51
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Cara CJ, Skropeta D. Glycosylation and functionalization of native amino acids with azido uronic acids. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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52
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In vivo pharmacological evaluation of a lactose-conjugated luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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53
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Aihara K, Inokuma T, Komiya C, Shigenaga A, Otaka A. Synthesis of lactam-bridged cyclic peptides using sequential olefin metathesis and diimide reduction reactions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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54
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Zhang J, Yamaguchi S, Nagamune T. Sortase A-mediated synthesis of ligand-grafted cyclized peptides for modulating a model protein-protein interaction. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1499-505. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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55
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Otvos L, Kovalszky I, Olah J, Coroniti R, Knappe D, Nollmann FI, Hoffmann R, Wade JD, Lovas S, Surmacz E. Optimization of adiponectin-derived peptides for inhibition of cancer cell growth and signaling. Biopolymers 2015; 104:156-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Budapest 1085 Hungary
| | - Julia Olah
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Budapest 1085 Hungary
| | - Roberta Coroniti
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
| | - Daniel Knappe
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | | | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sandor Lovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Creighton University; Omaha NE 68178
| | - Eva Surmacz
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
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56
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Zamudio-Vázquez R, Ivanova S, Moreno M, Hernandez-Alvarez MI, Giralt E, Bidon-Chanal A, Zorzano A, Albericio F, Tulla-Puche J. A new quinoxaline-containing peptide induces apoptosis in cancer cells by autophagy modulation. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4537-4549. [PMID: 29142702 PMCID: PMC5666514 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most cytotoxic compound from a library of quinoxaline-containing peptides is endocyted into HeLa cells, accumulates in acidic compartments, and blocks autophagy by altering lysosomal function, leading to apoptosis activation.
The synthesis of a new small library of quinoxaline-containing peptides is described. After cytotoxic evaluation in four human cancer cell lines, as well as detailed biological studies, it was found that the most active compound, RZ2, promotes the formation of acidic compartments, where it accumulates, blocking the progression of autophagy. Further disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in mitochondrial ROS was observed, causing cells to undergo apoptosis. Given its cytotoxic activity and protease-resistant features, RZ2 could be a potential drug candidate for cancer treatment and provide a basis for future research into the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis and its relevance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Zamudio-Vázquez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,CIBER-BBN , Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Saška Ivanova
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miguel Moreno
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127
| | - Maria Isabel Hernandez-Alvarez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Biology , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,CIBER-BBN , Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,School of Chemistry , Yachay Tech , Yachay City of Knowledge , Urcuquí 100119 , Ecuador
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain . ; ; ; ; Tel: +34 934037127.,CIBER-BBN , Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Baldiri Reixac 10 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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57
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Moradi SV, Varamini P, Toth I. Evaluation of the Biological Properties and the Enzymatic Stability of Glycosylated Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1135-43. [PMID: 25956382 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic stability, antitumor activity, and gonadotropin stimulatory effects of glycosylated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs were investigated in this study. Conjugation of carbohydrate units, including lactose (Lac), glucose (GS), and galactose (Gal) to LHRH peptide protected the peptide from proteolytic degradation and increased the peptides' half-lives in human plasma, rat kidney membrane enzymes, and liver homogenate markedly. Among all seven modified analogs, compound 1 (Lac-[Q(1)][w(6)]LHRH) and compound 6 (GS(4)-[w(6)]LHRH) were stable in human plasma during 4 h of experiment. The half-lives of compounds 1 and 6 improved significantly in kidney membrane enzymes (from 3 min for LHRH to 68 and 103 min, respectively). The major cleavage sites for most of the glycosylated compounds were found to be at Trp(3)-Ser(4) and Ser(4)-Tyr(5) in compounds 1-5. Compound 6 was hydrolyzed at Ser(4)-Tyr(5) and the sugar conjugation site. The antiproliferative activity of the glycopeptides was evaluated on LHRH receptor-positive prostate cancer cells. The glycosylated LHRH derivatives had a significant growth inhibitory effect on the LNCaP cells after a 48-h treatment. It was demonstrated that compound 1 significantly increased the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) at 5 and 10 nM concentrations and compound 5 (GS-[Q(1)]LHRH) stimulated the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at 5 nM concentration in dispersed rat pituitary cells (p < 0.05). In our studies, compound 1-bearing lactose and D-Trp was the most stable and active and is a promising candidate for future preclinical investigations in terms of in vitro biological activity and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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58
