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Berry TD, Filley TR, Blanchette RA. Oxidative enzymatic response of white-rot fungi to single-walled carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:197-204. [PMID: 25047356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are becoming increasingly prevalent in manufacturing, there is little knowledge on the environmental fate of these materials. Environmental degradation of SWCNT is hindered by their highly condensed aromatic structure as well as the size and aspect ratio, which prevents intracellular degradation and limits microbial decomposition to extracellular processes such as those catalyzed by oxidative enzymes. This study investigates the peroxidase and laccase enzymatic response of the saprotrophic white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Phlebia tremellosa when exposed to SWCNTs of different purity and surface chemistry under different growth conditions. Both unpurified, metal catalyst-rich SWCNT and purified, carboxylated SWCNTs promoted significant changes in the oxidative enzyme activity of the fungi while pristine SWCNT did not. These results suggest that functionalization of purified SWCNT is essential to up regulate enzymes that may be capable of decomposing CNT in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Berry
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Timothy R Filley
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Robert A Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
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52
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Rotoli BM, Guidi P, Bonelli B, Bernardeschi M, Bianchi MG, Esposito S, Frenzilli G, Lucchesi P, Nigro M, Scarcelli V, Tomatis M, Zanello PP, Fubini B, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Imogolite: An Aluminosilicate Nanotube Endowed with Low Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1142-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM, Unit of Torino Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Esposito
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucchesi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scarcelli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Bice Fubini
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
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53
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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54
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Le Blond JS, Tomatis M, Horwell CJ, Dunster C, Murphy F, Corazzari I, Grendene F, Turci F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Williamson BJ, Oppenheimer C, Fubini B. The surface reactivity and implied toxicity of ash produced from sugarcane burning. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:503-516. [PMID: 22431484 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane combustion generates fine-grained particulate that has the potential to be a respiratory health hazard because of its grain size and composition. In particular, conversion of amorphous silica to crystalline forms during burning may provide a source of toxic particles. In this study, we investigate and evaluate the toxicity of sugarcane ash and bagasse ash formed from commercial sugarcane burning. Experiments to determine the main physicochemical properties of the particles, known to modulate biological responses, were combined with cellular toxicity assays to gain insight into the potential reactions that could occur at the particle-lung interface following inhalation. The specific surface area of the particles ranged from ∼16 to 90 m(2) g(-1) . The samples did not generate hydroxyl- or carbon-centered radicals in cell-free tests. However, all samples were able to 'scavenge' an external source of hydroxyl radicals, which may be indicative of defects on the particle surfaces that may interfere with cellular processes. The bioavailable iron on the particle surfaces was low (2-3 μmol m(-2) ), indicating a low propensity for iron-catalyzed radical generation. The sample surfaces were all hydrophilic and slightly acidic, which may be due to the presence of oxygenated (functional) groups. The ability to cause oxidative stress and membrane rupture in red blood cells (hemolysis) was found to be low, indicating that the samples are not toxic by the mechanisms tested. Cytotoxicity of sugarcane ash was observed, by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release, after incubation of relatively high concentrations of ash with murine alveolar macrophage cells. All samples induced nitrogen oxide release (although only at very high concentrations) and reactive oxygen species generation (although the bagasse samples were less potent than the sugarcane ash). However, the samples induced significantly lower cytotoxic effects and nitrogen oxide generation when compared with the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Le Blond
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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55
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Haniu H, Saito N, Matsuda Y, Tsukahara T, Usui Y, Maruyama K, Takanashi S, Aoki K, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Tanaka M, Okamoto M, Kato H. Biological responses according to the shape and size of carbon nanotubes in BEAS-2B and MESO-1 cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1979-90. [PMID: 24790438 PMCID: PMC4000181 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of the shape and size of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) on biological responses in vitro. Three types of MWCNTs – VGCF®-X, VGCF®-S, and VGCF® (vapor grown carbon fibers; with diameters of 15, 80, and 150 nm, respectively) – and three CSCNTs of different lengths (CS-L, 20–80 μm; CS-S, 0.5–20 μm; and CS-M, of intermediate length) were tested. Human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells were exposed to the CNTs (1–50 μg/mL), and cell viability, permeability, uptake, total reactive oxygen species/superoxide production, and intracellular acidity were measured. CSCNTs were less toxic than MWCNTs in both cell types over a 24-hour exposure period. The cytotoxicity of endocytosed MWCNTs varied according to cell type/size, while that of CSCNTs depended on tube length irrespective of cell type. CNT diameter and length influenced cell aggregation and injury extent. Intracellular acidity increased independently of lysosomal activity along with the number of vacuoles in BEAS-2B cells exposed for 24 hours to either CNT (concentration, 10 μg/mL). However, total reactive oxygen species/superoxide generation did not contribute to cytotoxicity. The results demonstrate that CSCNTs could be suitable for biological applications and that CNT shape and size can have differential effects depending on cell type, which can be exploited in the development of highly specialized, biocompatible CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Haniu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan ; Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naoto Saito
- Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuda
- Clinical Pharmacology Educational Center, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan ; Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Aizawa Hospital, Sports Medicine Center, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kayo Maruyama
- Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Nagano, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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56
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Nymark P, Jensen KA, Suhonen S, Kembouche Y, Vippola M, Kleinjans J, Catalán J, Norppa H, van Delft J, Briedé JJ. Free radical scavenging and formation by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in cell free conditions and in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:4. [PMID: 24438343 PMCID: PMC3933237 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Certain multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been shown to elicit asbestos-like toxicological effects. To reduce needs for risk assessment it has been suggested that the physicochemical characteristics or reactivity of nanomaterials could be used to predict their hazard. Fibre-shape and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important indicators of high hazard materials. Asbestos is a known ROS generator, while MWCNTs may either produce or scavenge ROS. However, certain biomolecules, such as albumin – used as dispersants in nanomaterial preparation for toxicological testing in vivo and in vitro - may reduce the surface reactivity of nanomaterials. Methods Here, we investigated the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cell culture medium with and without BEAS 2B cells on radical formation/scavenging by five MWCNTs, Printex 90 carbon black, crocidolite asbestos, and glass wool, using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and linked this to cytotoxic effects measured by trypan blue exclusion assay. In addition, the materials were characterized in the exposure medium (e.g. for hydrodynamic size-distribution and sedimentation rate). Results The test materials induced highly variable cytotoxic effects which could generally be related to the abundance and characteristics of agglomerates/aggregates and to the rate of sedimentation. All carbon nanomaterials were found to scavenge hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in at least one of the solutions tested. The effect of BSA was different among the materials. Two types of long, needle-like MWCNTs (average diameter >74 and 64.2 nm, average length 5.7 and 4.0 μm, respectively) induced, in addition to a scavenging effect, a dose-dependent formation of a unique, yet unidentified radical in both absence and presence of cells, which also coincided with cytotoxicity. Conclusions Culture medium and BSA affects scavenging/production of •OH by MWCNTs, Printex 90 carbon black, asbestos and glass-wool. An unidentified radical is generated by two long, needle-like MWCNTs and these two CNTs were more cytotoxic than the other CNTs tested, suggesting that this radical could be related to the adverse effects of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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57
