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Chen B, Lu X, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. Identification of Methylated Dithioarsenicals in the Urine of Rats Fed with Sodium Arsenite. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative
Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - X. Chris Le
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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52
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Xia Q, Zhao Y, Lin G, Beland FA, Cai L, Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Protein Adducts: Potential Non-invasive Biomarkers of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Liver Toxicity and Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1282-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Ge Lin
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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53
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Mleczek M, Niedzielski P, Rzymski P, Siwulski M, Gąsecka M, Kozak L. Variations of arsenic species content in edible Boletus badius growing at polluted sites over four years. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:469-476. [PMID: 27070346 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1159459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The content of arsenic (As) in mushrooms can vary depending on the concentration level of this metalloid in the soil/substrate. The present study evaluated the content of arsenic in Boletus badius fruiting bodies collected from polluted and non-polluted sites in relation to the content of this element in overgrown substrate. It was found that mushrooms from the arsenic-polluted sites contained mean concentrations from 49 to 450 mg As kg(-1) dry matter (d.m.), with the greatest content found for specimens growing in close proximity of sludge deposits (490±20 mg As kg(-1)d.m.). The mean content of total arsenic in mushrooms from clean sites ranged from 0.03 to 0.37 mg kg(-1) It was found that B. badius could tolerate arsenic in soil substrate at concentrations of up to 2500 mg kg(-1), at least. In different years of investigation, shifts in particular arsenic forms, as well as a general increase in the accumulation of organic arsenic content, were observed. The results of this study clearly indicate that B. badius should not be collected for culinary purposes from any sites that may be affected by pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Mleczek
- a Department of Chemistry , Poznan University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | | | - Piotr Rzymski
- c Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Marek Siwulski
- d Department of Vegetable Crops , Poznan University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Monika Gąsecka
- a Department of Chemistry , Poznan University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Lidia Kozak
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań , Poland
- e Department of Food , Nutrition and Food Contact Materials, Poviat Sanitary and Epidemiological Station , Poznan , Poland
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54
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Metabolomic profiles of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout mice: effect of sex and arsenic exposure. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:189-202. [PMID: 26883664 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) is the key enzyme in the pathway for methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs). Altered As3mt expression and AS3MT polymorphism have been linked to changes in iAs metabolism and in susceptibility to iAs toxicity in laboratory models and in humans. As3mt-knockout mice have been used to study the association between iAs metabolism and adverse effects of iAs exposure. However, little is known about systemic changes in metabolism of these mice and how these changes lead to their increased susceptibility to iAs toxicity. Here, we compared plasma and urinary metabolomes of male and female wild-type (WT) and As3mt-KO (KO) C57BL/6 mice and examined metabolomic shifts associated with iAs exposure in drinking water. Surprisingly, exposure to 1 ppm As elicited only small changes in the metabolite profiles of either WT or KO mice. In contrast, comparisons of KO mice with WT mice revealed significant differences in plasma and urinary metabolites associated with lipid (phosphatidylcholines, cytidine, acyl-carnitine), amino acid (hippuric acid, acetylglycine, urea), and carbohydrate (L-sorbose, galactonic acid, gluconic acid) metabolism. Notably, most of these differences were sex specific. Sex-specific differences were also found between WT and KO mice in plasma triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Some of the differentially changed metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, carnosine, and sarcosine) are substrates or products of reactions catalyzed by other methyltransferases. These results suggest that As3mt KO alters major metabolic pathways in a sex-specific manner, independent of iAs treatment, and that As3mt may be involved in other cellular processes beyond iAs methylation.
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55
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Abdul KSM, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EPS, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:828-46. [PMID: 26476885 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is ubiquitous in nature and humans being exposed to arsenic via atmospheric air, ground water and food sources are certain. Major sources of arsenic contamination could be either through geological or via anthropogenic activities. In physiological individuals, organ system is described as group of organs that transact collectively and associate with other systems for conventional body functions. Arsenic has been associated with persuading a variety of complications in body organ systems: integumentary, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive system and development. In this review, we outline the effects of arsenic on the human body with a main focus on assorted organ systems with respective disease conditions. Additionally, underlying mechanisms of disease development in each organ system due to arsenic have also been explored. Strikingly, arsenic has been able to induce epigenetic changes (in utero) and genetic mutations (a leading cause of cancer) in the body. Occurrence of various arsenic induced health effects involving emerging areas such as epigenetics and cancer along with their respective mechanisms are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University, Anuradhapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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56