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Hofmann S, Maschauer S, Kuwert T, Beck-Sickinger AG, Prante O. Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of an (18)F-labeled neuropeptide Y analogue for imaging of breast cancer by PET. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1121-30. [PMID: 25748228 DOI: 10.1021/mp500601z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of Y1R expression in breast cancer is still a challenging task. Herein, we report a suitable (18)F-labeled high-molecular-weight glycopeptide for imaging of peripheral neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1R)-positive tumors by preclinical small-animal positron emission tomography (PET). The Y1R-preferring NPY [F(7),P(34)]NPY analogue was functionalized with an alkyne-bearing propargylglycine (Pra) in position 4. The corresponding fluoroglycosylated (FGlc) peptide analogue [Pra(4)(FGlc),F(7),P(34)]NPY and its (18)F-labeled analogue were synthesized by click chemistry-based fluoroglycosylation. The radiosynthesis was performed by (18)F-fluoroglycosylation starting from the 2-triflate of the β-mannosylazide and the alkyne peptide [Pra(4),F(7),P(34)]NPY. The radiosynthesis of the(18)F-labeled analogue was optimized using a minimum amount of peptide precursor (40 nmol), proceeding with an overall radiochemical yield of 20-25% (nondecay corrected) in a total synthesis time of 75 min with specific activities of 40-70 GBq/μmol. In comparison to NPY and [F(7),P(34)]NPY, in vitro Y1R and Y2R activation studies with the cold [Pra(4)(FGlc),F(7),P(34)]NPY on stably transfected COS-7 cells displayed a high potency for the induction of Y1R-specific inositol accumulation (pEC50 = 8.5 ± 0.1), whereas the potency at Y2R was significantly decreased. Internalization studies on stably transfected HEK293 cells confirmed a strong glycopeptide-mediated Y1R internalization and a substantial Y1R subtype selectivity over Y2R. In vitro autoradiography with Y1R-positive MCF-7 tumor tissue slices indicated high specific binding of the (18)F-labeled glycopeptide, when binding was reduced by 95% ([Pra(4),F(7),P(34)]NPY) and by 86% (BIBP3226 Y1R antagonist) in competition studies. Biodistribution and small-animal PET studies on MCF-7 breast tumor-bearing nude mice revealed radiotracer uptake in the MCF-7 tumor of 1.8%ID/g at 20 min p.i. and 0.7%ID/g at 120 min p.i. (n = 3-4), increasing tumor-to-blood ratios from 1.2 to 2.4, and a tumor retention of 76 ± 4% (n = 4; 45-90 min p.i.). PET imaging studies with MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice demonstrated uptake of the (18)F-labeled glycopeptide in the tumor region at 60 min p.i., whereas only negligible tumor uptake was observed in animals injected with a nonbinding (18)F-labeled glycopeptide pendant as a measure of nonspecific binding. In conclusion, PET imaging experiments with the (18)F-labeled NPY glycopeptide revealed Y1R-specific binding uptake in MCF-7 tumors in vivo together with decreased kidney uptake compared to DOTA-derivatives of this peptide. We consider this glycopeptide to be a potent lead peptide for the design of improved (18)F-glycopeptides with shorter amino acid sequences that would further facilitate PET imaging studies of Y1R-positive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hofmann
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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59
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Takayama K, Mori K, Sohma Y, Taketa K, Taguchi A, Yakushiji F, Minamino N, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Hayashi Y. Discovery of potent hexapeptide agonists to human neuromedin u receptor 1 and identification of their serum metabolites. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:302-7. [PMID: 25815150 DOI: 10.1021/ml500494j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) and S (NMS) display various physiological activities, including an anorexigenic effect, and share a common C-terminal heptapeptide-amide sequence that is necessary to activate two NMU receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2). On the basis of this knowledge, we recently developed hexapeptide agonists 2 and 3, which are highly selective to human NMUR1 and NMUR2, respectively. However, the agonists are still less potent than the endogenous ligand, hNMU. Therefore, we performed an additional structure-activity relationship study, which led to the identification of the more potent hexapeptide 5d that exhibits similar NMUR1-agonistic activity as compared to hNMU. Additionally, we studied the stability of synthesized agonists, including 5d, in rat serum, and identified two major biodegradation sites: Phe(2)-Arg(3) and Arg(5)-Asn(6). The latter was more predominantly cleaved than the former. Moreover, substitution with 4-fluorophenylalanine, as in 5d, enhanced the metabolic stability at Phe(2)-Arg(3). These results provide important information to guide the development of practical hNMU agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sohma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Koji Taketa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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60
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Martinez-Torres AC, Quiney C, Attout T, Boullet H, Herbi L, Vela L, Barbier S, Chateau D, Chapiro E, Nguyen-Khac F, Davi F, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Moumné R, Sarfati M, Karoyan P, Merle-Béral H, Launay P, Susin SA. CD47 agonist peptides induce programmed cell death in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells via PLCγ1 activation: evidence from mice and humans. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001796. [PMID: 25734483 PMCID: PMC4348493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adulthood leukemia, is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal CD5+ B lymphocytes, which results in a progressive failure of the immune system. Despite intense research efforts, drug resistance remains a major cause of treatment failure in CLL, particularly in patients with dysfunctional TP53. The objective of our work was to identify potential approaches that might overcome CLL drug refractoriness by examining the pro-apoptotic potential of targeting the cell surface receptor CD47 with serum-stable agonist peptides. METHODS AND FINDINGS In peripheral blood samples collected from 80 patients with CLL with positive and adverse prognostic features, we performed in vitro genetic and molecular analyses that demonstrate that the targeting of CD47 with peptides derived from the C-terminal domain of thrombospondin-1 efficiently kills the malignant CLL B cells, including those from high-risk individuals with a dysfunctional TP53 gene, while sparing the normal T and B