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Rao R, Yang M, Ling Q, Li C, Zhang Q, Yang H, Zhang A. A novel route of enhancing oxidative catalytic activity: hydroxylation of MWCNTs induced by sectional defects. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00582h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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58
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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59
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Ma-Hock L, Hofmann T, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. A short-term inhalation study protocol: designed for testing of toxicity and fate of nanomaterials. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1199:207-212. [PMID: 25103811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1280-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Short-Term Inhalation Toxicity Study Design described here was specifically developed for the testing of nanoparticles. It consists of a 5-day inhalation exposure with a subsequent 3-week exposure-free period. The protocol has been optimized for the detection of toxic effects in the respiratory tract by incorporation of additional endpoints like collection of bronchoalveolar lavage and measurement of biomarkers indicative for pro-inflammatory and inflammatory changes. Analytical determination of the test compound concentrations in the lung and other organs can be included in the study design for the determination of organ burden and fate of the tested nanomaterial. Over 20 nanomaterials have been tested with this method. In case of those compounds, where data of 90-day inhalation studies were available, the qualitative effects were comparable in both study types. Likewise, the No Observed Adverse Effect Levels were similar between the two study types, showing that the short-term design is suitable for a first risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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60
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Ma-Hock L, Farias PMA, Hofmann T, Andrade ACDS, Silva JN, Arnaud TMS, Wohlleben W, Strauss V, Treumann S, Chaves CR, Gröters S, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Short term inhalation toxicity of a liquid aerosol of glutaraldehyde-coated CdS/Cd(OH)2 core shell quantum dots in rats. Toxicol Lett 2013; 225:20-6. [PMID: 24296008 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots exhibit extraordinary optical and mechanical properties, and the number of their applications is increasing. In order to investigate a possible effect of coating on the inhalation toxicity of previously tested non-coated CdS/Cd(OH)2 quantum dots and translocation of these very small particles from the lungs, rats were exposed to coated quantum dots or CdCl2 aerosol (since Cd(2+) was present as impurity), 6h/d for 5 consecutive days. Cd content was determined in organs and excreta after the end of exposure and three weeks thereafter. Toxicity was determined by examination of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and microscopic evaluation of the entire respiratory tract. There was no evidence for translocation of particles from the respiratory tract. Evidence of a minimal inflammatory process was observed by examination of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. Microscopically, minimal to mild epithelial alteration was seen in the larynx. The effects observed with coated quantum dots, non-coated quantum dots and CdCl2 were comparable, indicating that quantum dots elicited no significant effects beyond the toxicity of the Cd(2+) ion itself. Compared to other compounds with larger particle size tested at similarly low concentrations, quantum dots caused much less pronounced toxicological effects. Therefore, the present data show that small particle sizes with corresponding high surfaces are not the only factor triggering the toxic response or translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - P M A Farias
- Research Group on Nanostructures and Biological Interfaces; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program on Material Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - T Hofmann
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - A C D S Andrade
- Research Group on Nanostructures and Biological Interfaces; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program on Material Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - J N Silva
- Research Group on Nanostructures and Biological Interfaces; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program on Material Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - T M S Arnaud
- Research Group on Nanostructures and Biological Interfaces; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program on Material Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - W Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; BASF SE, Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - V Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - S Treumann
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - C R Chaves
- Research Group on Nanostructures and Biological Interfaces; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program on Material Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - S Gröters
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - R Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
| | - B van Ravenzwaay
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Brazil.
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61
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Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Kisin ER, Tkach AV, Murray AR, Hubbs A, Chirila MM, Keohavong P, Sycheva LP, Kagan VE, Castranova V. Long-term effects of carbon containing engineered nanomaterials and asbestos in the lung: one year postexposure comparisons. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L170-82. [PMID: 24213921 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00167.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark geometric feature of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF), high length to width ratio, makes them similar to a hazardous agent, asbestos. Very limited data are available concerning long-term effects of pulmonary exposure to SWCNT or CNF. Here, we compared inflammatory, fibrogenic, and genotoxic effects of CNF, SWCNT, or asbestos in mice 1 yr after pharyngeal aspiration. In addition, we compared pulmonary responses to SWCNT by bolus dosing through pharyngeal aspiration and inhalation 5 h/day for 4 days, to evaluate the effect of dose rate. The aspiration studies showed that these particles can be visualized in the lung at 1 yr postexposure, whereas some translocate to lymphatics. All these particles induced chronic bronchopneumonia and lymphadenitis, accompanied by pulmonary fibrosis. CNF and asbestos were found to promote the greatest degree of inflammation, followed by SWCNT, whereas SWCNT were the most fibrogenic of these three particles. Furthermore, SWCNT induced cytogenetic alterations seen as micronuclei formation and nuclear protrusions in vivo. Importantly, inhalation exposure to SWCNT showed significantly greater inflammatory, fibrotic, and genotoxic effects than bolus pharyngeal aspiration. Finally, SWCNT and CNF, but not asbestos exposures, increased the incidence of K-ras oncogene mutations in the lung. No increased lung tumor incidence occurred after 1 yr postexposure to SWCNT, CNF, and asbestos. Overall, our data suggest that long-term pulmonary toxicity of SWCNT, CNF, and asbestos is defined, not only by their chemical composition, but also by the specific surface area and type of exposure.
