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Zhang Y, Wu G, Liu F, Ding C, Zou Z, Shen Q. Photoexcited carrier dynamics in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: insights into individual quantum dots, quantum dot solid films and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:49-84. [PMID: 31825404 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) record of colloidal quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) has considerably improved from below 4% to 16.6% in the last few years. However, the record PCE value of QDSCs is still substantially lower than the theoretical efficiency. So far, there have been several reviews on recent and significant achievements in QDSCs, but reviews on photoexcited carrier dynamics in QDSCs are scarce. The photovoltaic performances of QDSCs are still limited by the photovoltage, photocurrent and fill factor that are mainly determined by the photoexcited carrier dynamics, including carrier (or exciton) generation, carrier extraction or transfer, and the carrier recombination process, in the devices. In this review, the photoexcited carrier dynamics in the whole QDSCs, originating from individual quantum dots (QDs) to the entire device as well as the characterization methods used for analyzing the photoexcited carrier dynamics are summarized and discussed. The recent research including photoexcited multiple exciton generation (MEG), hot electron extraction, and carrier transfer between adjacent QDs, as well as carrier injection and recombination at each interface of QDSCs are discussed in detail herein. The influence of photoexcited carrier dynamics on the physiochemical properties of QDs and photovoltaic performances of QDSC devices is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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52
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Jin X, Xie K, Zhang T, Lian H, Zhang Z, Xu B, Li D, Li Q. Cation exchange assisted synthesis of ZnCdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with narrow emission line widths and near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6130-6133. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ZnCdSe/ZnSe quantum dots reveal a notable FWHM of 17.1 nm with a near-unity PL QY at 631 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
| | - Kanlin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
| | - Huada Lian
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
| | - Qinghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Lingnan Normal University
- Zhanjiang 524048
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Functional Materials and Devices
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53
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Zhou Y, Tong X, Benetti D, Wang ZM, Ma D, Zhao H, Rosei F. Electron transfer in a semiconductor heterostructure interface through electrophoretic deposition and a linker-assisted method. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the heterostructured interface of semiconductor nanocrystals is being widely explored to enhance the charge transfer rate in photoelectrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - Xin Tong
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
| | - Daniele Benetti
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - Zhiming M. Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- PR China
| | - Dongling Ma
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- College of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- PR China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
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54
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Pan Z, Yue L, Rao H, Zhang J, Zhong X, Zhu Z, Jen AKY. Boosting the Performance of Environmentally Friendly Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells over 13% Efficiency by Dual Sensitizers with Cascade Energy Structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903696. [PMID: 31621961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Generally, high light-harvesting efficiency, electron-injection efficiency, and charge-collection efficiency are the prerequisites for high-efficiency quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). However, it is fairly difficult for a single QD sensitizer to meet these three requirements simultaneously. It is demonstrated that these parameters can be felicitously balanced by a cosensitization strategy through the adoption of environmental-friendly Zn-Cu-In-Se and Zn-Cu-In-S dual QD sensitizers with cascade energy structure. Experimental results indicate that: i) the combination of the dual QDs can improve the light-harvesting capability of the cells, especially in the visible light window; ii) the cosensitization approach can facilitate electron injection, benefitting from the cascade energy structure of the two QD sensitizers employed; iii) the charge-collection efficiency can be remarkably enhanced by the suppressed charge-recombination process due to the improved QD coverage on TiO2 . Consequently, this cosensitization strategy delivers a new certified efficiency record of 12.98% for liquid-junction QDSCs under AM 1.5G 1 sun irradiation. Moreover, the constructed cells exhibit good stability in a high-humidity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiao Pan
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liang Yue
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Huashang Rao
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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Maity P, Ghosh HN. Strategies for extending charge separation in colloidal nanostructured quantum dot materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23283-23300. [PMID: 31621729 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor colloidal metal chalcogenides (II-VI) in the form of quantum dots (QDs) and different heterostructures (core/shell, alloys, etc.) are of extensive interest in scientific research for both a fundamental understanding and technological applications because of their quantized size and different optical properties; however, due to their small size, the exciton (bound electron and hole) experiences a strong Coulombic attraction, which has a remarkable impact on the charge separation and photophysical properties of QDs. Thus, to achieve an efficient charge separation, numerous attempts have been made via the formation of different heterostructures, QD/molecular adsorbate (either organic or inorganic) assemblies, etc. These hybrid materials ameliorated the absorption of the incident light as well as charge separation. This article reviews the strategies for extending charge separation in these colloidal nanocrystals (NCs), which is one of the crucial steps to elevate the solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency in a quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSC). The article summarizes the benefits of co-sensitization and experimental shreds of evidence for the multiple charge transfer processes involved in a QDSC. Studies have shown that in the co-sensitization process, prolonged charge separation occurs via the dual behavior of the molecular adsorbate, sensitization (electron injection) and capture of holes from photoexcited QDs. This perspective emphases band edge engineering and control of charge carrier dynamics in various core/shell structures. The impact of colloidal alloy NCs on charge separation and interesting photophysical properties was recapitulated via the steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic techniques. Finally, the prolonged lifetime and extent of charge separation for these hybrid NCs (or the composites) assisted in the development of a better light harvester as compared to the case of their pure counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Maity
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai-400085, India.
