female Fischer rats exposed to hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 133:110262. [PMID: 30594549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant found in the environment and human tissues. The toxicological effects of HBCD exposure are not clearly understood. We employed whole-genome RNA-sequencing on liver samples from male and female Fischer rats exposed to 0, 250, 1250, and 5000 mg technical mixture of HBCD/kg diet for 28 days to gain further insight into HBCD toxicity. HBCD altered 428 and 250 gene transcripts in males and females, respectively, which were involved in metabolism of xenobiotics, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolism of glucose and lipids, circadian regulation, cell cycle, fibrotic activity, and hormonal balance. Signature analysis supported that HBCD operates through the constitutive androstane and pregnane X receptors. The median transcriptomic benchmark dose (BMD) for the lowest statistically significant pathway was within 1.5-fold of the BMD for increased liver weight, while the BMD for the lowest pathway with at least three modeled genes (minimum 5% of pathway) was similar to the lowest apical endpoint BMD. The results show how transcriptional analyses can inform mechanisms underlying chemical toxicity and the doses at which potentially adverse effects occur. This experiment is part of a larger study exploring the use of toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farmahin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Gannon
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ivan Curran
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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78
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Zhu H, Sun H, Yao Y, Gan Z, Wang Y, Kannan K. Legacy and alternative brominated flame retardants in outdoor dust and pine needles in mainland China: Spatial trends, dust-plant partitioning and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:758-765. [PMID: 30228060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 26 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including 19 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), 3 isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and 4 alternative BFRs (alt-BFRs; hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromphenoxy)ethane, and decabromodiphenylethane) were determined in outdoor settled dust and pine needles collected across mainland China. BFRs were extensively found in the two matrices, with mean total concentrations at 4090 and 314 ng/g dry weight (dw), in dust and pine needles, respectively. The total BFRs concentrations in dust significantly varied among three mixed-land-use categories, with mean concentrations of 74.3, 1284, and 25,525 ng/g dw in rural, urban, and point source areas, respectively. For PBDE congeners, dust samples contained predominantly BDE-209 (69.2% of the total BFRs), whereas lower brominated PBDEs such as BDE-28 (19.7%), -47 (11.0%), and -99 (12.2%) accounted for higher proportions in pine needles. Spatial distribution of BFRs showed distinct geographical signatures with the highest levels found in South Central China. Application of McLachlan's framework to our data suggested that the uptake of BFRs in pine needles was controlled primarily by kinetically limited gaseous deposition and by particle-bound deposition. Assessment on human exposure to BFRs through outdoor dust ingestion revealed a low risk for Chinese adults and toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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79
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Okonski K, Melymuk L, Kohoutek J, Klánová J. Hexabromocyclododecane: concentrations and isomer profiles from sources to environmental sinks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36624-36635. [PMID: 30377961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and isomer compositions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were measured in six matrices in the Czech Republic (HBCD technical mixture; consumer products; indoor and outdoor air at industrial, urban and background locations; soils; and sediments) to provide insight into changes in concentrations and isomer profiles between environmental sources and environmental sinks. A distinct gradient of air concentrations was observed, from 1600 ng/m3 in the industrial area to < 10 pg/m3 in urban and background air. Isomer profiles also showed a distinct gradient in air, from 95% γ-HBCD in industrial air to 40% γ-HBCD in background air, suggesting the influence of differential atmospheric transport and phototransformation of γ- to α-HBCD. Concentrations and isomer compositions in consumer products were highly variable and indicated differences between products with intentional addition of HBCD as a flame retardant versus those with HBCD as an impurity, e.g., from recycled plastic. Understanding the isomer-specific environmental distributions and processes remains important for risk assessment and toxicology, considering the continued use of HBCD and the isomer-specific differences in uptake, metabolism, and toxicity, and further, demonstrates the utility of isomer profiles to better understand environmental processes of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Okonski
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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80
