51
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Commins P, Karothu DP, Naumov P. Is a Bent Crystal Still a Single Crystal? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10052-10060. [PMID: 30762922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mention of the word "crystal" invokes images of minerals, gems, and rocks, all of which are inevitably solid, hard, and durable entities with well-defined smooth faces and straight edges. With the discovery in the first half of the 20th century that many molecular crystals are soft and can be deformed in a similar way as rubber or plastic, this perception is changing, and both the concept and formal definition of what a crystal is may require reinterpretation. The seemingly naïve question posed in the title of this Minireview does not have a simple answer. Here, we discuss how the effects of the elastic and plastic deformation of molecular crystals on the diffraction signature give primary evidence of their degree of crystallinity. In most cases, the definition of a crystal holds for both elastically and plastically deformed crystals and, unless there is significant or complete physical separation of the crystal during the deformation, they can safely be considered (deformed) single crystals with a high concentration of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 10 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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52
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Commins P, Karothu DP, Naumov P. Ist ein gebogener Kristall immer noch ein Einkristall? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
| | - Durga Prasad Karothu
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced StudyHarvard University 10 Garden St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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53
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Bochicchio D, Kwangmettatam S, Kudernac T, Pavan GM. How Defects Control the Out-of-Equilibrium Dissipative Evolution of a Supramolecular Tubule. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4322-4334. [PMID: 30875196 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular architectures that work out-of-equilibrium or that can change in specific ways when absorbing external energy are ubiquitous in nature. Gaining the ability to create via self-assembly artificial materials possessing such fascinating behaviors would have a major impact in many fields. However, the rational design of similar dynamic structures requires to understand and, even more challenging, to learn how to master the molecular mechanisms governing how the assembled systems evolve far from the equilibrium. Typically, this represents a daunting challenge due to the limited molecular insight that can be obtained by the experiments or by classical modeling approaches. Here we combine coarse-grained molecular models and advanced simulation approaches to study at submolecular (<5 Å) resolution a supramolecular tubule, which breaks and disassembles upon absorption of light energy triggering isomerization of its azobenzene-containing monomers. Our approach allows us to investigate the molecular mechanism of monomer transition in the assembly and to elucidate the kinetic process for the accumulation of the transitions in the system. Despite the stochastic nature of the excitation process, we demonstrate how these tubules preferentially dissipate the absorbed energy locally via the amplification of defects in their supramolecular structure. We find that this constitutes the best kinetic pathway for accumulating monomer transitions in the system, which determines the dynamic evolution out-of-equilibrium and the brittle behavior of the assembly under perturbed conditions. Thanks to the flexibility of our models, we finally come out with a general principle, where defects explain and control the brittle/soft behavior of such light-responsive assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Supaporn Kwangmettatam
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , PO Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , PO Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
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54
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Arkhipov SG, Losev EA, Nguyen TT, Rychkov DA, Boldyreva EV. A large anisotropic plasticity of L-leucinium hydrogen maleate preserved at cryogenic temperatures. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:143-151. [PMID: 32830738 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
L-Leucinium hydrogen maleate crystals are very plastic at ambient conditions. Here it is shown that this plasticity is preserved at least down to 77 K. The structural changes in the temperature range 293-100 K were followed in order to rationalize the large anisotropic plasticity in this compound. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported example of an organic compound remaining so plastic at cryogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Arkhipov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - E A Losev
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - T T Nguyen
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - D A Rychkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - E V Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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55
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Yu Q, Aguila B, Gao J, Xu P, Chen Q, Yan J, Xing D, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z, Ma S. Photomechanical Organic Crystals as Smart Materials for Advanced Applications. Chemistry 2019; 25:5611-5622. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Briana Aguila
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Jia Gao
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Peixin Xu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Qizhe Chen
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 30007 P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 30007 P.R. China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa FL 33620 USA
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56
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Paikar A, Podder D, Chowdhury SR, Sasmal S, Haldar D. Bromine–bromine interactions enhanced plasticity for the bending of a single crystal without affecting fluorescent properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal plasticity, due to bromine–bromine interactions, plays a crucial role in generating a slip plane and thus, under mechanical force, crystals undergo bending without affecting their fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Paikar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Debasish Podder