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Liu S, Zhang L, Sun Q, Wang F, Xi S, Sun G. The distribution in tissues and urine of arsenic metabolites after subchronic exposure to dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 164:219-25. [PMID: 25575662 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) acted as cancer promoter promoted urinary bladder, liver, and lung carcinogenesis in rats. Understanding of the distribution of arsenicals in critical sites will aid to define the action of DMA(V)-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity. The present experiment was conducted to compare the accumulated levels of arsenicals in the liver, kidney, and bladder of both male and female rats after subchronic exposure to DMA(V). After exposure to DMA(V) in drinking water for 10 weeks, urinary DMA concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm DMA(V)-treated rats increased significantly compared with those of the control rats. Smaller amount of trimethylarsinic acid (TMA) was detected in urine, but not in liver, kidney, and bladder muscle. In the liver and kidney, the levels of DMA in DMA(V)-treated rats significantly increased compared with those of the control group, but there was no difference between 100 and 200 ppm DMA(V)-treated rats. DMA did not accumulate in bladder muscle. There was no difference for DMA concentrations between male and female rats. Our results suggest that the accumulation of DMA in the liver and kidney was saturated above 100 ppm DMA(V) treatment concentration, and DMA(V) was a little partly metabolized to TMA, and TMA was rapidly excreted into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110013, China,
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57
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Yamauchi T, Yamano Y, Yamanaka K, Hata A, Nakadate T, Kuroda Y, Endo Y, Endo G. Possible production of arsenic hemoglobin adducts via exposure to arsine. J Occup Health 2015; 57:161-8. [PMID: 25735624 DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0148-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arsine is an arsenic compound generated as a by-product in metal refineries. Accidental poisoning occurs sporadically; however, the administrative level for workers has not been established. Thus, it is essential to identify a highly specific biomarker for risk management in the workplace. The aim of this study was to identify an arsenic adduct, a potential biomarker, in the plasma. METHODS Preserved mouse blood was exposed to arsine in vitro, and the plasma was separated. The residual clot of the control sample was hemolyzed using ultrapure water, and the supernatant was collected. Plasma from mice exposed to arsine in vivo was also separated from blood. Immunoprecipitation assays were conducted using all samples after ultrafiltration, and three fractions were collected. The total arsenic concentration in each fraction was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The three in vitro samples and the eluate fraction from immunoprecipitation were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS In the exposed samples, the arsenic concentration in the fraction containing immunocomplexes was higher when immunoprecipitation was conducted with an anti-globin antibody. Three peaks were specifically observed in arsine-exposed samples after MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Two of them were around m/z 15,000, and the other was m/z 15,700. The latter peak was confirmed even after immunoprecipitation. CONCLUSIONS Globin forms an adduct with arsenic after both in vitro and in vivo exposure to arsine. This adduct together with hemoglobinuria could be a candidate biomarker of acute arsine poisoning in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Yamauchi
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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Andrade V, Mateus ML, Santos D, Aschner M, Batoreu MC, Marreilha dos Santos AP. Arsenic and manganese alter lead deposition in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:384-91. [PMID: 24715659 PMCID: PMC4041197 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) continues to be a major toxic metal in the environment. Pb exposure frequently occurs in the presence of other metals, such as arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn). Continued exposure to low levels of these metals may lead to long-term toxic effects due to their accumulation in several organs. Despite the recognition that metals in a mixture may alter each other's toxicity by affecting deposition, there is dearth of information on their interactions in vivo. In this work, we investigated the effect of As and Mn on Pb tissue deposition, focusing on the kidney, brain, and liver. Wistar rats were treated with eight doses of each single metal, Pb (5 mg/Kg bw), As (60 mg/L), and Mn 10 mg/Kg bw), or the same doses in a triple metal mixture. The kidney, brain, liver, blood, and urine Pb, As, and Mn concentrations were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Pb kidney, brain, and liver concentrations in the metal-mixture-treated group were significantly increased compared to the Pb-alone-treated group, being more pronounced in the kidney (5.4-fold), brain (2.5-fold), and liver (1.6-fold). Urinary excretion of Pb in the metal-mixture-treated rats significantly increased compared with the Pb-treated group, although blood Pb concentrations were analogous to the Pb-treated group. Co-treatment with As, Mn, and Pb alters Pb deposition compared to Pb alone treatment, increasing Pb accumulation predominantly in the kidney and brain. Blood Pb levels, unlike urine, do not reflect the increased Pb deposition in the kidney and brain. Taken together, the results suggest that the nephro- and neurotoxicity of "real-life" Pb exposure scenarios should be considered within the context of metal mixture exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Andrade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - ML Mateus
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 NY, USA
| | - MC Batoreu
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - AP Marreilha dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Yehiayan L, Stice S, Liu G, Matulis S, Boise LH, Cai Y. Dimethylarsinothioyl glutathione as a metabolite in human multiple myeloma cell lines upon exposure to Darinaparsin. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:754-64. [PMID: 24624948 PMCID: PMC4027956 DOI: 10.1021/tx400386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Here, we report the identification
of dimethylarsinothioyl glutathione
(DMMTAV(GS)) as a metabolite in cellular extracts of dimethyarsinous
glutathione (Darinaparsin, DMAIII(GS)) treated human multiple
myeloma (MM) cell lines. Co-elution of sulfur and arsenic on the inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) indicated the presence of
sulfur along with arsenic in the newly observed unidentified molecule
on the speciation chromatograms of cell lines treated with DMAIII(GS). Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass
spectrometry of the unknown peak in the MS and tandem MS modes revealed
molecular ion peaks at m/z = 443.9
and 466.0, corresponding to [DMMTAV(GS) + H]+ and [DMMTAV(GS) + Na]+, as well as peaks at
314.8 for the loss of glutamic acid and 231.1 for the loss of glycine.
In addition, peaks were observed at 176.9 corresponding to cysteine
and glycine adducts and at 137.1 for the [C2H6AsS]+ ion. An increase in the peak area of the unidentified
peak was observed upon spiking the cell extracts with a standard of
DMMTAV(GS). Heat deactivation of MM cells prevented the
formation of DMMTAV(GS) raising the possibility of its
formation via an enzymatic reaction. Formation studies in DMAIII(GS) treated MM cells revealed the dependence of DMMTAV(GS) formation on the depletion of DMAIII(GS).