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Lu JF, He MJ, Yang ZH, Wei SQ. Occurrence of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in soil and road dust in Chongqing, western China, with emphasis on diastereoisomer profiles, particle size distribution, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:219-228. [PMID: 29980040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the HBCDs were listed in Annex A by the Stockholm Convention, and the knowledge on the contamination of TBBPA and HBCDs in soil and road dust in China is still limited, and it is unclear what role is played by dust particle size distribution. In this study, a total of 81 soil and 43 road dust samples were analyzed with TBBPA and ΣHBCDs concentrations ranging from < LOQ to 33.8 ng/g dw (dry weight) and 0.43-15.2 ng/g dw in soil, and from < LOQ to 74.1 ng/g dw and 7.25-14.0 ng/g dw in road dust, respectively. TBBPA and HBCDs exhibited different spatial distribution patterns in soil, where relatively high levels of HBCDs were found in industrial area and commercial area, while high levels of TBBPA were detceted in residential area. However, no distinct variation in spatial distribution of these two compounds was observed in road dust. Different diastereoisomer profiles of HBCDs were also found with γ-HBCD predominating in soil and α-HBCD occupying a large proportion in road dust. The α-/γ-HBCD values in road dust were significantly greater (T-test, P < 0.05) than those in soil, which suggested that γ-HBCD in road dust were likely to transform into α-HBCD compared with soil. The distribution of dust particle size showed that HBCDs levels were increasing with the decreasing in particle sizes, while the TBBPA showed some "accidental" peak values in specific diameter ranges. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA and HBCDs were assessed through dust ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation via road dust, and all the exposure estimates were well below the reference dose (RfD), but the toddlers were more vulnerable to TBBPA and HBCDs intakes, which should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China
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81
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Wang X, Yuan X, Yang S, Zhao Y. Concentrations, Distributions, and Risk Assessment of HBCD in Sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112340. [PMID: 30360547 PMCID: PMC6267610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is found widely in the environmental media. In this study, the content and spatial distribution of HBCD and risk posed by HBCD in surface sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The HBCD concentration ranged nd–4.04 ng/g dw with the mean was 0.45 ng/g dw. The major source of HBCD in surface sediment was local point discharge. The distribution profiles of α-, β-, γ-HBCD were 24.7–87.9%, 0–42.0%, and 0–67.1%, respectively. Specially, α-HBCD was the dominating isomer in most sample sites. This differed significantly from that in HBCD technical product, which might be attributed to the different degradation rates and inter-transformation of the three HBCD isomers. Risk quotient method was used to assess the potential risk posed by HBCD in sediment. HBCD do not pose strong risks to aquatic algae organisms in the Weihe River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Shengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Dooge Centre for Water Resource Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, 999014 Dublin 4, Ireland.
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82
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Sharkey M, Abdallah MAE, Drage DS, Harrad S, Berresheim H. Portable X-ray fluorescence for the detection of POP-BFRs in waste plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:49-57. [PMID: 29778681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the efficacy of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrumentation as a screening tool for a variety of end of life plastics which may contain excess amounts of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in compliance with European Union (EU) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) legislative limits (low POP concentration limits - LPCLs). 555 samples of waste plastics were collected from eight waste and recycling sites in Ireland, including waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), textiles, polyurethane foams (PUFs), and expanded polystyrene foams. Samples were screened for bromine content, in situ using a Niton™ XL3T GOLDD XRF analyser, the results of which were statistically compared to mass spectrometry (MS)-based measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) concentrations in the same samples. Regression between XRF and MS for WEEE samples shows that, despite an overall favourable trend, large deviations occur for a cluster of samples indicative of other bromine-based compounds in some samples; even compensating for false-positives due to background interference from electronic components, XRF tends to over-estimate MS-determined BFR concentrations in the 100 to 10,000 mg kg-1 range. Substantial deviations were additionally found between results for PUFs, textiles and polystyrene samples, with the XRF over-estimating BFR concentrations by a factor of up to 1.9; this is likely due to matrix effects influencing XRF measurements. However, expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) yielded much more reliable estimations of BFR-content due to a dominance of HBCDD in these materials. XRF proved much more reliable as a "pass/fail" screening tool for LPCL compliance (including a prospective LPCL on Deca-BDE based on REACH). Using a conservative threshold of BFR content exceeding legislative limits (710 mg kg-1 bromine attributed to Penta-BDE), XRF mistakenly identifies only 6 % of samples (34/555) as exceeding legislative limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sharkey
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland.
