51
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Qi X, Rao D, Zhang J, Sun B. The altered treatment efficiency of the bisulfite/permanganate process by chloride. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132173. [PMID: 37531765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisulfite-activated permanganate (S(IV)/Mn(VII)) process has proven to be a promising method for rapidly degrading micropollutants. Previous studies have shown that the treatment efficiency of the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process suffer from significant water matrix effects while the mechanism still remains unclear. This study systematically investigates the influence of chloride, which is a common water constituent, on the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process. Addition of chloride decreased the removal of methyl phenyl sulfoxide, phenol, benzoic acid and carbamazepine by the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process but increased dimethoxybenzene removal. The distribution of reactive species in the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process in the absence and presence of chloride was determined with relative rate method. The S(IV)/Mn(VII) process primarily relies on SO4•- and reactive manganese species (RMnS) for pollutant abatement while dosing chloride decreased the concentration of these reactive species. Reactive chlorine species (RCS), such as Cl2•- and ClO•, are formed through the reaction of SO4•- with chloride, and become more important at high concentrations of chloride. RMnS includes Mn(VI), Mn(V) and Mn(III), but none of these species are capable of oxidizing chloride. However, chloride retarded the consumption of bisulfite which reduced RMnS and RCS in turn. DOM inhibited pollutant removal by the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process while the impact mechanism was significantly altered by chloride. Additionally, the study observed a synergistic inhibition of DOM and chloride on the degradation of pollutants that are highly reactive towards Cl2•- and ClO•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Rao
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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52
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Li B, Pan H, Chen B. A review of factors affecting the formation and roles of primary and secondary reactive species in UV 254-based advanced treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120537. [PMID: 37683496 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water has been threatening human health and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Ultraviolet-based advanced treatment processes (UV-ATPs) are one of the most effective and promising technologies to transform OMPs in water; therefore, an increasing number of emerging UV-ATPs are proposed. However, appropriate selection of UV-ATPs for practical applications is challenging because each UV-ATP generates different types and concentrations of reactive species (RSs) that may not be sufficient to degrade specific types of OMPs. Furthermore, the concentrations and types of RSs are highly influenced by anions and dissolved organic matter (DOM) coexisting in real waters, making systematic understandings of their interfering mechanisms difficult. To identify and address the knowledge gaps, this review provides a comparison of the generations and variations of various types of RSs in different UV-ATPs. These analyses not only prove the importance of water matrices on formation and consumption of primary and secondary RSs under different conditions, but also highlight the non-negligible roles of optical properties and reactivities of DOM and anions. For example, different UV-ATPs may be applicable to different target OMPs under different conditions; and the concentrations and roles of secondary RSs may outperform those of primary RSs in OMP degradation for real applications. With continuous progress and outstanding achievements in the UV-ATPs, it is hoped that the findings and conclusions of this review could facilitate further research and application of UV-ATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huimei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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53
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Zhao X, Chen C, Chen H, Guo Y, Zhang X, Li M, Cao L, Wang Y, Gong T, Che L, Yang G, Xian Q. Evolutions of dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-products formation in source water during UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120284. [PMID: 37441900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) is a promising option for the traditional low-pressure UV lamp, but the evolutions of DOM composition, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and their toxicity need further study in raw water during UV-LED/chlorine process. In UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis on synchronous fluorescence and UV-vis spectra indicated the protein-like fractions responded faster than the humic-like components, the reactive sequence of peaks for DOM followed the order: 340 nm→240 nm→410 nm→205 nm→290 nm. Compared to chlorination for 30 mins, the UV-LED/chlorine process enhanced the degradation efficiency of three fluorescent components (humic-like, tryptophan-like, tyrosine-like) by 5.1%-46.1%, and the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) significantly reduced by 43.8% while the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) increased by 27.3%. The concentrations of C-DBPs increased by 17.8% whereas that of N-DBPs reduced by 30.4% in 24 h post-chlorination. The concentrations of brominated DBPs increased by 17.2% during UV-LED/chlorine process, and further increased by 18.5% in 24 h post-chlorination. According to the results of principal component analysis, the non-fluorescent components of DOM might be important precursors in the formation of haloketones, haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes during UV-LED/chlorine process. Unlike chlorine treatment, the reaction of DOM in UV-LED/chlorine treatment generated fewer unknown DBPs. Compared with chlorination, the cytotoxicity of C-DBPs reduced but the cytotoxicity of both N-DBPs and Br-DBPs increased during UV-LED/chlorine process. Dichloroacetonitrile had the highest cytotoxicity, followed by monobromoacetic acid, bromochloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetic acid during 30 mins of UV-LED/chlorine process. Therefore, besides N-DBPs, the more toxic Br-DBPs formation in bromide-containing water is also not negligible in the practical applications of UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Che
- Zhejiang Eco Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Guoying Yang
- Zhejiang Eco Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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54
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Yan Y, Wei Z, Duan X, Long M, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Xiao R, Alvarez PJJ. Merits and Limitations of Radical vs. Nonradical Pathways in Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12153-12179. [PMID: 37535865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization have exerted significant adverse effects on water quality, resulting in a growing need for reliable and eco-friendly treatment technologies. Persulfate (PS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are emerging as viable technologies to treat challenging industrial wastewaters or remediate groundwater impacted by hazardous wastes. While the generated reactive species can degrade a variety of priority organic contaminants through radical and nonradical pathways, there is a lack of systematic and in-depth comparison of these pathways for practical implementation in different treatment scenarios. Our comparative analysis of reaction rate constants for radical vs. nonradical species indicates that radical-based AOPs may achieve high removal efficiency of organic contaminants with relatively short contact time. Nonradical AOPs feature advantages with minimal water matrix interference for complex wastewater treatments. Nonradical species (e.g., singlet oxygen, high-valent metals, and surface activated PS) preferentially react with contaminants bearing electron-donating groups, allowing enhancement of degradation efficiency of known target contaminants. For byproduct formation, analytical limitations and computational chemistry applications are also considered. Finally, we propose a holistically estimated electrical energy per order of reaction (EE/O) parameter and show significantly higher energy requirements for the nonradical pathways. Overall, these critical comparisons help prioritize basic research on PS-based AOPs and inform the merits and limitations of system-specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, 77005, United States
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55
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Yang T, Huang C, An L, Zeng G, Li J, Liu C, Xu X, Jia J, Ma J. The overlooked role of Cr(VI) in micropollutant degradation under solar light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120309. [PMID: 37451190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is ubiquitous in natural environments, whereas its role in the transformation of coexisting contaminants may have been overlooked. In this work, it was reported for the first time that the irradiation of Cr(VI) by solar light (solar light/Cr(VI) system) could effectively degrade various micropollutants with different structures. The removal efficiency of selected micropollutants was increased by 13.3-64.8% by the solar light/Cr(VI) system compared to that by direct solar photolysis. Meanwhile, the oxidation rates were enhanced by 2.2-21.5 folds, while they were negligible by Cr(VI) oxidation alone. Experiments by specific scavengers, probe compounds, fluorescence absorbance, and electron spin resonance analysis demonstrated that hydroxyl radical (•OH) was the major reactive species in the solar light/Cr(VI) system. Further experiments showed that the generation of •OH was closely related to the intermediate Cr(V) generated from Cr(VI) reduction, and Cr(V) could be re-oxidized back to Cr(VI). Increasing solution pH negatively affected model micropollutant (carbamazepine (CBZ)) degradation by the solar light/Cr(VI) system, mainly due to the decreased quantum yield of •OH at higher pH. Coexisting sulfate ions showed negligible effect on CBZ degradation in the solar light/Cr(VI) system, while the presence of bicarbonate, chloride, and humic acid inhibited CBZ degradation to varying degrees, owing to their diverse scavenging effects on •OH. Furthermore, moderate CBZ degradation was also achieved by natural solar light photolysis of Cr(VI). This study demonstrated the pivotal role of Cr(VI) in the transformation of micropollutants under solar irradiation, which advances the understanding of the fate of micropollutants in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China.
| | - Cui Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Linqian An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Ge Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, PR China.