The presence of 5 mM glutathione prevented its formation, indicating
that DMAIII, a dissociation product of DMAIII(GS), is likely a precursor for the formation of DMMTAV(GS). DMMTAV(GS) was observed to form under acidic and
neutral pH conditions (pH 3.0–7.4). In addition, DMMTAV(GS) was found to be stable in cell extracts at both acidic
and neutral pH conditions. When assessing the toxicity by exposing
multiple myeloma cells to arsenicals externally, DMMTAV(GS) was found to be much less toxic than DMAIII(GS) and
DMMTAV, potentially due to its limited uptake in the cells
(10 and 16% of the uptakes of DMAIII(GS) and DMMTAV, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yehiayan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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60
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Metabolomic study in plasma, liver and kidney of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic based on mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1455-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Shen
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - William R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross
Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1Z2
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
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Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Muirhead DE, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Pennington KL, Dave BJ, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. Characterization of intracellular inclusions in the urothelium of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:36-46. [PMID: 24097667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a known human carcinogen at high exposures, increasing the incidences of urinary bladder, skin, and lung cancers. In most mammalian species, ingested iAs is excreted mainly through urine primarily as dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). In wild-type (WT) mice, iAs, DMA(V), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) exposures induce formation of intramitochondrial urothelial inclusions. Arsenite (iAs(III)) also induced intranuclear inclusions in arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout (As3mt KO) mice. The arsenic-induced formation of inclusions in the mouse urothelium was dose and time dependent. The inclusions do not occur in iAs-treated rats and do not appear to be related to arsenic-induced urothelial cytotoxicity. Similar inclusions in exfoliated urothelial cells from humans exposed to iAs have been incorrectly identified as micronuclei. We have characterized the urothelial inclusions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and non-DNA-specific Giemsa staining and determined the arsenical content. The mouse inclusions stained with Giemsa but not with the DAPI stain. Analysis of urothelial mitochondrial- and nuclear-enriched fractions isolated from WT (C57BL/6) and As3mt KO mice exposed to arsenate (iAs(V)) for 4 weeks showed higher levels of iAs(V) in the treated groups. iAs(III) was the major arsenical present in the enriched nuclear fraction from iAs(V)-treated As3mt KO mice. In conclusion, the urothelial cell inclusions induced by arsenicals appear to serve as a detoxifying sequestration mechanism similar to other metals, and they do not represent micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttappa R Dodmane
- * Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135
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Chen B, Lu X, Shen S, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. Arsenic Speciation in the Blood of Arsenite-Treated F344 Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:952-62. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400123q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Shengwen Shen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and
Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and
Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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64
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Yang T, Liu JW, Gu C, Chen ML, Wang JH. Expression of arsenic regulatory protein in Escherichia coli for selective accumulation of methylated arsenic species. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2767-2772. [PMID: 23484908 DOI: 10.1021/am400578y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ArsR is a metalloregulatory protein with high selectivity and affinity toward arsenic. We hereby report the expression of ArsR in Escherichia coli by cell engineering, which significantly enhances the adsorption/accumulation capacity of methylated arsenic species. The ArsR-expressed E. coli cells (denoted as E. coli-ArsR) give rise to 5.6-fold and 3.4-fold improvements on the adsorption/accumulation capacity for monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), with respect to native E. coli cells. The uptake of MMA and DMA by the E. coli-ArsR is a fast process fitting Langmuir adsorption model. It is interesting to note that the accumulation of methylated arsenic is virtually not affected by the presence of competing heavy-metal species, at least 10 times of Cd(II) and Pb(II) are tolerated for the adsorption of 1 mg L(-1) methylated arsenic. In addition, an ionic strength of up to 2 g L(-1) Na+ poses no obvious effect on the sorption of 1 mg L(-1) MMA and DMA. Furthermore, the accumulation of MMA and DMA is less sensitive to the variation of pH value, with respect to the blank control cells. Consequently, 82.4% of MMA and 96.3% of DMA at a concentration of 50 μg L(-1) could be readily removed from aqueous medium by 12 g L(-1) of E. coli-ArsR . This illustrates a great potential for the E. coli-ArsR for selective remediation of methylated arsenic species in waters, even in the presence of a high concentration of salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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65
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Investigation of the biotransformation of melarsoprol by electrochemistry coupled to complementary LC/ESI–MS and LC/ICP–MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5249-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Németi B, Gregus Z. Reduction of Dimethylarsinic Acid to the Highly Toxic Dimethylarsinous Acid by Rats and Rat Liver Cytosol. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:432-43. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300505v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Németi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Toxicology
Section, University of Pécs, Medical
School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gregus
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Toxicology
Section, University of Pécs, Medical
School, Pécs, Hungary
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67
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Abstract
Arsenic has received considerable attention in the world, since it can lead to a multitude of toxic effects and has been recognized as a human carcinogen causing cancers. Here, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the proposed mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation, with a little about cellular uptake, toxicity and clinical utilization of arsenicals. Since pentavalent methylated metabolites were found in animal urine after exposure to iAs(III), methylation was considered to be a detoxification process, but the discovery of methylated trivalent intermediates and thioarsenicals in urine has diverted the view and gained much interest regarding arsenic biotransformation. To further investigate the partially understood phenomena relating to arsenic toxicity and the uses of arsenic as a drug, it is important to elucidate the exact pathways involved in metabolism of this metalloid, as the toxicity and the clinical uses of arsenic can be best recognized in context of its biotransformation. Thereby, in this perspective, we have focused on arsenic metabolic pathways including three proposed mechanisms: a classic pathway by Challenger in 1945, followed by a new metabolic pathway proposed by Hayakawa in 2005 involving arsenic-glutathione complexes, while the third is a new reductive methylation pathway that is proposed by our group involving As-protein complexes. According to previous and present in vivo and in vitro experiments, we conclude that the methylation reaction takes place with simultaneous reductive rather than stepwise oxidative methylation. In addition, production of pentavalent methylated arsenic metabolites are suggested to be as the end product of metabolism, rather than intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310561, China