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 72516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Berresheim
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
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83
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Lara A, Caballo C, Sicilia M, Rubio S. Speeding up the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in soils and sediments based on halogen bonding. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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84
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Wang X, Yang J, Li H, Guo S, Tariq M, Chen H, Wang C, Liu Y. Chronic toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) induced by oxidative stress and cell apoptosis on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:31-39. [PMID: 29860142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain insights into the chronic effects and mechanisms of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was chosen for toxicity study. Multiple endpoints, including the physiological (growth and locomotion behaviors), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipofuscin accumulation, and cell apoptosis), and molecular (stress-related gene expressions) levels, were tested by chronic exposure for 10 d to low concentrations of HBCD (0.2 nM-200 nM). The results revealed that chronic exposure to HBCD at concentrations more than 20 nM would significantly influence the growth, locomotion behaviors, ROS formation, lipofuscin accumulation, and cell apoptosis of nematodes. Treatment with antioxidants of ascorbate and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) suppressed the toxicity induced by HBCD. The integrated gene expression profiles showed that the chronic exposure to 200 nM of HBCD significantly increased the expression levels of stress-related genes (e.g., hsp-16.2, hsp-16.48, sod-1, sod-3, and cep-1 genes). Among these genes, the sod-1, sod-3, and cep-1 gene expressions were significantly correlated with HBCD-induced physiological effects by the Pearson correlation test. The mutations of sod-3 and cep-1 induced more severe toxicity compared to wild-type nematodes. Therefore, HBCD exposure induced oxidative stress by ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis, which resulted in HBCD-induced toxicity on nematodes, and sod-3 and cep-1 played important roles in protecting nematodes against HBCD-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Research Institute of Wastes and Soil Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, PR China.
| | - Shu Guo
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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85
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Li L, Wania F. Elucidating the Variability in the Hexabromocyclododecane Diastereomer Profile in the Global Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10532-10542. [PMID: 30146881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous flame retardant subject to international regulation. Whereas γ-HBCDD is a dominant component in the technical HBCDD mixture, the diastereomer profile in environmental samples shows substantial temporal and spatial variations, ranging from γ- to α-HBCDD-dominant. To explain such variability, we simulate the global emissions and fate of HBCDD diastereomers, using a dynamic substance flow analysis model (CiP-CAFE) coupled to a multimedia environmental fate model (BETR-Global). Our modeling results indicate that, as of 2015, 340-1000 tonnes of HBCDD have been emitted globally, with slightly more γ-HBCDD (50%-65%) than α-HBCDD (30%-50%). Emissions of γ-HBCDD primarily originate from production and other industrial processes, whereas those of α-HBCDD are mainly associated with the use and end-of-life disposal of HBCDD-containing products. Presently, α-HBCDD dominates the contamination in the air of populated areas, while γ-HBCDD is more abundant in remote background areas and in regions with HCBDD production and processing facilities. Globally, the relative abundance of α-HBCDD is anticipated to increase after production of HBCDD is banned. Due to isomerization, α-HBCDD accumulates to a larger extent than γ-HBCDD in Arctic surface media. Since α-HBCDD is more persistent and bioaccumulative than other diastereomers, isomerization has bearing on the potential environmental and health impacts on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
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86
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Čulin J. Brominated flame retardants: Recommendation for different listing under the Hong Kong Convention. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:919-926. [PMID: 29729509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009 enters into effect, ships to be sent for recycling will be required to carry an Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) on board, which identifies the hazardous materials contained in the ship's structure or equipment. In its current form, IHM covers two classes of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), namely polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Emerging evidence from recent literature suggests that members of all classes of BFRs are present in all environmental compartments and that exposure to them is associated with a wide range of harmful effects in humans and animals, effects that include endocrine disruption. Despite a growing body of research, the necessary data to perform health and environmental risk assessment are still lacking. This paper reviews environmental and human health impacts and discusses some issues of BFR environmental management. It is suggested that based on a precautionary approach, the inclusion of all classes of BFRs in IHM is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Čulin
- University of Zadar, Maritime Department, M. Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia.