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62
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Madl AK, Plummer LE, Carosino C, Pinkerton KE. Nanoparticles, lung injury, and the role of oxidant stress. Annu Rev Physiol 2013; 76:447-65. [PMID: 24215442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of engineered nanoscale materials has provided significant advancements in electronic, biomedical, and material science applications. Both engineered nanoparticles and nanoparticles derived from combustion or incidental processes exhibit a range of physical and chemical properties that induce inflammation and oxidative stress in biological systems. Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the biochemical mechanisms to detoxify and repair the damage resulting from reactive intermediates. This review examines current research on incidental and engineered nanoparticles in terms of their health effects on lungs and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress via physicochemical characteristics influences toxicity or biocompatibility. Although oxidative stress has generally been thought of as an adverse biological outcome, this review also briefly discusses some of the potential emerging technologies to use nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress to treat disease in a site-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
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63
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Vietti G, Ibouraadaten S, Palmai-Pallag M, Yakoub Y, Bailly C, Fenoglio I, Marbaix E, Lison D, van den Brule S. Towards predicting the lung fibrogenic activity of nanomaterials: experimental validation of an in vitro fibroblast proliferation assay. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:52. [PMID: 24112397 PMCID: PMC3852297 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon nanotubes (CNT) can induce lung inflammation and fibrosis in rodents. Several studies have identified the capacity of CNT to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts. We developed and validated experimentally here a simple and rapid in vitro assay to evaluate the capacity of a nanomaterial to exert a direct pro-fibrotic effect on fibroblasts. Methods The activity of several multi-wall (MW)CNT samples (NM400, the crushed form of NM400 named NM400c, NM402 and MWCNTg 2400) and asbestos (crocidolite) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The proliferative response to MWCNT was assessed on mouse primary lung fibroblasts, human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (BALB-3T3) and mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg) by using different assays (cell counting, WST-1 assay and propidium iodide PI staining) and dispersion media (fetal bovine serum, FBS and bovine serum albumin, BSA). C57BL/6 mice were pharyngeally aspirated with the same materials and lung fibrosis was assessed after 2 months by histopathology, quantification of total collagen lung content and pro-fibrotic cytokines in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results MWCNT (NM400 and NM402) directly stimulated fibroblast proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and induced lung fibrosis in vivo. NM400 stimulated the proliferation of all tested fibroblast types, independently of FBS- or BSA- dispersion. Results obtained by WST1 cell activity were confirmed with cell counting and cell cycle (PI staining) assays. Crocidolite also stimulated fibroblast proliferation and induced pulmonary fibrosis, although to a lesser extent than NM400 and NM402. In contrast, shorter CNT (NM400c and MWCNTg 2400) did not induce any fibroblast proliferation or collagen accumulation in vivo, supporting the idea that CNT structure is an important parameter for inducing lung fibrosis. Conclusions In this study, an optimized proliferation assay using BSA as a dispersant, MLg cells as targets and an adaptation of WST-1 as readout was developed. The activity of MWCNT in this test strongly reflects their fibrotic activity in vivo, supporting the predictive value of this in vitro assay in terms of lung fibrosis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vietti
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E, Mounier, 52 - bte B1,52,12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Schinwald A, Murphy F, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Sefiane K, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ. Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene with residence in the lung. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:824-32. [PMID: 23924429 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.831502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In this study we focussed on medium-term effects of graphene in lung tissue by investigating the pulmonary inflammation 6 weeks after pharyngeal aspiration of unoxidised multilayered graphene platelets (GPs) in mice and assessed their biopersistence in the lung tissue using Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, GP degradation in vitro was examined after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) treatment up to 1 week. Building on our previous report showing acute inflammation in mice lungs at 1 day, pristine GP showed minimal inflammation in mouse lungs after 6 weeks even though no degradation of GP in lung tissue was observed and large deposits of GP were evident in the lungs. Raman analysis of GP in tissue sections showed minimal oxidation, and in vitro examinations of enzymatic oxidation of GP via HRP and H2O2 showed only slight increases in ID/IG ratio and the appearance of the Raman D' band at 1620 cm(-1) (surrogates of graphene oxidation). Our results showing non-inflammogenicity at medium time points have important implications in the hazard identification of GPs following inhalation exposure and for their use in biomedical applications. Additionally, the biopersistence of pristine GP in vivo with no associated inflammation could open the way to applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schinwald
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research , Edinburgh , UK
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65
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Tsuruoka S, Cassee FR, Castranova V. A new approach to design safe CNTs with an understanding of redox potential. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:44. [PMID: 24004820 PMCID: PMC3848781 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being increasingly industrialized and applied for various products. As of today, although several toxicological evaluations of CNTs have been conducted, designing safer CNTs is not practiced because reaction kinetics of CNTs with bioactive species is not fully understood. RESULTS The authors propose a kinetic mechanism to establish designing safe CNTs as a new goal. According to a literature search on the behavior of CNTs and the effects of impurities, it is found that chemical reactions on CNT surface are attributed to redox reactions involving metal impurities and carbon structures at the CNT surface. CONCLUSION A new goal is proposed to design safer CNTs using the redox potential hypothesis. The value of this hypothesis must be practically investigated and proven through the further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tsuruoka
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu Univerity, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
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Inhibition of catecholamine secretion by iron-rich and iron-deprived multiwalled carbon nanotubes in chromaffin cells. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39:84-94. [PMID: 23999117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The assay of the toxic effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on human health is a stringent need in view of their expected increasing exploitation in industrial and biomedical applications. Most studies so far have been focused on lung toxicity, as the respiratory tract is the main entry of airborne particulate, but there is also recent evidence on the existence of toxic effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on neuronal and neuroendocrine cells (Belyanskaya et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2009; Gavello et al., 2012). Commercial MWCNTs often contain large amounts of metals deriving from the catalyst used during their synthesis. Since metals, particularly iron, may contribute to the toxicity of MWCNTs, we compared here the effects of two short MWCNTs samples (<5μm length), differing only in their iron content (0.5 versus 0.05% w/w) on the secretory responses of neurotransmitters in mouse chromaffin cells. We found that both iron-rich (MWCNT+Fe) and iron-deprived (MWCNT-Fe) samples enter chromaffin cells after 24h exposure, even though incorporation was attenuated in the latter case (40% versus 78% of cells). As a consequence of MWCNT+Fe or MWCNT-Fe exposure (50-263μg/ml, 24h), catecholamine secretion of chromaffin cells is drastically impaired because of the decreased Ca(2+)-dependence of exocytosis, reduced size of ready-releasable pool and lowered rate of vesicle release. On the contrary, both MWCNTs were ineffective in changing the kinetics of neurotransmitter release of single chromaffin granules and their quantal content. Overall, our data indicate that both MWCNT samples dramatically impair secretion in chromaffin cells, thus uncovering a true depressive action of CNTs mainly associated to their structure and degree of aggregation. This cellular "loss-of-function" is only partially attenuated in iron-deprived samples, suggesting a minor role of iron impurities on MWCNTs toxicity in chromaffin cells exocytosis.