| | - Changyu Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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56
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Moore N, Wang C, Andrews S, Hofmann R. On the increasing competitiveness of UV/Cl to UV/H 2O 2 advanced oxidation as the organic carbon concentration increases. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120227. [PMID: 37354844 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
UV/Cl and UV/H2O2 are advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used for drinking water treatment and water reuse. This work explored the hypothesis that UV/Cl becomes more competitive to UV/H2O2 at neutral-to-high pH as the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) increases. Lab experiments and kinetic modelling were used to compare initial pseudo first-order contaminant decay rate coefficients between the AOPs at various pH and TOC conditions. The relative effect of increasing TOC concentrations on UV/Cl vs. UV/H2O2 depended on the pH, contaminant, and organic matter reactivity towards radicals. For example, while the reaction rate coefficients during both AOPs generally decreased with increasing TOC, the UV/Cl reaction rate coefficients for the solely •OH-reactive sucralose decreased 41-138% less than the UV/H2O2 coefficients as the TOC concentration was increased from 0 to 5 mg-C L-1. However, UV/Cl was more affected than UV/H2O2 when targeting caffeine (a contaminant reactive to chlorine radicals). The data were used to define TOC-pH conditions for which either AOP would be more energy-efficient, under a set of standard conditions. The results suggest that UV/Cl may be competitive to UV/H2O2 under a wider range of treatment scenarios than has been conventionally thought based on tests in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Moore
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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57
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Wu X, Zhao X, Chen R, Liu P, Liang W, Wang J, Shi D, Teng M, Wang X, Gao S. Size-dependent long-term weathering converting floating polypropylene macro- and microplastics into nanoplastics in coastal seawater environments. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120165. [PMID: 37320877 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically developed the long-term photoaging behavior of different-sized polypropylene (PP) floating plastic wastes in a coastal seawater environment. After 68 d of laboratory accelerated UV irradiation, the PP plastic particle size decreased by 99.3 ± 0.15%, and nanoplastics (average size: 435 ± 250 nm) were produced with a maximum yield of 57.9%, evidencing that natural sunlight irradiation-induced long-term photoaging ultimately converts floating plastic waste in marine environments into micro- and nanoplastics. Subsequently, when comparing the photoaging rate of different sized PP plastics in coastal seawater, we discovered that large sized PP plastics (1000-2000 and 5000-7000 μm) showed a lower photoaging rate than that of small sized PP plastic debris (0-150 and 300-500 μm), with the decrease rate of plastic crystallinity as follow: 0-150 μm (2.01 d-1) > 300-500 μm (1.25 d-1) > 1000-2000 μm (0.780 d-1) and 5000-7000 μm (0.900 d-1). This result can be attributed to the small size PP plastics producing more reactive oxygen species (ROS) species, with the formation capacity of hydroxyl radical •OH as follows: 0-150 μm (6.46 × 10-15 M) > 300-500 μm (4.87 × 10-15 M) > 500-1000 (3.61 × 10-15 M) and 5000-7000 μm (3.73 × 10-15 M). The findings obtained in this study offer a new perspective on the formation and ecological risks of PP nanoplastics in current coastal seawater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rouzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Weigang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Di Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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58
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Jiang X, Yuan J, Zheng Z, Tao Y, Wu X. Degradation of Sulfonamides by UV/Electrochemical Oxidation and the Effects of Treated Effluents on the Bacterial Community in Surface Water. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28409-28418. [PMID: 37576615 PMCID: PMC10413449 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of ultraviolet (UV) photolysis combined with electrochemical oxidation on sulfonamides (SAs) as well as its treated effluent on the bacterial community in surface water. In terms of degradation rate, the best anode material for electrochemical oxidation was Ti/RuO2-IrO2, which had the highest degradation kinetic constant compared to Ti/Ta2O5-IrO2 and Ti/Pt. Experiments showed the highest degradation rate of SAs at 8.3 pH. Similarly, increasing the current leads to stronger degradation due to the promotion of free chlorine production, and its energy consumption rate decreases slightly from 73 to 67 W h/mmol. Compared with tap water, the kinetic constants decreased by 20-62% for SAs in three different surface water samples, which was related to the decrease in free chlorine. When extending the reaction time to 24 h, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon decreased by approximately 30-40%, indicating that the SAs and their products could be mineralized. The diversity analysis showed that the effluents influenced the richness and diversity of the bacterial community, particularly in the 4 h sample. Additionally, there were 86 operational taxonomic units common to all samples, excluding the 4 h sample; significant differences were derived from changes in the Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota phyla. The toxicity of the products might explain these changes, and these products could be mineralized, as observed in the 24 h sample. Therefore, the extension of treatment time would greatly reduce the ecological harm of treated effluent and ensure that the UV/electrochemical process is a feasible treatment option. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the optimization and feasibility of UV/electrochemical processes as a sustainable treatment option for sulfonamide-contaminated water sources, emphasizing the importance of considering ecological impacts and the need for extended treatment times that address environmental concerns and ensuring improved water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Jiang
- School
of Urban Construction, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Julin Yuan
- Key
Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of
Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of
Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Zhijie Zheng
- School
of Urban Construction, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yufang Tao
- College
of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- School
of Urban Construction, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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59
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Yao MC, Zhang X, Huang Q, Huang J, Sheng GP. Chlorine oxide radical (ClO) enables the enhanced degradation of antibiotic resistance genes during UV/chlorine treatment by selectively inducing base damage. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108121. [PMID: 37544266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to individual UV or chlorine disinfection, the combined UV and chlorine (i.e., UV/chlorine) can substantially promote the degradation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the effluent by generating radicals. However, the mechanisms of ARG degradation induced by radicals during UV/chlorine treatment remain largely unknown, limiting further enhancement of ARG degradation by process optimization. Herein, we aimed to uncover the role of different radicals in ARG degradation and the molecular mechanisms of ARG degradation by radicals in UV/chlorine process. The ClO was proven to be responsible for the enhanced ARG degradation during UV/chlorine treatment, while the other radicals (OH, Cl, and Cl2-) played a minor role. This is because ClO possessed both high steady-state concentration and high reactivity toward ARGs (rate constant: 4.29 × 1010 M-1 s-1). The ClO might collaborate with free chlorine to degrade ARG. The ClO degraded ARGs by selectively attacking guanine and thymine but failed to induce strand breakage, while chlorine could break the strand of ARGs. Ultimately, ClO cooperated with chlorine to degrade ARGs quickly by hydroxylation and chlorination of bases and produce many chlorine- and nitrogen-containing products as revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The uncovered degradation mechanisms of ARGs by UV/chlorine provide useful guidelines for process optimization to achieve deep removal of effluent ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Cen Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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60
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Yuan Y, Wang K, Liu Y, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Qiu J. Isolation and Characterization of the Wastewater Micropollutant Phenacetin-Degrading Bacterium Rhodococcus sp. Strain PNT-23. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1962. [PMID: 37630522 PMCID: PMC10458748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenacetin, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, poses a serious health risk to both humans and aquatic organisms, which is of concern since this micropollutant is frequently detected in various aquatic environments. However, rare pure bacterial cultures have been reported to degrade phenacetin. Therefore, in this study, the novel phenacetin-degrading strain PNT-23 was isolated from municipal wastewater and identified as a Rhodococcus sp. based on its morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated strain could completely degrade 100 mg/L phenacetin at an inoculum concentration of OD600 1.5 within 80 h, utilizing the micropollutant as its sole carbon source for growth. Strain PNT-23 exhibited optimal growth in LB medium at 37 °C and a pH of 7.0 with 1% NaCl, while the optimal degradation conditions in minimal medium were 30 °C and a pH of 7.0 with 1% NaCl. Two key intermediates were identified during phenacetin biodegradation by the strain PNT-23: N-acetyl-4-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol. This study provides novel insights into the biodegradation of phenacetin using a pure bacterium culture, expands the known substrate spectra of Rhodococcus strains and presents a potential new candidate for the microbial removal of phenacetin in a diverse range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Lai X, Liang X, Zhao X, Li Y, Xu W. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon derived from polypyrrole-polythiophene for efficient peroxydisulfate activation towards degradation of aniline. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115993. [PMID: 37105289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the catalytic activity of carbon materials and streamline their synthesis process, it is necessary to optimize the doping of heteroatoms and reduce the dependence on organic solvents. This can be achieved by utilizing carbonized Polypyrrole-Polythiophene (C(Ppy-Pth)), which is obtained through simultaneous and in-situ co-doping of N and S. This material can serve as an effective activator of peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of aniline (AN). The results showed that Ppy-Pth could be efficiently synthesized by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, pyrrole, thiophene, FeCl3, and H2O2 in water. Based on the price, self-decomposition and oxidation efficiency, the performance of PDS activated by C(Ppy-Pth) was superior to that of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in degrading AN. The optimum conditions for catalyzing PDS and degrading 30 mg/L AN by C(Ppy-Pth) were 0.10 g/L C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1, 2.10 mM PDS, and pH0 = 3.00, which resulted in 86.69% AN removal in 30 min. Carbonation temperature, N/S ratio and pyridine N content are the key factors affecting the catalytic activity of C(Ppy-Pth). Quenching, probe, and electrochemical experiment revealed that in the catalytic PDS system with C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1 (pH0 = 3.00), the oxidation of AN mainly occurred through the generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide anion (O2·-), and electron transfer on the C(Ppy-Pth)-1000-1/1 surface. The steady-state concentration of ·OH and O2·- were 2.65 × 10-14 M and 1.97 × 10-13 M, respectively, and the contribution rate of ·OH oxidation was 31.28%. The oxidation of AN by sulfate radical (SO4·-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) could be neglected. This study provides a promising strategy for the construction of PDS catalyst and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
| | - Xuebing Liang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Weicheng Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
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Wang T, Deng L, Shen J, Tan C, Hu J, Singh RP. Formation, toxicity, and mechanisms of halonitromethanes from poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) during UV/monochloramine disinfection in the absence and presence of bromide ion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117819. [PMID: 36996559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bromide ion (Br-) is known as a prevalent component in water environments, which exhibits significant impacts on halonitromethanes (HNMs) formation. This study was performed to explore and compare the formation, toxicity, and mechanisms of HNMs from poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDACl) in the absence and presence of Br- in the UV/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) disinfection process. The results showed that chlorinated HNMs were found in the absence of Br-, while brominated (chlorinated) HNMs and brominated HNMs were found in the presence of Br-. Furthermore, the peaks of total HNMs were promoted by 2.0 and 2.4 times, respectively when 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 Br- were added. Also, the peaks of total HNMs were enhanced with the increase of the NH2Cl dosage, which were reduced with the increase of pH. It should be noted that Br- induced higher toxicity of HNMs, and the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HNMs with the addition of 2.0 mg L-1 Br- were 78.0 and 3.7 times those without the addition of Br-, respectively. Meanwhile, both the reaction mechanisms of HNMs produced from PDDACl were speculated in the absence and presence of Br-. Finally, different HNMs species and yields were discovered in these two real water samples compared to those in simulated waters. These findings of this work will be conducive to understanding the significance of Br- affecting HNMs formation and toxicity in the disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Jiaxin Shen
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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63
