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Vázquez DE, Latorre-Estivalis JM, Ons S, Farina WM. Chronic exposure to glyphosate induces transcriptional changes in honey bee larva: A toxicogenomic study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114148. [PMID: 32062465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee Apis mellifera is the most abundant managed pollinator in diverse crops worldwide. Consequently, it is exposed to a plethora of environmental stressors, among which are the agrochemicals. In agroecosystems, the herbicide glyphosate (GLY) is one of the most applied. In laboratory assessments, GLY affects the honey bee larval development by delaying its moulting, among other negative effects. However, it is still unknown how GLY affects larval physiology when there are no observable signs of toxicity. We carried out a longitudinal experimental design using the in vitro rearing procedure. Larvae were fed with food containing or not a sub-lethal dose of GLY in chronic exposure (120 h). Individuals without observable signs of toxicity were sampled and their gene expression profile was analyzed with a transcriptomic approach to compare between treatments. Even though 29% of larvae were asymptomatic in the exposed group, they showed transcriptional changes in several genes after the GLY chronic intake. A total of 19 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the RNA-Seq experiment, mainly linked with defensive response and intermediary metabolism processes. Furthermore, the enriched functional categories in the transcriptome of the exposed asymptomatic larvae were linked with enzymes with catalytic and redox activity. Our results suggest an enhanced catabolism and oxidative metabolism in honey bee larvae as a consequence of the sub-lethal exposure to GLY, even in the absence of observable symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Vázquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Latorre-Estivalis
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sheila Ons
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Walter M Farina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yahfoufi ZA, Bai D, Khan SN, Chatzicharalampous C, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Morris RT, Abu-Soud HM. Glyphosate Induces Metaphase II Oocyte Deterioration and Embryo Damage by Zinc Depletion and Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species. Toxicology 2020; 439:152466. [PMID: 32315717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most popular herbicide used in modern agriculture, and its use has been increasing substantially since its introduction. Accordingly, glyphosate exposure from food and water, the environment, and accidental and occupational venues has also increased. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between glyphosate exposure and a number of disorders such as cancer, immune and metabolic disorders, endocrine disruption, imbalance of intestinal flora, cardiovascular disease, and infertility; these results have given glyphosate a considerable amount of media and scientific attention. Notably, glyphosate is a powerful metal chelator, which could help explain some of its effects. Recently, our findings on 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid, another metal chelator, showed deterioration of oocyte quality. Here, to generalize, we investigated the effects of glyphosate (0 - 300 μM) on metaphase II mouse oocyte quality and embryo damage to obtain insight on its mechanisms of cellular action and the tolerance of oocytes and embryos towards this chemical. Our work shows for the first time that glyphosate exposure impairs metaphase II mouse oocyte quality via two mechanisms: 1) disruption of the microtubule organizing center and chromosomes such as anomalous pericentrin formation, spindle fiber destruction and disappearance, and defective chromosomal alignment and 2) substantial depletion of intracellular zinc bioavailability and enhancement of reactive oxygen species accumulation. Similar effects were found in embryos. These results may help clarify the effects of glyphosate exposure on female fertility and provide counseling and preventative steps for excessive glyphosate intake and resulting oxidative stress and reduced zinc bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina A Yahfoufi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI,48201, United States
| | - David Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sana N Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Charalampos Chatzicharalampous
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Michigan State University, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan 45903, United States
| | - Robert T Morris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Karmaros Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Husam M Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI,48201, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States.
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53
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Fathi MA, Han G, Kang R, Shen D, Shen J, Li C. Disruption of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver and small intestine in chicken embryos in ovo exposed to glyphosate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16865-16875. [PMID: 32144705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active component of several commercial formulations as in Roundup®. The present study was investigated the toxic effects of pure glyphosate or Roundup® on the liver and small intestine of chick embryos. On day 6, a total of 180 fertile eggs injected with deionized water (control group), 10 mg pure glyphosate, or 10 mg of the active ingredient glyphosate in Roundup®/kg egg mass. The results showed an increase in relative weights of the liver in embryos that treated with Roundup®. Furthermore, oxidative stress was observed in the embryos treated with glyphosate or Roundup®, increased total superoxide dismutase, and content of malondialdehyde in the liver and intestine; moreover, decrease of glutathione peroxidase in the liver with increased in the intestine compared with the control. Besides, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase was increased in Roundup® group compared with other groups. Moreover, histopathological alterations in the liver and intestine tissues were observed in treated groups. Suppression of hepatic CYP1A2, CYP1A4, CYP1B1, and MDR1 mRNA expression after exposed to Roundup®. Furthermore, inhibition of CYP1A4 in the duodenum, CYP1A4, and MRP2 in the jejunum in embryos exposed to glyphosate or Roundup®. In addition, glyphosate treatment caused an increase of CYP3A5, CYP1C1, and IFNY mRNA expression in the jejunum and CYP1A2 expression in the ileum, while IFN-Y gene increase in embryos treated with Roundup®. In conclusion, in ovo exposure to glyphosate caused histopathological alterations and induced oxidative stress in the liver and small intestines. Moreover, the expression of cytochrome P450, MDR1, and MRP2 transporters was also modulated in the liver and small intestines for chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Fathi
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Guofeng Han
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifen Kang
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Shen
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Ruuskanen S, Rainio MJ, Uusitalo M, Saikkonen K, Helander M. Effects of parental exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides on embryonic development and oxidative status: a long-term experiment in a bird model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6349. [PMID: 32286465 PMCID: PMC7156732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides globally. GBH residues are detected in soil, water, crops, and food products, potentially exposing non-target organisms to health risks; these organisms include wildlife, livestock, and humans. However, the potential for GBH-related parental effects are poorly understood. In the case of birds, GBHs may be transferred directly from mothers to eggs, or they may indirectly influence offspring performance by altered maternal resource allocation to eggs. We experimentally exposed a parental generation of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) to GBHs (200 mg/kg feed) or respective controls. Glyphosate residues were found in eggs (ca 0.76 kg/mg). Embryonic development tended to be poorer in the eggs of GBH-exposed parents (76% of eggs showed normal development) compared to control parents (89% normal eggs). Embryonic brain tissue from GBH-exposed parents tended to express more lipid damage (20% higher), yet other biomarkers showed no apparent differences. We detected no differences in egg quality (egg, yolk, or shell mass, egg hormone concentration) across the treatment groups. Given this is the first long-term study testing parental effects of GBHs with birds, more studies are needed characterizing GBH-associated changes in maternal allocation and for example epigenetic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland.
| | - Miia J Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Maiju Uusitalo
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
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Bednářová A, Kropf M, Krishnan N. The surfactant polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) reduces lifespan and inhibits fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster- In vivo and in vitro study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109883. [PMID: 31704328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an understanding of the role of adjuvants in a popular glyphosate-based herbicide - Roundup® Concentrate Plus (RCP), on non-target organisms, the effects of pure glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine], RCP and a non-ionic surfactant - polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) were studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Acute exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of RCP (15 μg/mL) and POEA (45 μg/mL) reduced (p < 0.001) lifespan of female flies compared to untreated controls or glyphosate (100 μg/mL). Negative geotaxis responses in female flies were reduced (p < 0.05) following acute exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of RCP and POEA whereas glyphosate did not significantly affect this response compared to untreated flies. Acute exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of RCP and POEA elevated (p < 0.05) protein carbonyl levels while markedly (p < 0.01) inhibiting carbonyl reductase activity whereas glyphosate treatment did not significantly affect protein carbonyl levels or carbonyl reductase activity. Fecundity was reduced (p < 0.05) following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of RCP and POEA whereas glyphosate did not affect fecundity. In vitro treatment of ovarian stem sheath (OSS) cells with sub-lethal concentrations of RCP and POEA revealed decreased cell viability and enhanced caspase activity indicative of pro-apoptotic processes after 48 h compared to untreated controls. Glyphosate however was non-toxic at the concentration used. The results suggest that RCP and the surfactant POEA are more toxic than pure glyphosate and inhibit fecundity in Drosophila by impairing cell viability through enhanced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bednářová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maximillian Kropf
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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56
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Ruuskanen S, Rainio MJ, Kuosmanen V, Laihonen M, Saikkonen K, Saloniemi I, Helander M. Female Preference and Adverse Developmental Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides on Ecologically Relevant Traits in Japanese Quails. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1128-1135. [PMID: 31860275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controversial glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides globally. An increasing number of studies have identified GBH residues in soil, water, and even human food that may expose nontarget organisms including wildlife, livestock, and humans to health risks. After a heated debate, the European Union allowed the use of GBHs to continue until 2022, after which their risks will be re-evaluated. Thus, decision makers urgently need scientific evidence on GBH residues and their possible effects on ecosystems. An important, yet neglected, aspect is to assess whether animals show preference or avoidance for GBH-contaminated food, as it can influence the likelihood of adverse health effects in wildlife. Here, using Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) as our model, we show that females preferred GBH-contaminated food compared to control food. In females, exposure to GBHs caused delayed plumage development, and GBH residues were present in eggs, muscles, and liver. These results indicate that female preference is not adaptive, potentially exposing nontarget animals to greater risk of adverse effects of GBHs in natural and agricultural environments. Our results on tissue residues suggest that further studies are needed to understand the risks of such residues in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venla Kuosmanen
- Department of Biology , University of Jyväskylä , Seminaarikatu 15 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Aybar MJ. The role of teratogens in neural crest development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:584-632. [PMID: 31926062 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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58
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Rueda-Ruzafa L, Cruz F, Roman P, Cardona D. Gut microbiota and neurological effects of glyphosate. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:1-8. [PMID: 31442459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There are currently various concerns regarding certain environmental toxins and the possible impact they can have on developmental diseases. Glyphosate (Gly) is the most utilised herbicide in agriculture, although its widespread use is generating controversy in the scientific world because of its probable carcinogenic effect on human cells. Gly performs as an inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phospate synthase (EPSP synthase), not only in plants, but also in bacteria. An inhibiting effect on EPSP synthase from intestinal microbiota has been reported, affecting mainly beneficial bacteria. To the contrary, Clostridium spp. and Salmonella strains are shown to be resistant to Gly. Consequently, researchers have suggested that Gly can cause dysbiosis, a phenomenon which is characterised by an imbalance between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. The overgrowth of bacteria such as clostridia generates high levels of noxious metabolites in the brain, which can contribute to the development of neurological deviations. This work reviews the impact of Gly-induced intestinal dysbiosis on the central nervous system, focusing on emotional, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. A wide variety of factors were investigated in relation to brain-related changes, including highlighting genetic abnormalities, pregnancy-associated problems, diet, infections, vaccines and heavy metals. However, more studies are required to determine the implication of the most internationally used herbicide, Gly, in behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology- CINBIO, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Cruz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Roman
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Health Sciences Research Group (CTS-451). University of Almería, Spain; Health Research Center. University of Almería, Spain.