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Mershiba SD, Dassprakash MV, Saraswathy SD. Protective effect of naringenin on hepatic and renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in arsenic intoxicated rats. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3681-91. [PMID: 23283742 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic has a long history as a potent human poison, chronic exposure over a period of time may result in the manifestation of toxicity in practically all systems of the body. In the present investigation the efficacy of naringenin (NRG), a naturally occurring citrus flavanone against arsenic-induced hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic manifestations have been studied in rats. Arsenic trioxide was administered orally at the dose of 2 mg/kg/day with or without combination of NRG (20 or 50 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. At the end of the experimental period the hepatic and renal dysfunction was evaluated by histological examination, serum biomarkers and markers of oxidative stress; lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes. Arsenic intoxication increased serum bilirubin, urea, uric acid and creatinine levels, additionally enhanced the activities of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. Also, the hepatic and renal tissues showed a marked elevation in LPO levels with a decrease in GSH content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase on arsenic treatment. Simultaneous treatment with NRG restored the activities of serum biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in the tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the histopathological studies confirmed the protective effect of NRG co-treatment by reducing the pathological changes due to arsenic intoxication in both liver and kidney. Thus, our present study demonstrates that NRG has a potential to protect arsenic-induced oxidative hepatic and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Daniel Mershiba
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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69
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Kobayashi Y, Hirano S. The role of glutathione in the metabolism of diphenylarsinic acid in rats. Metallomics 2013; 5:469-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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García-Sevillano MA, García-Barrera T, Navarro F, Gómez-Ariza JL. Analysis of the biological response of mouse liver (Mus musculus) exposed to As2O3 based on integrated -omics approaches. Metallomics 2013; 5:1644-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Maull EA, Ahsan H, Edwards J, Longnecker MP, Navas-Acien A, Pi J, Silbergeld EK, Styblo M, Tseng CH, Thayer KA, Loomis D. Evaluation of the association between arsenic and diabetes: a National Toxicology Program workshop review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1658-70. [PMID: 22889723 PMCID: PMC3548281 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes affects an estimated 346 million persons globally, and total deaths from diabetes are projected to increase > 50% in the next decade. Understanding the role of environmental chemicals in the development or progression of diabetes is an emerging issue in environmental health. In 2011, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) organized a workshop to assess the literature for evidence of associations between certain chemicals, including inorganic arsenic, and diabetes and/or obesity to help develop a focused research agenda. This review is derived from discussions at that workshop. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to assess the consistency, strength/weaknesses, and biological plausibility of findings in the scientific literature regarding arsenic and diabetes and to identify data gaps and areas for future evaluation or research. The extent of the existing literature was insufficient to consider obesity as an outcome. DATA SOURCES, EXTRACTION, AND SYNTHESIS Studies related to arsenic and diabetes or obesity were identified through PubMed and supplemented with relevant studies identified by reviewing the reference lists in the primary literature or review articles. CONCLUSIONS Existing human data provide limited to sufficient support for an association between arsenic and diabetes in populations with relatively high exposure levels (≥ 150 µg arsenic/L in drinking water). The evidence is insufficient to conclude that arsenic is associated with diabetes in lower exposure (< 150 µg arsenic/L drinking water), although recent studies with better measures of outcome and exposure support an association. The animal literature as a whole was inconclusive; however, studies using better measures of diabetes-relevant end points support a link between arsenic and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Maull
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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72
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García-Sevillano MA, González-Fernández M, Jara-Biedma R, García-Barrera T, López-Barea J, Pueyo C, Gómez-Ariza JL. Biological response of free-living mouse Mus spretus from Doñana National Park under environmental stress based on assessment of metal-binding biomolecules by SEC-ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1967-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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73
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Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of arsenic compounds on protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:273-80. [PMID: 22771847 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic binding to biomolecules is considered one of the major toxic mechanisms, which may also be related to the carcinogenic risks of arsenic in humans. At the same time, arsenic is also known to activate the phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways including the epidermal growth factor receptor, the mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways. These signaling pathways originate at the level of receptor tyrosine kinases whose phosphorylation status is regulated by opposing protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation, which is governed by the balanced action of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, regulates important signaling pathways that are involved in the control of cell proliferation, adhesion and migration. In the present study, we have focused on the interaction of cellular PTPs with toxic trivalent arsenite (iAs(III)) and its intermediate metabolites such as monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) in vitro, and then determined the arsenic binding site in PTP by the use of recombinant PTPs (e.g., PTP1B and CD45). Interestingly, the activities of PTP1B (cytoplasm-form) or CD45 (receptor-linked form) were observed to be strongly inhibited by both methylated metabolites (i.e., MMA(III) and DMA(III)) but not by iAs(III). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has clearly confirmed that the organic intermediate, DMA(III) directly bound to the active site cysteine residue of PTP1B (e.g., Cys215), resulting in inhibition of enzyme activity. These results suggest that arsenic exposure may disturb the cellular signaling pathways through PTP inactivation.
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74
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Chen B, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Thomas DJ, Le XC. Mouse arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase genotype affects metabolism and tissue dosimetry of arsenicals after arsenite administration in drinking water. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:320-6. [PMID: 21934131 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) catalyzes methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) producing a number of methylated arsenic metabolites. Although methylation has been commonly considered a pathway for detoxification of arsenic, some highly reactive methylated arsenicals may contribute to toxicity associated with exposure to inorganic arsenic. Here, adult female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and female As3mt knockout (KO) mice received drinking water that contained 1, 10, or 25 ppm (mg/l) of arsenite for 33 days and blood, liver, kidney, and lung were taken for arsenic speciation. Genotype markedly affected concentrations of arsenicals in tissues. Summed concentrations of arsenicals in plasma were higher in WT than in KO mice; in red blood cells, summed concentrations of arsenicals were higher in KO than in WT mice. In liver, kidney, and lung, summed concentrations of arsenicals were greater in KO than in WT mice. Although capacity for arsenic methylation is much reduced in KO mice, some mono-, di-, and tri-methylated arsenicals were found in tissues of KO mice, likely reflecting the activity of other tissue methyltransferases or preabsorptive metabolism by the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract. These results show that the genotype for arsenic methylation determines the phenotypes of arsenic retention and distribution and affects the dose- and organ-dependent toxicity associated with exposure to inorganic arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