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56
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Shaikh JS, Shaikh NS, Mali SS, Patil JV, Beknalkar SA, Patil AP, Tarwal NL, Kanjanaboos P, Hong CK, Patil PS. Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells: Role of Nanoarchitectures, Perovskite Quantum Dots, and Charge-Transporting Layers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4724-4753. [PMID: 31347771 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) are attractive technology for commercialization, owing to various advantages, such as cost effectiveness, and require relatively simple device fabrication processes. The properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), such as band gap energy, optical absorption, and carrier transport, can be effectively tuned by modulating their size and shape. Two types of architectures of QDSCs have been developed: 1) photoelectric cells (PECs) fabricated from QDs sensitized on nanostructured TiO2 , and 2) photovoltaic cells fabricated from a Schottky junction and heterojunction. Different types of semiconductor QDs, such as a secondary, ternary, quaternary, and perovskite semiconductors, are used for the advancement of QDSCs. The major challenge in QDSCs is the presence of defects in QDs, which lead to recombination reactions and thereby limit the overall performance of the device. To tackle this problem, several strategies, such as the implementation of a passivation layer over the QD layer and the preparation of core-shell structures, have been developed. This review covers aspects of QDSCs that are essential to understand for further improvement in this field and their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S Shaikh
- Thin Film Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Navajsharif S Shaikh
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sawanta S Mali
- Polymer Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Advanced Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jyoti V Patil
- Polymer Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Advanced Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Sonali A Beknalkar
- Thin Film Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Akhilesh P Patil
- The School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - N L Tarwal
- Thin Film Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Pongsakorn Kanjanaboos
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chang Kook Hong
- Polymer Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Advanced Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Pramod S Patil
- Thin Film Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
- The School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
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57
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Zhang L, Rao H, Pan Z, Zhong X. ZnS xSe 1-x Alloy Passivation Layer for High-Efficiency Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41415-41423. [PMID: 31613581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interface modification is an important means for improving the performance of almost all optoelectronic devices. In quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), effective surface modification of photoanode also has a critical impact on photovoltaic performance. At present, ZnS and ZnSe wide band gap semiconductors are the mainstream materials used for photoanode/electrolyte interface passivation in QDSCs. However, the problem with these two materials is that the passivation effect and the lattice match with TiO2/QD are difficult to be balanced. Although ZnS can form a larger energetic barrier due to the higher conduction band edge, its lattice mismatch with TiO2 and QD (such as CdSe and CuInSe2) is large, leading to the formation of additional defect states. On the contrary, ZnSe has a small lattice mismatch with TiO2 and QD but a relatively lower conduction band edge. Herein, we propose a strategy to employ ZnSxSe1-x alloy materials as a passivation layer for the first time to solve the drawbacks of single-component passivation layers. The ZnSxSe1-x alloy passivation layer was deposited on the Zn-Cu-In-Se (ZCISe) QD-sensitized TiO2 film electrode via successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. A stable polyselenosulfide/sulfide mixed anions were served as anion precursor for the formation of ZnSxSe1-x alloy passivation layer. Experimental results revealed that the alloy passivation layer is more favorable for the suppression of charge recombination at the photoanode/electrolyte interface. In addition, the ZnSxSe1-x alloy passivation layer can significantly improve the photogenerated electron extraction efficiency compared to the current classical ZnS passivation layer as confirmed by the transient absorption (TA) measurement. Consequently, the average efficiency of QDSCs was improved from 12.17 to 13.08% with the replacement of traditional ZnS passivation layer by ZnSSe-10 under AM 1.5G one full sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Huashang Rao
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Zhenxiao Pan
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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58
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Yadav AN, Singh K. Investigation of Photophysical Properties of Ternary Zn-Ga-S Quantum Dots: Band Gap versus Sub-Band-Gap Excitations and Emissions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18327-18333. [PMID: 31720534 PMCID: PMC6844091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent ternary Zn-Ga-S quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via a noninjection method by varying Zn/Ga ratios. X-ray diffraction and Raman investigations demonstrate composition-dependent changes with multiple phases including ZnGa2S4, ZnS, and Ga2S3 in all samples. Two distinct excitation pathways were identified from absorption and photoluminescence excitation spectra; among them, one is due to the band-gap transition appearing at around 375 and 395 nm, whereas another one observed nearby 505 nm originates from sub-band-gap defect states. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these QDs depict multiple emission noticeable at around 410, 435, 461, and 477 nm arising from crystallographic point defects formed within the band gap. The origin of these defects including zinc interstitials (IZn), zinc vacancies (VZn), sulfur interstitials (IS), sulfur vacancies (VS), and gallium vacancies (VGa) has been discussed in detail by proposing an energy-level diagram. Further, the time-dependent PL decay curve strongly suggests that the tail emission (appear around 477 nm) in these ternary QDs arises due to donor-acceptor pair recombination. This study enables us to understand the PL mechanism in new series of Zn-Ga-S ternary QDs and can be useful for the future utilization of these QDs in photovoltaic and display devices.
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59
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Debnath T, Ghosh HN. Ternary Metal Chalcogenides: Into the Exciton and Biexciton Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6227-6238. [PMID: 31556303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intra-band-gap state-induced low-toxicity colloidal I-III-VI ternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as promising alternatives to the toxic Cd- and Pb-chalcogenides for different optoelectronic and bioimaging applications. In this Perspective, we provide the primary understanding of the intra-band-gap state-induced photoluminescence (PL) of I-III-VI NCs, specifically CuInS2 and AgInS2, as a function of particle size and composition and correlated with time-resolved PL measurements. The intra-band-gap state-induced ultrafast exciton and biexciton dynamics are discussed in detail to unravel the subpicosecond carrier relaxation dynamics through transient absorption measurement. Furthermore, ultrafast dissociation of the biexciton on Au@CuInS2 hybrid NCs has been revealed to be due to the presence of Au, which has direct relevance to the improvement of the solar cell efficiency. The proper fundamental insight of the ultrafast exciton and biexciton dynamics of these materials will enable utilization of ternary metal chalcogenides in photovoltaic as well as light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Debnath
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , Punjab 160064 , India
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60
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Kaminade N, Muraoka M, Kobayashi H, Kamegawa T, Yamamoto M, Takahashi M, Higashimoto S. Binary ionic liquid electrolytes for copper indium sulfide quantum dot sensitized-TiO2 solar cell to achieve long-term durability. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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61
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Feng J, Yang X, Li R, Yang X, Feng G. The Composition-Dependent Photoluminescence Properties of Non-Stoichiometric Zn xAg yInS 1.5+x+0.5y Nanocrystals. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070439. [PMID: 31266136 PMCID: PMC6680743 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A facile hot injection approach to synthesize high-quality non-stoichiometric ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals (NCs) in the size range of 2.8–3.1 nm was presented. The fluorescence spectra had single band gap features, and indicated the formation of alloy states rather than simple composite structures. The chemical compositions, photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelengths, and quantum yields of ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals were significantly influenced by the concentration of an organic capping agent. The appropriate proportion of 1-dodecanthiol in the precursor prevented the precipitation, increased the fluorescence quantum yield, and improved their optical properties. The proper ratio of capping agent allowed Zn, Ag, and In to form a better crystallinity and compositional homogeneity of ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals. The photoluminescence was tunable from blue to red in the range of 450–700 nm as the Ag content changed independently. The PL and absorption spectra of ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals showed a significant blue shift with the decrease of Ag content in the precursor. As there were no obvious differences on the average particle sizes of ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y samples, these results fully revealed the composition-dependent photoluminescence properties of ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals. The relative quantum yield reached 35%. The fluorescence lifetimes (τ1=115–148 ns and τ2=455–483 ns) were analogous to those of AgInS2 and (AgIn)xZn2(1−x)S2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianjiong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Guangwei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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62
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Han Y, Wang T, Liu H, Zhang S, Zhang H, Li M, Sun Q, Li Z. The release and detection of copper ions from ultrasmall theranostic Cu 2-xSe nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11819-11829. [PMID: 31184674 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale copper chalcogenides have been widely used in nanomedicine, however, their pharmacokinetics, degradation, and biological effects of released copper ions are usually overlooked, which are crucial for their future clinical translation. Herein, we report the in vitro and in vivo release of copper ions from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) functionalized ultrasmall copper selenide (Cu2-xSe) theranostic nanoparticles. We synthesized a Cu2+-specific fluorescent probe (NCM), which can quickly and specifically react with copper ions to exhibit very strong near infrared fluorescence. The in vitro study shows that copper ions can be slowly released from Cu2-xSe nanoparticles in aqueous solution with the progress of their oxidation. The release of copper ions from Cu2-xSe nanoparticles in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages is very fast, evidenced by the gradual increase of fluorescence intensity and the diffusion of fluorescence from cytoplasm into nuclei. We also demonstrate the distribution, degradation, and the metabolism of ultrasmall Cu2-xSe nanoparticles by the in vivo fluorescence imaging, the blood routine test, blood biochemistry and histology analysis, and the characterization of copper transport and binding proteins. The results show that ultrasmall Cu2-xSe nanoparticles were mainly eliminated through feces and urine from the body within 72 h after intravenous injection, and the released copper ions did not cause severe toxicity. Our research highlights the great potential of copper chalcogenide nanoparticles in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China.