| | - Diana Cardona
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Health Research Center. University of Almería, Spain; Research Center for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology BITAL, Universidad de Almería, Spain
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Weeks Santos S, Gonzalez P, Cormier B, Mazzella N, Bonnaud B, Morin S, Clérandeau C, Morin B, Cachot J. A glyphosate-based herbicide induces sub-lethal effects in early life stages and liver cell line of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105291. [PMID: 31525644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most pesticides used in agriculture end up in the aquatic environment through runoff and leaching of treated crops. One of the most commonly used herbicides is glyphosate. This compound or its metabolites are frequently detected in surface water in Europe. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro studies were carried out using the early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the cell line RTL-W1 (a liver cell line from rainbow trout) to characterize the toxic effects of glyphosate at environmentally-realistic concentrations. Both studies were performed using the commercial formulation Roundup® GT Max, and technical-grade glyphosate for the in vitro study. Eyed-stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to sub-lethal concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) of glyphosate using Roundup. Numerous toxicity endpoints were recorded such as survival, hatching success, larval biometry, developmental abnormalities, swimming activity, genotoxicity (formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase Fpg-modified comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyls and target gene transcription. Concentrations neither affected embryonic or larval survival nor increased developmental abnormalities. However, a significant decrease was observed in the head size of larvae exposed to 1 mg/L of glyphosate. In addition, a significant increase in mobility was observed for larvae exposed to glyphosate at 0.1 mg/L. TBARS levels were significantly decreased on larvae exposed to 1 mg/L (a.i.), and cat and cox1 genes were differently transcribed from controls. DNA damage was detected by the Fpg-modified comet assay in RTL-W1 cell line exposed to the technical-grade glyphosate and Roundup formulation. The results suggest that chronic exposure to glyphosate, at environmental concentrations, could represent a potential risk for early life stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Weeks Santos
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bettie Cormier
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mazzella
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Bertille Bonnaud
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Soizic Morin
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Christelle Clérandeau
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
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60
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Ren X, Dai P, Perveen A, Tang Q, Zhao L, Jia X, Li Y, Li C. Effects of chronic glyphosate exposure to pregnant mice on hepatic lipid metabolism in offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112906. [PMID: 31374489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, one of the most popular herbicides in the world, and its toxicity has caused increasing concerns. The present study aims to investigate the toxic effects of prenatal exposure to pure glyphosate or Roundup on lipid metabolism in offspring. During gestational days (GDs), ICR mice (from Institute of Cancer Research) were given distilled water, 0.5% glyphosate solution (w/v, 0.5 g/100 ml) or 0.5%-glyphosate Roundup solution orally. The livers and serum samples of the offspring were collected on gestational day 19 (GD19), postnatal day 7 (PND7) and PND21. The results showed a significant decrease in the body weight and obvious hepatic steatosis with excessive lipid droplet formation in offspring. Moreover, the concentrations of lipids such as triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C) increased to a significant extent in both the serum and livers. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the expression levels of the genes SREBP1C, SREBP2, Fasn, Hmgcr, Hmgcs and PPARα, which are related to lipid biosynthesis or catabolism in the liver. These results demonstrate that chronic prenatal exposure to glyphosate can result in lipid metabolism disruption in the offspring of mice, as glyphosate exerts a negative influence on the expression of lipogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pengyuan Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aneela Perveen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Hirano LQL, Alves LDS, Menezes-Reis LT, Mendonça JDS, Simões K, Santos ALQ, Vieira LG. Effects of egg exposure to atrazine and/or glyphosate on bone development in Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines, Podocnemididae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109400. [PMID: 31276883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate skeletal changes in Podocnemis unifilis embryos derived from artificially incubated eggs exposed to different concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate or atrazine and glyphosate mixture. Forty-two eggs were randomly allocated to one of seven trays containing vermiculite treated distilled water (control group) or the following solutions: 2 or 200 μg L-1 of atrazine (groups A1 and A2 respectively); 65 or 6500 μg L-1 of glyphosate (groups G1 and G2 respectively); 2 μg L-1 and 65 μg L-1 or 200 μg L-1 and 6500 μg L-1 of atrazine and glyphosate mixture (groups AG1 and AG2 respectively). Three eggs per tray were randomly collected on days 30 and 50 of the incubation period. Embryos were submitted to soft tissue diaphanization and stained with Alizarin red S or Alcian blue for morphological analysis of bone and cartilage tissues; histological analysis was performed to confirm ossification changes. Findings were compared between groups. Morphological changes were limited to sclerotic ring features and number of ribs. Malformations rates differed significantly (p < 0.05) between embryos in the control and treated groups A2, AG1 and AG2. Concurrent exposure to atrazine and glyphosate did not affect the presence or severity of embryonic malformations and was not associated with appendicular skeleton changes in P. unifilis embryos. However, further studies focusing on the axial skeleton with particular emphasis on rib abnormalities are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karina Simões
- (b)Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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62
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Lajmanovich RC, Peltzer PM, Attademo AM, Martinuzzi CS, Simoniello MF, Colussi CL, Cuzziol Boccioni AP, Sigrist M. First evaluation of novel potential synergistic effects of glyphosate and arsenic mixture on Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02601. [PMID: 31687490 PMCID: PMC6820099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and arsenite (As(III)) as individual toxicants and in mixture (50:50 v/v, GBH-As(III)) was determined in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles during acute (48 h) and chronic assays (22 days). In both types of assays, the levels of enzymatic activity [Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase (CbE), and Glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and the levels of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine; T3 and thyroxine; T4) were examined. Additionally, the mitotic index (MI) of red blood cells (RBCs) and DNA damage index were calculated for the chronic assay. The results showed that the LC50 values at 48 h were 45.95 mg/L for GBH, 37.32 mg/L for As(III), and 30.31 mg/L for GBH-As(III) (with similar NOEC = 10 mg/L and LOEC = 20 mg/L between the three treatments). In the acute assay, Marking's additive index (S = 2.72) indicated synergistic toxicity for GBH-As(III). In larvae treated with GBH and As(III) at the NOEC-48h (10 mg/L), AChE activity increased by 36.25% and 33.05% respectively, CbE activity increased by 22.25% and 39.05 % respectively, and GST activity increased by 46.75% with the individual treatment with GBH and by 131.65 % with the GBH-As(III) mixture. Larvae exposed to the GBH-As(III) mixture also showed increased levels of T4 (25.67 %). In the chronic assay at NOEC-48h/8 (1.25 mg/L), As(III) and GBH-As(III) inhibited AChE activity (by 39.46 % and 35.65%, respectively), but did not alter CbE activity. In addition, As(III) highly increased (93.7 %) GST activity. GBH-As(III) increased T3 (97.34%) and T4 (540.93%) levels. Finally, GBH-As(III) increased the MI of RBCs and DNA damage. This study demonstrated strong synergistic toxicity of the GBH-As(III) mixture, negatively altering antioxidant systems and thyroid hormone levels, with consequences on RBC proliferation and DNA damage in treated R. arenarum tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C. Lajmanovich
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Paola M. Peltzer
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Attademo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Candela S. Martinuzzi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - María F. Simoniello
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlina L. Colussi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Ana P. Cuzziol Boccioni
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Mirna Sigrist
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, FIQ-UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
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63
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Babalola OO, Truter JC, van Wyk JH. Mortality, teratogenicity and growth inhibition of three glyphosate formulations using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1257-1266. [PMID: 31168868 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Ample evidence around the world exists suggesting a link between exposure to glyphosate, toxicity and perturbed physiological functions in non-target organisms. Although glyphosate formulations are widely used for weed and alien plant management, their ecotoxicological information remain scanty. Using the 96-hour Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus protocol, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of three glyphosate-based formulations were assessed. Embryos of Xenopus laevis were exposed to Roundup, Kilo Max and Enviro Glyphosate at concentration of 0.3-1.3, 130-280 and 320-560 mg acid equivalent (a.e.)/L respectively. The results showed Roundup to be more toxic than the other formulations with a 96-hour LC50 of 1.05 mg a.e/L. compared with 207 mg a.e./L, and 466 mg a.e./L for Kilo Max and Enviro Glyphosate respectively. Although, both Roundup and Kilo Max formulations show inhibition on growth of the embryo-larva (P ˂ .05), the minimum concentration inhibiting growth ratios of the three formulations was >0.30 baseline, indicating no significant growth inhibiting effect in the formulations. For teratogenicity, Roundup and Enviro Glyphosate formulations exhibited increasing teratogenic traces, with the teratogenic index at 1.7 and 1.6 respectively. Kilo Max formulation shows low teratogenicity with the teratogenic index at 1.4. Characteristic malformation induced by these formulations included generalized edema, cardiac and abdominal edema, improper gut formation and axial malformations. This study confirms that these formulations could be a potential physiological and ecological health disruptor, particularly concerning teratogenicity and growth disruption. Further studies to characterize the contributions of their surfactants will be invaluable.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Oluwaseun Babalola
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J Christoff Truter
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johannes H van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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64
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Dechartres J, Pawluski JL, Gueguen MM, Jablaoui A, Maguin E, Rhimi M, Charlier TD. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicide exposure during the peripartum period affects maternal brain plasticity, maternal behaviour and microbiome. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12731. [PMID: 31066122 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is found in a large array of non-selective herbicides such as Roundup® (Monsanto, Creve Coeur, MO, USA) and is by far the most widely used herbicide. Recent work in rodent models suggests that glyphosate-based herbicides during development can affect neuronal communication and result in altered behaviours, albeit through undefined mechanisms of action. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the effects glyphosate or its formulation in herbicide on maternal behaviour and physiology. In the present study, relatively low doses of glyphosate (5 mg kg-1 d-1 ), Roundup® (5 mg kg-1 d-1 glyphosate equivalent), or vehicle were administered by ingestion to Sprague-Dawley rats from gestational day (GD) 10 to postpartum day (PD)22. The treatments significantly altered licking behaviour toward pups between PD2 and PD6. We also show in the dams at PD22 that Roundup exposure affected the maturation of doublecortin-immunoreactive new neurones in the dorsal dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of the mother. In addition, the expression of synaptophysin was up-regulated by glyphosate in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, and down-regulated in the cingulate gyrus. Although a direct effect of glyphosate alone or its formulation on the central nervous system is currently not clear, we show that gut microbiota is significantly altered by the exposure to the pesticides, with significant alteration of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. This is the first study to provide evidence that glyphosate alone or in formulation (Roundup) differentially affects maternal behaviour and modulates neuroplasticity and gut microbiota in the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dechartres
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jodi L Pawluski
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Madeleine Gueguen
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thierry D Charlier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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65