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Srayoshi Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Supriya Sasmal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
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57
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Livshits MY, Razgoniaev AO, Arbulu RC, Shin J, McCullough BJ, Qin Y, Ostrowski AD, Rack JJ. Generating Photonastic Work from Irradiated Dyes in Electrospun Nanofibrous Polymer Mats. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37470-37477. [PMID: 30272433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For solar-driven macroscopic motions, we assert that there is a local heating that facilitates large-scale deformations in anisotropic morphologic materials caused by thermal gradients. This report specifically identifies the fate of heat generation in photonastic materials and demonstrates how heat can perform work following excitation of a nonisomerizing dye. Utilizing the electrospinning technique, we have created a series of anisotropic nanofibrous polymer mats that comprise nonisomerizing dyes. Polymers are chosen because of their relative glass transition temperatures, elastic moduli, and melting temperatures. Light irradiation of these polymer mats with an excitation wavelength matching the absorption characteristics of the dye leads to macroscopic deformation of the mat. Analysis of still images extracted from digital videos provides plots of angular displacement vs power. The data were analyzed in terms of a photothermal model. Analyses of scanning electron microscopy micrographs for all samples are consistent to local melting in low Tg polymers and softening in high Tg polymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis allowed for quantification of the modulus change under a given light fluence. We employ these data to calculate a energy conversion efficiency. These efficiencies for the polymer mats are compared to other nonmuscular systems, including a few natural, biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Anton O Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Roberto C Arbulu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Brad J McCullough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Alexis D Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
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58
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Gupta P, Karothu DP, Ahmed E, Naumov P, Nath NK. Thermally Twistable, Photobendable, Elastically Deformable, and Self‐Healable Soft Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Gupta
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya India
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Naba K. Nath
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya India
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59
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Gupta P, Karothu DP, Ahmed E, Naumov P, Nath NK. Thermally Twistable, Photobendable, Elastically Deformable, and Self‐Healable Soft Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8498-8502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Gupta
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya India
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Naba K. Nath
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya India
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60
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Peng J, Zhao J, Ye K, Gao H, Sun J, Lu R. Light-Induced Bending of Needle-Like Crystals of Naphthylvinylbenzoxazole Triggered by trans-cis Isomerization. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1719-1724. [PMID: 29679455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
New diarylethene derivatives containing benzoxazole (NBO) and benzothiazole (NBT) have been synthesized. Light-induced trans-cis isomerization of NBO and NBT took place in crystals, and only induced the needle-like crystals of NBO to bend backwards away from the UV light source. The movement of the atoms was deemed to take place during the isomerization of NBO; hence, strain would be produced and accumulated rapidly in the surface of crystals exposed to UV light. The uniform release of strain led to the bending of needle-like crystals. The light-induced trans-cis isomerization efficiency of NBT was too low to drive the motion of crystals, which might have originated from the large repulsion between naphthyl and benzothiazole. These results provide a new platform for the transformation of light energy into mechanical energy in molecular crystals through the unimolecular photochemical reaction of diarylethene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
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61
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Tong F, Xu W, Al‐Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9‐Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Maram Al‐Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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62
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Tong F, Xu W, Al-Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9-Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7080-7084. [PMID: 29660217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-assisted seeded-growth method is used to form single-crystal platelets composed of 9-methylanthracene with two different internal molecular orientations. The more stable form exhibits a photoinduced twisting, as observed previously for 9-methylanthracene microribbons grown by the floating drop method. However, the newly discovered elongated hexagonal platelets undergo a photoinduced rolling-up and unrolling. The ability of the rolled-up cylindrical shape to trap superparamagnetic nanoparticles enables it to be carried along in a magnetic field gradient. The new photoinduced shape change, made possible by a novel surfactant-assisted crystal growth method, opens up the possibility of using light to modulate the crystal translational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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63
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Nath NK, Hazarika M, Gupta P, Ray NR, Paul AK, Nauha E. Plastically bendable crystals of probenecid and its cocrystal with 4,4′-Bipyridine. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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64