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63
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Fu B, Deng C, Yang L. Efficiency Enhancement of Solid-State CuInS 2 Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells by Improving the Charge Recombination. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:198. [PMID: 31172299 PMCID: PMC6554371 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium sulfide quantum dots (CuInS2 QDs) were incorporated into a nanocrystalline TiO2 film by using spin coating-assisted successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction process to fabricate CuInS2 QD-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes for the solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) applications. The result shows that the photovoltaic performance of solar cell is extremely dependent on the number of cycles, which has an appreciable impact on the coverage ratio of CuInS2 on the surface of TiO2 and the density of surface defect states. In the following high-temperature annealing process, it is found that annealing TiO2/CuInS2 photoelectrode at a suitable temperature would be beneficial for decreasing the charge recombination and accelerating the charge transport. After annealing at 400 °C, a significantly enhanced photovoltaic properties of solid-state CuInS2 QDSSCs are obtained, achieving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.13%, along with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.68 V, a short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) of 11.33 mA cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.41. The enhancement in the performance of solar cells is mainly ascribed to the suppression of charge recombination and the promotion of the electron transfer after annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Fu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Chong Deng
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Photovoltaic Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021 China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
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64
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Jia G, Pang Y, Ning J, Banin U, Ji B. Heavy-Metal-Free Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900781. [PMID: 31063615 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-1D colloidal semiconductor nanorods (NRs) are at the forefront of nanoparticle (NP) research owing to their intriguing size-dependent and shape-dependent optical and electronic properties. The past decade has witnessed significant advances in both fundamental understanding of the growth mechanisms and applications of these stimulating materials. Herein, the state-of-the-art of colloidal semiconductor NRs is reviewed, with special emphasis on heavy-metal-free materials. The main growth mechanisms of heavy-metal-free colloidal semiconductor NRs are first elaborated, including anisotropic-controlled growth, oriented attachment, solution-liquid-solid method, and cation exchange. Then, structural engineering and properties of semiconductor NRs are discussed, with a comprehensive overview of core/shell structures, alloying, and doping, as well as semiconductor-metal hybrid nanostructures, followed by highlighted practical applications in terms of photocatalysis, photodetectors, solar cells, and biomedicine. Finally, challenges and future opportunities in this fascinating research area are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Jia
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Yingping Pang
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Jiajia Ning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Uri Banin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Botao Ji
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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65
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The conversion of CuInS2/ZnS core/shell structure from type I to quasi-type II and the shell thickness-dependent solar cell performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:276-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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66
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Khadtare S, Ansari AS, Pathan HM, Han SH, Mahadevan K, Mane SD, Bathula C. Silver nanoparticles loaded ZnO photoelectrode with Rose Bengal as a sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cells. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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67
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Khodam F, Amani-Ghadim AR, Aber S. Mg nanoparticles core-CdS QDs shell heterostructures with ZnS passivation layer for efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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68
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Lee S, Flanagan JC, Kim J, Yun AJ, Lee B, Shim M, Park B. Efficient Type-II Heterojunction Nanorod Sensitized Solar Cells Realized by Controlled Synthesis of Core/Patchy-Shell Structure and CdS Cosensitization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19104-19114. [PMID: 31066260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the successful application of core/patchy-shell CdSe/CdSe xTe1- x type-II heterojunction nanorods (HNRs) to realize efficient sensitized solar cells. The core/patchy-shell structure designed to have a large type-II heterointerface without completely shielding the CdSe core significantly improves photovoltaic performance compared to other HNRs with minimal or full-coverage shells. In addition, cosensitization with CdS grown by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction further improves the power conversion efficiency. One-diode model analysis reveals that the HNRs having exposed CdSe cores and suitably grown CdS result in significant reduction of series resistance. Investigation of the intercorrelation between diode quality parameters, diode saturation current density ( J0) and recombination order (β = (ideality factor)-1) reveals that HNRs with open CdSe cores exhibit reduced recombination. These results confirm that the superior performance of core/patchy-shell HNRs results from their fine-tuned structure: photocurrent is increased by the large type-II heterointerface and recombination is effectively suppressed due to the open CdSe core enabling facile electron extraction. An optimized power conversion efficiency of 5.47% (5.89% with modified electrode configuration) is reported, which is unmatched among photovoltaics utilizing anisotropic colloidal heterostructures as light-harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangheon Lee
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08226 , Korea
| | - Joseph C Flanagan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jaewook Kim
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08226 , Korea
| | - Alan Jiwan Yun
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08226 , Korea
| | - Byungho Lee
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08226 , Korea
| | - Moonsub Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Byungwoo Park
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08226 , Korea
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69