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67
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Carbon nanofibers have IgE adjuvant capacity but are less potent than nanotubes in promoting allergic airway responses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:476010. [PMID: 24024193 PMCID: PMC3760273 DOI: 10.1155/2013/476010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern for the possible health impact of nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to investigate the allergy-promoting capacity of four different carbon nanofiber (CNF) samples in an injection and an airway mouse model of allergy. Secondly, the potency of the CNF was compared to the previously reported allergy-promoting capacity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the airway model. Ultrafine carbon black particles (ufCBP) were used as a positive control. Particles were given together with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) either by subcutaneous injection into the footpad or intranasally to BALB/cA mice. After allergen booster, OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were measured. In the airway model, inflammation was determined as influx of inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) and by mediators (MCP-1 and TNF-α present in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF)). CNF and CNT both increased OVA-specific IgE levels in the two models, but in the airway model, the CNT gave a significantly stronger IgE response than the CNF. Furthermore, the CNT and not the CNF promoted eosinophil lung inflammation. Our data therefore suggest that nanotube-associated properties are particularly potent in promoting allergic responses.
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68
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Yan L, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Chemical mechanisms of the toxicological properties of nanomaterials: generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2342-53. [PMID: 23881693 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As more and more nanomaterials with novel physicochemical properties or new functions are created and used in different research fields and industrial sectors, the scientific and public concerns about their toxic effects on human health and the environment are also growing quickly. In the past decade, the study of the toxicological properties of nanomaterials/nanoparticles has formed a new research field: nanotoxicology. However, most of the data published relate to toxicological phenomena and there is less understanding of the underlying mechanism for nanomaterial-induced toxicity. Nanomaterial-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in cellular and tissue toxicity. Herein, we classify the pathways for intracellular ROS production by nanomaterials into 1) the direct generation of ROS through nanomaterial-catalyzed free-radical reactions in cells, and 2) the indirect generation of ROS through disturbing the inherent biochemical equilibria in cells. We also discuss the chemical mechanisms associated with above pathways of intracellular ROS generation, from the viewpoint of the high reactivity of atoms on the nanosurface. We hope to aid in the understanding of the chemical origin of nanotoxicity to provide new insights for chemical and material scientists for the rational design and creation of safer and greener nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Yuquan Rd 19 B, Beijing 100049 (P.R. China)
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69
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Toward a comprehensive framework for nanomaterials: An interdisciplinary assessment of the current Environmental Health and Safety Regulation regarding the handling of carbon nanotubes. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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70
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Ma-Hock L, Strauss V, Treumann S, Küttler K, Wohlleben W, Hofmann T, Gröters S, Wiench K, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Comparative inhalation toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low surface carbon black. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23773277 PMCID: PMC3720229 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and carbon black are seemingly chemically identical carbon-based nano-materials with broad technological applications. Carbon nanotubes and carbon black possess different inhalation toxicities, whereas little is known about graphene and graphite nanoplatelets. METHODS In order to compare the inhalation toxicity of the mentioned carbon-based nanomaterials, male Wistar rats were exposed head-nose to atmospheres of the respective materials for 6 hours per day on 5 consecutive days. Target concentrations were 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/m3 for multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 0.5, 2.5, or 10 mg/m3 for graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low-surface carbon black. Toxicity was determined after end of exposure and after three-week recovery using broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and microscopic examinations of the entire respiratory tract. RESULTS No adverse effects were observed after inhalation exposure to 10 mg/m3 graphite nanoplatelets or relatively low specific surface area carbon black. Increases of lavage markers indicative for inflammatory processes started at exposure concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 for multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 10 mg/m3 for graphene. Consistent with the changes in lavage fluid, microgranulomas were observed at 2.5 mg/m3 multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 10 mg/m3 graphene. In order to evaluate volumetric loading of the lung as the key parameter driving the toxicity, deposited particle volume was calculated, taking into account different methods to determine the agglomerate density. However, the calculated volumetric load did not correlate to the toxicity, nor did the particle surface burden of the lung. CONCLUSIONS The inhalation toxicity of the investigated carbon-based materials is likely to be a complex interaction of several parameters. Until the properties which govern the toxicity are identified, testing by short-term inhalation is the best option to identify hazardous properties in order to avoid unsafe applications or select safer alternatives for a given application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Silke Treumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Küttler
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hofmann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Wiench
- Product Safety, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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71
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Wang A, Marinakos SM, Badireddy AR, M. Powers C, A. Houck K. Characterization of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their immediate environments in high‐throughput screening of nanomaterial biological activity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:430-48. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wang
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT)Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)Research Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Stella M. Marinakos
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT)Duke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Appala Raju Badireddy
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT)Duke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Christina M. Powers
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)Research Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Keith A. Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT)Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)Research Triangle ParkNCUSA
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72
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Tsuruoka S, Takeuchi K, Koyama K, Noguchi T, Endo M, Tristan F, Terrones M, Matsumoto H, Saito N, Usui Y, Porter DW, Castranova V. ROS evaluation for a series of CNTs and their derivatives using an ESR method with DMPO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 429. [PMID: 26300949 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important materials in advanced industries. It is a concern that pulmonary exposure to CNTs may induce carcinogenic responses. It has been recently reported that CNTs scavenge ROS though non-carbon fibers generate ROS. A comprehensive evaluation of ROS scavenging using various kinds of CNTs has not been demonstrated well. The present work specifically investigates ROS scavenging capabilities with a series of CNTs and their derivatives that were physically treated, and with the number of commercially available CNTs. CNT concentrations were controlled at 0.2 through 0.6 wt%. The ROS scavenging rate was measured by ESR with DMPO. Interestingly, the ROS scavenging rate was not only influenced by physical treatments, but was also dependent on individual manufacturing methods. Ratio of CNTs to DMPO/ hydrogen peroxide is a key parameter to obtain appropriate ROS quenching results for comparison of CNTs. The present results suggest that dangling bonds are not a sole factor for scavenging, and electron transfer on the CNT surface is not clearly determined to be the sole mechanism to explain ROS scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuruoka
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Takeuchi
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Koyama
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - T Noguchi
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Endo
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - F Tristan
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Terrones
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - H Matsumoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - N Saito
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University, School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Y Usui
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - D W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - V Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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73
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Ghiazza M, Carella E, Oliaro-Bosso S, Corazzari I, Viola F, Fenoglio I. Predictive tests to evaluate oxidative potential of engineered nanomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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74
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Carella E, Ghiazza M, Alfè M, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Gargiulo V, Ciajolo A, Fubini B, Fenoglio I. Graphenic Nanoparticles from Combustion Sources Scavenge Hydroxyl Radicals Depending Upon Their Structure. BIONANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-013-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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75
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Luyts K, Napierska D, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. How physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticles cause their toxicity: complex and unresolved interrelations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:23-38. [PMID: 24592425 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30237c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of and interest in nanoparticles (NPs) have resulted in an enormous amount of NPs with different compositions and physico-chemical properties. These unique properties not only determine their utility for (bio-medical) applications, but also their toxicity. Recently, "nano-researchers" became aware of the importance of determining the characteristics since they might be predictors of their toxicity. Currently, we face a large set of (non-coordinated) experiments with miscellaneous objectives resulting in a large quantity of available (and often incomplete) data, which hamper the unraveling of the complex interrelated NP characteristics with experimental results. Here, we try to link different critical physico-chemical characteristics separately with toxicity observed in both in vitro and in vivo models.