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Córdova López AM, Sarmento RA, de Souza Saraiva A, Pereira RR, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Exposure to Roundup® affects behaviour, head regeneration and reproduction of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:453-461. [PMID: 31030151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand of glyphosate-based herbicides including Roundup® is rising in the tropics due to increase occurence of glyphosate-resistant weeds that require higher herbicide application rates but also because of their use associated with genetically engineered, glyphosate-tolerant crops. Consequently, there is now an excessive use of glyphosate in agricultural areas with potential adverse effects also for the surrounding aquatic environments. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina to acute and chronic exposures of Roundup®. Planarians were exposed to a range of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Roundup® to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) concerning its active ingredient glyphosate and also effects on locomotor velocity (pLMV), feeding rate, regeneration, reproductive parameters and morphological abnormalities. Regeneration endpoints included length of blastema and time for photoreceptors and auricles regeneration after decapitation, while effects on reproduction were assessed measuring fecundity (number of deposited cocoons) and fertility (number of hatchlings) over five weeks of exposure to glyphosate. The estimated 48 h LC50 of was 35.94 mg glyphosate/L. Dose dependent effects were observed for feeding, locomotion and regeneration endpoints with Lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values as low as 3.75 mg glyphosate/L. Chronic exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate significantly impaired fecundity and fertility rates of exposed planarians (median effective concentration, EC50 = 1.6 mg glyphosate/L for fecundity and fertility rates). Our results show deleterious effects of Roundup® on regeneration, behavior and reproduction of freshwater planarians and add important ecotoxicological data towards the environmental risk assessment of glyphosate-based herbicide in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Córdova López
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil; ICEMR Amazonia Laboratory and Emerging Diseases - Iquitos Headquarters, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, campus Campos Belos, 73840-000 Campos Belos, GO, Brazil
| | - Renata Ramos Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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66
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Schweizer M, Brilisauer K, Triebskorn R, Forchhammer K, Köhler HR. How glyphosate and its associated acidity affect early development in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7094. [PMID: 31249735 PMCID: PMC6589083 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is among the most extensively used pesticides worldwide. Following the ongoing highly controversial debate on this compound, its potential impact on non-target organisms is a fundamental scientific issue. In its pure compound form, glyphosate is known for its acidic properties. METHODS We exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to concentrations between 10 μM and 10 mM glyphosate in an unbuffered aqueous medium, as well as at pH 7, for 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of aqueous media in the range of pH 3 to 8, in comparison with 1 mM glyphosate treatment at the respective pH levels. Additionally, we exposed zebrafish to 7-deoxy-sedoheptulose (7dSh), another substance that interferes with the shikimate pathway by a mechanism analogous to that of glyphosate, at a concentration of one mM. The observed endpoints included mortality, the hatching rate, developmental delays at 24 hpf, the heart rate at 48 hpf and the malformation rate at 96 hpf. LC10/50, EC10 and, if reasonable, EC50 values were determined for unbuffered glyphosate. RESULTS The results revealed high mortalities in all treatments associated with low pH, including high concentrations of unbuffered glyphosate (>500 μM), low pH controls and glyphosate treatments with pH < 3.4. Sublethal endpoints like developmental delays and malformations occurred mainly at higher concentrations of unbuffered glyphosate. In contrast, effects on the hatching rate became particularly prominent in treatments at pH 7, showing that glyphosate significantly accelerates hatching compared with the control and 7dSh, even at the lowest tested concentration. Glyphosate also affected the heart rate, resulting in alterations both at pH 7 and, even more pronounced, in the unbuffered system. In higher concentrations, glyphosate tended to accelerate the heart rate in zebrafish embryos, again, when not masked by the decelerating influence of its low pH. At pH > 4, no mortality occurred, neither in the control nor in glyphosate treatments. At 1 mM, 7dSh did not induce any mortality, developmental delays or malformations; only slightly accelerated hatching and a decelerated heart rate were observed. Our results demonstrate that lethal impacts in zebrafish embryos can be attributed mainly to low pH, but we could also show a pH-independent effect of glyphosate on the development of zebrafish embryos on a sublethal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schweizer
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Brilisauer
- Microbiology, Organismic Interactions, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer-Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Microbiology, Organismic Interactions, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-R. Köhler
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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67
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Gaur H, Bhargava A. Glyphosate induces toxicity and modulates calcium and NO signaling in zebrafish embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:1070-1075. [PMID: 31010672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate, an herbicide used worldwide, has emerged as a pollutant. However, its toxic effects are debated by regulatory authorities. Therefore, it is essential to keep the use of such chemicals under continuous observation, and their effects must be re-evaluated. We used zebrafish embryos to evaluate the toxic effects of glyphosate and its mechanisms. We found that glyphosate induced significant toxicity in a time and concentration-dependent manner. We observed an LD50 of 66.04 ± 4.6 μg/mL after 48 h of exposure. Glyphosate significantly reduced the heartbeat in a time and concentration-dependent manner indicating cardiotoxicity. Selective downregulation of Cacana1C (L-type calcium channel) and ryr2a (Ryanodine receptor) genes along with selective upregulation of hspb11 (heat shock protein) gene was observed upon exposure to glyphosate indicating alterations in the calcium signaling. A reduction in the nitric oxide (NO) generation was also observed in the zebrafish embryos upon exposure to glyphosate. Our results indicate that glyphosate induces significant toxicity including cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Further, cardiotoxicity may be due to changes in calcium and NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gaur
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India.
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68
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Li Y, Ding W, Li X. Acute exposure of glyphosate-based herbicide induced damages on common carp organs via heat shock proteins-related immune response and oxidative stress. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1621903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weikai Ding
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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69
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Pérez AL, Tibaldo G, Sánchez GH, Siano GG, Marsili NR, Schenone AV. A novel fluorimetric method for glyphosate and AMPA determination with NBD-Cl and MCR-ALS. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:119-128. [PMID: 30776712 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a new analytical method for the quantification of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA) by combining spectrofluorimetry and multivariate calibration. In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to quantify glyphosate and AMPA, which were previously derivatized with the fluorogenic reagent: 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) were recorded by exciting between 400 and 500 nm, and measuring the emission between 500 and 610 nm. The second-order data obtained were processed using the Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Square (MCR-ALS) methodology. The developed method was used to predict different concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA in validation samples. In addition, the presence of the herbicide was evaluated in real samples: a commercial formulation and a water sample from a cultivated area. For this purpose, the standard addition method was used to study the matrix effect in each case. The ranges of working concentrations obtained for this new method are in agreement with the amounts found in surface water samples near a direct sowing soybean growing region in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Pérez
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Física, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Tibaldo
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Germán H Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Química General e Inorgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel G Siano
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencias Computacional, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nilda R Marsili
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Agustina V Schenone
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Ruta Nacional N° 168, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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70
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Mitchell CA, Dasgupta S, Zhang S, Stapleton HM, Volz DC. Disruption of Nuclear Receptor Signaling Alters Triphenyl Phosphate-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos. Toxicol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29529285 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an unsubstituted aryl phosphate ester used as a flame retardant and plasticizer within the United States. Using zebrafish as a model, the objectives of this study were to rely on (1) mRNA-sequencing to uncover pathways disrupted following embryonic TPHP exposure and (2) high-content screening to identify nuclear receptor ligands that enhance or mitigate TPHP-induced cardiotoxicity. Based on mRNA-sequencing, TPHP exposure from 24 to 72-h postfertilization (hpf) resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the number of transcripts significantly affected at 72 hpf, and pathway analysis revealed that 5 out of 9 nuclear receptor pathways were associated with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Based on a screen of 74 unique nuclear receptor ligands as well as follow-up experiments, 2 compounds-ciglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, or PPARγ, agonist) and fenretinide (a pan-retinoic acid receptor, or RAR, agonist)-reliably mitigated TPHP-induced cardiotoxicity in the absence of effects on TPHP uptake or metabolism. As these data suggested that TPHP may be activating RXR (a heterodimer for both RARs and PPARγ), we coexposed embryos to HX 531-a pan-RXR antagonist-from 24 to 72 hpf and, contrary to our hypothesis, found that coexposure to HX 531 significantly enhanced TPHP-induced cardiotoxicity. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we also found that TPHP did not activate nor inhibit chimeric human RXRα, RXRβ, or RXRγ, suggesting that TPHP does not directly bind nor interact with RXRs. Overall, our data suggest that TPHP may interfere with RXR-dependent pathways involved in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance A Mitchell
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
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71
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Zhao J, Pacenka S, Wu J, Richards BK, Steenhuis T, Simpson K, Hay AG. Detection of glyphosate residues in companion animal feeds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1113-1118. [PMID: 30253302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean varieties in US crop production has led to a dramatic increase in glyphosate usage. Though present at or below regulatory limits currently set for human foodstuffs, the concentration of glyphosate in companion animal feed is currently unknown. In the present study, 18 commercial companion animal feeds from eight manufacturers were analyzed for glyphosate residues using ELISA. Every product contained detectable glyphosate residues in the range of 7.83 × 101-2.14 × 103 μg kg-1 dry weight, with the average and medians being 3.57 × 102 and 1.98 × 102 μg kg-1 respectively. Three products were tested for within-bag variation and six were tested for lot to lot variation. Little within-bag variation was found, but the concentration of glyphosate varied by lot in half of the products tested. Glyphosate concentration was significantly correlated with crude fiber content, but not crude fat or crude protein. Average daily intakes by animals consuming feeds containing the median glyphosate concentration are estimated to result in exposures that are 0.68-2.5% of the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) for humans in the US and EU, which are 1750 and 500 μg kg-1 respectively. Consumption of the most contaminated feed, however, would result in exposure to 7.3% and 25% of the above ADIs, though the relevance of such an exposure to companion animals is currently unknown. Companion animal feeds contained 7.83 × 101-2.14 × 103 μg kg-1 glyphosate which is likely to result in pet exposure that is 4-12 times higher than that of humans on a per Kg basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, USA; Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Steven Pacenka
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Genomics Facility, Cornell University, USA
| | - Brian K Richards
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Tammo Steenhuis
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA
| | - Kenneth Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NYS College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA
| | - Anthony G Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, USA.