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87
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Li Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao Y, Chen J, Wang W, Dong X, Li X. Levels and gas-particle partitioning of hexabromocyclododecanes in the urban air of Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27514-27523. [PMID: 30051288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (HBCDs) in gas phase and particulate phase of Dalian urban air, China, were monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with high-volume active sampler. The total concentration of ∑HBCDs (gas phase + particulate phase) ranged from 15.47 to 43.57 pg m-3, with an average of 27.07 pg m-3, and 73.39-96.76% of the total HBCDs were found in the particulate phase. No matter in gas phase or in particulate phase, α-HBCD was the predominant component in all, and there was a good negative correlation between the relative contribution of α-HBCD to ∑HBCDs and that of γ-HBCD to ∑HBCDs. The average ratios of the air concentration of α-HBCD to γ-HBCD were comparable with those found in decorative polystyrene, which indicated that HBCDs in outdoor air of Dalian probably came from indoor air and ventilation air from inside of buildings coupled with the already present contamination in background air. There were clear seasonal differences in the HBCD concentrations. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between the concentrations of HBCDs with meteorological parameters was conducted. The exposure risk of HBCDs was evaluated, which illustrated that the estimated exposure of HBCDs via the outdoor air in Dalian was well below the reference doses (200 ng kg-1 bw day-1) derived by the US National Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China.
| | - Longxing Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xuewei Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Dalian Meteorological Observatory, Dalian, 116001, China
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88
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Nkoom M, Yang H. Responses of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes in Carassius carassius exposed to hexabromocyclododecane. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:46-53. [PMID: 29960092 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous existence of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in environmental matrices has made it attractive to both field investigators as well as laboratory researchers. However, literature on the biological effects caused by HBCD on aquatic vertebrates seldom exist. This has inevitably increased the difficulty of toxicological assessment in the aquatic environment. Juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were exposed (flow-through) to different concentrations of technical HBCD (nominal 2, 20, 200 μg L-1) for 7 days to determine the responses of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes. HBCD was found to be increasingly bioconcentrated in the fish livers as time proceeds. Also, the contribution of α-HBCD exhibited an enhancement from 13% in the exposure solutions to 24% in crucian carp, still much lower than in wild fishes (ca. 80%). HBCD induced activities of antioxidant enzymes in most cases, as well as increased level of lipid peroxidation. In contrast to the weak response of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD) activity was generally induced in a time-dependent manner with peaks at day 2. Phase II enzyme Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed a dose-dependent induction with maximums in the 20 μg L-1 treatment at all the four timepoints of 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. Some enzymatic responses showed good associations, indicating coordinated functions. To sum up, tHBCD exposure in the present circumstance had produced an ecological stress to crucian carp. The low levels of biotransformation and slow rates of bioisomerization suggest a possible long-term toxic effect, especially around HBCD point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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89
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Barghi M, Shin ES, Choi SD, Dahmardeh Behrooz R, Chang YS. HBCD and TBBPA in human scalp hair: Evidence of internal exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:70-77. [PMID: 29772426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is a reliable method for evaluating human exposure to specific contaminants. Although blood is an ideal matrix for monitoring purposes, it is regarded as an invasive matrix. Therefore, current developments in the field of human biomonitoring are based on introducing new methods that use non-invasive matrices, such as hair. In this study, we examined the efficiencies of several extraction methods for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in human hair. The selected pretreatment method was validated through a general QA/QC process that included spiking experiments, and then, the method was used for the determination of HBCD and TBBPA concentrations in scalp hair samples collected from individuals in Korea (n = 24) and Iran (n = 15). The HBCD and TBBPA concentrations in the collected hair samples ranged from ND to 3.24 ng g-1 and ND to 16.04 ng g-1, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of TBBPA were found in hair samples from Korea than those in hair samples from Iran (p < 0.05), which is expected to be the result of the large market and higher exposure of TBBPA in Korea. HBCD was not detected in hair samples from Iran. According to our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the presence of TBBPA in human hair with nonspecific exposure. Lastly, we investigated the important factors that influence the interpretation of the contributions of endogenous and exogenous contaminations in hair. Based on the information, the HBCD and TBBPA in the collected hair samples were most likely from endogenous exposure. Therefore, our study showed that hair is potentially a suitable indicator for the monitoring of internal exposure to HBCD and TBBPA in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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90