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76
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Aldieri E, Fenoglio I, Cesano F, Gazzano E, Gulino G, Scarano D, Attanasio A, Mazzucco G, Ghigo D, Fubini B. The role of iron impurities in the toxic effects exerted by short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in murine alveolar macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1056-1071. [PMID: 24188191 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.834855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung toxicity mediated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been widely demonstrated and recently associated with induction of carcinogenic asbestos-like effects, but the chemical features that drive this toxic effect have still not been well elucidated. The presence of metals as trace contaminants during MWCNT preparation, in particular iron (Fe) impurities, plays an important role in determining a different cellular response to MWCNT. Our goal was to clarify the mechanisms underlying MWCNT-induced toxicity with correlation to the presence of Fe impurities by exposing murine alveolar macrophages to two different MWCNT samples, which differed only in the presence or absence of Fe. Data showed that only Fe-rich MWCNT were significantly cytotoxic and genotoxic and induced a potent cellular oxidative stress, while Fe-free MWCNT did not exert any of these adverse effects. These results confirm that Fe content represents an important key constituent in promoting MWCNT-induced toxicity, and this needs to be taken into consideration when planning new, safer preparation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aldieri
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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77
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Lindberg HK, Falck GCM, Singh R, Suhonen S, Järventaus H, Vanhala E, Catalán J, Farmer PB, Savolainen KM, Norppa H. Genotoxicity of short single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes in human bronchial epithelial and mesothelial cells in vitro. Toxicology 2012; 313:24-37. [PMID: 23266321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although some types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been described to induce mesothelioma in rodents and genotoxic effects in various cell systems, there are few previous studies on the genotoxicity of CNTs in mesothelial cells. Here, we examined in vitro DNA damage induction by short multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs; 10-30 nm × 1-2 μm) and single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs; >50% SWCNTs, ~40% other CNTs; <2 nm × 1-5 μm) in human mesothelial (MeT-5A) cells and bronchial epithelial (BEAS 2B) cells, using the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and the immunoslot blot assay for the detection of malondialdehyde (M1dG) DNA adducts. In BEAS 2B cells, we also studied the induction of micronuclei (MN) by the CNTs using the cytokinesis-block method. The cells were exposed to the CNTs (5-200 μg/cm(2), corresponding to 19-760 μg/ml) for 24 and 48h in the comet assay and for 48 and 72 h in the MN and M1dG assays. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed more MWCNT fibres and SWCNT clusters in BEAS 2B than MeT-5A cells, but no significant differences were seen in intracellular dose expressed as area of SWCNT clusters between TEM sections of the cell lines. In MeT-5A cells, both CNTs caused a dose-dependent induction of DNA damage (% DNA in comet tail) in the 48-h treatment and SWCNTs additionally in the 24-h treatment, with a statistically significant increase at 40 μg/cm(2) of SWCNTs and (after 48 h) 80 μg/cm(2) of both CNTs. SWCNTs also elevated the level of M1dG DNA adducts at 1, 5, 10 and 40 μg/cm(2) after the 48-h treatment, but both CNTs decreased M1dG adduct level at several doses after the 72-h treatment. In BEAS 2B cells, SWCNTs induced a statistically significant increase in DNA damage at 80 and 120 μg/cm(2) after the 24-h treatment and in M1dG adduct level at 5 μg/cm(2) after 48 h and 10 and 40 μg/cm(2) after 72 h; MWCNTs did not affect the level of DNA damage but produced a decrease in M1dG adducts in the 72-h treatment. The CNTs did not affect the level of MN. In conclusion, MWCNTs and SWCNTs induced DNA damage in MeT-5A cells but showed a lower (SWCNTs) or no (MWCNTs) effect in BEAS 2B cells, suggesting that MeT-5A cells were more sensitive to the DNA-damaging effect of CNTs than BEAS 2B cells, despite the fact that more CNT fibres or clusters were seen in BEAS 2B than MeT-5A cells. M1dG DNA adducts were induced by SWCNTs but decreased after a 3-day exposure to MWCNTs and (in MeT-5A cells) SWCNTs, indicating that CNTs may lead to alterations in oxidative effects within the cells. Neither of the CNTs was able to produce chromosomal damage (MN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K Lindberg
- Nanosafety Research Center, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Safe New Technologies, Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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Respiratory toxicities of nanomaterials -- a focus on carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1694-9. [PMID: 22641117 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are emblematic nanomaterials, presenting unique physico-chemical properties, such as mechanical, thermal, or electrical conductivity, that have led to a large number of actual applications and uses, as well as (future) developments in aerospace, automobiles, nanoelectronic, or nanomedicine. CNT are currently used in many devices (computers, aircraft airframe, and sporting goods such as tennis rackets, bicycles, golf irons) and have also emerged as efficient drug delivery carriers in the biomedical and drug delivery fields[1]. Because of these actual and future applications, there's an increasing concern regarding the consequences that could result from human exposure to CNT, particularly at the respiratory level, since it represents a major route of exposure to nanomaterials. This review will highlight the advancement in the actual knowledge on lung toxicities of CNT, and try to better understand the underlying biological mechanisms, as well as the importance of physico-chemical determinants directly related to CNT characteristics.
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79
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Bussy C, Pinault M, Cambedouzou J, Landry MJ, Jegou P, Mayne-L'hermite M, Launois P, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Critical role of surface chemical modifications induced by length shortening on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23181604 PMCID: PMC3515433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in composite materials and their possible expansion to new areas such as nanomedicine which will both lead to higher human exposure, a better understanding of their potential to cause adverse effects on human health is needed. Like other nanomaterials, the biological reactivity and toxicity of CNT were shown to depend on various physicochemical characteristics, and length has been suggested to play a critical role. We therefore designed a comprehensive study that aimed at comparing the effects on murine macrophages of two samples of multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) specifically synthesized following a similar production process (aerosol-assisted CVD), and used a soft ultrasonic treatment in water to modify the length of one of them. We showed that modification of the length of MWCNT leads, unavoidably, to accompanying structural (i.e. defects) and chemical (i.e. oxidation) modifications that affect both surface and residual catalyst iron nanoparticle content of CNT. The biological response of murine macrophages to the two different MWCNT samples was evaluated in terms of cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and oxidative stress. We showed that structural defects and oxidation both induced by the length reduction process are at least as responsible as the length reduction itself for the enhanced pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative response observed with short (oxidized) compared to long (pristine) MWCNT. In conclusion, our results stress that surface properties should be considered, alongside the length, as essential parameters in CNT-induced inflammation, especially when dealing with a safe design of CNT, for application in nanomedicine for example.