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Oh JT, Bae SY, Ha SR, Cho H, Lim SJ, Boukhvalov DW, Kim Y, Choi H. Water-resistant AgBiS 2 colloidal nanocrystal solids for eco-friendly thin film photovoltaics. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9633-9640. [PMID: 31065644 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01192g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free, water-resistant photovoltaic absorbers are of significant interest for use in environment-friendly and water-stable thin film solar cells. However, there are no reports on the water-resistance characteristics of such photoactive materials. Here, we demonstrate that silver bismuth sulfide (AgBiS2) nanocrystal solids exhibit inherent water resistance and can be employed as effective photovoltaic absorbers in all-solid-state thin film solar cells that show outstanding air and moisture stabilities under ambient conditions. The results of X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that there is no change in the chemical composition and crystal structure of the AgBiS2 nanocrystal solids after a water treatment. Based on these results, AgBiS2 nanocrystal solar cells are fabricated. These devices also do not show any drop in performance after a water treatment, confirming that the AgBiS2 nanocrystal solids are indeed highly water-resistant. In contrast, lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells show significant decrease in performance after a similar water treatment. Using XPS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we confirm that the iodine removal and the surface hydroxylation of the water-treated PbS CQD solids are the primary reasons for the observed decrease in the device performance of the CQD solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Taek Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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70
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Ruiz D, Mizrahi M, Santos HDA, Jaque D, Jones CMS, Marqués-Hueso J, Jacinto C, Requejo FG, Torres-Pardo A, González-Calbet JM, Juárez BH. Synthesis and characterization of Ag 2S and Ag 2S/Ag 2(S,Se) NIR nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9194-9200. [PMID: 31038506 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of metal sulfide nanocrystals (NCs) by heat-up routes in the presence of thiols yield NC arrangements difficult to further functionalize and transfer to aqueous media. By means of different NMR techniques, and exemplified by Ag2S NCs, a metal-organic polymer formed during the synthesis acting as a ligand has been identified to be responsible for such aggregation. In this work, a new synthetic hot-injection strategy is presented to synthesize Ag2S NCs which are easily ligand exchangeable in water. Furthermore, the hot-injection route allows an extra NC treatment with Se to produce Ag2S/Ag2(S,Se) NCs with improved optical properties with respect to the Ag2S cores, and better resistance to oxidation, as demonstrated by X-ray absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ruiz
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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71
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Simi NJ, Vinayakan R, Ison VV. Photoinduced electron transfer in novel CdSe-Cu 2Se type II core-shell quantum dots. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15092-15098. [PMID: 35516312 PMCID: PMC9064209 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis, characterisation and electron transfer studies of CdSe-Cu2Se QDs, a novel type II core-shell system. The synthesis was achieved by a high temperature organometallic method with oleylamine as ligand. Structural and optical properties of the nanostructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. The electron transfer dynamics were investigated by observing the variations in steady state and time resolved emission spectra in the presence of an electron acceptor-methyl viologen. Localization of electrons in the shells was evident from the studies performed indicating efficient charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Simi
- Centre for Nano Bio Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, St. Thomas College Palai, Arunapuram Kottayam-686574 Kerala India +919446126926
| | - R Vinayakan
- NSS Hindu College Changanacherry Kottayam-686102 Kerala India
| | - V V Ison
- Centre for Nano Bio Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, St. Thomas College Palai, Arunapuram Kottayam-686574 Kerala India +919446126926
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72
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Munir A, Joya KS, Ul Haq T, Babar NUA, Hussain SZ, Qurashi A, Ullah N, Hussain I. Metal Nanoclusters: New Paradigm in Catalysis for Water Splitting, Solar and Chemical Energy Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1517-1548. [PMID: 30485695 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable future demands innovative breakthroughs in science and technology today, especially in the energy sector. Earth-abundant resources can be explored and used to develop renewable and sustainable resources of energy to meet the ever-increasing global energy demand. Efficient solar-powered conversion systems exploiting inexpensive and robust catalytic materials for the photo- and photo-electro-catalytic water splitting, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, and usage of waste products (such as CO2 ) as chemical fuels are appealing solutions. Many electrocatalysts and nanomaterials have been extensively studied in this regard. Low overpotentials, catalytic stability, and accessibility remain major challenges. Metal nanoclusters (NCs, ≤3 nm) with dimensions between molecule and nanoparticles (NPs) are innovative materials in catalysis. They behave like a "superatom" with exciting size- and facet-dependent properties and dynamic intrinsic characteristics. Being an emerging field in recent scientific endeavors, metal NCs are believed to replace the natural photosystem II for the generation of green electrons in a viable way to facilitate the challenging catalytic processes in energy-conversion schemes. This Review aims to discuss metal NCs in terms of their unique physicochemical properties, possible synthetic approaches by wet chemistry, and various applications (mostly recent advances in the electrochemical and photo-electrochemical water splitting cycle and the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells). Moreover, the significant role that MNCs play in dye-sensitized solar cells and nanoarrays as a light-harvesting antenna, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels, and concluding remarks about the present and future perspectives of MNCs in the frontiers of surface science are also critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Munir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). DHA, Lahore-, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Saleem Joya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology (UET-Lahore), GT Road, Lahore-, 54890, Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). DHA, Lahore-, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Noor-Ul-Ain Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology (UET-Lahore), GT Road, Lahore-, 54890, Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). DHA, Lahore-, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Ahsanulhaq Qurashi
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering & Technology (UET-Peshawar),Jamrud Road, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). DHA, Lahore-, 54792, Pakistan
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73