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Ruan Y, Zhang X, Qiu JW, Leung KMY, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Stereoisomer-Specific Trophodynamics of the Chiral Brominated Flame Retardants HBCD and TBECH in a Marine Food Web, with Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8183-8193. [PMID: 29939731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereoisomers of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (TBECH) were determined in sediments and 30 marine species in a marine food web to investigate their trophic transfer. Lipid content was found to affect the bioaccumulation of ΣHBCD and ΣTBECH in these species. Elevated biomagnification of each diastereomer from prey species to marine mammals was observed. For HBCD, biota samples showed a shift from γ- to α-HBCD when compared with sediments and technical mixtures; trophic magnification potential of (-)-α- and (+)-α-HBCD were observed in the food web, with trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of 11.8 and 8.7, respectively. For TBECH, the relative abundance of γ- and δ-TBECH exhibited an increasing trend from abiotic matrices to biota samples; trophic magnification was observed for each diastereomer, with TMFs ranging from 1.9 to 3.5. The enantioselective bioaccumulation of the first eluting enantiomer of δ-TBECH in organisms at higher TLs was consistently observed across samples. This is the first report on the trophic transfer of TBECH in the food web. The estimated daily intake of HBCD for Hong Kong residents was approximately 16-times higher than that for the general population in China, and the health risk to local children was high, based on the relevant available reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong of Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong of Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
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91
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Zhong Y, Wang H, Yu Z, Geng X, Chen C, Li D, Zhu X, Zhen H, Huang W, Fennell DE, Young LY, Peng P. Diastereoisomer-Specific Biotransformation of Hexabromocyclododecanes by a Mixed Culture Containing Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain 195. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1713. [PMID: 30131775 PMCID: PMC6090157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers may exhibit substantial differences in physicochemical, biological, and toxicological properties. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about stereoisomer-specific toxicity, metabolism, and environmental fate of HBCD. In this study, the biotransformation of (±)α-, (±)β-, and (±)γ-HBCD contained in technical HBCD by a mixed culture containing the organohalide-respiring bacterium Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain 195 was investigated. Results showed that the mixed culture was able to efficiently biotransform the technical HBCD mixture, with 75% of the initial HBCD (∼12 μM) in the growth medium being removed within 42 days. Based on the metabolites analysis, HBCD might be sequentially debrominated via dibromo elimination reaction to form tetrabromocyclododecene, dibromocyclododecadiene, and 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. The biotransformation of the technical HBCD was likely diastereoisomer-specific. The transformation rates of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD were in the following order: α-HBCD > β-HBCD > γ-HBCD. The enantiomer fractions of (±)α-, (±)β-, and (±)γ-HBCD were maintained at about 0.5 during the 28 days of incubation, indicating a lack of enantioselective biotransformation of these diastereoisomers. Additionally, the amendment of another halogenated substrate tetrachloroethene (PCE), which supports the growth of strain 195, had a negligible impact on the transformation patterns of HBCD diastereoisomers and enantiomers. This study provided new insights into the stereoisomer-specific transformation patterns of HBCD by anaerobic microbes and has important implications for microbial remediation of anoxic environments contaminated by HBCD using the mixed culture containing Dehalococcoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Geng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Zhen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Donna E Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Lily Y Young
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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92