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80
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Podila R, Brown JM. Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials: a physicochemical perspective. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:50-5. [PMID: 23129019 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global market for nanomaterial-based products is forecasted to reach 100 billion dollars per annum for 2011-2015. Extensive manufacturing and the use of engineered nanomaterials have raised concerns regarding their impact on biological response in living organisms and the environment at large. The fundamental properties of nanomaterials exhibit a complex dependence upon several factors such as their morphology, size, defects, and chemical stability. Therefore, it is exceedingly difficult to correlate their biological response with their intricate physicochemical properties. For example, varying toxic response may ensue due to different methods of nanomaterial preparation, dissimilar impurities, and defects. In this review, we surveyed the existing literature on the dependence of cytotoxicity on physicochemical properties. We found that ENM size, shape, defect density, physicochemical stability, and surface modification to be the main causes that elicit altered physiological response or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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81
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Liu W, Chaurand P, Di Giorgio C, De Méo M, Thill A, Auffan M, Masion A, Borschneck D, Chaspoul F, Gallice P, Botta A, Bottero JY, Rose J. Influence of the length of imogolite-like nanotubes on their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity toward human dermal cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2513-22. [PMID: 22989002 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical-chemical parameters such as purity, structure, chemistry, length, and aspect ratio of nanoparticles (NPs) are linked to their toxicity. Here, synthetic imogolite-like nanotubes with a set chemical composition but various sizes and shapes were used as models to investigate the influence of these physical parameters on the cyto- and genotoxicity and cellular uptake of NPs. The NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Imogolite precursors (PR, ca. 5 nm curved platelets), as well as short tubes (ST, ca. 6 nm) and long tubes (LT, ca. 50 nm), remained stable in the cell culture medium. Internalization into human fibroblasts was observed only for the small particles PR and ST. None of the tested particles induced a significant cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10(-1) mg·mL(-1). However, small sized NPs (PR and ST) were found to be genotoxic at very low concentration 10(-6) mg·mL(-1), while LT particles exhibited a weak genotoxicity. Our results indicate that small size NPs (PR, ST) were able to induce primary lesions of DNA at very low concentrations and that this DNA damage was exclusively induced by oxidative stress. The higher aspect ratio LT particles exhibited a weaker genotoxicity, where oxidative stress is a minor factor, and the likely involvement of other mechanisms. Moreover, a relationship among cell uptake, particle aspect ratio, and DNA damage of NPs was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- CEREGE, UMR 7330, CNRS-Aix Marseille University, BP 80, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
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82
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Carbon nanostructured materials for applications in nano-medicine, cultural heritage, and electrochemical biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:451-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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83
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Murray AR, Kisin ER, Tkach AV, Yanamala N, Mercer R, Young SH, Fadeel B, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Factoring-in agglomeration of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers for better prediction of their toxicity versus asbestos. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:10. [PMID: 22490147 PMCID: PMC3379937 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) are allotropes of carbon featuring fibrous morphology. The dimensions and high aspect ratio of CNT and CNF have prompted the comparison with naturally occurring asbestos fibers which are known to be extremely pathogenic. While the toxicity and hazardous outcomes elicited by airborne exposure to single-walled CNT or asbestos have been widely reported, very limited data are currently available describing adverse effects of respirable CNF. Results Here, we assessed pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress markers and systemic immune responses to respirable CNF in comparison to single-walled CNT (SWCNT) and asbestos. Pulmonary inflammatory and fibrogenic responses to CNF, SWCNT and asbestos varied depending upon the agglomeration state of the particles/fibers. Foci of granulomatous lesions and collagen deposition were associated with dense particle-like SWCNT agglomerates, while no granuloma formation was found following exposure to fiber-like CNF or asbestos. The average thickness of the alveolar connective tissue - a marker of interstitial fibrosis - was increased 28 days post SWCNT, CNF or asbestos exposure. Exposure to SWCNT, CNF or asbestos resulted in oxidative stress evidenced by accumulations of 4-HNE and carbonylated proteins in the lung tissues. Additionally, local inflammatory and fibrogenic responses were accompanied by modified systemic immunity, as documented by decreased proliferation of splenic T cells ex vivo on day 28 post exposure. The accuracies of assessments of effective surface area for asbestos, SWCNT and CNF (based on geometrical analysis of their agglomeration) versus estimates of mass dose and number of particles were compared as predictors of toxicological outcomes. Conclusions We provide evidence that effective surface area along with mass dose rather than specific surface area or particle number are significantly correlated with toxicological responses to carbonaceous fibrous nanoparticles. Therefore, they could be useful dose metrics for risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Murray
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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84
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Shvedova AA, Pietroiusti A, Fadeel B, Kagan VE. Mechanisms of carbon nanotube-induced toxicity: focus on oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:121-33. [PMID: 22513272 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies are emerging as highly promising technologies in many sectors in the society. However, the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials also raises concerns about inadvertent exposure to these materials and the potential for adverse effects on human health and the environment. Despite several years of intensive investigations, a common paradigm for the understanding of nanoparticle-induced toxicity remains to be firmly established. Here, the so-called oxidative stress paradigm is scrutinized. Does oxidative stress represent a secondary event resulting inevitably from disruption of biochemical processes and the demise of the cell, or a specific, non-random event that plays a role in the induction of cellular damage e.g. apoptosis? The answer to this question will have important ramifications for the development of strategies for mitigation of adverse effects of nanoparticles. Recent examples of global lipidomics studies of nanoparticle-induced tissue damage are discussed along with proteomics and transcriptomics approaches to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the complex and interrelated molecular changes in cells and tissues exposed to nanoparticles. We also discuss instances of non-oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage resulting from direct physical interference of nanomaterials with cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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85
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Kato T, Totsuka Y, Ishino K, Matsumoto Y, Tada Y, Nakae D, Goto S, Masuda S, Ogo S, Kawanishi M, Yagi T, Matsuda T, Watanabe M, Wakabayashi K. Genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in bothin vitroandin vivoassay systems. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:452-61. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.674571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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86
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Zhao X, Liu R. Recent progress and perspectives on the toxicity of carbon nanotubes at organism, organ, cell, and biomacromolecule levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:244-255. [PMID: 22244841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A wide application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is on the way owing to their unique structural, optical, mechanical and electronic properties, high specific surface area, and facile functionalization. As a result, human beings will inevitably be exposed to CNTs, especially when the tubes are utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools to better understand, detect, and treat human diseases. Therefore the new subject of nanotoxicology, which is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials, is now gaining public concern. This review provides an overview and comments on recent advances (mostly within the last 3 years) in the toxicology of CNTs, including their toxicity targeted to cells, organs, tissues and the whole organism, including mammals and other species (e.g. aquatic species, plants, and bacteria). Not only these traditional subjects of toxicological study but the interaction of CNTs and biomacromolecules is also covered so that the mechanism of their toxicity may be understood and their undesirable properties are more likely to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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87