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75
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Janzen R, Schwarzer M, Sperling M, Vogel M, Schwerdtle T, Karst U. Adduct formation of Thimerosal with human and rat hemoglobin: a study using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOF-MS). Metallomics 2011; 3:847-52. [PMID: 21706086 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal (THI) is used as a preservative in many vaccines throughout the world. Ethylmercury (EtHg(+)), released from THI in aqueous media, has a high affinity to thiol functions of proteins. In blood, hemoglobin is a likely target protein because of its high abundance and its several free thiol functions. In comparison to hemoglobin of human origin, hemoglobin of rats exhibits almost twice as many free thiol groups, which might lead to different binding behavior and therefore a limited comparability between the situation in man and in rats, which are frequently used as models for mercury species toxicity investigations. Thus, the adduct formation of EtHg(+) with hemoglobin of humans and rats was compared under simulated physiological conditions by using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) detection. The binding stoichiometry correlated with the number of free thiols in the α- and β-chain of hemoglobin. The use of rats to verify the safety of additives in vaccines like Thimerosal is therefore doubtful and should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Janzen
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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76
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Gómez-Ariza JL, Jahromi EZ, González-Fernández M, García-Barrera T, Gailer J. Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-based metallomic approaches to probe health-relevant interactions between xenobiotics and mammalian organisms. Metallomics 2011; 3:566-77. [PMID: 21614343 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the transport of essential elements from the gastrointestinal tract to organs is orchestrated by biochemical mechanisms which have evolved over millions of years. The subsequent organ-based assembly of sufficient amounts of metalloproteins is a prerequisite to maintain mammalian health and well-being. The chronic exposure of various human populations to environmentally abundant toxic metals/metalloid compounds and/or the deliberate administration of medicinal drugs, however, can adversely affect these processes which may eventually result in disease. A better understanding of the perturbation of these processes has the potential to advance human health, but their visualization poses a major problem. Nonetheless, liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-based 'metallomics' methods, however, can provide much needed insight. Size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, for example, can be used to visualize changes that toxic metals/medicinal drugs exert at the metalloprotein level when they are added to plasma in vitro. In addition, size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry can be employed to analyze organs from toxic metal/medicinal drug-exposed organisms for metalloproteins to gain insight into the biochemical changes that are associated with their acute or chronic toxicity. The execution of such studies-from the selection of an appropriate model organism to the generation of accurate analytical data-is littered with potential pitfalls that may result in artifacts. Drawing on recent lessons that were learned by two research groups, this tutorial review is intended to provide relevant information with regard to the experimental design and the practical application of these aforementioned metallomics tools in applied health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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77
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Mondal B, Chatterjee D, Bhattacharyya M. Structure-function alteration of hemoglobin in arsenicosis patients: a probable pathway to exert toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:581-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibaswan Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; 35 Ballygunge Circular Road; Kolkata; 700019; India
| | - Debdutta Chatterjee
- Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research; 224 Acharyya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road; Kolkata; 700020; India
| | - Maitree Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; 35 Ballygunge Circular Road; Kolkata; 700019; India
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78
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Biswas D, Sen G, Sarkar A, Biswas T. Atorvastatin acts synergistically with N-acetyl cysteine to provide therapeutic advantage against Fas-activated erythrocyte apoptosis during chronic arsenic exposure in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 250:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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79
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Bu N, Wang HY, Hao WH, Liu X, Xu S, Wu B, Anan Y, Ogra Y, Lou YJ, Naranmandura H. Generation of thioarsenicals is dependent on the enterohepatic circulation in rats. Metallomics 2011; 3:1064-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Naranmandura H, Bu N, Suzuki KT, Lou Y, Ogra Y. Distribution and speciation of arsenic after intravenous administration of monomethylmonothioarsonic acid in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:206-213. [PMID: 20594576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quite a few new thioarsenicals have recently been found in urine of arsenic-exposed humans and animals, and some of them have been shown to be highly toxic to cells. However, little is known about their toxic effects and metabolism in the body. In order to elucidate the toxic mechanism of thioarsenicals, we further focused on the distribution and metabolism of monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTA(V)) in rats. MMMTA(V) was synthesized chemically and injected intravenously into rats at the dose of 0.5mg As/kg, followed by speciation analysis of selected organs and body fluids at 10 min and 12h after the injection. MMMTA(V) was excreted into urine in its intact form, and approximately 35% of the dose was recovered in urine at 12h after the injection, suggesting that MMMTA(V) was taken up more effectively by organs/tissues than non-thiolated, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(V)) previously studied. On the other hand, the liver and kidneys contained arsenic that was in a protein-binding form with free forms of DMA(V) or DMDTA(V) at 10 min, and disappeared at 12h after the injection. Moreover, these bound arsenic species in kidneys were converted back to MMA(V) after oxidation with H(2)O(2), suggesting that the arsenic bound to proteins had been reduced within the body and was in a trivalent oxidation state. In red blood cells (RBCs), most of the arsenic was in the form of DMA(III) bound to hemoglobin (Hb), and approximately 40% of the dose was recovered in RBCs at 12h after injection. These results indicate that arsenic accumulated preferentially in RBCs after being transformed to DMA(III). In addition, we have also discussed the effect of MMMTA(V) on viability of human bladder cancer T24 cells in comparison with MMA(V). Consequently, MMMTA(V) was assumed to be a more toxic arsenic metabolite than non-thiolated MMA(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Naranmandura
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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81
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Methylated trivalent arsenic-glutathione complexes are more stable than their arsenite analog. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2010:539082. [PMID: 18509491 PMCID: PMC2396221 DOI: 10.1155/2008/539082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trivalent arsenic glutathione complexes arsenic triglutathione,
methylarsonous diglutathione, and dimethylarsinous glutathione are key intermediates
in the mammalian metabolism of arsenite and possibly represent the arsenic species
that are transported from the liver to the kidney for urinary excretion. Despite this, the
comparative stability of the arsenic-sulfur bonds in these complexes has not been
investigated under physiological conditions resembling hepatocyte cytosol. Using
size-exclusion chromatography and a glutathione-containing phosphate buffered saline
mobile phase (5 or 10 mM glutathione, pH 7.4) in conjunction with an
arsenic-specific detector, we chromatographed arsenite, monomethylarsonous acid, and
dimethylarsinous acid. The on-column formation of the corresponding arsenic-glutathione
complexes between 4 and 37°C revealed that methylated arsenic-glutathione complexes are more
stable than arsenic triglutathione. The relevance of these results with regard to the metabolic
fate of arsenite in mammals is discussed.