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Tang J, Li X, Yu X, Li G, Khan S, Cai C. Application of triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) passive sampler to study phase distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20823-20832. [PMID: 29761355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that exhibit strong hydrophobicity. The ubiquity and persistence of HBCDs in sediment have attracted significant attention because of public health concerns. The environmental fate and ecological risks of HBCDs closely depend on their phase distribution in sediments. However, little information is available regarding the freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of HBCDs in sediment porewater. In this study, we developed a method to measure Cfree of HBCDs in sediment porewater using triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAM). The TECAM-to-water partitioning coefficient (log KTECAM) was 4.69, 4.77, and 4.63 for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, and γ-HBCD, respectively. In sediments, HBCDs sorbed to the sediment solid phase accounted for more than 99% of the total chemical mass. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-water partition coefficient (KDOC) values were derived from TECAM measurements, and the log KDOC values ranged from 5.77 to 6.23 for the three HBCD diastereomers, suggesting a strong tendency for HBCDs to sorb to DOC. The high sorption of HBDCs for DOC implies a potential for DOC-facilitated transport which may enhance the environmental mobility of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Xinhu Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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93
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Su G, McGoldrick DJ, Clark MG, Evans MS, Gledhill M, Garron C, Armelin A, Backus SM, Letcher RJ. Isomer-Specific Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) Levels in Top Predator Fish from Across Canada and 36-Year Temporal Trends in Lake Ontario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6197-6207. [PMID: 29737158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a high concern environmental pollutant due to its persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties. The spatial distribution of HBCDD was investigated in top predator fish (lake trout, walleye, or brook trout) collected in 2013 ( n = 165) from 19 sampling sites and in 2015 ( n = 145) from 20 sites across Canada. HBCDD was measurable in at least one sample at each sampling site regardless of sampling year with the exception of walleye from the south basin of Lake Winnipeg (2013). Sampling sites in or near the Laurentian Great Lakes had greater ΣHBCDD concentrations compared to locations to the west or east. The greatest mean ΣHBCDD concentration was 72.6 ng/g lw in fish from Lake Huron-Goderich (2015). Regardless of the sampling sites, α-HBCDD was the dominant congener followed by γ-HBCDD, whereas β-HBCDD was barely detectable. In fish from the same waterbody there were comparable α/γ isomer concentration ratios. The greatest ratio was 20.8 in fish from Lake Ontario, whereas the lowest ratio was 6.3 for fish from Lac Memphrémagog (Québec) likely related to more recent emissions of a technical HBCDD mixture. Temporal trends of HBCDD in lake trout from Lake Ontario showed a significant decreasing trend for γ-HBCDD with a half-life estimate of 10 years over a 36-year period (1979-2015), and for α-HBCDD with a half-life of 11 years over the years of 2008 to 2015. The proportion of α-HBCDD to ΣHBCDD increased significantly during 1979 to 2015. The present study provided novel information on the isomer-specific HBCDDs in Canada freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daryl J McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Mandi G Clark
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Marlene S Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Melissa Gledhill
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christine Garron
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Alain Armelin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
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94
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Xia W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang H, Yang B, Zeng Y, Xu J, Li Z, Qian M. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers in Duck Tissues. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:754-759. [PMID: 29713751 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eighty ducks (Sheldrake, Anas platyrhynchos) from Zhejiang Province, China were fed capsules containing commercialized hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) at low (0.8 mg/kg/day) or high (1.6 mg/kg/day) exposure level, or only maize starch for 21 days. Then the next 21 days was set as depuration period. Ducks were euthanizated at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after last dose and ten duck tissues including skin, tongue, intestines, heart, gizzard, muscle, liver, lung, brain and blood were sampled, separately. Three HBCDs including α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD in duck tissue samples were analyzed. At the end of depuration period, the total HBCDs concentration in skin was significantly higher than those in the other tissues (p < 0.05). The elimination rates of the three isomers in skin, tongue, intestines, heart, gizzard and brain were in the order β- > γ- > α-HBCD. The enantioselectivity of three HBCDs enantiomers was also studied in ten duck tissues. It was shown that the EF (enrichment factor) for two γ-HBCD enantiomers was significant lower than 0.5 (p < 0.05) in gizzard, heart, muscle, tongue, intestinal and liver at the end of depuration day, showing a selective accumulation of (+)-γ-HBCD in these tissues. This study provided a reference for evaluation on the accumulation of the persistent contamination of HBCDs in edible poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhuan Zeng
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingrong Qian
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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95