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72
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Szekacs I, Farkas E, Gemes BL, Takacs E, Szekacs A, Horvath R. Integrin targeting of glyphosate and its cell adhesion modulation effects on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells revealed by label-free optical biosensing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17401. [PMID: 30479368 PMCID: PMC6258691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a discovery of interesting and far reaching properties of the world leading herbicide active ingredient glyphosate. Here we demonstrate the cell adhesion-modifying characteristics of glyphosate affecting cellular interactions via Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-dependent integrins. This conclusion was supported by the observations that a glyphosate surface coating induced integrin-specific cell adhesion, while glyphosate in solution inhibited cell adhesion on an RGD-displaying surface. A sensitive, real-time, label-free, whole cell approach was used to monitor the cell adhesion kinetic processes with excellent data quality. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for glyphosate was determined to be 0.47 ± 0.07% (20.6 mM) in serum-free conditions. A three-dimensional dissociation constant of 0.352 mM was calculated for the binding between RGD-specific integrins in intact MC3T3-E1 cells and soluble glyphosate by measuring its competition for RGD-motifs binding, while the affinity of those RGD-specific integrins to the RGD-motifs was 5.97 µM. The integrin-targeted affinity of glyphosate was proven using competitive binding assays to recombinant receptor αvβ3. The present study shows not only ligand-binding properties of glyphosate, but also illustrates its remarkable biomimetic power in the case of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Szekacs
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eniko Farkas
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
- Subdoctoral School of Molecular and Nanotechnologies, Chemical Engineering and Material Science Doctoral School, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u.10, H-8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Borbala Leticia Gemes
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Ottó u. 15, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Takacs
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Ottó u. 15, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szekacs
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Ottó u. 15, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary.
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73
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Baglan H, Lazzari CR, Guerrieri FJ. Glyphosate impairs learning in Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at field-realistic doses. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb187518. [PMID: 30127074 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. Over the past few years, the number of studies revealing deleterious effects of glyphosate on non-target species has been increasing. Here, we studied the impact of glyphosate at field-realistic doses on learning in mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti). Larvae of A. aegypti live in small bodies of water and perform a stereotyped escape response when a moving object projects its shadow on the water surface. Repeated presentations of an innocuous visual stimulus induce a decrease in response due to habituation, a non-associative form of learning. In this study, different groups of larvae were reared in water containing different concentrations of glyphosate that are commonly found in the field (50 µg l-1, 100 µg l-1, 210 µg l-1 and 2 mg l-1). Larvae reared in a glyphosate solution of 2 mg l-1 (application dose) could complete their development. However, glyphosate at a concentration of 100 µg l-1 impaired habituation. A dose-dependent deleterious effect on learning ability was observed. This protocol opens new avenues to further studies aimed at understanding how glyphosate affects non-target organisms, such as insects. Habituation in mosquito larvae could serve as a parameter for testing the impact of pollutants in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Baglan
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Fernando J Guerrieri
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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74
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Reddy SB, Nolan CJ, Plautz CZ. Disturbances in reproduction and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in aquatic invertebrates exposed to components of the herbicide Roundup. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318805276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of organisms to environmental contaminants is a growing concern. We have investigated the effects of the individual active ingredients of the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate and diquat dibromide [DD]) since Roundup causes alterations in reproduction, mortality, and development in the aquatic snail Lymnaea palustris. Snails chronically treated with elevated but ecologically relevant levels of DD exhibit reduction in fecundity ( p < 0.05), while fecundity in glyphosate-treated snails is comparable to or exceeds control levels. To investigate a possible mechanism for the reproductive disturbance, we monitored levels of steroid acute regulatory (StAR) protein in whole snails and observed a correlation in StAR protein decrease with treatment with Roundup, glyphosate, or DD. We detect StAR in organs where steroid biosynthesis occurs (ovotestis, brain, kidney); StAR protein is reduced following chronic exposure to Roundup, glyphosate, or DD ( p < 0.01). Estradiol and testosterone concentrations in hemolymph were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following 3-week exposure of snails to 3.5 mg/L glyphosate or 140 µg/L DD. Testosterone levels decrease in DD-treated groups ( p < 0.05); a trend of lower testosterone is also observed in glyphosate-treated groups ( p > 0.05). Estradiol concentration is greater than or equal to control levels in glyphosate, but decreased in DD ( p < 0.05). Because of its role in the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, we monitored abundance of aromatase and observed a reduction ( p < 0.05) in DD-treated snails (consistent with the drop in fecundity and estradiol levels) and a comparable level to control in glyphosate-treated snails (consistent with their high fecundity and estradiol levels). Although the toxicity of commercially-available Roundup to aquatic animals may have many contributing factors including its inactive surfactant, the constituent of Roundup associated with the greatest reproductive disturbances and observed developmental abnormalities of offspring is DD. This study details the analysis of particular herbicide constituents and their effect on specific targets in the reproductive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha B Reddy
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Colleen J Nolan
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Carol Zygar Plautz
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA
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75
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Vázquez DE, Ilina N, Pagano EA, Zavala JA, Farina WM. Glyphosate affects the larval development of honey bees depending on the susceptibility of colonies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205074. [PMID: 30300390 PMCID: PMC6177133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main agricultural insect pollinator, the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is exposed to a number of agrochemicals, including glyphosate (GLY), the most widely used herbicide. Actually, GLY has been detected in honey and bee pollen baskets. However, its impact on the honey bee brood is poorly explored. Therefore, we assessed the effects of GLY on larval development under chronic exposure during in vitro rearing. Even though this procedure does not account for social compensatory mechanisms such as brood care by adult workers, it allows us to control the herbicide dose, homogenize nutrition and minimize environmental stress. Our results show that brood fed with food containing GLY traces (1.25-5.0 mg per litre of food) had a higher proportion of larvae with delayed moulting and reduced weight. Our assessment also indicates a non-monotonic dose-response and variability in the effects among colonies. Differences in genetic diversity could explain the variation in susceptibility to GLY. Accordingly, the transcription of immune/detoxifying genes in the guts of larvae exposed to GLY was variably regulated among the colonies studied. Consequently, under laboratory conditions, the response of honey bees to GLY indicates that it is a stressor that affects larval development depending on individual and colony susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Vázquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ilina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A. Pagano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Zavala
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter M. Farina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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76
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Suhl J, Romitti PA, Rocheleau C, Cao Y, Burns TL, Conway K, Bell EM, Stewart P, Langlois P. Parental occupational pesticide exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:641-653. [PMID: 29993348 PMCID: PMC7099602 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1484127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts are common birth defects. Reported risks for orofacial clefts associated with parental occupational pesticide exposure are mixed. To examine the role of parental pesticide exposure in orofacial cleft development in offspring, this study compared population-based case-control data for parental occupational exposures to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, alone or in combinations, during maternal (1 month before through 3 months after conception) and paternal (3 months before through 3 months after conception) critical exposure periods between orofacial cleft cases and unaffected controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, adjusted for relevant covariables, and 95% confidence intervals for any (yes, no) and cumulative (none, low [<median exposure level in controls], high [≥median exposure level in controls]) occupational pesticide exposures and cleft lip ± cleft palate and cleft palate. Associations for cleft lip ± cleft palate tended to be near unity for maternal or paternal occupational pesticide exposures, except for low paternal exposure to any pesticide, which produced a statistically significant inverse association with this subtype. Associations for cleft palate tended to be near unity for maternal exposures and mostly positive, but non-significant, for paternal exposures; a significant positive association was observed between paternal low exposure to insecticide + herbicide + fungicide and cleft palate. Combined parental exposure produced non-significant associations near or below unity for all orofacial cleft cases combined and cleft lip ± cleft palate and positive, but non-significant, associations for cleft palate. This study observed associations mostly near unity between maternal occupational pesticide exposure and orofacial clefts. Associations for paternal occupational pesticide exposures were mostly near or below unity for cleft lip ± cleft palate, and mostly positive for cleft palate. However, due to the limitations of this study, these subtype-specific results should be interpreted cautiously. Future research examining parental occupational pesticide exposure and orofacial clefts should attempt to improve exposure assessment and increase sample size to better facilitate risk estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Suhl
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Carissa Rocheleau
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Trudy L. Burns
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kristin Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Erin M. Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | | | - Peter Langlois
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
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77
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de Medeiros PHQS, Pinto DV, de Almeida JZ, Rêgo JMC, Rodrigues FAP, Lima AÂM, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Oriá RB. Modulation of Intestinal Immune and Barrier Functions by Vitamin A: Implications for Current Understanding of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections in Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091128. [PMID: 30134532 PMCID: PMC6164597 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The micronutrient vitamin A refers to a group of compounds with pleiotropic effects on human health. These molecules can modulate biological functions, including development, vision, and regulation of the intestinal barrier. The consequences of vitamin A deficiency and supplementation in children from developing countries have been explored for several years. These children live in an environment that is highly contaminated by enteropathogens, which can, in turn, influence vitamin A status. Vitamin A has been described to modulate gene expression, differentiation and function of diverse immune cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This review aims to summarize the most updated advances on elucidating the vitamin A effects targeting intestinal immune and barrier functions, which may help in further understanding the burdens of malnutrition and enteric infections in children. Specifically, by covering both clinical and in vivo/in vitro data, we describe the effects of vitamin A related to gut immune tolerance/homeostasis, intestinal barrier integrity, and responses to enteropathogens in the context of the environmental enteric dysfunction. Some of the gaps in the literature that require further research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Q S de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Daniel V Pinto
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Zani de Almeida
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
| | - Juliana M C Rêgo
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
- Department of Nutrition, Christus University Center, Fortaleza 60190-060 CE, Brazil.