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Hao J, Li L, Zhao W, Wu X, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Tang N, Wang X. Synthesis and Application of CCQDs as a Novel Type of Environmentally Friendly Scale Inhibitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9277-9282. [PMID: 30730137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising nanomaterials since they have smaller particle size, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicity. However, no one has found their high-scale inhibition performance so far. In this article, a new kind of green scale inhibitor, carboxyl carbon quantum dots (CCQDs), was synthesized through a simple method of thermal decomposition of citric acid. The as-prepared CCQDs have excellent scale inhibition performance for CaSO4 and BaSO4. With a static test of scale inhibition at a temperature of 0-80 °C, the antiscaling efficiency can reach 100% with low additions of CCQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Lingyun Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xiaqian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Na Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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74
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Design of chalcopyrite-type CuFeSe2 nanocrystals: Microstructure, magnetism, photoluminescence and sensing performances. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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75
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Zhang H, Fang W, Wang W, Qian N, Ji X. Highly Efficient Zn-Cu-In-Se Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells through Surface Capping with Ascorbic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6927-6936. [PMID: 30675780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The balance between band structure, composition, and defect is essential for improving the optoelectronic properties of ternary and quaternary quantum dots and the corresponding photovoltaic performance. In this work, ascorbic acid (AA) as capping ligand is introduced into the reaction system to prepare green Zn-Cu-In-Se (ZCISe) quantum dots. Results show that the addition of AA can increase the Zn content while decrease the In content, resulting in enlarged band gap, high conduction band energy level, and suppressed charge recombination. When AA/Cu ratio is 1, the quantum dots possess the largest band gap of 1.49 eV and the assembled quantum dot-sensitized solar cells exhibit superior photovoltaic performance with ∼17% increment mainly contributed by the dramatically increased current density. The new record efficiencies of 10.44 and 13.85% are obtained from the ZCISe cells assembled with brass and titanium mesh-based counter electrodes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Wenjuan Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Wenran Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Nisheng Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaohe Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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76
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Copper-indium-sulfide colloids on quantum dot sensitized TiO2 solar cell: Effects of capping with mercapto-acid linker molecules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 535:176-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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van Oversteeg CM, Oropeza FE, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, de Jongh PE, de Mello Donega C. Water-Dispersible Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals via Ligand Exchange of 1-Dodecanethiol. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:541-552. [PMID: 30686859 PMCID: PMC6345102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In colloidal Cu2-x S nanocrystal synthesis, thiols are often used as organic ligands and the sulfur source, as they yield high-quality nanocrystals. However, thiol ligands on Cu2-x S nanocrystals are difficult to exchange, limiting the applications of these nanocrystals in photovoltaics, biomedical sensing, and photocatalysis. Here, we present an effective and facile procedure to exchange native 1-dodecanethiol on Cu2-x S nanocrystals by 3-mercaptopropionate, 11-mercaptoundecanoate, and S2- in formamide under inert atmosphere. The product hydrophilic Cu2-x S nanocrystals have excellent colloidal stability in formamide. Furthermore, the size, shape, and optical properties of the nanocrystals are not significantly affected by the ligand exchange. Water-dispersible Cu2-x S nanocrystals are easily obtained by precipitation of the nanocrystals capped by S2-, 3-mercaptopropionate, or 11-mercaptoundecanoate from formamide, followed by redispersion in water. Interestingly, the ligand exchange rates for Cu2-x S nanocrystals capped with 1-dodecanethiol are observed to depend on the preparation method, being much slower for Cu2-x S nanocrystals prepared through heating-up than through hot-injection synthesis protocols. XPS studies reveal that the differences in the ligand exchange rates are due to the surface chemistry of the Cu2-x S nanocrystals, where the nanocrystals prepared via hot-injection synthesis have a less dense ligand layer due to the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide during synthesis. A model is proposed that explains the observed differences in the ligand exchange rates. The facile ligand exchange procedures reported here enable the use of high-quality colloidal Cu2-x S nanocrystals prepared in the presence of 1-dodecanethiol in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina
H. M. van Oversteeg
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy E. Oropeza
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- (Celso de Mello Donega) E-mail:
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78
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Bai X, Purcell-Milton F, Gun'ko YK. Optical Properties, Synthesis, and Potential Applications of Cu-Based Ternary or Quaternary Anisotropic Quantum Dots, Polytypic Nanocrystals, and Core/Shell Heterostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9010085. [PMID: 30634642 PMCID: PMC6359286 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summaries the optical properties, recent progress in synthesis, and a range of applications of luminescent Cu-based ternary or quaternary quantum dots (QDs). We first present the unique optical properties of the Cu-based multicomponent QDs, regarding their emission mechanism, high photoluminescent quantum yields (PLQYs), size-dependent bandgap, composition-dependent bandgap, broad emission range, large Stokes’ shift, and long photoluminescent (PL) lifetimes. Huge progress has taken place in this area over the past years, via detailed experimenting and modelling, giving a much more complete understanding of these nanomaterials and enabling the means to control and therefore take full advantage of their important properties. We then fully explore the techniques to prepare the various types of Cu-based ternary or quaternary QDs (including anisotropic nanocrystals (NCs), polytypic NCs, and spherical, nanorod and tetrapod core/shell heterostructures) are introduced in subsequent sections. To date, various strategies have been employed to understand and control the QDs distinct and new morphologies, with the recent development of Cu-based nanorod and tetrapod structure synthesis highlighted. Next, we summarize a series of applications of these luminescent Cu-based anisotropic and core/shell heterostructures, covering luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), bioimaging and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Finally, we provide perspectives on the overall current status, challenges, and future directions in this field. The confluence of advances in the synthesis, properties, and applications of these Cu-based QDs presents an important opportunity to a wide-range of fields and this piece gives the reader the knowledge to grasp these exciting developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Chemistry and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Finn Purcell-Milton
- School of Chemistry and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Yuri K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland.