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Kong Q, Ye L, Pan Y, Zhou Y, Lei Y, Zeng Z, Chen S, Yao L, Zhang X, Westerhoff P, Yang X. Photochemical Transformation of Free Chlorine Induced by Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37428984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of free chlorine is an increasingly recognized approach for effectively inactivating microorganisms and eliminating trace organic contaminants. However, the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is ubiquitous in engineered water systems, on free chlorine photolysis is not yet well understood. In this study, triplet state DOM (3DOM*) was found to cause the decay of free chlorine for the first time. By using laser flash photolysis, the scavenging rate constants of triplet state model photosensitizers by free chlorine at pH 7.0 were determined to be in the range of (0.26-3.33) × 109 M-1 s-1. 3DOM*, acting as a reductant, reacted with free chlorine at an estimated reaction rate constant of 1.22(±0.22) × 109 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0. This study revealed an overlooked pathway of free chlorine decay during UV irradiation in the presence of DOM. Besides the DOM's light screening ability and scavenging of radicals or free chlorine, 3DOM* played an important role in the decay of free chlorine. This reaction pathway accounted for a significant proportion of the decay of free chlorine, ranging from 23 to 45%, even when DOM concentrations were below 3 mgC L-1 and a free chlorine dose of 70 μM was present during UV irradiation at 254 nm. The generation of HO• and Cl• from the oxidation of 3DOM* by free chlorine was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance and quantified by chemical probes. By inputting the newly observed pathway in the kinetics model, the decay of free chlorine in UV254-irradiated DOM solution can be well predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liaoliao Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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64
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Shan P, Lin J, Zhai Y, Dong S, How ZT, Qin R. Transformation and toxicity studies of UV filter diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate in the swimming pools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163498. [PMID: 37068670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), an ultraviolet (UV) filter, can be found in sunscreens and other personal care products and thus can be introduced into swimming pools through the swimmers. In outdoor pools, DHHB will inevitably interact with free chlorine and sunlight. Therefore, the mechanism of solar‑chlorine chemical transformation of DHHB, as well as the environmental risk, were investigated in this work. In chlorinated with solar (Cl + solar) process, free chlorine was the dominant contributor to 85% of the DHHB degradation, while hydroxyl radicals and reactive chlorine species contributed only 15% because of low free radical generation and fast DHHB and free chlorine reaction rates. Scavenging matrices, such as Cl-, NH4+, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), inhibited the degradation of DHHB in the Cl + solar process, while Br-, HCO3-, NO3-, and urea promoted DHHB degradation. DHHB degradation was inhibited in tap water swimming pool samples, while it was enhanced in seawater pool samples by the Cl + solar process. Seven transformation by-products (TBPs) including mono-, dichlorinated, dealkylate, and monochloro-hydroxylated TBPs were identified. Three degradation pathways, chlorine substitution, chlorine and hydroxyl substitution, and dealkylation were proposed for DHHB transformation in the Cl + solar process. Both Quantitative structure-activity relationship and Aliivibrio fischeri toxicity tests demonstrated increased toxicity for the chlorinated TBPs. A risk assessment of the DHHB and its TBPs suggested that both DHHB and its chlorinated TBPs pose a significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panduo Shan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Marine Drugs of Haikou, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Rui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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65
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Zhang YX, Xiang JL, Wang JJ, Du HS, Wang TT, Huo ZY, Wang WL, Liu M, Du Y. Ultraviolet-based synergistic processes for wastewater disinfection: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131393. [PMID: 37062094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for wastewater disinfection but suffers from low inactivation rates and can cause photoreactivation of microorganisms. Synergistic disinfection with UV and oxidants is promising for enhancing the inactivation performance. This review summarizes the inactivation effects on representative microorganisms by UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), UV/ozone (O3), UV/persulfate (PS), UV/chlorine, and UV/chlorine dioxide (ClO2). UV synergistic processes perform better than UV or an oxidant alone. UV mainly attacks the DNA or RNA in microorganisms; the oxidants H2O2 and O3 mainly attack the cell walls, cell membranes, and other external structures; and HOCl and ClO2 enter cells and oxidize proteins and enzymes. Free radicals can have strong oxidation effects on cell walls, cell membranes, proteins, enzymes, and even DNA. At similar UV doses, the inactivation rates of Escherichia coli with UV alone, UV/H2O2, UV/O3, UV/PS (peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate), and UV/chlorinated oxidant (chlorine, ClO2, and NH2Cl) range from 2.03 to 3.84 log, 2.62-4.30 log, 4.02-6.08 log, 2.93-5.07 log, and 3.78-6.55 log, respectively. The E. coli inactivation rates are in the order of UV/O3 ≈ UV/Cl2 > UV/PS > UV/H2O2. This order is closely related to the redox potentials of the oxidants and quantum yields of the radicals. UV synergistic disinfection processes inhibit photoreactivation of E. coli in the order of UV/O3 > UV/PS > UV/H2O2. The activation mechanisms and formation pathways of free radicals with different UV-based synergistic processes are presented. In addition to generating HO·, O3 can reduce the turbidity and chroma of wastewater to increase UV penetration, which improves the disinfection performance of UV/O3. This knowledge will be useful for further development of the UV-based synergistic disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jue-Lin Xiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Du
- Sichuan Macyouwei Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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66
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Sánchez-Montes I, Santos GOS, Dos Santos AJ, Fernandes CHM, Souto RS, Chelme-Ayala P, El-Din MG, Lanza MRV. Toxicological aspect of water treated by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163047. [PMID: 36958544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As well established in the literature, residual toxicity is an important parameter for evaluating the sanitary and environmental safety of water treatment processes, and this parameter becomes even more crucial when chlorine-based processes are applied for water treatment. Eliminating initial toxicity or preventing its increase after water treatment remains a huge challenge mainly due to the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) that stem from the degradation of organic contaminants or the interaction of the chlorine-based oxidants with different matrix components. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion regarding the toxicological aspects of water treated using chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the recent findings related to the factors influencing toxicity, and provide directions for future research in the area. The review begins by shedding light on the advances made in the application of free chlorine AOPs and the findings from studies conducted using electrochemical technologies based on free chlorine generation. We then delve into the insights and contributions brought to the fore regarding the application of NH2Cl- and ClO2-based treatment processes. Finally, we broaden our discussion by evaluating the toxicological assays and predictive models employed in the study of residual toxicity and provide an overview of the findings reported to date on this subject matter, while giving useful insights and directions for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Géssica O S Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro J Dos Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H M Fernandes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson S Souto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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67
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He H, Li F, Liu K, Zhan J, Wang X, Lai C, Yang X, Huang B, Pan X. The disinfectant residues promote the leaching of water contaminants from plastic pipe particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121577. [PMID: 37023886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection treatment is an indispensable water purification process, but it can leave trace concentrations of disinfectant in the purified water. Disinfectants oxidation can age plastic pipes and release hazardous microplastics and chemicals into drinking water. Lengths of commercially-available unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene random copolymer water pipe were ground into particles and exposed to micro-molar concentrations of ClO2, NaClO, trichloroisocyanuric acid, or O3 for up to 75 days. The disinfectants aged the plastic and changed its surface morphology and functional groups. Meanwhile, disinfectants could significantly promote the release of organic matter from plastic pipes into the water. ClO2 generated the highest concentrations of organic matter in the leachates from both plastics. Plasticizers, antioxidants and low molecular weight organic matter were detected in all of the leachates. Leachate samples inhibited the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer and induced oxidative stress in the cells. Even trace concentrations of residual disinfectant can constitute a drinking water risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kunqian Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juhong Zhan
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chaochao Lai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China
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68
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Tu Z, Qi Y, Tang X, Wang Z, Qu R. Photochemical transformation of anthracene (ANT) in surface soil: Chlorination and hydroxylation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131252. [PMID: 36963191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the fate of anthracene (ANT) in soil, the photodegradation behavior of ANT was systematically studied using SiO2 to simulate a soil environment. Under xenon lamp irradiation, more than 90% of ANT loaded on SiO2 could be removed after 240 min. Moreover, the effects of water content, chloride ions (Cl-) and humic acid (HA) were examined. It was found that the presence of water and HA can significantly inhibit the photolysis of ANT on SiO2, while the addition of chloride alone has no obvious effect. However, when water is present, the inhibition effect of chloride became more obvious. According to radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) were formed in the system. Possible reaction pathways were speculated based on products identified by mass spectrometry. ANT was attacked by •OH to form hydroxylated products, which can be further hydroxylated and oxidized with the final formation of ring-opening products. ANT directly excited by light may also react with Cl• to produce chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs). Finally, the experimental results were verified on real soil. This study provides important information for understanding the photochemical transformation mechanism of ANT at the soil/air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Tang
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Delta Environmental Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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69
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Hu R, Yang SQ, Li JY, Sun F, Liu ZQ, Yang J, Cui YH, Zhang B. Insight into micropollutant abatement during ultraviolet light-emitting diode combined electrochemical process: Reaction mechanism, contributions of reactive species and degradation routes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162798. [PMID: 36914136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical process coupling with ultraviolet light-emitting diode for micropollutant abatement was evaluated in the treatment of wastewater containing Cl-. Four representative micropollutants, atrazine, primidone, ibuprofen and carbamazepine, were selected as target compounds. The impacts of operating conditions and water matrix on micropollutant degradation were investigated. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy spectra and high performance size exclusion chromatography were employed to characterize the transformation of effluent organic matter in treatment. The degradation efficiencies of atrazine, primidone, ibuprofen and carbamazepine are 83.6 %, 80.6 %, 68.7 % and 99.8 % after 15 min treatment, respectively. The increment of current, Cl- concentration and ultraviolet irradiance promote the micropollutant degradation. However, the presence of bicarbonate and humic acid inhibit micropollutant degradation. The mechanism of micropollutant abatement was elaborated based on reactive species contributions, density functional theory calculation and degradation routes. Free radicals (HO•, Cl•, ClO• and Cl2•-) could be generated by chlorine photolysis and subsequent propagation reactions. The concentrations of HO• and Cl• are 1.14 × 10-13 M and 2.0 × 10-14 M in optimal condition, respectively, and the total contributions of HO• and Cl• for the degradation of atrazine, primidone, ibuprofen and carbamazepine are 24 %, 48 %, 70 % and 43 %, respectively. The degradation routes of four micropollutants are elucidated based on intermediate identification, Fukui function and frontier orbital theory. Micropollutants can be effectively degraded in actual wastewater effluent, and the small molecule compound proportion increases during effluent organic matter evolution. Compared with photolysis and electrolysis, the coupling of the two processes has potential for energy saving in micropollutant degradation, which shed light on the prospects of ultraviolet light-emitting diode coupling with electrochemical process for effluent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sui-Qin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia-Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fengyi Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zheng-Qian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Beiping Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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70