| | - Francisco A P Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
| | - Aldo Ângelo M Lima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270 CE, Brazil.
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78
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Rossi LF, Luaces JP, Palermo AM, Merani MS, Mudry MD. Cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood cultures of Chaetophractus villosus exposed in vivo to a glyphosate formulation (Roundup). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:121-127. [PMID: 29614449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different concentrations of a glyphosate formulation, Roundup® Full II (66.2% glyphosate) were tested in culture peripheral blood of armadillo Chaetophractus villosus with cytogenetic biomarkers like mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) by means of replication index. Adults animals of both sexes were exposed to RU at four concentrations ranging from 0.026 mL RU solution to 0.379 mL RU daily in oral treatment with the same volume (0.2 mL) during 7 days. We analyzed the induced damage at different times considering T0 as control value, one (T1), seven (T7) and 30 days (T30). One day after, only the higher concentration shows MI significant differences (p < 0.05), at T7 the frequency increases and at T30 it decreases reaching T0 values. The analysis of CA frequencies shows that only 0.106 mL RU/day exhibit significant differences vs T0 values. A great variability is expressed in the values of standard deviation (SD) and in the wide confidence intervals of the media. One day after treatments (T1) all four concentrations shows significant differences in SCE vs T0 values. Replication Index (RI) does not show significant differences. The dose-response behavior was not observed in either CA or SCE. The consistency of the findings obtained with the same biomarkers in vitro support the idea of expanding studies in order to characterize the risk doses for these mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Luaces
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Palermo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), B1603ALQ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Merani
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Depto EGE, IEGEBA, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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79
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Latin American contributions to the neural crest field. Mech Dev 2018; 153:17-29. [PMID: 30081090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is one of the most fascinating structures during embryonic development. Unique to vertebrate embryos, these cells give rise to important components of the craniofacial skeleton, such as the jaws and skull, as well as melanocytes and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Worldwide, several groups have been studying NC development and specifically in the Latin America (LA) they have been growing in numbers since the 1990s. It is important for the world to recognize the contributions of LA researchers on the knowledge of NC development, as it can stimulate networking and improvement in the field. We developed a database of LA publications on NC development using ORCID and PUBMED as search engines. We thoroughly describe all of the contributions from LA, collected in five major topics on NC development mechanisms: i) induction and specification; ii) migration; iii) differentiation; iv) adult NC; and, v) neurocristopathies. Further analysis was done to correlate each LA country with topics and animal models, and to access collaboration between LA countries. We observed that some LA countries have made important contributions to the comprehension of NC development. Interestingly, some LA countries have a topic and an animal model as their strength; in addition, collaboration between LA countries is almost inexistent. This review will help LA NC research to be acknowledged, and to facilitate networking between students and researchers worldwide.
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80
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Milesi MM, Lorenz V, Pacini G, Repetti MR, Demonte LD, Varayoud J, Luque EH. Perinatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide impairs female reproductive outcomes and induces second-generation adverse effects in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2629-2643. [PMID: 29947892 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most globally used herbicides raising the risk of environmental exposition. Here, we investigated whether perinatal exposure to low doses of a GBH alters the female reproductive performance, and/or induced second-generation effects related to congenital anomalies or growth alterations. Pregnant rats (F0) received a GBH through food, in a dose of 2 mg (GBH-LD: GBH-low dose group) or 200 mg (GBH-HD: GBH-high dose group) of glyphosate/kg bw/day from gestational day (GD) 9 until weaning. Body weight gain and vaginal canal-opening of F1 females were recorded. Sexually mature F1 females were mated to evaluate their reproductive performance by assessing the pregnancy rate, and on GD19, the number of corpora lutea, the implantation sites (IS) and resorption sites. To analyze second-generation effects on F2 offspring, we analyzed the fetal morphology on GD19, and assessed the fetal length and weight, and the placental weight. GBH exposure neither altered the body weight gain of F1 females, nor vaginal opening onset. Although all GBH-exposed F1 rats became pregnant, a lower number of IS was detected. F2 offspring from both GBH groups showed delayed growth, evidenced by lower fetal weight and length, associated with a higher incidence of small for gestational age fetuses. In addition, higher placental weight and placental index were found in F2 offspring from GBH-HD dams. Surprisingly, structural congenital anomalies (conjoined fetuses and abnormally developed limbs) were detected in the F2 offspring from GBH-HD group. In conclusion, perinatal exposure to low doses of a GBH impaired female reproductive performance and induced fetal growth retardation and structural congenital anomalies in F2 offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Lorenz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Pacini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María R Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisina D Demonte
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Casilla de Correo 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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81
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Li Y, Zhao C, Wen Y, Wang Y, Yang Y. Adsorption performance and mechanism of magnetic reduced graphene oxide in glyphosate contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21036-21048. [PMID: 29766435 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the magnetic reduced graphene oxide (RGO/Fe3O4), with easy separation and high adsorption performance, was prepared and used to treat glyphosate (GLY) contaminated water. GLY adsorption performance of RGO/Fe3O4 was investigated, and influences of pH, adsorption time, temperature, contaminant concentration, and competing anions were analyzed. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was discussed in the light of several characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the RGO/Fe3O4 presented a significant GLY adsorption capacity and acid condition was beneficial for this adsorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model correlated satisfactorily to the experimental data, indicating that this process was controlled by chemical adsorption and monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of glyphosate onto RGO/Fe3O4 was spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible process. High temperatures were beneficial to GLY adsorption. The GLY adsorption mechanism of RGO/Fe3O4 was mainly attributed to hydrogen-bond interaction, electrostatic interaction, and coordination. Therefore, the RGO/Fe3O4 investigated in this research may offer an attractive adsorbent candidate for treatment of glyphosate contaminated water and warrant further study as a mechanism for glyphosate efficient removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Yujuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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82
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Oliveira LKD, Pignati W, Pignatti MG, Beserra L, Leão LHDC. Processo sócio-sanitário-ambiental da poluição por agrotóxicos na bacia dos rios Juruena, Tapajós e Amazonas em Mato Grosso, Brasil. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902018170904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi compreender o processo de poluição ambiental por agrotóxicos nos municípios de Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio, em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Utilizou-se modelo interpretativo integrado, multidimensionado e contextualizado, que compreende o fenômeno da contaminação como processo histórico, sócio-sanitário-ambiental, de modo a superar a abordagem restrita aos resultados das análises laboratoriais. Identificou-se no processo de poluição química rural real que os latifúndios, onde são produzidos anualmente milhões de toneladas de produtos agrícolas, são os principais responsáveis pelo uso de agrotóxicos, gerando processos de poluição ambiental e doenças no ser humano. Na poluição química rural atual, destacou-se uso elevado de agrotóxicos por habitante (350 a 600 litros/habitante) e do herbicida glifosato nas plantações de soja transgênica (45% do volume total), e as recentes autorizações do uso do inseticida benzoato de emamectina e da soja e do milho transgênicos resistentes ao herbicida 2,4-D. A aplicação deste modelo interpretativo ampliado permitiu expandir o olhar científico, incorporando aspectos indispensáveis para a compreensão do impacto negativo dos agrotóxicos à saúde e ao ambiente e para construção de ações coletivas de prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde no contexto do agronegócio brasileiro.
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Anifandis G, Katsanaki K, Lagodonti G, Messini C, Simopoulou M, Dafopoulos K, Daponte A. The Effect of Glyphosate on Human Sperm Motility and Sperm DNA Fragmentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1117. [PMID: 29848988 PMCID: PMC6024999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of Roundup®, which is one of the most popular herbicides worldwide. Although many studies have focused on the reproductive toxicity of glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides, the majority of them have concluded that the effect of the specific herbicide is negligible, while only a few studies indicate the male reproductive toxicity of glyphosate alone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 0.36 mg/L glyphosate on sperm motility and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). Thirty healthy men volunteered to undergo semen analysis for the purpose of the study. Sperm motility was calculated according to WHO 2010 guidelines at collection time (zero time) and 1 h post-treatment with glyphosate. Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated with Halosperm® G2 kit for both the control and glyphosate-treated sperm samples. Sperm progressive motility of glyphosate-treated samples was significantly reduced after 1 h post-treatment in comparison to the respective controls, in contrast to the SDF of glyphosate-treated samples, which was comparable to the respective controls. Conclusively, under these in vitro conditions, at high concentrations that greatly exceed environmental exposures, glyphosate exerts toxic effects on sperm progressive motility but not on sperm DNA integrity, meaning that the toxic effect is limited only to motility, at least in the first hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
| | - Katerina Katsanaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
| | - Georgia Lagodonti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
| | - Christina Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
| | - Mara Simopoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11225, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece.