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Uchida K, Nishimura R, Hatano E, Mayama H, Yokojima S. Photochromic Crystalline Systems Mimicking Bio-Functions. Chemistry 2018; 24:8491-8506. [PMID: 29385287 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive crystalline systems mimicking bio-functions are prepared using photochromic diarylethenes. Upon UV irradiation of the diarylethene crystal, the photogenerated closed-ring isomers self-aggregate to form needle-shaped crystals on the surface. The rough surface shows the superhydrophobic lotus effect. In addition, the rose-petal effects of wetting, the anti-reflective moth-eye effect, and a double-roughness structure mimicking the surface of a lotus leaf are observed by controlling the heating procedures, UV irradiation processes, and molecular structural modification. By changing the molecular structure, a superhydrophilic surface mimicking a snail shell can be generated. We also find the crystal of a diarylethene derivative that shows a photosalient effect. The effect is observed partly due to the hollow structure of the crystal. It is demonstrated that a photo-response similar to the response of impatiens plant to stimulation is observed by packing small beads in the hollow. These photoresponsive functions are unique, and they demonstrate a macroscopic response by means of microscopic molecular movement induced by light. In the future, such a molecular assembly system will be a promising candidate for fabricating photoresponsive architectures and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mayama
- Department of Chemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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65
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Chirality-controlled spontaneous twisting of crystals due to thermal topochemical reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2896-2901. [PMID: 29507233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718965115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals that show mechanical response against various stimuli are of great interest. These stimuli induce polymorphic transitions, isomerizations, or chemical reactions in the crystal and the strain generated between the daughter and parent domains is transcribed into mechanical response. We observed that the crystals of modified dipeptide LL (N3-l-Ala-l-Val-NHCH2C≡CH) undergo spontaneous twisting to form right-handed twisted crystals not only at room temperature but also at 0 °C over time. Using various spectroscopic techniques, we have established that the twisting is due to the spontaneous topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction at room temperature or lower temperatures. The rate of twisting can be increased by heating, exploiting the faster kinetics of the TAAC reaction at higher temperatures. To address the role of molecular chirality in the direction of twisting the enantiomer of dipeptide LL, N3-d-Ala-d-Val-NHCH2C≡CH (DD), was synthesized and topochemical reactivity and mechanoresponse of its crystals were studied. We have found that dipeptide DD not only underwent TAAC reaction, giving 1,4-triazole-linked pseudopolypeptides of d-amino acids, but also underwent twisting with opposite handedness (left-handed twisting), establishing the role of molecular chirality in controlling the direction of mechanoresponse. This paper reports (i) a mechanical response due to a thermal reaction and (ii) a spontaneous mechanical response in crystals and (iii) explains the role of molecular chirality in the handedness of the macroscopic mechanical response.
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66
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Commins P, Desta IT, Karothu DP, Panda MK, Naumov P. Crystals on the move: mechanical effects in dynamic solids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:13941-13954. [PMID: 27711296 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to external stimuli such as heat or light, certain single crystals can acquire momentum and undergo motion. On a molecular scale, the motility of such dynamic single crystals is triggered by a phase transition or chemical reaction without gaseous products, and macroscopically manifests as either slow (reversible or irreversible) deformation, or as rapid, almost instantaneous propulsion of the crystals that is oftentimes accompanied by disintegration. While the elastic energy of the slow reconfiguration processes such as bending, twisting and coiling can be utilized for actuation of other objects, the fast disintegrative processes could be exploited to initiate pressure-sensitive applications. This short review intends to summarize recent developments in the growing research on dynamic crystals, especially aspects of the mechanism of rapid motion of thermosalient and photosalient (leaping) crystals. The collective evidence indicates that these solids are organic-based analogues of the inorganic martensitic materials. While qualitative explanation of the molecular processes that lead to the related dynamic phenomena can be provided, quantification of their kinematics, estimation of the useful work that can be extracted, and prediction of their occurrence are yet to be established. Harnessing the potential of these materials to rapidly and efficiently perform the fundamentally important process of transduction of heat or light into kinetic energy appears as a prospective basis for their application in motion gears and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | | - Manas K Panda
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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67
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Dynamic Pseudorotaxane Crystals Containing Metallocene Complexes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14195. [PMID: 29079834 PMCID: PMC5660174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular machines and switches composed of flexible pseudorotaxanes respond to external stimuli, transducing incident energy into mechanical motions. This study presents thermo- and photoresponsive dynamic pseudorotaxane crystals composed of axle molecules containing ferrocene or ruthenocene groups threaded through dibenzo[24]crown-8 ether rings. The ruthenocene-containing pseudorotaxane exhibits a crystal-to-crystal thermal phase transition at 86 °C, which is much lower than that of the ferrocene-containing pseudorotaxane (128 °C). Single-crystal X-ray crystallography at various temperatures reveals the details of the structural changes, and shows that the bulky ruthenocene provides distortion in the pseudorotaxane structure to facilitate twisting of the axle molecule. A mixed ferrocene and ruthenocene pseudorotaxane crystal is applied to photomechanical conversion under 405 nm laser irradiation at 85 °C and provides a lifting force 6,400-times the weight of the crystal itself upon phase transition.