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An Y, Ma XY, Chen W, Li W, Yang S, Chen R, Wang XC. The impact of inorganic ions on the solar photolysis of chlorinated dissolved organic matter from different sources: Spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts, and biotoxicities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131135. [PMID: 36889069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is chlorinated and then discharged into natural waters, where it is subject to solar irradiation. However, the impacts of inorganic ions in natural waters on the photochemical transformations of the chlorinated DOM (DOM-Cl) have not been studied comprehensively. In this study, variations in the spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and biotoxicities of DOM-Cl under solar irradiation at different pH values and in the presence of NO3- and HCO3- were revealed. Three sources of DOM, including DOM from a WWTP effluent, natural organic matter from the Suwannee River, and DOM from plant leaf leachate, were investigated. Solar irradiation resulted in the oxidation of the highly reactive aromatic structures and then reduced the amounts of chromophoric and fluorescent DOM, especially under alkaline conditions. Moreover, alkaline conditions significantly promoted the detected DBPs degradation and the biotoxicities attenuation, while NO3- and HCO3- generally impeded them (or did not work). Dehalogenation of the unknown halogenated DBPs and photolysis of the nonhalogenated organics were the main mechanisms for the DOM-Cl biotoxicity reductions. Hence, improving the ecological safety of WWTP effluents could be achieved through solar irradiation by removing the DBPs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali An
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Siyan Yang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Ye WK, Tian FX, Chen C, Ye J, Liu FW, Wang B, Hu XJ, Xu B. Performance evaluation of the UV activated chlorite process on trimethoprim: Degradation efficiency, energy consumption and disinfection by-products formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138540. [PMID: 36996925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As the primary inorganic by-product species of ClO2, chlorite is believed to have negative toxicological effects on human health and therefrom greatly limits the wide application of ClO2 in water treatment. The synergistic trimethoprim (TMP) removal concerning degradation efficiency, energy consumption and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in the UV activated chlorite process accompanied by the simultaneously elimination of chlorite was comprehensively evaluated. UV/chlorite integrated process removed TMP far more rapidly than UV (1.52%) or chlorite (3.20%) alone due to the endogenous radicals (Cl•, ClO• and •OH), the contributing proportions of which were 31.96%, 19.20% and 44.12%. The second-order rate constants of TMP reaction with Cl•, ClO• and •OH were determined to be 1.75 × 1010, 1.30 × 109 and 8.66 × 109 M-1 s-1. The effects of main water parameters including chlorite dosage, UV intensity, pH as well as water matrixes (nature organic matter, Cl- and HCO3-) were examined. kobs obeyed the order as UV/Cl2>UV/H2O2≈UV/chlorite>UV, and the cost ranking via electrical energy per order (EE/O, kWh m-3 order-1) parameter was UV/chlorite (3.7034) > UV/H2O2 (1.1625) >UV/Cl2 (0.1631). The operational scenarios can be optimized to achieve the maximum removal efficiencies and the minimum energy costs. The destruction mechanisms of TMP were proposed by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The overall weighted toxicity in subsequent disinfection was assessed as UV/Cl2>UV/chlorite > UV, the values of which in post-chlorination were 6.2947, 2.5806 and 1.6267, respectively. Owing to the vital roles of reactive chlorine species (RCS), UV/chlorite displayed far higher TMP degradation efficiency than UV, and concurrently presented much less toxicity than UV/Cl2. In an effort to determine the viability of the promising combination technology, this study was devoted to reduce and reuse chlorite and synchronously realize the contaminants degradation efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Fu-Xiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Fu-Wen Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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72
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Yazici Guvenc S, Turk OK, Can-Güven E, Garazade N, Varank G. Norfloxacin removal by ultraviolet-activated sodium percarbonate and sodium hypochlorite: process optimization and anion effect. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2872-2889. [PMID: 37318929 PMCID: wst_2023_159 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of UV-activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) and sodium hypochlorite (SHC) in Norfloxacin (Norf) removal from an aqueous solution was assessed. Control experiments were conducted and the synergistic effect of the UV-SHC and UV-SPC processes were 0.61 and 2.89, respectively. According to the first-order reaction rate constants, the process rates were ranked as UV-SPC > SPC > UV and UV-SHC > SHC > UV. Central composite design was applied to determine the optimum operating conditions for maximum Norf removal. Under optimum conditions (UV-SPC: 1 mg/L initial Norf, 4 mM SPC, pH 3, 50 min; UV-SHC: 1 mg/L initial Norf, 1 mM SHC, pH 7, 8 min), the removal yields for the UV-SPC and UV-SHC were 71.8 and 72.1%, respectively. HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- negatively affected both processes. UV-SPC and UV-SHC processes were effective for Norf removal from aqueous solution. Similar removal efficiencies were obtained with both processes; however, this removal efficiency was achieved in a much shorter time and more economically with the UV-SHC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Yazici Guvenc
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Oruc Kaan Turk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Emine Can-Güven
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Narmin Garazade
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Gamze Varank
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey E-mail:
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Xiao H, Xu F, Chen J, Hao Y, Guo Y, Zhu C, Luo S, Jiang B. Electrogenerated oxychlorides induced overlooked negative effects on electro-oxidation wastewater treatment in terms of over-evaluated COD removal efficiency and biotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131667. [PMID: 37236107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The high-efficiency and environmentally-friendly electro-oxidation (EO) would lose its competitive edge because of the production of oxychloride by-products (ClOx-), which has not yet drawn significant attention in academic and engineering communities. In this study, the negative effects of the electrogenerated ClOx- were compared among four commonly used anode materials (BDD, Ti4O7, PbO2 and Ru-IrO2) in terms of ClOx- interference on the evaluation of electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity. Apparently, the COD removal performance of various EO systems were highly enhanced with increasing current density in the presence of Cl-, e.g., the amounts of COD removed by various EO systems from the phenol solution with an initial COD content of 280 mg L-1 at 40 mA cm-2 within 120 min decreased in the order: Ti4O7 of 265 mg L-1 > BDD of 257 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 202 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 118 mg L-1, which was different from the case with the absence of Cl- (BDD of 200 mg L-1 > Ti4O7 of 112 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 108 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 80 mg L-1) and the results after removing ClOx- by anoxic sulfite-based method (BDD of 205 mg L-1 > Ti4O7 of 160 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 153 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 99 mg L-1). These results can be ascribed to the ClOx- interference on COD evaluation, the extent of which decreased in the order: ClO3- > ClO- (where ClO4- cannot impact COD test). The highest overrated electrochemical COD removal performance of Ti4O7 may be associated with its relatively high production of ClO3- and the low mineralization extent. The chlorella inhibition ratio of ClOx- decreased in the order: ClO- > ClO3- >> ClO4-, which accounted for the biotoxicity increasement of the treated water (PbO2 68%, Ti4O7 56%, BDD 53%, Ru-IrO2 25%). Generally, the inevitable problems of overrated electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity increasement induced by ClOx- should deserve significant attention and effective countermeasures should be also developed when employing EO process for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiji Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Fengqi Xu
- SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Company Ltd, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Yongjie Hao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Company Ltd, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Chaosheng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, PR China
| | - Siyi Luo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
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74
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Zhang Y, Hua Z, Zhang X, Guo K, Fang J. Unexpected trends for the formation of chlorate and bromate during the photolysis of chlorine in bromide-containing water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120100. [PMID: 37247439 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solar photolysis of free chlorine (solar/chlorine) in bromide-containing water occurs under various scenarios, such as chlorinated reservoirs and outdoor swimming pools, and the formation of chlorate and bromate is an important issue in the system. We reported unexpected trends for the formation of chlorate and bromate in the solar/chlorine system. Excess chlorine inhibited the formation of bromate, i.e., increasing chlorine dosages from 50 to 100 μM reduced the bromate yield from 6.4 to 1.2 μM in solar/chlorine at 50 μM bromide and pH 7. The yield of bromate in solar/chlorine at 100 μM chlorine and 50 μM bromide in 240 min was 18.8% of that at 50 μM bromine only. The underlying mechanism was that HOCl can react with bromite (BrO2-) to form HOClOBrO-, whose multi-step transformation finally formed chlorate as the major product and bromate as the minor product. This reaction overwhelmed the oxidation of bromite to form bromate by reactive species, such as •OH, BrO• and ozone. On the other hand, the presence of bromide greatly enhanced the formation of chlorate. Increasing bromide concentrations from 0 to 50 μM enhanced the chlorate yields from 2.2 to 7.0 μM at 100 μM chlorine. The absorbance of bromine was higher than that of chlorine, thus the photolysis of bromine formed higher levels of bromite at higher bromide concentrations. Then, bromite rapidly reacted with HOCl to form HOClOBrO- and it further transformed to chlorate. Additionally, 1 mg L-1 NOM had a negligible effect on bromate yields in solar/chlorine at 50 μM bromide, 100 μM chlorine and pH 7. This study demonstrated a new pathway of chlorate and bromate formation in the solar/chlorine system with bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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75
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Yang T, An L, Zeng G, Jiang M, Li J, Liu C, Jia J, Ma J. Efficient removal of p-arsanilic acid and arsenite by Fe(II)/peracetic acid (Fe(II)/PAA) and PAA processes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120091. [PMID: 37262947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) in natural environments poses big threats to the biosphere due to the generation of toxic inorganic arsenic (i.e., As(III) and As(V), especially As(III) with higher toxicity and mobility). Oxidation of p-ASA or As(III) to As(V) followed by precipitation of total arsenic using Fe-based advanced oxidation processes demonstrated to be a promising approach for the treatment of arsenic contamination. This study for the first time investigated the efficiency and inherent mechanism of p-ASA and As(III) oxidation by Fe(II)/peracetic acid (Fe(II)/PAA) and PAA processes. p-ASA was rapidly degraded by the Fe(II)/PAA process within 20 s at neutral to acidic pHs under different conditions, while it was insignificantly degraded by PAA oxidation alone. Lines of evidence suggested that hydroxyl radicals and organic radicals generated from the homolytic OO bond cleavage of PAA contributed to the degradation of p-ASA in the Fe(II)/PAA process. p-ASA was mainly oxidized to As (V), NH4+, and p-aminophenol by the Fe(II)/PAA process, wherein the aniline group and its para position were the most vulnerable sites. As(III) of concern was likely generated as an intermediate during p-ASA oxidation and it could be readily oxidized to As(V) by the Fe(II)/PAA process as well as PAA alone. The in-depth investigation demonstrated that PAA alone was effective in the oxidation of As(III) under varied conditions with a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:1. Efficient removal (> 80%) of total arsenic during p-ASA oxidation by Fe(II)/PAA process or during As(III) oxidation by PAA process with additional Fe(III) in synthetic or real waters were observed, mainly due to the adsorptive interactions of amorphous ferric (oxy)hydroxide precipitates. This study systematically investigates the oxidation of p-ASA and As(III) by the Fe(II)/PAA and PAA processes, which is instructive for the future development of arsenic remediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Linqian An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Maoju Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Changyu Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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76
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Cheng X, Cheng Z, Jing B, Ao Z, Shang C, Ling L. Visible light-driven NH 2Cl activation by g-C 3N 4 photocatalysis producing reactive nitrogen species to degrade bisphenol A. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119889. [PMID: 36966682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of monochloramine (NH2Cl), a widely used disinfectant, under UVC irradiation produces different radicals for the micropollutant degradation. For the first time, this study demonstrates the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) via the NH2Cl activation by graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalysis using visible light-LEDs at 420 nm, termed as the Vis420/g-C3N4/NH2Cl process. The process produces •NH2, •NH2OO, •NO and •NO2 via the eCB-- and O2•--induced activation pathways and •NHCl and NHClOO• via the hVB+-induced activation pathway. The produced reactive nitrogen species (RNS) enhanced 100% of the BPA degradation compared with the Vis420/g-C3N4. Density functional theory calculations confirmed the proposed NH2Cl activation pathways and further demonstrated that eCB-/O2•- and hVB+ induced the cleavage of N-Cl and N-H bonds in NH2Cl, respectively. The process converted 73.5% of the decomposed NH2Cl to nitrogen-containing gas, compared with that of approximately 20% in the UVC/NH2Cl process, leaving much less ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in water. Among different operating conditions and water matrices tested, of particular significance is natural organic matter of 5 mgDOC/L only reduced 13.1% of the BPA degradation compared against that of at least 46% reduction in the UVC/NH2Cl process. Only 0.017-0.161 µg/L of disinfection byproducts were produced, two orders of magnitudes lower than that in the UVC/chlorine and UVC/NH2Cl processes. The combined use of visible light-LEDs, g-C3N4 and NH2Cl significantly improves the micropollutant degradation and reduces the energy consumption and byproduct formation of the NH2Cl-based AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zihang Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Binghua Jing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Advanced interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China.