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84
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Zebral YD, Lansini LR, Costa PG, Roza M, Bianchini A, Robaldo RB. A glyphosate-based herbicide reduces fertility, embryonic upper thermal tolerance and alters embryonic diapause of the threatened annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:260-269. [PMID: 29306198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Roundup is the most popular glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) worldwide. These formulations kill a wide range of plants. Despite that, non-target species can be jeopardized by GBH, such as the annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus. This species occurs in wetlands that dries annually. Key-adaptations permit them to live in such harsh habitats, e. i. Elevated fertility, drought-tolerant diapausing embryos and elevated thermal tolerance. We aimed to evaluate acute (96 h) effects of Roundup exposure (0.36 or 3.62 mg a. e./L) in reproduction, diapause pattern and embryonic upper thermal tolerance (EUTT) of A. nigrofasciatus. For such, we evaluated the number and diameter of embryos produced by exposed fish. Also, recently fertilized embryos were exposed and its diapause pattern was evaluated. Following 15 post exposure days (PED), we evaluated the number of somite pairs and following 30, 35 and 40 PED we evaluated the proportion of pigmented embryos (PPE). Finally, the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) of exposed embryos was assessed. Results demonstrated that couples exposed to 0.36 mg a. e./L Roundup produced less but larger embryos. Similarly, embryos exposed to 3.62 mg a. e./L Roundup had a reduced PPE following 30 PED. Finally, embryos exposed to 0.32 mg a. e./L Roundup had a CTMax reduction of 2.6 °C and were more sensitive to minor increases in heating rates. These results indicate that Roundup have negative outcomes in fish reproduction, embryonic development and EUTT. This information is of particular interest to the conservation of annual fish, considering that those are key-adaptations that permit these animals to survive the harsh impositions of ephemeral wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dornelles Zebral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luize Real Lansini
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gomes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Roza
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Berteaux Robaldo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
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85
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Parvez S, Gerona RR, Proctor C, Friesen M, Ashby JL, Reiter JL, Lui Z, Winchester PD. Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth cohort study. Environ Health 2018; 17:23. [PMID: 29519238 PMCID: PMC5844093 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate (GLY) is the most heavily used herbicide worldwide but the extent of exposure in human pregnancy remains unknown. Its residues are found in the environment, major crops, and food items that humans, including pregnant women, consume daily. Since GLY exposure in pregnancy may also increase fetal exposure risk, we designed a birth-cohort study to determine exposure frequency, potential exposure pathways, and associations with fetal growth indicators and pregnancy length. METHOD Urine and residential drinking water samples were obtained from 71 women with singleton pregnancies living in Central Indiana while they received routine prenatal care. GLY measurements were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Demographic and survey information relating to food and water consumption, stress, and residence were obtained by questionnaire. Maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Correlation analyses were used to assess relationships of urine GLY levels with fetal growth indicators and gestational length. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 29 years, and the majority were Caucasian. Ninety three percent of the pregnant women had GLY levels above the limit of detection (0.1 ng/mL). Mean urinary GLY was 3.40 ng/mL (range 0.5-7.20 ng/mL). Higher GLY levels were found in women who lived in rural areas (p = 0.02), and in those who consumed > 24 oz. of caffeinated beverages per day (p = 0.004). None of the drinking water samples had detectable GLY levels. We observed no correlations with fetal growth indicators such as birth weight percentile and head circumference. However, higher GLY urine levels were significantly correlated with shortened gestational lengths (r = - 0.28, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of GLY exposure in US pregnant women using urine specimens as a direct measure of exposure. We found that > 90% of pregnant women had detectable GLY levels and that these levels correlated significantly with shortened pregnancy lengths. Although our study cohort was small and regional and had limited racial/ethnic diversity, it provides direct evidence of maternal GLY exposure and a significant correlation with shortened pregnancy. Further investigations in a more geographically and racially diverse cohort would be necessary before these findings could be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - R. R. Gerona
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave Moffitt Hospital M879B, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - C. Proctor
- Franciscan Health, 8111 S Emerson Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46237 USA
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Riley Children’s Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, 699 Riley Hospital Dr RR 208, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - M. Friesen
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave Moffitt Hospital M879B, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - J. L. Ashby
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - J. L. Reiter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, R4 035, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Z. Lui
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 410 W. Tenth St., Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - P. D. Winchester
- Franciscan Health, 8111 S Emerson Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46237 USA
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Riley Children’s Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, 699 Riley Hospital Dr RR 208, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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86
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Bonfanti P, Saibene M, Bacchetta R, Mantecca P, Colombo A. A glyphosate micro-emulsion formulation displays teratogenicity in Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:103-113. [PMID: 29306033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in broad-spectrum herbicide formulations used in agriculture, domestic area and aquatic weed control worldwide. Its market is growing steadily concurrently with the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops and emergence of weeds less sensitive to glyphosate. Ephemeral and lentic waters near to agricultural lands, representing favorite habitats for amphibian reproduction and early life-stage development, may thus be contaminated by glyphosate based herbicides (GBHs) residues. Previous studies on larval anuran species highlighted increased mortality and growth effects after exposure to different GBHs in comparison to glyphosate itself, mainly because of the surfactants such as polyethoxylated tallow amine present in the formulations. Nevertheless, these conclusions are not completely fulfilled when the early development, characterized by primary organogenesis events, is considered. In this study, we compare the embryotoxicity of Roundup® Power 2.0, a new GBH formulation currently authorized in Italy, with that of technical grade glyphosate using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Our results evidenced that glyphosate was not embryolethal and only at the highest concentration (50 mg a.e./L) caused edemas. Conversely, Roundup® Power 2.0 exhibited a 96 h LC50 of 24.78 mg a.e./L and a 96 h EC50 of 7.8 mg a.e./L. A Teratogenic Index of 3.4 was derived, pointing out the high teratogenic potential of the Roundup® Power 2.0. Specific concentration-dependent abnormal phenotypes, such as craniofacial alterations, microphthalmia, narrow eyes and forebrain regionalization defects were evidenced by gross malformation screening and histopathological analysis. These phenotypes are coherent with those evidenced in Xenopus laevis embryos injected with glyphosate, allowing us to hypothesize that the teratogenicity observed for Roundup® Power 2.0 may be related to the improved efficacy in delivering glyphosate to cells, guaranteed by the specific surfactant formulation. In conclusion, the differences in GBH formulations should be carefully considered by the authorities, since sub-lethal and/or long-term effects (e.g. teratogenicity) can be significantly modulated by the active ingredient salt type and concentration of the adjuvants. Finally, the mechanistic toxicity of glyphosate and GBHs are worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bonfanti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Saibene
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - R Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 26, Via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Mantecca
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - A Colombo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
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87
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Majumdar S, Bhattacharjee T, Thakur D, Chowdhury D. Carbon Dot based Fluorescence sensor for Retinoic acid. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Majumdar
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk; Guwahati- 781035 India
| | - Tuhin Bhattacharjee
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk; Guwahati- 781035 India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Life Science Division; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk; Guwahati- 781035 India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk; Guwahati- 781035 India
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88
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The In Vitro Impact of the Herbicide Roundup on Human Sperm Motility and Sperm Mitochondria. TOXICS 2017; 6:toxics6010002. [PMID: 29267194 PMCID: PMC5874775 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicants, such as herbicides, have been hypothesized to affect sperm parameters. The most common method of exposure to herbicides is through spraying or diet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of direct exposure of sperm to 1 mg/L of the herbicide Roundup on sperm motility and mitochondrial integrity. Sperm samples from 66 healthy men who were seeking semen analysis were investigated after written informed consent was taken. Semen analysis was performed according to the World Health Organization guidelines (WHO, 2010). Mitochondrial integrity was assessed through mitochondrial staining using a mitochondria-specific dye, which is exclusively incorporated into functionally active mitochondria. A quantity of 1 mg/L of Roundup was found to exert a deleterious effect on sperm’s progressive motility, after 1 h of incubation (mean difference between treated and control samples = 11.2%) in comparison with the effect after three hours of incubation (mean difference = 6.33%, p < 0.05), while the relative incorporation of the mitochondrial dye in mitochondria of the mid-piece region of Roundup-treated spermatozoa was significantly reduced compared to relative controls at the first hour of incubation, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction by Roundup. Our results indicate that the direct exposure of semen samples to the active constituent of the herbicide Roundup at the relatively low concentration of 1 mg/L has adverse effects on sperm motility, and this may be related to the observed reduction in mitochondrial staining.