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68
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Hatano E, Morimoto M, Imai T, Hyodo K, Fujimoto A, Nishimura R, Sekine A, Yasuda N, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Photosalient Phenomena that Mimic
Impatiens
Are Observed in Hollow Crystals of Diarylethene with a Perfluorocyclohexene Ring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Takahito Imai
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Kengo Hyodo
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Ayako Fujimoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Akiko Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- RIKEN Innovation Center Nakamura Laboratory 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
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Hatano E, Morimoto M, Imai T, Hyodo K, Fujimoto A, Nishimura R, Sekine A, Yasuda N, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Photosalient Phenomena that Mimic Impatiens Are Observed in Hollow Crystals of Diarylethene with a Perfluorocyclohexene Ring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12576-12580. [PMID: 28834074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A diarylethene with a perfluorocyclohexene ring formed hollow crystals by sublimation under normal pressure. Upon UV irradiation of the crystals, they showed remarkable photosalient phenomena and scattered into small pieces. The speed of the flying debris released from the crystal by UV irradiation exceeded several meters per second. To clearly show a photosalient effect resembling the scattering behavior of Impatiens on a smaller scale, small fluorescent beads (1-μm diameter) were inserted into the hollow crystal. Consequently, scattering of the beads was observed as UV irradiation caused deformation and bursting of the hollow structure. This phenomenon is unique to hollow crystals, and the ability to effectively induce remarkable photosalient phenomena is similar to the behavior of hollow-structured Impatiens in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Takahito Imai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Kengo Hyodo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ayako Fujimoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- RIKEN Innovation Center, Nakamura Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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70
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Gong Y, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Zhang K, Che Y, Zhao J. Molecular Interactions Control Quantum Chain Reactions toward Distinct Photoresponsive Properties of Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10649-10652. [PMID: 28749145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we fabricated four diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) crystals, which involved various molecular interactions encoded in individual molecular structures 1-4. On the basis of crystalline structural analysis and photoresponsive characterization of the resultant single-crystal microribbons 1-4, we demonstrated that the magnitude of molecular interactions could effectively control the quantum chain reaction and the photoresponsive property of the DPCP crystals. The microribbons 1 and 2 having weak molecular interactions exhibited an efficient chain reaction and large mechanical photoresponses (i.e., photomelting and photodeforming), whereas the microribbons 3 and 4 with strong molecular interactions exhibited no chain reaction and mechanical morphology change. Our work presented a new way to achieve molecular crystals with enhanced mechanical photoresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-789, South Korea
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanke Che
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Wang H, Chen P, Wu Z, Zhao J, Sun J, Lu R. Bending, Curling, Rolling, and Salient Behavior of Molecular Crystals Driven by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Styrylbenzoxazole Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE); School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin China
| | - Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
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72