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 000, China; Advanced interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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77
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Ye B, Wu QY, Wang WL, Hu HY. PPCP degradation by ammonia/chlorine: Efficiency, radical species, and byproducts formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119862. [PMID: 36924555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are frequently detected in water bodies and have potential risks to human health and the ecosystem. The degradation of eight structurally diverse PPCPs by ammonia/chlorine was systematically investigated in this study. Compared with chlorination, ammonia/chlorine markedly enhanced PPCP degradation, and the degradation efficiencies of most PPCPs were greater than 70%. Tert-butanol strongly suppressed PPCP degradation, while bicarbonate suppressed it moderately, suggesting the importance of ClO⋅and ⋅CO3- in PPCP degradation. In neutral conditions, PPCP degradation was mainly attributed to ⋅OH, with its contribution ranging from 74% to 100% at a Cl2/N molar ratio of 1.6. Regarding the effect of natural organic matter, atrazine and primidone were inhibited the most, while carbamazepine (CBZ), metoprolol (MTP), and atenolol (ATN) were affected the least. PPCP degradation was suppressed in reclaimed water; the degradation of CBZ, MTP, and ATN was suppressed the least, with degradation efficiencies of 77.1%-85.4%, 75.1%-77.1%, and 64.6%-68.8%, respectively. Furthermore, compared with chlorination, fewer volatile halogenated byproducts were formed in reclaimed water when using the ammonia/chlorine process, and the concentration of each byproduct formed by ammonia/chlorine was less than 10 µg/L. This study suggests the feasibility of using ammonia/chlorine oxidation to degrade PPCPs in reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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78
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Jiang P, Zhou T, Bai J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou C, Zhou B. Nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells for total nitrogen removal and energy recovery based on Cl•/ClO• oxidation of ammonia nitrogen. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119914. [PMID: 37028212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The excess nitrogen discharge into water bodies has resulted in extensive water pollution and human health risks, which has become a critical global issue. Moreover, nitrogenous wastewater contains considerable chemical energy contributed by organic pollutants and nitrogenous compounds. Therefore, the treatment of various kinds of nitrogen-containing wastewater for nitrogen removal and energy recovery is of significance. Biological methode and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the main methods for nitrogen removal. However, biological treatment is easily inhibited by high-salinity, high ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N/NH4+-N), nitrite and toxic organics in wastewater, which limits its application. AOPs mainly induce in situ generation of highly reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•), sulfate radical (SO4•-) and chlorine radicals (Cl•, ClO•, Cl2•-), for nitrogen removal. Nevertheless, HO• shows low reactivity and N2 selectivity towards NH3-N/NH4+-N oxidation, and SO4•- also demonstrates unsatisfactory NH3-N/NH4+-N removal. It has been shown that Cl•/ClO• can efficiently remove NH3-N/NH4+-N with high N2 selectivity. The generation of Cl•/ClO• can be triggered by various techniques, among which the PEC technique shows great potential due to its higher efficiency for Cl•/ClO• generation and eco-friendly approach for pollutants degradation and energy recovery by utilizing solar energy. Cl•/ClO• oxidation of NH3-N/NH4+-N and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) reduction can be strengthened through the design of photoanode and cathode materials, respectively. Coupling with this two pathways, an exhaustive total nitrogen (TN) removal system is designed for complete TN removal. When introducing the mechanism into photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs), the concept of nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells (NFCs) is proposed to treat several typical types of nitrogen-containing wastewater, achieving high-efficiency TN removal, organics degradation, toxic chlorate control, and energy recovery simultaneously. Recent research progress in this field is reviewed, summarized and discussed, and in-depth perspectives are proposed, providing new ideas for the resource treatment of nitrogen-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Tingsheng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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79
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Zheng L, Xiong Y, Gao Y, Yin F, Szczygiełda M, Krajewska M, Vo PHN, Jiang C, Liu H. Tailoring the draw solution chemistry in the integrated electro-Fenton and forward osmosis for enhancing emerging contaminants removal: Performance, DFT calculation and degradation pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162155. [PMID: 36773919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrated electro-Fenton and forward osmosis is capable to simultaneously separate emerging contaminants and degrade accumulated ones. Thus, an understanding of how draw solution chemistry in forward osmosis influences electro-Fenton is vital for maximizing overall treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the transport behavior of four trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) including Diuron, Atrazine, DEET and Sulfamethoxazole under several influencing factors. Alkalic NaCl severely deteriorated degradation because of the less generation of OH caused by the interfered iron redox cycle. pH-neutral NaCl resulted in the highest reverse salt flux, namely possible largest production of active chlorine, therefore leading to the highest degradation. Compared to NaCl, Na2SO4 presented a significant lower reverse diffusion due to the larger hydrated radius of SO42- than Cl-. Meanwhile, the large consumption of OH by SO42- decreased degradation. Dissolved organic matters in the secondary effluent acted as the scavenger for OH and resulted in a degradation decline. Water extraction resulted from forward osmosis deteriorated degradation kinetics of all compounds except Sulfamethoxazole. On the other hand, Density functional theory calculations and identified intermediates contributed to propose the possible degradation pathways for each TrOC in terms of understanding TrOCs removal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Yanfang Xiong
- College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yimeng Gao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Fengjun Yin
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China
| | - Mateusz Szczygiełda
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Krajewska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Phong H N Vo
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Changsheng Jiang
- College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China.