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79
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Du XY, Ma K, Cheng R, She XJ, Zhang YW, Wang CF, Chen S, Xu C. Host-guest supramolecular assembly directing beta-cyclodextrin based nanocrystals towards their robust performances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 361:329-337. [PMID: 30245255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) capped with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) are successfully synthesized by host-guest supramolecular assembly of the hydrophobic alkyl chains of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on the surface of CdTe NCs and eco-friendly β-CD via the promising simple hydrothermal method in our experiments. The as-prepared NCs display better stability and lower toxicity compared with traditional those only capped with NAC. Specially, cytotoxicity experiments to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and zebrafish embryo toxicological tests in vivo are performed to determine the toxicity of CdTe NCs. For their practical applications, the promising red-luminescent NCs are employed as stable and low poison red phosphors to fabricate white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remarkable color-rendering index (CRI) being 91.6. This research offers significance for solving the difficulty in toxicity and instability of heavy metal based NCs, which has potential applications in future optoelectronic devices and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Kangzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Rui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xing-Jin She
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (Former Nanjing University of Technology), Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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80
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Ligand exchange on CdSe nanoplatelets for the solar light sensitization of TiO2 and ZnO nanorod arrays. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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81
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Chen S, Wang Y, Lu S, Liu Y, Zhang X. A stoichiometric CdS interlayer for the photovoltaic performance enhancement of quantum-dot sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3970-3975. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We employed a sol–gel method to prepare a CdS interlayer (CdS-SG) with a stoichiometric ratio and then fabricated QDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Chen
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yinglin Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- China
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82
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Perner V, Rath T, Pirolt F, Glatter O, Wewerka K, Letofsky-Papst I, Zach P, Hobisch M, Kunert B, Trimmel G. Hot injection synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals using metal xanthates and their application in hybrid solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium sulfide nanocrystals with sizes of 3–4 nm were synthesized from metal xanthates in a hot injection reaction. After ligand exchange, their performance as acceptors in polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Perner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Franz Pirolt
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Otto Glatter
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Peter Zach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Mathias Hobisch
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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83
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Liu Z, Liu J, Huang Y, Li J, Yuan Y, Ye H, Zhu D, Wang Z, Tang A. From one-dimensional to two-dimensional wurtzite CuGaS 2 nanocrystals: non-injection synthesis and photocatalytic evolution. NANOSCALE 2018; 11:158-169. [PMID: 30525146 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07353h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multinary copper-based chalcogenides exhibit significant performance in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution due to their suitable optical bandgap for visible light absorption and environmentally friendly character. Herein, high-quality wurtzite CuGaS2 (CGS) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by using a one-step heating-up process without any injection, and the morphology could be tuned from one-dimensional (1D) to two-dimensional (2D) by precise choice of surface ligands and gallium precursors. The formation mechanism of CGS NCs was studied comprehensively by means of the temporal-evolution of the morphology, crystal structure and optical absorption results. The reaction started from djurleite Cu31S16 NCs, and then proceeded with the formation of Cu31S16-CGS heteronanostructures (HNS), and finally the transformation from HNS to monophasic CGS nanorods took place with prolonging of the synthesis time. The optical bandgap and the energy level of the different-dimensional CGS NCs exhibited a strong dependence on the morphology change, which correlated with the percentage of the exposed {001} and {100} facets. The theoretical calculation based on density functional theory (DFT) revealed that the (001) surface facilitated the charge transport rather than the (100) surface, which was consistent with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results. As a result, the 2D CGS nanoplates with more exposed {001} facets exhibited an attractive photocatalytic hydrogen production activity under simulated solar illumination as compared to 1D and quasi-2D counterparts. This study demonstrates that control over the dimension of I-III-V group semiconductor NCs could lead to a significant improvement of the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Science, Beijing JiaoTong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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84
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Zhou R, Yang Z, Xu J, Cao G. Synergistic combination of semiconductor quantum dots and organic-inorganic halide perovskites for hybrid solar cells. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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85
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Muthalif MPA, Sunesh CD, Choe Y. Enhanced light absorption and charge recombination control in quantum dot sensitized solar cells using tin doped cadmium sulfide quantum dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 534:291-300. [PMID: 30237116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The photovoltaic performance of quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) is limited due to charge recombination processes at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interfaces. We analyzed the effect of Sn4+ ion incorporation into CdS quantum dots (QDs) deposited onto TiO2 substrates in terms of enhancing light absorption and retarding electron-hole recombination at the TiO2/QDs/electrolyte interfaces. Sensitization involved depositing CdS QDs with different Sn4+ concentrations on the surface of TiO2 using a facile and cost-effective successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Optimized photovoltaic performance of Sn-CdS sensitized QDSSCs was explored using CuS counter electrodes (CEs) and a polysulfide electrolyte. Structural and optical studies of the photoanodes revealed that the gaps between CdS nanoparticles were partially filled by Sn4+ ions, which enhanced the light absorption of the solar cell device. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) tests suggested that Sn4+ ions can remarkably retard electron-hole recombination at the interfaces, stimulate electron injection into semiconductor QD layers, and provide long-term electron lifetime to the cells. We found that solar cells based on CdS photoanodes doped with 10% Sn4+ ions exhibited a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.22%, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.593 V, fill factor (FF) of 0.561, and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.68 mA cm-2 under an air mass coefficient (AM) 1.5 G full sun illumination. These values were much higher than those of QDSSCs based on bare CdS photoanodes (PCE = 2.16%, Voc = 0.552 V, FF = 0.471, and Jsc = 8.31 mA cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Panthakkal Abdul Muthalif
- Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Chozhidakath Damodharan Sunesh
- Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Youngson Choe
- Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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86
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Halder G, Ghosh D, Ali MY, Sahasrabudhe A, Bhattacharyya S. Interface Engineering in Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10197-10216. [PMID: 29584956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals such as superior light absorption, size-dependent optoelectronic properties, solution processability, and interesting photophysics prompted quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technology. QDSSCs have advantages such as low-cost device fabrication, multiple exciton generation, and the possibility to push over the theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE) limit of 32%. In spite of dedicated research efforts to enhance the PCE, optimize individual solar cell components, and better understand the underlying science, QDSSCs have unfortunately not lived up to their potential due to shortcomings in the fabrication process and with the QDs themselves. In this feature article, we briefly discuss the QDSSC concepts and mechanisms of the charge carrier recombination pathways that occur at multiple interfaces, viz., (i) metal oxide (MO)/QDs, (ii) MO/QDs/electrolyte, and (iii) counter electrode (CE)/electrolyte. The rational strategies that have been developed to minimize/block these charge recombination pathways are elaborated. The article concludes with a discussion of the present challenges in fabricating efficient devices and future prospects for QDSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Halder