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Wang H, Chen P, Wu Z, Zhao J, Sun J, Lu R. Bending, Curling, Rolling, and Salient Behavior of Molecular Crystals Driven by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Styrylbenzoxazole Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28626943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report interesting photomechanical behaviors of the dynamic molecular crystals of (E)-2-(2,4-dichlorostyryl)benzo[d]oxazole (BOACl24). The photosalient effect of the rod-like crystal based on a metal-free olefin driven by photodimerization is observed. Moreover, the needle-like crystals of BOACl24 exhibit a reversible bending away from a UV light source. The nanofibers curl easily under UV irradiation in an organogel, in which the photo-induced rolling of a small slice occurs. This suggests that the rapid release of the accumulated strain during photodimerization may lead to a photosalient effect, and the bending or curling happens when the strain is released slowly. Notably, [2+2] cycloaddition takes place between two different conformational isomers of BOACl24 on account of the rotation of the benzoxazole ring around the C-C bond in an excited state before photodimerization. Such topo-photochemical reaction has not been reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Mittapalli S, Sravanakumar Perumalla D, Nangia A. Mechanochemical synthesis of N-salicylidene-aniline: thermosalient effect of polymorphic crystals. IUCRJ 2017; 4:243-250. [PMID: 28512571 PMCID: PMC5414398 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517004043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphs of the dichloro derivative of N-salicylideneaniline exhibit mechanical responses such as jumping (Forms I and III) and exploding (Form II) in its three polymorphs. The molecules are connected via the amide N-H⋯O dimer synthon and C-Cl⋯O halogen bond in the three crystal structures. A fourth high-temperature Form IV was confirmed by variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 180°C. The behaviour of jumping exhibited by the polymorphic crystals of Forms I and III is due to the layered sheet morphology and the transmission of thermal stress in a single direction, compared with the corrugated sheet structure of Form II such that heat dissipation is more isotropic causing blasting. The role of weak C-Cl⋯O interactions in the thermal response of molecular crystals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Mittapalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | | | - Ashwini Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
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Shibuya Y, Itoh Y, Aida T. Jumping Crystals of Pyrene Tweezers: Crystal-to-Crystal Transition Involvingπ/π-to-CH/πAssembly Mode Switching. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:811-815. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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75
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Abstract
Light is distinguished as a contactless energy source for microscale devices as it can be directed from remote distances, rapidly turned on or off, spatially modulated across length scales, polarized, or varied in intensity. Motivated in part by these nascent properties of light, transducing photonic stimuli into macroscopic deformation of materials systems has been examined in the last half-century. Here we report photoinduced motion (photomotility) in monolithic polymer films prepared from azobenzene-functionalized liquid crystalline polymer networks (azo-LCNs). Leveraging the twisted-nematic orientation, irradiation with broad spectrum ultraviolet–visible light (320–500 nm) transforms the films from flat sheets to spiral ribbons, which subsequently translate large distances with continuous irradiation on an arbitrary surface. The motion results from a complex interplay of photochemistry and mechanics. We demonstrate directional control, as well as climbing. The demand for soft robots urges the development of new light-responsive materials for remotely powered actuation. Here, Wie et al. show directional motion over centimeter scales using azobenzene-functionalized liquid crystalline polymer films upon continuous radiation from ultraviolet to visible light.
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Hatano E, Morimoto M, Hyodo K, Yasuda N, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Photosalient Effect of a Diarylethene with a Perfluorocyclohexene Ring. Chemistry 2016; 22:12680-3. [PMID: 27384133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of a diarylethene with a perfluorocyclohexene ring exhibit a remarkable photosalient effect upon UV light irradiation that is attributed to the structural changes that occur when going from open- to closed-ring isomers in the crystalline state, together with the existence of two conformers with different photoconversions compared with those of a perfluorocyclopentene derivative. Our current results give a design principle for molecular structures so as to achieve the photosalient effect for photochromic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Kengo Hyodo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- RIKEN Innovation Center, Nakamura Laboratory 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.
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Bąkowicz J, Turowska-Tyrk I. Structural transformations in crystals induced by radiation and pressure. Part 4. The complex influence of high pressure on the path and kinetics of the [2 + 2] photodimerization. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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