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80
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Qiu J, Wang J, Ren M, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Cao H, Xie Y. Comprehensive effect of water matrix on catalytic ozonation of chloride contained saline wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 234:119827. [PMID: 36889089 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloride ion (Cl-) is one of the most common anions in wastewater and saline wastewater, but its elusive effects on organics degradation are not clear yet in many cases. In this paper, the effect of Cl- on organic compounds degradation is intensively studied in catalytic ozonation of different water matrix. It was found that the effect of Cl- is almost completely reflected by transforming ·OH to reactive chlorine species (RCS), which is simultaneously competitive with organics degradation. The competition between organics and Cl- for ·OH directly determines the ratio of their consumption rate of ·OH, which depends on their concentration and reactivity with ·OH. Especially, the concentration of organics and solution pH may change greatly during organics degradation process, which will correspondingly influence the transformation rate of ·OH to RCS. Therefore, the effect of Cl- on organics degradation is not immutable, and may dynamically change. As the reaction product between Cl- and ·OH, RCS was also expected to affect the degradation of organics. But we found that Cl· had no significant contribution to the degradation of organics in catalytic ozonation, which may due to its reaction with ozone. Catalytic ozonation of a series of benzoic acid (BA) with different substituents in chloride contained wastewater was also investigated, and the results showed that the electron-donating substituents can weaken the inhibition of Cl- on BAs degradation, because they increase the reactivity of organics with ·OH, O3 and RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, 617000, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Data Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Data Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingzhu Ren
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Data Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Data Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongbing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, 617000, China; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Data Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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81
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He F, Zhong D, Ma W, Yuan Y, Li K, Dai C. Activation of the combined hydrogen peroxide and peroxymonosulphate by lepidocrocite for chloramphenicol removal: kinetics and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1936-1946. [PMID: 35168482 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2016995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The main compositions of pipe deposits from water distribution networks are potential iron resources, which can be used as catalysts to activate the combined hydrogen peroxide (HP) and peroxymonosulphate (PMS) system to produce reactive oxidative species (ROSs) to degrade pollutants. As a result, the degradation efficiency of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the HP/PMS dual-oxidant system could reach as high as 75.21% within 100 min with hydroxylamine (HA) assistance, and the dual-oxidant method had a wide pH applied range. To explore the mechanism of the dual-oxidant system in detail, several main affecting factors were investigated. In addition, the hydroxyl radical(•OH) was identified as the predominant radicals by Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and the Radical scavenger test (RST). According to the competition kinetics experiment, the reaction rate of CAP with •OH was 1.933(± 0.052) × 1010 M-1s-1 in the HP/PMS dual-oxidant system, which was higher than the HP single oxidant system (6.10(± 0.036) × 109 M-1s-1). And the role of HA was explored , including reduction and competition. Six degradation products were detected by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and their toxicity was analyzed by the ecological structure-activity relationship (ECOSAR) predictive model. These findings further provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of pipe deposits and advance the development of in-situ removal of pollutants in water distribution networks in the future promisingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
| | - Kefei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
| | - Changlei Dai
- School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, the People's Republic of China
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82
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Chen C, Zhao X, Chen H, Li M, Cao L, Wang Y, Xian Q. Degradation of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation by solar photolysis of free available chlorine. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120020. [PMID: 37167852 PMCID: PMC10149525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environment disinfection effectively curbs transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, elevated concentration of free available chlorine (FAC) in disinfectants can be discharged into surface water, generating toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The impact of solar photolysis of FAC on natural organic matter (NOM) to form DBPs has not been well studied. In this work, solar photolysis of FAC was found to result in higher formation of DBPs, DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP), total organic chlorine (TOCl) and lower specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), compared to dark chlorination. In solar photolysis of FAC, formation of total DBPs was promoted by pH=8, but hindered by the addition of HCO3-, radical scavenger or deoxygenation, while addition of NO3-and NH4+both enhanced the formation of nitrogenous DBPs. Differences in the formation of DBPs in solar photolysis of FAC under various conditions were influenced by reactive species. The formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in solar photolysis of FAC positively correlated with the steady-state concentrations of ClO• and O3. The steady-state concentrations of •NO and •NH2 positively correlated with the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs). HAAs and haloacetonitriles (HANs) mainly contributed to calculated cytotoxicity of DBPs. This study demonstrates that solar photolysis of FAC may significantly impact the formation of DBPs in surface water due to extensive use of disinfectants containing FAC during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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83
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Masjoudi M, Mohseni M. Photolysis of chloramines in vacuum-UV and vacuum-UV/chlorine advanced oxidation processes for removal of 1,4-dioxane: Effect of water matrix, kinetic modeling, and implications for potable reuse. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131454. [PMID: 37094441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a key step in eliminating persistent micropollutants in potable reuse trains. Under such conditions, chloramines are an inevitable component in the AOP feed water given their application as an antifouling agent for the upstream membrane processes. In cases when other oxidants, such as free chlorine, are to be used in the AOP treatment, the effect of background chloramines and any potential interplays between the oxidants should be considered. In this study, vacuum-UV (VUV) and VUV/Cl2 have been proposed as promising AOP alternatives for potable reuse and the effect of chloramine photolysis has been considered on the removal of 1,4-dioxane. Results indicated that while presence of chloramine reduces the treatment efficiency in the VUV AOP, coexistence of free chlorine and chloramine oxidants significantly improves 1,4-dioxane degradation rates. Experimental data and kinetic modeling both confirmed the roles of OH• and Cl2•- in 1,4-dioxane removal with 62.5% and 32.5% contribution in the VUV/Cl2/chloramines, respectively. Among the other water matrix conditions, Cl- was shown to improve the degradation rates while HCO3- suppressed the reactions by scavenging radical species. Overall, the findings of this research are informative for the design and development of VUV AOPs at small scale potable reuse facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Masjoudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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84
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Chen Z, Xia P, Wang D, Niu X, Ao L, He Q, Wang S, Ye Z, Sirés I. New insights into the mechanism of Fered-Fenton treatment of industrial wastewater with high chloride content: Role of multiple reactive species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163596. [PMID: 37084916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (OH) is considered the dominant reactive species in the electro-Fenton (EF) and Fered-Fenton (EF-Fere) processes for wastewater treatment. However, in chloride-rich media, this is arguable due to the obscure mechanisms for the oxidant speciation and pollutant degradation. Herein, the role of active chlorine and Fe(IV)-oxo species (FeIVO2+) as primary oxidizing agents in HClO-mediated Fered-Fenton (EF-Fere-HClO) process is discussed, along with the dependence of their contribution on the pollutant structure. HClO generated from anodic oxidation of Cl- can be consumed by added H2O2 to form singlet oxygen (1O2), which is detrimental because this species is quickly deactivated by water. The reaction between HClO and Fe2+ was proved to generate FeIVO2+, rather than OH or Cl suggested in the literature. The yield of FeIVO2+ species was proportional to the Cl- concentration and barely affected by solution pH. The long-lived HClO and FeIVO2+ can selectively react with electron-rich compounds, which occurs simultaneously to the non-selective attack of OH formed from Fenton's reaction. The FeIVO2+ and OH concentration profiles were successfully modelled. Although the accumulation of toxic chlorinated by-products from HClO-mediated oxidation might cause new environmental concerns, the toxicity of pesticide wastewater with 508 mM Cl- was halved upon EF-Fere-HClO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Pan Xia
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaodong Niu
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lixin Ao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhihong Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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85
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Yang T, Zhu M, An L, Zeng G, Fan C, Li J, Jiang J, Ma J. Photolysis of chlorite by solar light: An overlooked mitigation pathway for chlorite and micropollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119809. [PMID: 36878179 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorite (ClO2-) is an undesirable toxic byproduct commonly produced in the chlorine dioxide and ultraviolet/chlorine dioxide oxidation processes. Various methods have been developed to remove ClO2- but require additional chemicals or energy input. In this study, an overlooked mitigation pathway of ClO2- by solar light photolysis with a bonus for simultaneous removal of micropollutant co-present was reported. ClO2- could be efficiently decomposed to chloride (Cl-) and chlorate by simulated solar light (SSL) at water-relevant pHs with Cl- yield up to 65% at neutral pH. Multiple reactive species including hydroxyl radical (•OH), ozone (O3), chloride radical (Cl•), and chlorine oxide radical (ClO•) were generated in the SSL/ClO2- system with the steady-state concentrations following the order of O3 (≈ 0.8 μΜ) > ClO• (≈ 4.4 × 10-6 μΜ)> •OH (≈ 1.1 × 10-7 μΜ)> Cl• (≈ 6.8 × 10-8 μΜ) at neutral pH under investigated condition. Bezafibrate (BZF) as well as the selected six other micropollutants was efficiently degraded by the SSL/ClO2- system with pseudofirst-order rate constants ranging from 0.057 to 0.21 min-1 at pH 7.0, while most of them were negligibly degraded by SSL or ClO2- treatment alone. Kinetic modeling of BZF degradation by SSL/ClO2- at pHs 6.0 - 8.0 suggested that •OH contributed the most, followed by Cl•, O3, and ClO•. The presence of water background components (i.e., humic acid, bicarbonate, and chloride) exhibited negative effects on BZF degradation by the SSL/ClO2- system, mainly due to their competitive scavenging of reactive species therein. The mitigation of ClO2- and BZF under photolysis by natural solar light or in realistic waters was also confirmed. This study discovered an overlooked natural mitigation pathway for ClO2- and micropollutants, which has significant implications for understanding their fate in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Mengyang Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Linqian An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Chengqian Fan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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86
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Wang YH, Chuang YH, Lin AYC. Evolution of reactive species and their contribution to the removal of ketamine and amine-containing pharmaceuticals during the sunlight/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119738. [PMID: 36858017 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-induced photoirradiation of chlorine (sunlight/chlorine) can be observed in outdoor swimming pools and open-channel disinfection units for wastewater treatment. In this study, the degradation of ketamine, an environmentally persistent pharmaceutical, under sunlight irradiation in the presence of a low concentration of chlorine (1 mg/L as Cl2) was investigated to elucidate the evolution of reactive species and their contribution to ketamine removal. •OH dominates the initial stage of sunlight/chlorine; however, after chlorine depletion, reactions still progress with an observed rate constant (kobs = 7.6 ± 0.50 × 10-3 min-1) an order of magnitude higher than photolysis alone (kobs = 2.9 ± 0.15 × 10-4 min-1). When chlorine is depleted, O3 becomes the major reactant that degrades ketamine. High O3 yields were found in both sunlight/HOCl (12.5 ± 0.5% at pH 5) and sunlight/ClO- (10 ± 1% at pH 10) systems. At sub-µM levels, O3 resulted in substantial removal of ketamine, and even faster rates were observed in the presence of sunlight. A kinetic model was also established, and evaluate time-dependent concentration levels during sunlight/chlorine. The model simulation showed that the cumulative O3 concentration could reach 0.91 μM, and O3 contributed 31% ketamine removal during the sunlight/chlorine process. Primary and secondary amine functional groups were demonstrated to be the reaction sites of O3; other pharmaceuticals, such as atenolol and metoprolol, underwent similar phenomena. In addition, the experimental and model results further indicated that sunlight/ClO2- or ClO2 also participates in the degradation of ketamine with a minor role; trace amounts (below nM level) of ClO2- and ClO2 were estimated by the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106
| | - Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University. 1001 University Rd., East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan 300.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106.