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82
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Lu M, Li XF, Le XC, Weinfeld M, Wang H. Identification and characterization of cysteinyl exposure in proteins by selective mercury labeling and nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1523-1532. [PMID: 20486248 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for probing surface-exposed cysteines in proteins by selective labeling with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) combined with nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis (nanoESI-MS). The rapid, stoichiometric, and specific labeling by PMB of surface-exposed cysteines allows for characterization of the accessibility of the cysteines using a single MS analysis. Moreover, by taking advantage of the large mass shift of 321 Da, unique isotopic pattern, and enhanced MS signal of PMB-labeled cysteine-containing peptide fragments, the surface-exposed cysteines in proteins can be accurately identified by peptide mapping. The number and sites of reactive cysteines on the surface of human and rat hemoglobins (hHb and rHb) were identified as examples. Collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis of specific peptides further confirmed the selective labeling of PMB in hHb. The subtle difference between the different cysteine residues in rHb was also evaluated by multiple PMB titrations. The difference between the two cysteines in their environment may partially explain their reaction specificity. Cysteine 125 in the beta unit of rHb is exposed on the surface, explaining its reactivity with glutathione. Cysteine 13 in the alpha subunit of rHb is much less exposed, and is located in a hydrophobic pocket, a conclusion that is consistent with the previous observation of its selective binding with dimethylarsinous acid, a reactive arsenic metabolite. The method is potentially useful for probing cysteines in other biologically important proteins and for studying proteins that are associated with conformational or structural changes induced by denaturing processes, protein modifications, protein-protein interactions and protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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83
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Drobna Z, Styblo M, Thomas DJ. In vitro assays of inorganic arsenic methylation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2010; 42:4.32.1-4.32.10. [PMID: 20440380 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0432s42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is extensively metabolized to produce mono-, di-, and trimethylated products. The formation of these metabolites produces a variety of intermediates that differ from inorganic arsenic in terms of patterns of distribution and retention and in toxic effects. In order to elucidate the pathway for arsenic methylation, it was necessary to develop a reliable in vitro assay system in which the formation of methylated metabolites could be monitored. Here, in vitro assay system that uses the postmicrosomal supernate from rat liver is used as the source of the enzymatic activity that catalyzes methylation reactions. This system can be used to study the requirements for methylation reactions (e.g., identifying the donor of methyl groups) and for screening of compounds as potential activators or inhibitors of arsenic methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Drobna
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7461, USA
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84
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Wang A, Kligerman AD, Holladay SD, Wolf DC, Robertson JL. Arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid in drinking water did not affect DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells or micronuclei in bone marrow. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:760-770. [PMID: 19472316 DOI: 10.1002/em.20496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a human skin, lung, and urinary bladder carcinogen, and may act as a cocarcinogen in the skin and urinary bladder. Possible modes of action of arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis include oxidative stress induction and inhibition of DNA damage repair. We investigated the effects of arsenic in drinking water on DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells and on micronucleus formation in bone marrow. F344 rats were given 100 ppm arsenate [As(V)] or dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)] in drinking water for 1 week. The in vivo repair of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage resulting from a single oral gavage of CP, and the in vitro repair of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, resulting from adding H(2)O(2) or formaldehyde into cell medium, were measured by the Comet assay. DMA(V) effects were not observed on either CP-induced DNA damage induction or on DNA repair. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the H(2)O(2)- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, and neither inhibited the repair of H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the micronucleus frequency, nor did they elevate micronucleus frequency resulting from CP treatment above the level observed by the treatment with CP alone. These results suggest that arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis in the urinary bladder may not be via DNA damage repair inhibition. To our knowledge this is the first report of arsenic effects on DNA damage repair in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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85
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86
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Yehiayan L, Pattabiraman M, Kavallieratos K, Wang X, Boise LH, Cai Y. Speciation, formation, stability and analytical challenges of human arsenic metabolites. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2009; 24:1397-1405. [PMID: 23495261 PMCID: PMC3595128 DOI: 10.1039/b910943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human arsenic metabolism produces a number of species with varying toxicities; the presence of some has been identified while the existence of others has been postulated through indirect evidence. Speciation methods for the analysis of arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), arsino-glutathione (As(GS)3), monomethylarsino-glutathione (MMA(GS)2) and dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMA(GS)) were developed in this study through the use of cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography in a complementary manner. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for molecular identification of the arsenicals while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed for quantitation purposes. Validation of the developed methods against each other for the quantitation of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals was performed. The effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration on the formation of arsenic-glutathione (As-GSH) complexes was studied. In the presence of glutathione, the occurrence of chromatographic artifacts on the cation exchange column was observed. The stability of trivalent arsenicals and As-GSH complexes was studied at various pH conditions. The results shed light on the importance of sample preparation, storage and proper choice of analytical column for the accurate identification of the As species. Reinvestigation of some of the previously reported As speciation studies of glutathione-rich biological samples needs to be performed for the verification of occurrence of As-GSH complexes and DMAIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yehiayan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA; Fax: +1 305-348-3772; Tel: +1 305-348-6210
| | - Mahesh Pattabiraman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA; Fax: +1 305-348-3772; Tel: +1 305-348-6210
| | - Konstantinos Kavallieratos
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA; Fax: +1 305-348-3772; Tel: +1 305-348-6210
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA; Fax: +1 305-348-3772; Tel: +1 305-348-6210
| | - Lawrence H. Boise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA; Fax: +1 305-348-3772; Tel: +1 305-348-6210
- Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
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87
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Kobayashi A, Ogra Y. Metabolism of tellurium, antimony and germanium simultaneously administered to rats. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:295-303. [PMID: 19483383 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recently, tellurium (Te), antimony (Sb) and germanium (Ge) have been used as an alloy in phase-change optical magnetic disks, such as digital versatile disk-random access memory (DVD-RAM) and DVD-recordable disk (DVD-RW). Although these metalloids, the so-called "exotic" elements, are known to be non-essential and harmful, little is known about their toxic effects and metabolism. Metalloid compounds, tellurite, antimonite and germanium dioxide, were simultaneously administered to rats. Their distributions metabolites were determined and identified by speciation. Te and Sb accumulated in red blood cells (RBCs): Te accumulated in RBCs in the dimethylated form, while Sb accumulated in the inorganic/non-methylated form. In addition, trimethyltelluronium (TMTe) was the urinary metabolite of Te, whereas Sb in urine was not methylated but oxidized. Ge was also not methylated in rats. These results suggest that each metalloid is metabolized via a unique pathway.