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Drage DS, Sharkey M, Abdallah MAE, Berresheim H, Harrad S. Brominated flame retardants in Irish waste polymers: Concentrations, legislative compliance, and treatment options. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1535-1543. [PMID: 29996450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey was performed to construct an inventory of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) associated with waste polymers in Ireland. Based on our data, ~2200 t/yr of waste generated in Ireland exceeds "Low POP Concentration Limits" (LPCLs) set by the European Commission, of 1000 mg/kg of PBDEs (BDE-209 excluded) and HBCDD - collectively referred to as POP-BFRs. Waste articles containing concentrations exceeding the LPCL values require special treatment to remove POP-BFRs before they can be recycled. Waste articles exceeding LPCLs in our study consist primarily of expanded polystyrene used as building insulation (44%), waste furniture foams and fabrics (41%), with waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) accounting for 13% and end of life vehicle waste contributing 1.7%. The recent listing of Deca-BDE under the Stockholm Convention means that a similar LPCL for its principal congener (BDE-209) is likely. Our data show that enforcement of an LPCL of 1000 mg/kg for BDE-209 would result in a further 1650 t/year of waste articles requiring special treatment. Our data show there to be 17,125 kg of POP-BFRs associated with waste polymers generated annually in Ireland. Enforcement of current LPCL values would prevent approximately 98% of these POP-BFRs from entering recycled goods. Introduction and enforcement of a similar LPCL for BDE-209 would prevent 93% of the 15,518 kg/yr of BDE-209 associated with Irish waste polymers from entering the recycling stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Sharkey
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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96
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Peng YH, Chen YJ, Chang M, Shih YH. The effect of zerovalent iron on the microbial degradation of hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:419-426. [PMID: 29501032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a commonly used brominated flame retardant (BFR), has been listed as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). In order to remediate HBCD in the environment, the influence of microscale zerovalent iron (MZVI) on the HBCD degrading microcosm was evaluated. In the acclimated microcosm collected from river sediment, 49% of HBCD was initially removed through adsorption and then 30% of HBCD was biodegraded through non-debromination processes. In contrast to MZVI only, over 60% of HBCD was gradually degraded by MZVI through a debromination reaction. In the microcosm-MZVI combined system, the biodegradation ability of the microcosm was inhibited. The aqueous chemistry was changed by the addition of MZVI, which led to the alteration of microbial composition and biodegradation ability. These better understandings can facilitate an evaluation of the impact of MZVI on HBCD biodegradation when ZVI was used to remediate this BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huei Peng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jou Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.
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97
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Zheng J, Zhou Q, Chen C, Jin X, Ma W, Zhang C, Zhou J. Theoretical study on the reactions of a series of polybromobenzenes with OH radicals: mechanism, kinetics, and QSAR. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polybromobenzenes are a kind of monocyclic aromatic flame retardants that are used as a substitute for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane. In this paper, the reaction mechanism and rate constants for the reaction of OH radicals with a series of polybromobenzenes such as hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzenes (1,2,4,5-TeBB), pentabromobenzene (PEBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 2,4,5-tribromotoluene (2,4,5-TrBT) have been investigated by quantum chemical method. The reaction mechanism was obtained at the MPWB1K/6-311+g(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+g(d,p) level of theory and the rate constants were deduced over the temperature range of 200–370 K using canonical variational transition state (CVT) theory with the small curvature tunneling (SCT) method. The rate constants of OH radicals with HBB, 1,2,4,5-TeBB, PEBB, PBEB, PBT, and 2,4,5-TrBT are determined to be 5.72 × 10−13, 1.23 × 10−12, 8.78 × 10−13, 9.23 × 10−13, 6.46 × 10−13, and 1.69 × 10−12, respectively, at 298 K and 1 atm. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes of HBB (20.08 days), 1,2,4,5-TeBB (9.65 days), PEBB (13.5 days), PBEB (12.9 days), PBT (18.4 days), and 2,4,5-TrBT (7.0 days) determined by OH radicals indicate that polybromobenzenes have the potential for long-range transport. The genetic function approximation is used to study the quantitative structure–activity relationship. The coefficients indicate that the ELUMO has the highest correlation to logkOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Wanyong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environment, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
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98