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87
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Lei Y, Yu Y, Lei X, Liang X, Cheng S, Ouyang G, Yang X. Assessing the Use of Probes and Quenchers for Understanding the Reactive Species in Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5433-5444. [PMID: 36930043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment. Understanding the role of reactive species using probes and quenchers is one of the main requirements for good process design. However, much fundamental kinetic data for the reactions of probes and quenchers with reactive species is lacking, probably leading to inappropriate probe and quencher selection and dosing. In this work, second-order rate constants for over 150 reactions of probes and quenchers with reactive species such as •OH, SO4•-, and Cl• and chemical oxidants such as free chlorine and persulfate were determined. Some previously ill-quantified reactions (e.g., furfuryl alcohol and methyl phenyl sulfoxide reactions with certain chemical oxidants, nitrobenzene and 1,4-dioxane reactions with certain halogen radicals) were found to be kinetically favorable. The selection of specific probes can be guided by the improved kinetic database. The criteria for properly choosing dosages of probes and quenchers were proposed along with a procedure for quantifying reactive species free of interference from probe addition. The limitations of probe and quencher approaches were explicated, and possible solutions (e.g., the combination with other tools) were proposed. Overall, the kinetic database and protocols provided in this work benefit future research in understanding the radical chemistry in AOPs as well as other radical-involved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - ShuangShuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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88
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Zhang Y, Guo L, Hoffmann MR. Ozone- and Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Oxidation of Pharmaceutical Compounds Using Ni-Doped Sb-SnO 2 Anodes: Degradation Kinetics and Transformation Products. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2023; 3:335-348. [PMID: 36935895 PMCID: PMC10012175 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.2c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation provides a versatile technique for treating wastewater streams onsite. We previously reported that a two-layer heterojunction Ni-Sb-SnO2 anode (NAT/AT) can produce both ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). In this study, we explore further the applicability of NAT/AT anodes for oxidizing pharmaceutical compounds using carbamazepine (CBZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) as model probe compounds. Details of the oxidation reaction kinetics and subsequent reaction products are investigated in the absence and presence of chloride (Cl-) and sulfate (SO4 2-). In all cases, faster or comparable degradation kinetics of CBZ and FCZ are achieved using the double-layered NAT/AT anode coupled with a stainless steel (SS) cathode in direct comparison to an identical setup using a boron-doped diamond anode. Production of O3 on NAT/AT enhances the elimination of both parent compounds and their transformation products (TPs). Very fast CBZ degradation is observed during NAT/AT-SS electrolysis in both NaClO4 and NaCl electrolytes. However, more reaction products are identified in the presence of Cl- than ClO4 - (23 TPs vs 6). Rapid removal of FCZ is observed in NaClO4, while the degradation rate is retarded in NaCl depending on the [Cl-]. In SO4 2--containing electrolytes, altered reaction pathways and transformation product distributions are observed due to sulfate radical generation. SO4 ·- oxidation produces fewer hydroxylated products and promotes the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Similar trend in treatment performance is observed in mixtures of CBZ and FCZ with other pharmaceutical compounds in latrine wastewater and secondary WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas72701, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
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89
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Ekwong S, Boonnorat J, Lin KYA, Phattarapattamawong S. Synergistic degradation of trimethoprim and its phytotoxicity via the UV/chlorine process: Influencing factors on removal and kinetic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:314-325. [PMID: 36899452 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of trimethoprim (TMP), recalcitrant antibiotic, and its adverse effect on ecosystem have been reported in several countries. The study aims to remove the TMP and its phytotoxicity via a UV/chlorine process, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. Various treatment conditions including chlorine doses, pHs, and TMP concentrations was conducted with synthetic waters and effluent waters. The UV/chlorine process exhibited a synergistic effect on the TMP removal, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. The UV/chlorine process was the most effective in removing TMP, followed by chlorination. The UV irradiation slightly affected the TMP removal (less than 5%). The UV/chlorine process completely removed TMP by 15 min contact time, while chlorination for 60 min could achieve 71% of TMP removal. The TMP removal fitted well with the pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k') increased with higher chlorine doses, lower TMP concentrations and low pH. HO• was the major oxidant affecting the TMP removal and its degradation rate, compared with other reactive chlorine species (e.g., Cl•, OCl•). The TMP exposure increased the phytotoxicity by decreasing a germination rate of Lactuca sativa and Vigna radiata seeds. The use of UV/chlorine process could effectively detoxify the TMP, resulting in the phytotoxicity level of treated waters equivalent or lower than those of TMP-free effluent water. The detoxification level depended on the TMP removal, and it was about 0.43-0.56 times of TMP removal. The findings indicated the potential use of UV/chlorine process in removing TMP residual and its phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Ekwong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarungwit Boonnorat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Songkeart Phattarapattamawong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
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90
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Wei R, Tong H, Zhang J, Sun B, You S. Flow electrochemical inactivation of waterborne bacterial endospores. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130505. [PMID: 36463735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens have the risk of spreading waterborne diseases and even pandemics. Some Gram-positive bacteria can form endospores, the hardiest known life form that can withstand heat, radiation, and chemicals. Electrochemical inactivation may offer a promising solution, but is hindered by low inactivation efficiencies resulting from limitation of electrode/endospores interaction in terms of electrochemical reaction selectivity and mass transfer. Herein, these issues were addressed through modifying selectivity of active species formation using electroactive ceramic membrane with high oxygen evolution potential, improving mass transfer property by flow-through operation. In this way, inactivation (6.0-log) of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores was achieved. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrated synergistic inactivation to occur through fragmentation of coat via interfacial electron transfer and electro-produced transient radicals (•OH primarily, •Cl and Cl2•- secondarily), thereby increasing cell permeability to facilitate penetration of electro-produced persistent active chlorine for subsequent rupture of intracellular structures. Numbering-up electrode module strategy was proposed to scale up the system, achieving average 5.3-log inactivation of pathogenic Bacillus anthracis endospores for 30 days. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept manner for effective inactivation of waterborne bacterial endospores, which may provide an appealing strategy for wide-range applications like water disinfection, bio-safety control and defense against biological warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jinna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Baiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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91
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Yaghoot-Nezhad A, Wacławek S, Madihi-Bidgoli S, Hassani A, Lin KYA, Ghanbari F. Heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of electrogenerated chlorine for the production of reactive oxygen and chlorine species: A new approach for Bisphenol A degradation in saline wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130626. [PMID: 36588018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UV-E-chlorination/hematite nanoparticles (UV/E-Cl/HNs) as a heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of electrogenerated chlorine was assessed for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) as a new approach based on the generation of reactive chlorine and oxygen species. The prepared sample was characterized using multiple techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and BET-BJH. An excellent decontamination efficiency of 99.4% was achieved within 40 min of electrolysis under optimum conditions (pH of 5, HNs dosage 100 mg/L, current density of 20 mA/cm2, and NaCl concentration of 50 mM). The HOCl content was reduced more swiftly in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and hematite, resulting in the production of oxidative radicals (i.e., •OH, Cl•, and Cl2•-). The scavenging experiments also verified the vital role of these radicals in oxidative treatment. The UV/E-Cl/HNs process is readily supplied with hydroxyl radicals through several mechanisms. Bicarbonate ions showed a noticeable inhibitory impact, whereas nitrate and sulfate anions only slightly affected BPA degradation. The HNs were a recoverable and stable catalyst for six cycles. Furthermore, the ECOSAR program predicted that the UV/E-Cl/HNs can be labeled as an environmental-friendly process. Eventually, reasonable degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified by-products through experimental and theoretical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yaghoot-Nezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan 63187-14331, Iran
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Soheila Madihi-Bidgoli
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Aydin Hassani
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture & Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
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92
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Sato Y, Xiang Y, Cooper P, Cassol GS, Luo Y, Zeng Q, Shang C, Ren ZJ, Chen G. Evaluating UV 254 absorbance reductions in landfill leachate for municipal sewage co-treatment through timed UV/electrooxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130624. [PMID: 37056023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate contains dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibiting high ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254). The UVA254 limits leachate co-treatment with municipal sewage by hindering the downstream UV disinfection efficiency at wastewater treatment plants. Here, we alleviated the UVA254 by timing the radiation in a UV/electrooxidation (UV/EO) process to accelerate reactive species formation. At 200 A·m-2, the UV radiation was delayed by 10 min to accumulate 21 mg·L-1 as Cl2, which enhanced the initial radical formation rate by 5.25 times compared with a simultaneous UV/EO. The timed operation increased the steady-state concentrations of ClO• by 700 times to 4.11 × 10-14 M and reduced the leachate UVA254 by 78.2% after 60 min. We identified that aromatic formulas with low oxygen content were susceptible to UV/EO from Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated leachate and generated byproducts was assessed through specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and developmental assays with Platynereis dumerilii. After quenching the residual chlorine, leachate co-treatment at 3.5% v/v presented minimal toxicological risk. Our findings provide operational insights for applying UV/EO in high UVA254 matrices such as landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Sato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Cooper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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93
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Qin C, Qi Y, Teng X, Ajarem JS, Allam AA, Qu R. Degradation of Bisphonel AF (BPAF) by zero-valent iron activated persulfate: Kinetics, mechanisms, theoretical calculations, and effect of co-existing chloride. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137774. [PMID: 36642137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The removal of Bisphonel AF (BPAF) by zero-valent iron activated persulfate (Fe0/PS) system was systematically evaluated in this work. 30.0 μM BPAF was removed by 94.4% in 60 min of treatment under optimal conditions of pH = 3.0 and [PS] = [Fe0] = 3.0 mM. Cl- significantly accelerated the removal of BPAF, resulting from accelerated Fe2+ release and reactive chlorine species (RCS) formation. Liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry identified thirteen degradation products, and bond breaking, coupling reactions, hydroxylation and sulfate addition were considered as the major transformation pathways. When Cl- was present, six new chlorinated byproducts were also generated. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the occurrence of radical addition reactions was verified and the preferential reaction channels were determined. Significantly BPAF degradation products were less toxic, according to toxicity assessment by the ECOSAR program. Moreover, a high removal efficiency of BPAF (>90%) was also obtained in the three actual water matrixes. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of Fe0/PS system for treating BPAF, which could also provide new insights into the influence of coexisting Cl- on the environmental fate of organic pollutants in sulfate radicals based advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jamaan S Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, 65211, Egypt