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88
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Naranmandura H, Ogra Y, Iwata K, Lee J, Suzuki KT, Weinfeld M, Le XC. Evidence for toxicity differences between inorganic arsenite and thioarsenicals in human bladder cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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89
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Yan H, Wang N, Weinfeld M, Cullen WR, Le XC. Identification of Arsenic-Binding Proteins in Human Cells by Affinity Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4144-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - William R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
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90
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Enzymatic digestion and chromatographic analysis of arsenic species released from proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3985-91. [PMID: 19327778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A method combining gel filtration chromatography (GFC), protease digestion, and ion pair chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of arsenic species bound to proteins. The method was first established by examining the interactions of two model proteins, metallothionein (MT) and hemoglobin, with three reactive trivalent arsenic species. It was then successfully applied to the speciation of arsenic in red blood cells of rats. Inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) were efficiently released from the proteins by protease digestion at pH 8.0, with the recovery ranging from 93% to 106%. There was no oxidation of iAs(III) or MMA(III) during the protease digestion process. Up to 61% DMA(III) (the least stable arsenic species) was unchanged, and the rest was oxidized to the pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). The arsenic species in the red blood cells of control rats was present as DMA(III) complex with hemoglobin. The method enabling the determination of the specific arsenic species that bind to cellular proteins is potentially useful for studying arsenic distribution, metabolism, and toxicity.
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91
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Yoshino Y, Yuan B, Miyashita SI, Iriyama N, Horikoshi A, Shikino O, Toyoda H, Kaise T. Speciation of arsenic trioxide metabolites in blood cells and plasma of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:689-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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92
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Eldan M, Lewis AS, Beck BD. Methylated Arsenicals: The Implications of Metabolism and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents to Human Risk Assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:99-133. [PMID: 16736939 DOI: 10.1080/10408440500534230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) are active ingredients in pesticidal products used mainly for weed control. MMA(V) and DMA(V) are also metabolites of inorganic arsenic, formed intracellularly, primarily in liver cells in a metabolic process of repeated reductions and oxidative methylations. Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder, and lung. However, a good animal model has not yet been found. Although the metabolic process of inorganic arsenic appears to enhance the excretion of arsenic from the body, it also involves formation of methylated compounds of trivalent arsenic as intermediates. Trivalent arsenicals (whether inorganic or organic) are highly reactive compounds that can cause cytotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity in vitro. DMA(V) was found to be a bladder carcinogen only in rats and only when administered in the diet or drinking water at high doses. It was negative in a two-year bioassay in mice. MMA(V) was negative in 2-year bioassays in rats and mice. The mode of action for DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats appears to not involve DNA reactivity, but rather involves cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative proliferation, ultimately leading to the formation of carcinoma. This critical review responds to the question of whether DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats can be extrapolated to humans, based on detailed comparisons between inorganic and organic arsenicals, including their metabolism and disposition in various animal species. The further metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) formed endogenously during the metabolism of inorganic arsenic is different from the metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) from exogenous exposure. The trivalent arsenicals that are cytotoxic and indirectly genotoxic in vitro are hardly formed in an organism exposed to MMA(V) or DMA(V) because of poor cellular uptake and limited metabolism of the ingested compounds. Furthermore, the evidence strongly supports a nonlinear dose-response relationship for the biologic processes involved in the carcinogenicity of arsenicals. Based on an overall review of the evidence, using a margin-of-exposure approach for MMA(V) and DMA(V) risk assessment is appropriate. At anticipated environmental exposures to MMA(V) and DMA(V), there is not likely to be a carcinogenic risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA.
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93
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Lu M, Wang H, Wang Z, Li XF, Le XC. Identification of reactive cysteines in a protein using arsenic labeling and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3080-90. [PMID: 18613716 DOI: 10.1021/pr700662y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent arsenicals have high affinity for thiols (such as free cysteines) in proteins. We describe here the use of this property to develop a collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique for the identification of reactive cysteines in proteins. A trivalent arsenic species, dimethylarsinous acid (DMA (III)), with a residue mass (103.9607) and mass defect distinct from the normal 20 amino acids, was used to selectively label reactive cysteine residues in proteins. The CID fragment ions of the arsenic-labeled sequences shifted away from the more abundant normal fragments that would otherwise overlap with the ions of interest. Along with the internal and immonium ions, the arsenic-labeled fragment ions served as MS/MS signatures for identification of the binding sites and for assessment of the relative reactivity of individual cysteine residues in a protein. Using this method, we have identified two highly reactive binding sites in rat hemoglobin (Hb): Cys-13alpha and Cys-125beta. Cys-13alpha was bound to DMA (III) in the Hb of rats fed with arsenic, and this binding was responsible for arsenic accumulation in rat blood, while Cys-125beta was found to bind to glutathione in rat blood. This study revealed the relative reactivity of the cysteines in rat Hb in the following decreasing order: Cys-13alpha >> Cys-111alpha > Cys-104alpha and Cys-13alpha >> Cys-125beta > Cys-93beta. Arsenic-labeling is easy and fast for identification of active binding sites without enzymatic digestion and acid hydrolysis, and useful for characterization and identification of metal binding sites in other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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94
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Evans MV, Dowd SM, Kenyon EM, Hughes MF, El-Masri HA. A Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic Model for Intravenous and Ingested Dimethylarsinic Acid in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2008; 104:250-60. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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95