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Cao X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Khan K, Wang C, Baninla Y. An overview of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) in environmental media with focus on their potential risk and management in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:283-295. [PMID: 29414350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the subject of recent interest and potential risk assessment particularly in China due to its ubiquitous existence in a variety of environmental media. This paper reviews the recent studies conducted on HBCDs in different environmental media (air, soil, water, river sediment, sewage sludge, biota and daily food) in China. At the same time, human health risks via food and occupational exposure of HBCDs in production plants, expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) plants were assessed. The review reveals that HBCDs levels of air, soil, sediment, sewage sludge, biota and food presented a geographical variation in the eastern coastal regions of China. There were many factors resulting in the variation, such as sampling sites, climate and analytical method. In terms of diastereoisomer, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD were the predominant diastereoisomers in air, soil, sediment, and sewage sludge. In the water, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD shared the major proportion to the total HBCDs. However, only α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomer in biota. With regard to human exposure pathway to HBCDs, food was the major route for human exposure to HBCDs, especially meat. In addition, soil and road dust were also important exposure pathways. Furthermore, workers and residents, especially infants in and around waste dumping sites and industrial areas are exposed to the highest HBCDs levels among all the populations studied thus far. HBCDs posed a potential threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, risk assessment and management have an important role to play in preventing and mitigating HBCDs risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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99
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Zhang Y, Zheng M, Wang L, Lou Y, Shi L, Ke R, Wang B. High level of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in sediments from the intertidal zone of New River Estuary-a polluted and degraded wetland. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 130:287-292. [PMID: 29866560 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The levels and distribution of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in sediments in the intertidal zone of the New River Estuary were investigated. The concentration of TBC ranged from 2.78 to 35.1 ng·g-1dw, and the concentration of total HBCDs ranged from 10.3 to 43.5 ng·g-1dw. The composition of the three HBCD isomers, α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, was 6.23%, 8.00% and 85.8%, respectively. Moreover, the mass inventory of TBC, α-, β-, γ-HBCD, and total HBCDs in sediments were estimated to be about 1465.49, 124.64, 154.98, 1707.54, 1987.16 kg, respectively. Compared to previous studies, the concentrations of TBC and HBCDs in the intertidal zone of the New River Estuary were relatively high. Therefore, more concern of the potential public health and environmental risks of TBC and HBCDs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Runhui Ke
- The National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China
| | - Bingui Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
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100
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Zhang H, Kelly BC. Sorption and bioaccumulation behavior of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in a tropical marine food web. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:44-53. [PMID: 29428515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have demonstrated the environmental behavior of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), information regarding sorption and bioaccumulation potential of other widely used organic chemicals such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) is limited. This study involved a comprehensive field investigation of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in environmental media and fish in Singapore Strait, an important tropical maritime strait in Southeast Asia. In total, 90 HOCs were analyzed, including HFRs, synthetic musks, PCBs, OCPs, as well as triclosan and methyl triclosan. The results show that the organic carbon normalized sediment-seawater distribution ratios (CSED/CWD) of the studied compounds are comparable to the organic carbon-water partition coefficients (KOC), over a log KOC range of approximately 4-11. The observed species-specific bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), organism-environment media fugacity ratios (fFISH/fWD and fFISH/fSED) and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) indicate that legacy POPs and PBDE 47 show bioaccumulation behavior in this tropical marine ecosystem, while triclosan, tonalide, dodecachlorodimethanodibenzocyclooctane stereoisomers (DDC-COs), and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) do not. Methyl triclosan and galaxolide exhibit moderate biomagnification. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in environmental media but not in any of the organisms, suggesting low bioaccumulation potential of these flame retardants. The apparently low bioaccumulation potential of the studied HFRs and synthetic musks is likely because of metabolic transformation and/or reduced bioavailability due to the hydrophobic nature of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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