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Biosafety of non-surface modified carbon nanocapsules as a potential alternative to carbon nanotubes for drug delivery purposes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32893. [PMID: 22457723 PMCID: PMC3310837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have found wide success in circuitry, photovoltaics, and other applications. In contrast, several hurdles exist in using CNTs towards applications in drug delivery. Raw, non-modified CNTs are widely known for their toxicity. As such, many have attempted to reduce CNT toxicity for intravenous drug delivery purposes by post-process surface modification. Alternatively, a novel sphere-like carbon nanocapsule (CNC) developed by the arc-discharge method holds similar electric and thermal conductivities, as well as high strength. This study investigated the systemic toxicity and biocompatibility of different non-surface modified carbon nanomaterials in mice, including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), carbon nanocapsules (CNCs), and C60 fullerene (C60). The retention of the nanomaterials and systemic effects after intravenous injections were studied. Methodology and Principal Findings MWCNTs, SWCNTs, CNCs, and C60 were injected intravenously into FVB mice and then sacrificed for tissue section examination. Inflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated with ELISA. Mice receiving injection of MWCNTs or SWCNTs at 50 µg/g b.w. died while C60 injected group survived at a 50% rate. Surprisingly, mortality rate of mice injected with CNCs was only at 10%. Tissue sections revealed that most carbon nanomaterials retained in the lung. Furthermore, serum and lung-tissue cytokine levels did not reveal any inflammatory response compared to those in mice receiving normal saline injection. Conclusion Carbon nanocapsules are more biocompatible than other carbon nanomaterials and are more suitable for intravenous drug delivery. These results indicate potential biomedical use of non-surface modified carbon allotrope. Additionally, functionalization of the carbon nanocapsules could further enhance dispersion and biocompatibility for intravenous injection.
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88
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Ponti J, Broggi F, Mariani V, De Marzi L, Colognato R, Marmorato P, Gioria S, Gilliland D, Pascual Garcìa C, Meschini S, Stringaro A, Molinari A, Rauscher H, Rossi F. Morphological transformation induced by multiwall carbon nanotubes on Balb/3T3 cell model as an in vitro end point of carcinogenic potential. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:221-33. [PMID: 22279961 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.652681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigated the toxicological effects of nude and chemically functionalised (-NH(2), -OH and -COOH groups) multiwall carbon nanotubes (mwCNTs) using immortalised mouse fibroblasts cell line (Balb/3T3) as in vitro model, alternative to the use of animals, to assess basal cytotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, genotoxicity and cell interaction of nanomaterials (NM). Combining in vitro tests such as cell transformation assay and micronucleus with physicochemical and topological analysis, we obtained results showing no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Carcinogenic potential and mwCNTs interaction with cells were instead evident. We stressed the importance that different toxicological end points have to be considered when studying NM, therefore, assays able to detect long-term effects, such as carcinogenicity, must be taken into account together with a panel of tests able to detect more immediate effects like basal cytotoxicity or genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Nanobiosciences Unit, Ispra, (VA), Italy.
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89
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Manufacturing Strategy for Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as a Biocompatible and Innovative Material. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/937819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between differences in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the biological responses they elicit in order to develop biocompatible MWCNTs. We exposed human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells to two sizes and six grades of MWCNTs and measured the resulting cell viability, total reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species (tROS/RNS) production, and cytokine secretion. Although differences in cellular tROS production were associated with differences in grades of MWCNTs, the graphitization temperature of MWCNTs apparently did not influence tROS production. However, cell viability was affected by MWCNT graphitization temperature and diameter. Moreover, cytokine secretion was apparently affected by treatment temperature, but not MWCNT diameter. We concluded that the highest temperature resulted in the most biocompatibility because impurities and carbon defects were removed from the MWCNTs. However, other mechanisms are possible. Therefore, it is important to optimize each type of MWCNT by monitoring biological responses that type elicits during the manufacturing stage for applications involving biology and medicine.
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90
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Hondroulis E, Zhang Z, Chen C, Li CZ. Impedance Based Nanotoxicity Assessment of Graphene Nanomaterials at the Cellular and Tissue Level. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.633184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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91
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Fenoglio I, Aldieri E, Gazzano E, Cesano F, Colonna M, Scarano D, Mazzucco G, Attanasio A, Yakoub Y, Lison D, Fubini B. Thickness of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Affects Their Lung Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:74-82. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200255h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G.
Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Aldieri
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia
e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Santena, 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G.
Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia
e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Santena, 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G.
Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Federico Cesano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Colonna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G.
Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Domenica Scarano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Gianna Mazzucco
- Dipartimento di
Scienze Biomediche
e Oncologia Umana, Università di Torino, via Santena 7, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Angelo Attanasio
- Dipartimento di
Scienze Biomediche
e Oncologia Umana, Università di Torino, via Santena 7, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain Centre of Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, Box B1.52.12, 1200 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain Centre of Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, Box B1.52.12, 1200 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G.
Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria
7, Torino 10125, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, Torino 10125, Italy
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92
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Fubini B, Fenoglio I, Tomatis M, Turci F. Effect of chemical composition and state of the surface on the toxic response to high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:899-920. [PMID: 21793679 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials often act as a double sword. On the one hand they offer exceptional new properties, but on the other hand show signs of toxicity. High aspect ratio nanomaterials (HARNs) cause more concern than isometric nanoparticles owing to their physical similarity with asbestos. Many compounds may be prepared in fibrous shape with nano-sized diameter differing one from the other in various ways. This article reports a comparative picture of the chemical features and related toxic responses to a variety of HARNs, namely carbon nanotubes, asbestos, carbon nanofibers, oxide and metal wires and rods. In spite of similarities in form, durability and several biological responses elicited in vitro and in vivo, carbon nanotubes - opposite to asbestos - quench radicals, are hydrophobic and may be fully purified from metal impurities. Most of the other HARNs produced so far are metal or metal oxide compounds, less biopersistent than carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bice Fubini
- Dip. Chimica IFM & G. Scansetti Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos & Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
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93
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Diameter and rigidity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes are critical factors in mesothelial injury and carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E1330-8. [PMID: 22084097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110013108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have the potential for widespread applications in engineering and materials science. However, because of their needle-like shape and high durability, concerns have been raised that MWCNTs may induce asbestos-like pathogenicity. Although recent studies have demonstrated that MWCNTs induce various types of reactivities, the physicochemical features of MWCNTs that determine their cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity in mesothelial cells remain unclear. Here, we showed that the deleterious effects of nonfunctionalized MWCNTs on human mesothelial cells were associated with their diameter-dependent piercing of the cell membrane. Thin MWCNTs (diameter ∼ 50 nm) with high crystallinity showed mesothelial cell membrane piercing and cytotoxicity in vitro and subsequent inflammogenicity and mesotheliomagenicity in vivo. In contrast, thick (diameter ∼ 150 nm) or tangled (diameter ∼ 2-20 nm) MWCNTs were less toxic, inflammogenic, and carcinogenic. Thin and thick MWCNTs similarly affected macrophages. Mesotheliomas induced by MWCNTs shared homozygous deletion of Cdkn2a/2b tumor suppressor genes, similar to mesotheliomas induced by asbestos. Thus, we propose that different degrees of direct mesothelial injury by thin and thick MWCNTs are responsible for the extent of inflammogenicity and carcinogenicity. This work suggests that control of the diameter of MWCNTs could reduce the potential hazard to human health.