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89
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Ji H, Xu L, Wang Z, Fan X, Wu L. Differential microRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of mouse offspring induced by glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and lactation. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2457-2467. [PMID: 29467848 PMCID: PMC5792815 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in numerous herbicide formulations. The role of glyphosate in neurotoxicity has been reported in human and animal models. However, the detailed mechanism of the role of glyphosate in neuronal development remains unknown. Recently, several studies have reported evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with gestational glyphosate exposure. The current group previously identified microRNAs (miRNAs) that are associated with the etiology of NDDs, but their expression levels in the developing brain following glyphosate exposure have not been characterized. In the present study, miRNA expression patterns were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 28 postnatal day mouse offspring following glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and lactation. An miRNA microarray detected 55 upregulated and 19 downregulated miRNAs in the PFC of mouse offspring, and 20 selected deregulated miRNAs were further evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 11 targets of these selected deregulated miRNAs were analyzed using bioinformatics. Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with the relevant miRNAs included neurogenesis (GO:0050769), neuron differentiation (GO:0030182) and brain development (GO:0007420). The genes Cdkn1a, Numbl, Notch1, Fosl1 and Lef1 are involved in the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways, which are closely associated with neural development. PCR arrays for the mouse Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were used to validate the effects of glyphosate on the expression pattern of genes involved in the Wnt and Notch pathways. Nr4a2 and Wnt7b were downregulated, while Dkk1, Dixdc1, Runx1, Shh, Lef-1 and Axin2 were upregulated in the PFC of mice offspring following glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and lactation. These results indicated abnormalities of the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways. These findings may be of particular interest for understanding the mechanism of glyphosate-induced neurotoxicity, as well as helping to clarify the association between glyphosate and NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Linhao Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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90
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Hong Y, Yang X, Yan G, Huang Y, Zuo F, Shen Y, Ding Y, Cheng Y. Effects of glyphosate on immune responses and haemocyte DNA damage of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:19-27. [PMID: 28962885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum organophosphorus herbicide, glyphosate is widely utilized around the world. The toxic effects of glyphosate on Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, were assessed using immunotoxicity and genotoxicity biomarkers in this study. The results showed that 24 h and 96 h LC50 values of glyphosate for E. sinensis were estimated as 461.54 and 97.89 mg/L, respectively, and the safe concentration was 4.4 mg/L. According to the results above, glyphosate was applied at concentrations of 0, 4.4, 9.8, 44 and 98 mg/L, for 96 h in the exposure experiment. Total haemocyte count (THC) and percentage of granulocytes decreased significantly following 6 h exposure to each concentration of glyphosate and tended to gradually stabilize after 12 h except in 4.4 mg/L, which rapidly recovered to a normal level in 12 h. Phagocytic activity in all treatments decreased dramatically at 6 h and maintained stability until the 96-h mark. Comet tail has been observed early at 24 h in each treatment, and the comet ratio and percentage of DNA (% DNA) in the tail increased as the exposure experiment progressed. Immune-related enzyme activity varied during the experiment. Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in 44 and 98 mg/L treatments decreased significantly after 48 h exposure, while AKP activities in all concentrations increased markedly at the beginning of exposure. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities increased significantly after 6 h exposure to 44 and 98 mg/L of glyphosates but decreased at 24 h. In addition, the β-glucuronidase (β-GD) activities in the 9.8, 44 and 98 mg/L groups, increased after 6-h exposure and were significantly higher than those in the control at 96 h. These results indicated that glyphosate has evident toxic effect on E. sinensis by immune inhibition that is possibly due to the haemocyte DNA damage and a sharp decline in haemocyte numbers, which subsequently induced changes in activities of immune-related enzymes and haemocyte phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China; Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guangwen Yan
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Zuo
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yixue Shen
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China.
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91
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Zebral YD, Costa PG, de Castro Knopp B, Lansini LR, Zafalon-Silva B, Bianchini A, Robaldo RB. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide in pejerrey Odontesthes humensis embryonic development. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:860-867. [PMID: 28735239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the major pesticides used worldwide. Among them, the Roundup formulations are the most popular. Some aspects of GBH toxicity are well known, such as induction of oxidative stress. However, embryotoxicity is scarcely known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to different Roundup Transorb R concentrations (0.36, 1.80, 3.62 and 5.43 mg glyphosate a.e./L) on Odontesthes humensis embryonic development. Embryos were sampled at three exposure times (48, 72 and 96 h). After 48 h, the stage of embryonic development and the number of somite pairs were analyzed; after 72 h, the percentage of pigmented embryos were evaluated and after 96 h, the eye diameter (ED) and the distance between eyes (DE) were measured. Mortality rates were daily calculated. Results show that Roundup exposure to all concentrations did not alter the endpoints evaluated at 48 and 72 h. On the other hand, exposure for 96 h to all concentrations induced a concentration-dependent reduction in ED and DE. Additionally, exposure to 5.43 mg a.e./L increased mortality. These findings indicate that Roundup has the potential to produce morphological alterations in fish embryos even at the lower and ecologically relevant concentration tested (0.36 mg a.e./L). This result corroborates the hypothesis that glyphosate alters the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, our findings indicate that exposure to high concentrations of Roundup (5.43 mg a.e./L) for 96 h causes high mortality rates of fish embryos. This is the first report of GBH embryotoxicity in an endemic fish of southern areas in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dornelles Zebral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Gomes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Castro Knopp
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Luize Real Lansini
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Zafalon-Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Berteaux Robaldo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-970, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
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92
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Klátyik S, Bohus P, Darvas B, Székács A. Authorization and Toxicity of Veterinary Drugs and Plant Protection Products: Residues of the Active Ingredients in Food and Feed and Toxicity Problems Related to Adjuvants. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:146. [PMID: 28929103 PMCID: PMC5591397 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical substances applied in animal husbandry or veterinary medicine and in crop protection represent substantial environmental loads, and their residues occur in food and feed products. Product approval is governed differently in these two sectors in the European Union (EU), and the occurrence of veterinary drug (VD) and pesticide residues indicated by contamination notification cases in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed of the EU also show characteristic differences. While the initial high numbers of VD residues reported in 2002 were successfully suppressed to less than 100 cases annually by 2006 and on, the number of notification cases for pesticide residues showed a gradual increase from a low (approximately 50 cases annually) initial level until 2005 to more than 250 cases annually after 2009, with a halt occurring only in 2016. Main notifiers of VD residues include Germany, Belgium, the UK, and Italy (63, 59, 42, and 31 notifications announced, respectively), and main consigning countries of non-compliances are Vietnam, India, China, and Brazil (88, 50, 34, and 23 notifications, respectively). Thus, countries of South and Southeast Asia are considered a vulnerable point with regard to VD residues entering the EU market. Unintended side effects of VDs and plant protection products may be caused not only by the active ingredients but also by various additives in these preparations. Adjuvants (e.g., surfactants) and other co-formulants used in therapeutic agents and feed additives, as well as in pesticide formulations have long been considered as inactive ingredients in the aspects of the required main biological effect of the pharmaceutical or pesticide, and in turn, legal regulations of the approval and marketing of these additives specified significantly less stringent risk assessment requirements, than those specified for the active ingredients. However, numerous studies have shown additive, synergistic, or antagonistic side effects between the active ingredients and their additives in formulated products; moreover, toxicity has been evidenced for various additives. Therefore, toxicological evaluation of surfactants and other additives is essential for proper environmental risk assessment of formulations used in agriculture including animal husbandry and plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandra Klátyik
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Darvas
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary
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93
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Luaces JP, Rossi LF, Chirino MG, Browne M, Merani MS, Mudry MD. Genotoxic effects of Roundup Full II® on lymphocytes of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Mammalia): In vitro studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182911. [PMID: 28817615 PMCID: PMC5560724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, Chaetophractus villosus has a wide distribution that overlaps with agricultural areas where soybean is the predominant crop. In such areas the pesticide Roundup Full II® (RU) is widely applied. The genotoxic effect of its active ingredient glyphosate (RU is 66.2% glyphosate) on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of C. villosus was tested over a range of concentrations (280, 420, 560, 1120 μmol/L). Culture medium without glyphosate served as negative control, while medium containing mitomycin C served as positive control. Genetic damage was characterized in terms of the percentage of cells with chromosome aberrations (CA), the mean number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) per cell, and the modification of cell proliferation kinetics via the calculation of the replication index. Significant increases (p < 0.0001) were seen in the CA frequency and the mean number of SCEs per cell compared to negative controls at all the RU concentrations tested. Chromatid breaks, the only form of CA observed, under the 560 μmol/L RU conditions and in presence of mitomycin C were four to five times more common than at lower concentrations, while no viable cells were seen in the 1120 μmol/L treatment. The mean number of SCEs per cell was significantly higher under the 280 μmol/L RU conditions than the 420 or 560 μmol/L RU conditions; cells cultivated in the presence of MMC also showed significantly more SCEs. All the RU concentrations tested (except in the 1120 μmol/L RU treatment [no viable cells]) induced a significant reduction in the replication index (p < 0.0001). The present results confirm the genotoxic effects of RU on C. villosus lymphocytes in vitro, strongly suggesting that exposure to RU could induce DNA damage in C. villosus wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Luaces
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, Piso 10 Lab. 6, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Francisco Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, Piso 10 Lab. 6, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Gabriela Chirino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Citogenética de Insectos, Depto. Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCENyN-UBA. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. IEGEBA-CONICET. Lab. 110. Piso 4 –Pabellón II—Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Browne
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Merani
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, Piso 10 Lab. 6, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Depto. Ecología Genética y Evolución, FCEyN-UBA. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. IEGEBA-CONICET. Labs. 43–46. Piso 4—Pabellón II- Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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94
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Zhang S, Xu J, Kuang X, Li S, Li X, Chen D, Zhao X, Feng X. Biological impacts of glyphosate on morphology, embryo biomechanics and larval behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:270-280. [PMID: 28448908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