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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94
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Sun N, Wang X, Liu Z. Acetaminophen degradation in aqueous solution by the UV-LED-EC/Cl 2 process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1035-1046. [PMID: 36546775 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2161951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrochemically generated free chlorine (EC/Cl2) was activated by UV irradiation with a light emitting diode (LED) lamp at 275 nm to degrade acetaminophen (AAP, 2 μM) in aqueous solution. The potential at a RuO2-IrO2/Ti plate anode was set at 1.5 V vs. the Ag/AgCl electrode. Chlorine was in situ generated in the presence of Cl at the anode and then it was transformed into various active species such as OH and reactive chlorine species (RCS) under UV-LED irradiation. The degradation of AAP was investigated using batch tests, evaluating the influence of different experimental conditions such as NaCl concentration, phosphate buffer saline concentration, irradiation time and solution pH, keeping constant the UV-LED power and temperature. Results show that AAP could be completely degraded by the hybrid process with a high mineralization ratio (73%), and the degradation process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of the Electric Energy per Order (EEO) = 1.272 kWh m3 order?, which is lower than the energy consumption of some other UV-based processes for AAP degradation. Adding 1 mM HCO3 ions slightly decreased the rate of AAP degradation. Luminescent bacteria experiment revealed that the acute toxicity of the reacted solution could be greatly reduced and the ecological risk was effectively abated. The scavenging assay shows that RCS plays a key role in the AAP degradation. The intermediate products were identified, and possible degradation routes were proposed. The system can advantageously replace conventional UV mercury lamp based ones in the degradation of microorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Planning and Design Research Institute, East China JiaoTong University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglian Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanmeng Liu
- Planning and Design Research Institute, East China JiaoTong University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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95
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Zhang YL, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Lu YS, Zhou XY, Liu Z, Zheng ZX, Xu MY, Xu B. Degradation of odorous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in chlorinated water by UV-LED/chlorination: kinetics and influence factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44325-44336. [PMID: 36690857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) has aroused a special concern for their odor problem and potential threats. In this study, the degradation of 2,4,6-TCA by UV/chlorination with different UV sources was compared, including low-pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254 nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 285 nm). The maximum removal of 2,4,6-TCA can be achieved by 275-nm UV-LED/chlorination in neutral and alkaline conditions which was 80.0%. The reaction, kinetics, and water matrix parameters on 2,4,6-TCA degradation were also evaluated. During UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination, 2,4,6-TCA degradation was mainly caused by direct UV photolysis and indirect hydroxyl radical (HO·) oxidation, while reactive chlorine radicals (RCSs) had a negligible contribution. The second-order rate constant between HO· and 2,4,6-TCA was determined as 3.1 × 109 M-1 s-1. Increasing initial chlorine dosage and decreasing 2,4,6-TCA concentration or pH value significantly promoted 2,4,6-TCA degradation during UV/chlorination process. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) can inhibit 2,4,6-TCA degradation, while chloride ion (Cl-) had a negligible effect. The kinetic model for 2,4,6-TCA degradation was established and validated, and the degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified intermediates. Furthermore, UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination also exhibited a promising effect on 2,4,6-TCA removal in real water, which can be used to control 2,4,6-TCA pollution and odor problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 824, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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96
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Lai X, Huang N, Zhao X, Li Y, He Y, Li J, Deng J, Ning XA. Oxidation of simulated wastewater by Fe 2+-catalyzed system: The selective reactivity of chlorine radicals and the oxidation pathway of aromatic amines. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137816. [PMID: 36638926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines (AAs), a characteristic pollutant with electron-donating groups in textile industry, having high reactivity with reactive chlorine free radicals, is probably the precursor of chlorinated aromatic products in advanced oxidation treatment. In this study, Fe2+/peroxydisulfate (PDS)/Cl- and Fe2+/H2O2/Cl-systems were used to treat four kinds of AAs (5-Nitro-o-toluidine (NT), 4-Aminoazobenzol (AAB), O-Aminoazotoluene (OAAT), 4,4'-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBCA)) in simulated wastewater, and the selectivity of various reactive species to AAs, the oxidation law and pathway of AAs were explored. The results showed that dichloride anion radical (Cl2·-) could effectively oxidize four AAs, and chlorine radical (·Cl) was strongly reactive to AAB and MBCA, especially MBCA. The largest f - (Fukui function) of MBCA is 0.0822, which is the lowest of the four AAs, so ·Cl might be more sensitive to electrophilic point than hydroxyl radical (·OH). The oxidation pathway of NT and MBCA showed that ·Cl mainly played the role of electron transfer to AAs instead of generating chlorinated products, but the addition of ·OH to -NH2 generated aromatic nitro compounds with higher toxicity than NT and MBCA. Therefore, the electron transfer of ·Cl and Cl2·- could not only improve the removal of AAs but also reduce the generation of toxic products. This study found that the reactivity of reactive chlorine free radicals was not necessarily related to chlorination, which provided a theoretical basis for the further studies into the formation mechanism of chlorination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Nuoyi Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yao He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiesen Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Ginpie Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhuan Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xun-An Ning
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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97
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Lai X, Ning XA, Li Y, Huang N, Zhang Y, Yang C. Formation of organic chloride in the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton system. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:376-387. [PMID: 36375923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the oxidation treatment of textile dyeing sludge, the quantitative and transformation laws of organic chlorine are not clear enough. Thus, this study mainly evaluated the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton and Fenton-like system from the aspects of the influence of Cl-, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic carbon, and the removal and formation mechanism of organic chlorine. The results showed that the organic halogen in sludge was mainly hydrophobic organic chlorine, and the content of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) was 0.30 mg/g (dry sludge). In the Fenton system with pH=3, 500 mg/L Cl-, 30 mmol/L Fe2+ and 30 mmol/L H2O2, the removal of phenanthrene was promoted by chlorine radicals (•Cl), and the AOCl in sludge solid phase increased to 0.55 mg/g (dry sludge) at 30 min. According to spectral analysis, it was found that •Cl could chlorinate aromatic and aliphatic compounds (excluding PAHs) in solid phase at the same time, and eventually led to the accumulation of aromatic chlorides in solid phase. Strengthening the oxidation ability of Fenton system increased the formation of organic chlorines in liquid and solid phases. In weak acidity, the oxidation and desorption of superoxide anion promoted the removal and migration of PAHs and organic carbon in solid phase, and reduced the formation of total organic chlorine. The Fenton-like system dominated by non-hydroxyl radical could realize the mineralization of PAHs, organic carbon and organic chlorines instead of migration. This paper builds a basis for the selection of sludge conditioning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xun-An Ning
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nuoyi Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenghai Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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98
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Li M, Durkin DP, Waller G, Yu Y, Men Y, Ye T, Chen H, Shuai D. Transformation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride by Reactive Chlorine Species: "Weak" Oxidants Are the Main Players. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2749-2757. [PMID: 36745632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials hold great promise in diverse applications; however, their stability in engineering systems and transformation in nature are largely underexplored. We evaluated the stability, aging, and environmental impact of g-C3N4 nanosheets under the attack of free chlorine and reactive chlorine species (RCS), a widely used oxidant/disinfectant and a class of ubiquitous radical species, respectively. g-C3N4 nanosheets were slowly oxidized by free chlorine even at a high concentration of 200-1200 mg L-1, but they decomposed rapidly when ClO· and/or Cl2•- were the key oxidants. Though Cl2•- and ClO· are considered weaker oxidants in previous studies due to their lower reduction potentials and slower reaction kinetics than ·OH and Cl·, our study highlighted that their electrophilic attack efficacy on g-C3N4 nanosheets was on par with ·OH and much higher than Cl·. A trace level of covalently bonded Cl (0.28-0.55 at%) was introduced to g-C3N4 nanosheets after free chlorine and RCS oxidation. Our study elucidates the environmental fate and transformation of g-C3N4 nanosheets, particularly under the oxidation of chlorine-containing species, and it also provides guidelines for designing reactive, robust, and safe nanomaterials for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
| | - David P Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland21402, United States
| | - Gordon Waller
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota57701, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78758, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
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99
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Velo-Gala I, Farré MJ, Radjenovic J, Gernjak W. Influence of water matrix components on the UV/chlorine process and its reactions mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114945. [PMID: 36463999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine system has become an attractive alternative Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in the last decade due to the simultaneous formation of chlorine and hydroxyl radicals. However, there is no consensus regarding the results and trends obtained in previous micropollutant removal studies by AOPs, highlighting the complexity of the UV/chlorine process and the need for further research. This study investigates the degradation of acetaminophen (ACTP) by UV/chlorine and the effects of the water matrix in the reaction kinetics. In particular, the effects of natural organic matter (NOM), alkalinity and mineral salts on the kinetics and reactive species were elucidated. The complexity of the system was revealed by the analysis of the radical generation and transformation in different water matrices, applying the kinetic modelling approach to complement the scavenger tests. The higher kinetic rates of ACTP at alkaline pH provided new insights into the chlorine reactions under UV radiation, where secondary and tertiary reactive oxygen species including ozone were proven to play the major role in degradation. On the contrary, at acidic pH, reaction kinetic modelling demonstrated that ClO• radical occurs at high concentrations in the order of 10-10 M, being therefore the main oxidant, followed by other chlorine radicals. It is noteworthy that at alkaline pH the presence of typical inorganic ions such as carbonate had little impact on ACTP degradation, contrary to the observed reduction of degradation rates at acidic pH. The expected detrimental effect of the NOM in AOPs was also evidenced, although the use of chlorine as radical source reduces the relevance of the inner filter effect in comparison to UV/H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Velo-Gala
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Jaén. Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - María J Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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100
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Chu D, Zhang Z, Ye ZL, Zhang H, Meng X, Chen X, Lin Y, Chen S. Molecular insights into transformation of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate during Fe2+/HClO electrochemical Fenton-type process. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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