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Dibyendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Md Yusuf Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Atharva Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
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87
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Stroyuk O, Raevskaya A, Gaponik N. Solar light harvesting with multinary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5354-5422. [PMID: 29799031 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The paper reviews the state of the art in the synthesis of multinary (ternary, quaternary and more complex) metal chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) and their applications as a light absorbing or an auxiliary component of light-harvesting systems. This includes solid-state and liquid-junction solar cells and photocatalytic/photoelectrochemical systems designed for the conversion of solar light into the electric current or the accumulation of solar energy in the form of products of various chemical reactions. The review discusses general aspects of the light absorption and photophysical properties of multinary metal chalcogenide NCs, the modern state of the synthetic strategies applied to produce the multinary metal chalcogenide NCs and related nanoheterostructures, and recent achievements in the metal chalcogenide NC-based solar cells and the photocatalytic/photoelectrochemical systems. The review is concluded by an outlook with a critical discussion of the most promising ways and challenging aspects of further progress in the metal chalcogenide NC-based solar photovoltaics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
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88
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Chen B, Niu W, Lou Z, Ye Z, Zhu L. Improving the photovoltaic performance of the all-solid-state TiO 2 NR/CuInS 2 solar cell by hydrogen plasma treatment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:275402. [PMID: 29659370 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabe72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial properties of the heterojunction between p-type and n-type materials play an important role in the performance of the solar cell. In this paper, a p-type CuInS2 film was deposited on TiO2 nanorod arrays by spin coating to fabricate an all-solid-state solar cell and the TiO2 nanorod arrays were treated with hydrogen plasma(H:TiO2) to ameliorate the interfacial properties. The influence of the hydrogen plasma treatment on the performance of the solar cell was investigated. The short-circuit current density was obviously raised and the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell improved to 0.30%, which is three times that of solar cells without hydrogen plasma treatment. The enhancement of the performance is attributed to not only the enhancement of carrier separation and transport, but the reduction of the recombination of electrons and holes, which is caused by hydrogen plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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89
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Yu K, Yang Y, Wang J, Tang X, Xu QH, Wang GP. Ultrafast carrier dynamics and third-order nonlinear optical properties of AgInS 2/ZnS nanocrystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:255703. [PMID: 29595519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabab7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Broad photoluminescence (PL) emission, a large Stokes shift and extremely long-lived radiative lifetimes are the characteristics of ternary I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), such as CuInS2 and AgInS2. However, the lack of understanding regarding the intriguing PL mechanisms and photo-carrier dynamics limits their further applications. Here, AgInS2 and AgInS2/ZnS NCs were chemically synthesized and their carrier dynamics were studied by time-resolved PL spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the surface defect state, which contributed dominantly to the non-radiative decay processes, was effectively passivated through ZnS alloying. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was also used to investigate the carrier dynamics, revealing the electron storage at the surface state and donor state. Furthermore, the two photon absorption properties of AgInS2 and AgInS2/ZnS NCs were measured using an open-aperture Z-scan technique. The improved third-order nonlinear susceptibility [Formula: see text] of AgInS2 through ZnS alloying demonstrates potential application in two photon PL biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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90
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Electrodeposition of Cu2S nanoparticles on fluorine-doped tin oxide for efficient counter electrode of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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91
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Berends AC, van der Stam W, Hofmann JP, Bladt E, Meeldijk JD, Bals S, de Mello Donega C. Interplay between Surface Chemistry, Precursor Reactivity, and Temperature Determines Outcome of ZnS Shelling Reactions on CuInS 2 Nanocrystals. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:2400-2413. [PMID: 29657360 PMCID: PMC5895981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ZnS shelling of I-III-VI2 nanocrystals (NCs) invariably leads to blue-shifts in both the absorption and photoluminescence spectra. These observations imply that the outcome of ZnS shelling reactions on I-III-VI2 colloidal NCs results from a complex interplay between several processes taking place in solution, at the surface of, and within the seed NC. However, a fundamental understanding of the factors determining the balance between these different processes is still lacking. In this work, we address this need by investigating the impact of precursor reactivity, reaction temperature, and surface chemistry (due to the washing procedure) on the outcome of ZnS shelling reactions on CuInS2 NCs using a seeded growth approach. We demonstrate that low reaction temperatures (150 °C) favor etching, cation exchange, and alloying regardless of the precursors used. Heteroepitaxial shell overgrowth becomes the dominant process only if reactive S- and Zn-precursors (S-ODE/OLAM and ZnI2) and high reaction temperatures (210 °C) are used, although a certain degree of heterointerfacial alloying still occurs. Remarkably, the presence of residual acetate at the surface of CIS seed NCs washed with ethanol is shown to facilitate heteroepitaxial shell overgrowth, yielding for the first time CIS/ZnS core/shell NCs displaying red-shifted absorption spectra, in agreement with the spectral shifts expected for a type-I band alignment. The insights provided by this work pave the way toward the design of improved synthesis strategies to CIS/ZnS core/shell and alloy NCs with tailored elemental distribution profiles, allowing precise tuning of the optoelectronic properties of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Berends
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMAT,
Department of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2010 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Electron
Microscopy Utrecht, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT,
Department of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2010 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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92
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Xia C, Winckelmans N, Prins PT, Bals S, Gerritsen HC, de Mello Donegá C. Near-Infrared-Emitting CuInS 2/ZnS Dot-in-Rod Colloidal Heteronanorods by Seeded Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5755-5763. [PMID: 29569443 PMCID: PMC5934729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Synthesis
protocols for anisotropic CuInX2 (X = S, Se,
Te)-based heteronanocrystals (HNCs) are scarce due to the difficulty
in balancing the reactivities of multiple precursors and the high
solid-state diffusion rates of the cations involved in the CuInX2 lattice. In this work, we report a multistep seeded growth
synthesis protocol that yields colloidal wurtzite CuInS2/ZnS dot core/rod shell HNCs with photoluminescence in the NIR (∼800
nm). The wurtzite CuInS2 NCs used as seeds are obtained
by topotactic partial Cu+ for In3+ cation exchange
in template Cu2–xS NCs. The seed
NCs are injected in a hot solution of zinc oleate and hexadecylamine
in octadecene, 20 s after the injection of sulfur in octadecene. This
results in heteroepitaxial growth of wurtzite ZnS primarily on the
Sulfur-terminated polar facet of the CuInS2 seed NCs, the
other facets being overcoated only by a thin (∼1 monolayer)
shell. The fast (∼21 nm/min) asymmetric axial growth of the
nanorod proceeds by addition of [ZnS] monomer units, so that the polarity
of the terminal (002) facet is preserved throughout the growth. The
delayed injection of the CuInS2 seed NCs is crucial to
allow the concentration of [ZnS] monomers to build up, thereby maximizing
the anisotropic heteroepitaxial growth rates while minimizing the
rates of competing processes (etching, cation exchange, alloying).