All of these days, residues of herbicides such as glyphosate are widely distributed in the environment. The ubiquitous use of glyphosate has drawn extensive attention to its toxicity as an organic pollutant. In this study, we employed larval zebrafish as an animal model to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of glyphosate on early development via morphological, biomechanics, behavioral and physiological analyses. Morphological results showed that an obvious delay occurred in the epiboly process and body length, eye and head area were reduced at concentrations higher than 10 mg/L. The expression of ntl (no tail) shortened and krox20 (also known as Egr2b, early growth response 2b) changed as the glyphosate concentration increased, but there was no change in the expression of shh (sonic hedgehog). In addition, biomechanical analysis of the elasticity of chorion indicated that treated embryos' surface tension was declined. Furthermore, a 48-h locomotion test revealed that embryonic exposure to glyphosate significantly elevated locomotor activities, which is probably attributed to motoneuronal damage. The decreased surface tension of chorion and the increased locomotive activities may contribute to the hatching rates after glyphosate treatment. Our study enriches the researches of evaluating glyphosate toxicity and probablely plays a warning role in herbicides used in farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangyu Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shibao Li
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongyan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xizeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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95
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Bókony V, Mikó Z, Móricz ÁM, Krüzselyi D, Hettyey A. Chronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide makes toad larvae more toxic. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170493. [PMID: 28679726 PMCID: PMC5524492 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical pollutants can exert various sublethal effects on wildlife, leading to complex fitness consequences. Many animals use defensive chemicals as protection from predators and diseases, yet the effects of chemical contaminants on this important fitness component are poorly known. Understanding such effects is especially relevant for amphibians, the globally most threatened group of vertebrates, because they are particularly vulnerable to chemical pollution. We conducted two experiments to investigate how exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides, the most widespread agrochemicals worldwide, affects the production of bufadienolides, the main compounds of chemical defence in common toads (Bufo bufo). In both experiments, herbicide exposure increased the amount of bufadienolides in toad tadpoles. In the laboratory, individuals exposed to 4 mg a.e./L glyphosate throughout their larval development had higher bufadienolide content at metamorphosis than non-exposed tadpoles, whereas exposure for 9 days to the same concentration or to 2 mg a.e./L throughout larval development or for 9 days had no detectable effect. In outdoor mesocosms, tadpoles from 16 populations exhibited elevated bufadienolide content after three-weeks exposure to both concentrations of the herbicide. These results show that pesticide exposure can have unexpected effects on non-target organisms, with potential consequences for the conservation management of toxin-producing species and their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Mikó
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Dániel Krüzselyi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary
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96
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Vandenberg LN, Blumberg B, Antoniou MN, Benbrook CM, Carroll L, Colborn T, Everett LG, Hansen M, Landrigan PJ, Lanphear BP, Mesnage R, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Myers JP. Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides? J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:613-618. [PMID: 28320775 PMCID: PMC5484035 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) increased ∼100-fold from 1974 to 2014. Additional increases are expected due to widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds, increased application of GBHs, and preharvest uses of GBHs as desiccants. Current safety assessments rely heavily on studies conducted over 30 years ago. We have considered information on GBH use, exposures, mechanisms of action, toxicity and epidemiology. Human exposures to glyphosate are rising, and a number of in vitro and in vivo studies challenge the basis for the current safety assessment of glyphosate and GBHs. We conclude that current safety standards for GBHs are outdated and may fail to protect public health or the environment. To improve safety standards, the following are urgently needed: (1) human biomonitoring for glyphosate and its metabolites; (2) prioritisation of glyphosate and GBHs for hazard assessments, including toxicological studies that use state-of-the-art approaches; (3) epidemiological studies, especially of occupationally exposed agricultural workers, pregnant women and their children and (4) evaluations of GBHs in commercially used formulations, recognising that herbicide mixtures likely have effects that are not predicted by studying glyphosate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charles M Benbrook
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
- Benbrook Consulting Services, Enterprise, Oregon, USA
| | - Lynn Carroll
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | - Theo Colborn
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wade V Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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97
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Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Straif K. Reply to "the critical role of pre-publication peer review-a case study of glyphosate" by FN Dost. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7850-7851. [PMID: 27726074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Z Guyton
- IARC Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dana Loomis
- IARC Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- IARC Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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98
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López González EC, Larriera A, Siroski PA, Poletta GL. Micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities on Caiman latirostris (Broad-snouted caiman) hatchlings after embryonic exposure to different pesticide formulations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 136:84-91. [PMID: 27821305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticide commercial formulations widely used in soybean crops through the Micronucleus (MN) test and other Nuclear Abnormalities (NAs) in erythrocytes of broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), exposed by topical application through the eggshell. Embryos were exposed (during all incubation: 70 days approximately) to sub-lethal concentrations of two glyphosate formulations PanzerGold® (PANZ) and Roundup® Full II (RU) (500, 750, 1000µg/egg); to the endosulfan (END) formulation Galgofan® and the cypermethrin (CYP) formulation Atanor® (1, 10, 100, and 1000µg/ egg). Blood samples were taken at the moment of hatching from the spinal vein for the application of the MN test and analysis of other NAs in erythrocytes, as markers of genotoxicity. Results indicated a significant increase in the frequency of MN for PANZ1000, END 10, CYP 1 and CYP 100 (p<0.05), and in the frequency of other NAs including Buds: END 100, 1000 and CYP 10 (p<0.05), eccentric nuclei: END 1, 10, 1000, CYP 10, 100, 1000 (p<0.01) and END 100 (p<0.05), notched nuclei: END 1, 10 (p<0.01) and END 1000, CYP 10, 100,1000 (p<0.05), and total nuclear abnormalities: END 1, 10, 100, 1000, CYP 10, 100 and 1000 (p<0.01), and the positive control (PC) (p<0.05), compared with the negative control. It was demonstrated a concentration dependent-effect in MN frequency only for PANZ (R2=0.98; p<0.01). Our study demonstrated that commercial formulations of pesticides induced genotoxic effects on C. latirostris, and NAs are a good indicator of genotoxicity in this specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C López González
- "Proyecto Yacaré'' - Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MMA), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000 Santa Fe, Argetina; CONICET, Av Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina.
| | - A Larriera
- "Proyecto Yacaré'' - Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MMA), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000 Santa Fe, Argetina
| | - P A Siroski
- "Proyecto Yacaré'' - Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MMA), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000 Santa Fe, Argetina; CONICET, Av Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G L Poletta
- "Proyecto Yacaré'' - Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MMA), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000 Santa Fe, Argetina; CONICET, Av Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina; Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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99
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Samuel L, Wang R, Dubois G, Allen R, Wojtecki R, La YH. Amine-functionalized, multi-arm star polymers: A novel platform for removing glyphosate from aqueous media. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:437-442. [PMID: 27889510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method for efficiently removing glyphosate from aqueous media via adsorption onto highly functionalized star-shaped polymeric particles. These particles have a polystyrene core with more than 35 attached methacrylate polymer arms, each containing a plurality of pendant amines (poly(dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate): PDMAEMA) that are partially protonated in water. Kinetic studies demonstrate that these star-polymers successfully remove up to 93% of glyphosate present in aqueous solution (feed concentration: 5 ppm), within 10 min contact time, outperforming activated carbon, which removed 33% after 20 min. On these star-polymers, glyphosate adsorption closely follows the Langmuir model indicating monolayer coverage at most. Ionic interaction between the protonated amines and glyphosate's dissociated carboxylic and phosphoric acid groups lead to effective glyphosate capture even at feed concentrations below 1 ppm. Surface charge of these star polymers and dissociation of glyphosate are both influenced by pH, thus glyphosate removal efficiency increases from 63% to 93% when pH increases from 4.2 to 7.7. NMR studies conducted with butylamine as a proxy for these polymeric particles confirm that the amine group binds with both glyphosate's carboxylic and phosphoric acid groups when its concentrations are in a 2:1 or higher molar ratio with glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna Samuel
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.
| | - Ran Wang
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Geraud Dubois
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Robert Allen
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Rudy Wojtecki
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Young-Hye La
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.
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100
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Schütte G, Eckerstorfer M, Rastelli V, Reichenbecher W, Restrepo-Vassalli S, Ruohonen-Lehto M, Saucy AGW, Mertens M. Herbicide resistance and biodiversity: agronomic and environmental aspects of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:5. [PMID: 28163993 PMCID: PMC5250645 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Farmland biodiversity is an important characteristic when assessing sustainability of agricultural practices and is of major international concern. Scientific data indicate that agricultural intensification and pesticide use are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss. The analysed data and experiences do not support statements that herbicide-resistant crops provide consistently better yields than conventional crops or reduce herbicide amounts. They rather show that the adoption of herbicide-resistant crops impacts agronomy, agricultural practice, and weed management and contributes to biodiversity loss in several ways: (i) many studies show that glyphosate-based herbicides, which were commonly regarded as less harmful, are toxic to a range of aquatic organisms and adversely affect the soil and intestinal microflora and plant disease resistance; the increased use of 2,4-D or dicamba, linked to new herbicide-resistant crops, causes special concerns. (ii) The adoption of herbicide-resistant crops has reduced crop rotation and favoured weed management that is solely based on the use of herbicides. (iii) Continuous herbicide resistance cropping and the intensive use of glyphosate over the last 20 years have led to the appearance of at least 34 glyphosate-resistant weed species worldwide. Although recommended for many years, farmers did not counter resistance development in weeds by integrated weed management, but continued to rely on herbicides as sole measure. Despite occurrence of widespread resistance in weeds to other herbicides, industry rather develops transgenic crops with additional herbicide resistance genes. (iv) Agricultural management based on broad-spectrum herbicides as in herbicide-resistant crops further decreases diversity and abundance of wild plants and impacts arthropod fauna and other farmland animals. Taken together, adverse impacts of herbicide-resistant crops on biodiversity, when widely adopted, should be expected and are indeed very hard to avoid. For that reason, and in order to comply with international agreements to protect and enhance biodiversity, agriculture needs to focus on practices that are more environmentally friendly, including an overall reduction in pesticide use. (Pesticides are used for agricultural as well non-agricultural purposes. Most commonly they are used as plant protection products and regarded as a synonym for it and so also in this text.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Schütte
- FSP BIOGUM Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt GmbH/Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Rastelli
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfram Reichenbecher
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marja Ruohonen-Lehto
- Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Martha Mertens
- Institut für Biodiversität–Netzwerk e.V. (ibn), Nußbergerstr. 6a, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
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