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Naranmandura H, Suzuki KT. Formation of dimethylthioarsenicals in red blood cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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96
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Šlejkovec Z, Falnoga I, Goessler W, van Elteren JT, Raml R, Podgornik H, Černelč P. Analytical artefacts in the speciation of arsenic in clinical samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 607:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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97
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Kobayashi Y, Negishi T, Mizumura A, Watanabe T, Hirano S. Distribution and excretion of arsenic in cynomolgus monkey following repeated administration of diphenylarsinic acid. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:553-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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98
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Hughes MF, Devesa V, Adair BM, Conklin SD, Creed JT, Styblo M, Kenyon EM, Thomas DJ. Tissue dosimetry, metabolism and excretion of pentavalent and trivalent dimethylated arsenic in mice after oral administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 227:26-35. [PMID: 18036629 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) is a rat bladder carcinogen and the major urinary metabolite of administered inorganic arsenic in most mammals. This study examined the disposition of pentavalent and trivalent dimethylated arsenic in mice after acute oral administration. Adult female mice were administered [(14)C]-DMA(V) (0.6 or 60 mg As/kg) and sacrificed serially over 24 h. Tissues and excreta were collected for analysis of radioactivity. Other mice were administered unlabeled DMA(V) (0.6 or 60 mg As/kg) or dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) (0.6 mg As/kg) and sacrificed at 2 or 24 h. Tissues (2 h) and urine (24 h) were collected and analyzed for arsenicals. Absorption, distribution and excretion of [(14)C]-DMA(V) were rapid, as radioactivity was detected in tissues and urine at 0.25 h. For low dose DMA(V) mice, there was a greater fractional absorption of DMA(V) and significantly greater tissue concentrations of radioactivity at several time points. Radioactivity distributed greatest to the liver (1-2% of dose) and declined to less than 0.05% in all tissues examined at 24 h. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was significantly greater in the 0.6 mg As/kg DMA(V) group. Conversely, fecal excretion of radioactivity was significantly greater in the high dose group. Urinary metabolites of DMA(V) included DMA(III), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylthioarsinic acid and trimethylarsine sulfide. Urinary metabolites of DMA(III) included TMAO, dimethylthioarsinic acid and trimethylarsine sulfide. DMA(V) was also excreted by DMA(III)-treated mice, showing its sensitivity to oxidation. TMAO was detected in tissues of the high dose DMA(V) group. The low acute toxicity of DMA(V) in the mouse appears to be due in part to its minimal retention and rapid elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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99
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Waalkes MP, Liu J, Diwan BA. Transplacental arsenic carcinogenesis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:271-80. [PMID: 17306315 PMCID: PMC1995036 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our work has focused on the carcinogenic effects of in utero arsenic exposure in mice. Our data show that a short period of maternal exposure to inorganic arsenic in the drinking water is an effective, multi-tissue carcinogen in the adult offspring. These studies have been reproduced in three temporally separate studies using two different mouse strains. In these studies pregnant mice were treated with drinking water containing sodium arsenite at up to 85 ppm arsenic from days 8 to 18 of gestation, and the offspring were observed for up to 2 years. The doses used in all these studies were well tolerated by both the dam and offspring. In C3H mice, two separate studies show male offspring exposed to arsenic in utero developed liver carcinoma and adrenal cortical adenoma in a dose-related fashion during adulthood. Prenatally exposed female C3H offspring show dose-related increases in ovarian tumors and lung carcinoma and in proliferative lesions (tumors plus preneoplastic hyperplasia) of the uterus and oviduct. In addition, prenatal arsenic plus postnatal exposure to the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in C3H mice produces excess lung tumors in both sexes and liver tumors in females. Male CD1 mice treated with arsenic in utero develop tumors of the liver and adrenal and renal hyperplasia while females develop tumors of urogenital system, ovary, uterus and adrenal and hyperplasia of the oviduct. Additional postnatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol or tamoxifen after prenatal arsenic in CD1 mice induces urinary bladder transitional cell proliferative lesions, including carcinoma and papilloma, and enhances the carcinogenic response in the liver of both sexes. Overall this model has provided convincing evidence that arsenic is a transplacental carcinogen in mice with the ability to target tissues of potential human relevance, such as the urinary bladder, lung and liver. Transplacental carcinogenesis clearly occurs with other agents in humans and investigating a potential transplacental component of the human carcinogenic response to arsenic should be a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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100
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Zhang X, Yang F, Shim JY, Kirk KL, Anderson DE, Chen X. Identification of arsenic-binding proteins in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:95-106. [PMID: 17499915 PMCID: PMC2853370 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a cancer chemotherapeutic drug, arsenic acts on numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways in cancer cells. However, its mechanism of actions is still not fully understood. Previous studies suggest that arsenic reacts with closely spaced cysteine (Cys) residues of proteins with high Cys content and accessible sulfhydryl (SH) groups. In this study, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was examined as a cellular model to explore arsenic-binding proteins and the mechanism of binding. An arsenic-biotin conjugate was synthesized by coupling the pentafluorophenol ester of biotin with p-aminophenylarsenoxide. Arsenic-binding proteins were eluted with streptavidin resin from arsenic-biotin treated MCF-7 cells, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Arsenic-binding properties of two of these proteins, beta-tubulin and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), were studied further in vitro and the biological consequences of this binding was evaluated. Binding assay with Western blotting confirmed binding of beta-tubulin and PKM2 by arsenic in a concentration-dependent manner. Arsenic binding inhibited tubulin polymerization, but surprisingly had no effect on PKM2 activity. Molecular modeling showed that binding of Cys(12) alone or vicinal Cys residues (Cys(12) and Cys(213)) of beta-tubulin by arsenic blocked the active site for access of GTP, which is necessary for tubulin polymerization. On the contrary, all Cys residues of PKM2 were far away from the active site of the enzyme. In summary, this study confirmed beta-tubulin and PKM2 as arsenic-binding proteins in MCF-7 cells. Functional consequence of such binding may depend on whether arsenic binding causes conformational changes or blocks active sites of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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