Nevertheless, a mild etching still occurred, likely prior to the onset
of heteroepitaxial overgrowth, shrinking the core size from 5.5 to
∼4 nm. The insights provided by this work open up new possibilities
in designing multifunctional Cu-chalcogenide based colloidal heteronanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Xia
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000 , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands.,Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Winckelmans
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - P Tim Prins
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000 , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donegá
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000 , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
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93
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Kshirsagar AS, Khanna PK. Reaction Tailoring for Synthesis of Phase-Pure Nanocrystals of AgInSe2
, Cu3
SbSe3
and CuSbSe2. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuraj S. Kshirsagar
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT); Girinagar Pune-411025, Maharashtra India
| | - Pawan. K. Khanna
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT); Girinagar Pune-411025, Maharashtra India
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94
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Fabrication of green dye-sensitized solar cell based on ZnO nanoparticles as a photoanode and graphene quantum dots as a photo-sensitizer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 511:318-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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95
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Shen G, Du Z, Pan Z, Du J, Zhong X. Solar Paint from TiO 2 Particles Supported Quantum Dots for Photoanodes in Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1102-1109. [PMID: 31457952 PMCID: PMC6641499 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of quantum dot (QD)-sensitized photoanodes, especially the deposition of QDs on TiO2 matrix, is usually a time-extensive and performance-determinant step in the construction of QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Herein, a transformative approach for immobilizing QD on the TiO2 matrix was developed by simply mixing the as-prepared oil-soluble QDs with TiO2 P25 particles suspension for a period as short as half a minute. The solar paint was prepared by adding the TiO2/QD composite in a binder solution under ultrasonication. The QD-sensitized photoanodes were then obtained by simply brushing the solar paint on a fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate followed by a low-temperature annealing at ambient atmosphere. Sandwich-structured complete QDSCs were assembled with the use of Cu2S/brass as counter electrode and polysulfide redox couple as an electrolyte. The photovoltaic performance of the resulting Zn-Cu-In-Se (ZCISe) QDSCs was evaluated after primary optimization of the QD/TiO2 ratio as well as the thicknesses of photoanode films. In this proof of concept with a simple solar paint approach for photoanode films, an average power conversion efficiency of 4.13% (J sc = 11.11 mA/cm2, V oc = 0.590 V, fill factor = 0.631) was obtained under standard irradiation condition. This facile solar paint approach offers a simple and convenient approach for QD-sensitized photoanodes in the construction of QDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gencai Shen
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhonglin Du
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxiao Pan
- College
of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Du
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- College
of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
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96
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Dana J, Maiti S, Tripathi VS, Ghosh HN. Direct Correlation of Excitonics with Efficiency in a Core-Shell Quantum Dot Solar Cell. Chemistry 2018; 24:2418-2425. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dana
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai 400085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute; Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Sourav Maiti
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai 400085 India
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaidehi S. Tripathi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Hirendra N. Ghosh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai 400085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute; Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology; Mohali Punjab 160062 India
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97
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Chen B, Pradhan N, Zhong H. From Large-Scale Synthesis to Lighting Device Applications of Ternary I-III-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Inspiring Greener Material Emitters. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:435-445. [PMID: 29303589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots with fabulous size-dependent and color-tunable emissions remained as one of the most exciting inventories in nanomaterials for the last 3 decades. Even though a large number of such dot nanocrystals were developed, CdSe still remained as unbeatable and highly trusted lighting nanocrystals. Beyond these, the ternary I-III-VI family of nanocrystals emerged as the most widely accepted greener materials with efficient emissions tunable in visible as well as NIR spectral windows. These bring the high possibility of their implementation as lighting materials acceptable to the community and also to the environment. Keeping these in mind, in this Perspective, the latest developments of ternary I-III-VI nanocrystals from their large-scale synthesis to device applications are presented. Incorporating ZnS, tuning the composition, mixing with other nanocrystals, and doping with Mn ions, light-emitting devices of single color as well as for generating white light emissions are also discussed. In addition, the future prospects of these materials in lighting applications are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Haizheng Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
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98
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Maiti S, Azlan F, Anand P, Jadhav Y, Dana J, Haram SK, Ghosh HN. Boosting the Efficiency of Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells through Formation of the Cation-Exchanged Hole Transporting Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:50-57. [PMID: 29219326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In search of a viable way to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells, we have designed a method by introducing a hole transporting layer (HTL) of p-type CuS through partial cation exchange process in a postsynthetic ligand-assisted assembly of nanocrystals (NCs). High-quality CdSe and CdSSe gradient alloy NCs were synthesized through colloidal method, and the charge carrier dynamics was monitored through ultrafast transient absorption measurements. A notable increase in the short-circuit current concomitant with the increase in open-circuit voltage and the fill factor led to 45% increment in PCE for CdSe-based solar cells upon formation of the CuS HTL. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further revealed that the CuS layer formation increases recombination resistance at the TiO2/NC/electrolyte interface, implying that interfacial recombination gets drastically reduced because of smooth hole transfer to the redox electrolyte. Utilizing the same approach for CdSSe alloy NCs, the highest PCE (4.03%) was obtained upon CuS layer formation compared to 3.26% PCE for the untreated one and 3.61% PCE with the conventional ZnS coating. Therefore, such strategies will help to overcome the kinetic barriers of hole transfer to electrolytes, which is one of the major obstacles of high-performance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Farazuddin Azlan
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Pranav Anand
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Yogesh Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jayanta Dana
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Santosh K Haram
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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99
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He X, Fu P, Aker WG, Hwang HM. Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials mediated by nano-bio-eco interactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2018; 36:21-42. [PMID: 29297743 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1418793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials may adversely impact human health and environmental safety by nano-bio-eco interactions not fully understood. Their interaction with biotic and abiotic environments are varied and complicated, ranging from individual species to entire ecosystems. Their behavior, transport, fate, and toxicological profiles in these interactions, addressed in a pioneering study, are subsequently seldom reported. Biological, chemical, and physical dimension properties, the so-called multidimensional characterization, determine interactions. Intermediate species generated in the dynamic process of nanomaterial transformation increase the complexity of assessing nanotoxicity. We review recent progress in understanding these interactions, discuss the challenges of the study, and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- a Department of Marine Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Peter Fu
- b National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , AR , USA
| | - Winfred G Aker
- c Department of Biology , Jackson State University , Jackson , MS , USA
| | - Huey-Min Hwang
- c Department of Biology , Jackson State University , Jackson , MS , USA
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100
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Huang J, Gatty MG, Xu B, Pati PB, Etman AS, Tian L, Sun J, Hammarström L, Tian H. Covalently linking CuInS2 quantum dots with a Re catalyst by click reaction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10775-10783. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Covalently linking a Re catalyst to CuInS2 QDs through a facile click reaction for efficient electron transfer to improve photocatalytic CO2 reduction is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | | | - Bo Xu
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Palas Baran Pati
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Ahmed S. Etman
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK)
- Stockholm University
- SE 106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Junliang Sun
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK)
- Stockholm University
- SE 106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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