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94
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Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Ghibaudi EM, Turci F. Multiple aspects of the interaction of biomacromolecules with inorganic surfaces. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1186-209. [PMID: 21871508 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of biological systems with inorganic materials is of interest in both fundamental and applied disciplines. The adsorption of proteins modulates the formation of biofilms onto surfaces, a process important in infections associated to medical implants, in dental caries, in environmental technologies. The interaction with biomacromolecules is crucial to determine the beneficial/adverse response of cells to foreign inorganic materials as implants, engineered or accidentally produced inorganic nanoparticles. A detailed knowledge of the surface/biological fluids interface processes is needed for the design of new biocompatible materials. Researchers involved in the different disciplines face up with similar difficulties in describing and predicting phenomena occurring at the interface between solid phases and biological fluids. This review represents an attempt to integrate the knowledge from different research areas by focussing on the search for determinants driving the interaction of inorganic surfaces with biological matter.
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95
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96
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Pietroiusti A, Massimiani M, Fenoglio I, Colonna M, Valentini F, Palleschi G, Camaioni A, Magrini A, Siracusa G, Bergamaschi A, Sgambato A, Campagnolo L. Low doses of pristine and oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes affect mammalian embryonic development. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4624-33. [PMID: 21615177 DOI: 10.1021/nn200372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several in vitro and in vivo studies suggest local and systemic effects following exposure to carbon nanotubes. No data are available, however, on their possible embryotoxicity in mammals. In this study, we tested the effect of pristine and oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the development of the mouse embryo. To this end, SWCNTs (from 10 ng to 30 μg/mouse) were administered to female mice soon after implantation (postcoital day 5.5); 10 days later, animals were sacrificed, and uteri, placentas, and fetuses examined. A high percentage of early miscarriages and fetal malformations was observed in females exposed to oxidized SWCNTs, while lower percentages were found in animals exposed to the pristine material. The lowest effective dose was 100 ng/mouse. Extensive vascular lesions and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in placentas of malformed but not of normally developed fetuses. Increased ROS levels were likewise detected in malformed fetuses. No increased ROS production or evident morphological alterations were observed in maternal tissues. No fetal and placental abnormalities were ever observed in control animals. In parallel, SWCNT embryotoxicity was evaluated using the embryonic stem cell test (EST), a validated in vitro assay developed for predicting embryotoxicity of soluble chemical compounds, but never applied in full to nanoparticles. The EST predicted the in vivo data, identifying oxidized SWCNTs as the more toxic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biopathology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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97
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Gao N, Zhang Q, Mu Q, Bai Y, Li L, Zhou H, Butch ER, Powell TB, Snyder SE, Jiang G, Yan B. Steering carbon nanotubes to scavenger receptor recognition by nanotube surface chemistry modification partially alleviates NFκB activation and reduces its immunotoxicity. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4581-91. [PMID: 21595480 PMCID: PMC3138538 DOI: 10.1021/nn200283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) cause perturbations in immune systems and limit the application of CNTs in biomedicine. Here we demonstrate that a surface chemistry modification on multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) reduces their immune perturbations in mice and in macrophages. The modified MWCNTs change their preferred binding pattern from mannose receptor to scavenger receptor. This switch significantly alleviates NFκB activation and reduces immunotoxicity of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105 U.S.A
| | - Yuhong Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth R. Butch
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105 U.S.A
| | - Tremaine B. Powell
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085,China
| | - Scott E. Snyder
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105 U.S.A
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085,China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105 U.S.A
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98
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Vankoningsloo S, Piret JP, Saout C, Noel F, Mejia J, Coquette A, Zouboulis CC, Delhalle J, Lucas S, Toussaint O. Pro-inflammatory effects of different MWCNTs dispersions in p16(INK4A)-deficient telomerase-expressing human keratinocytes but not in human SV-40 immortalized sebocytes. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:77-93. [PMID: 21352087 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.558642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induce oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory response in human N-hTERT telomerase-immortalized keratinocytes, in human SZ95 SV-40 immortalized sebocytes and in in vitro reconstructed epidermises. MWCNTS were tested in various dispersion states, from raw and agglomerated particles to isolated entities obtained by sonication in the presence of dispersive agents (hydroxypropylcellulose and Pluronic F108). It was observed that: (a) Contrary to individualized MWCNTs, agglomerated particles prepared by suspension into pure water increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species as well as the expression and secretion of interleukin-8 in N-hTERT cells; (b) the inflammatory signature of MWCNTs in N-hTERT cells, drawn by transcriptomic analysis with low-density microfluidic cards, included various other cytokines such as interleukin-6 or C-C motif ligand 3; (c) the pro-inflammatory effects of MWCNTs, as assessed by interleukin-8 transcript level and protein release, were not observed in SZ95 cells; and (d) the secretion of interleukins-1α and -8 from in vitro reconstructed epidermal tissues, used as specific markers for skin irritation and sensitization, was unaffected in presence of MWCNTs, confirming that the cornified layer is an efficient barrier against MWCNTs.
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99
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Hsieh SF, Bello D, Schmidt DF, Pal AK, Rogers EJ. Biological oxidative damage by carbon nanotubes: Fingerprint or footprint? Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:61-76. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.553689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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100
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Gavello D, Vandael DHF, Cesa R, Premoselli F, Marcantoni A, Cesano F, Scarano D, Fubini B, Carbone E, Fenoglio I, Carabelli V. Altered excitability of cultured chromaffin cells following exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:47-60. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.553294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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