lymphocytes from the CLL patients. Further studies reveal that the differential response of normal B lymphocytes, collected from 20 healthy donors, and leukemic B cells to CD47 peptide targeting results from the sustained activation in CLL B cells of phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCγ1), a protein that is significantly over-expressed in CLL. Once phosphorylated at tyrosine 783, PLCγ1 enables a Ca2+-mediated, caspase-independent programmed cell death (PCD) pathway that is not down-modulated by the lymphocyte microenvironment. Accordingly, down-regulation of PLCγ1 or pharmacological inhibition of PLCγ1 phosphorylation abolishes CD47-mediated killing. Additionally, in a CLL-xenograft model developed in NOD/scid gamma mice, we demonstrate that the injection of CD47 agonist peptides reduces tumor burden without inducing anemia or toxicity in blood, liver, or kidney. The limitations of our study are mainly linked to the affinity of the peptides targeting CD47, which might be improved to reach the standard requirements in drug development, and the lack of a CLL animal model that fully mimics the human disease. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides substantial progress in (i) the development of serum-stable CD47 agonist peptides that are highly effective at inducing PCD in CLL, (ii) the understanding of the molecular events regulating a novel PCD pathway that overcomes CLL apoptotic avoidance, (iii) the identification of PLCγ1 as an over-expressed protein in CLL B cells, and (iv) the description of a novel peptide-based strategy against CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD47 Antigen/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Middle Aged
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Carolina Martinez-Torres
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Claire Quiney
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Tarik Attout
- INSERM U1149, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Heloïse Boullet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Linda Herbi
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Laura Vela
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Barbier
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Intestine: Nutrition, Barrier, and Diseases Team, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Magali Le Garff-Tavernier
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Roba Moumné
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Karoyan
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Merle-Béral
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM U1149, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Santos A. Susin
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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61
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Rational Approach to the Design of Bioactive Peptidomimetics: Recent Developments in Opioid Agonist Peptides. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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62
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Di L. Strategic approaches to optimizing peptide ADME properties. AAPS J 2015; 17:134-43. [PMID: 25366889 PMCID: PMC4287298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of peptide drugs is challenging but also quite rewarding. Five blockbuster peptide drugs are currently on the market, and six new peptides received first marketing approval as new molecular entities in 2012. Although peptides only represent 2% of the drug market, the market is growing twice as quickly and might soon occupy a larger niche. Natural peptides typically have poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties with rapid clearance, short half-life, low permeability, and sometimes low solubility. Strategies have been developed to improve peptide drugability through enhancing permeability, reducing proteolysis and renal clearance, and prolonging half-life. In vivo, in vitro, and in silico tools are available to evaluate ADME properties of peptides, and structural modification strategies are in place to improve peptide developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA,
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63
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Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are major regulatory proteins that can govern cell fate, migration, and organization. Numerous aspects of the cell milieu can modulate cell responses to GFs, and GF regulation is often achieved by the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For example, the ECM can sequester GFs and thereby control GF bioavailability. In addition, GFs can exert distinct effects depending on whether they are sequestered in solution, at two-dimensional interfaces, or within three-dimensional matrices. Understanding how the context of GF sequestering impacts cell function in the native ECM can instruct the design of soluble or insoluble GF sequestering moieties, which can then be used in a variety of bioengineering applications. This Feature Article provides an overview of the natural mechanisms of GF sequestering in the cell milieu, and reviews the recent bioengineering approaches that have sequestered GFs to modulate cell function. Results to date demonstrate that the cell response to GF sequestering depends on the affinity of the sequestering interaction, the spatial proximity of sequestering in relation to cells, the source of the GF (supplemented or endogenous), and the phase of the sequestering moiety (soluble or insoluble). We highlight the importance of context for the future design of biomaterials that can leverage endogenous molecules in the cell milieu and mitigate the need for supplemented factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Belair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ngoc Nhi Le
- Department of Material Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Material Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
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64
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Shinde A, Feher KM, Hu C, Slowinska K. Peptide internalization enabled by folding: triple helical cell-penetrating peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 21:77-84. [PMID: 25524829 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are known as efficient transporters of molecular cargo across cellular membranes. Their properties make them ideal candidates for in vivo applications. However, challenges in the development of effective CPPs still exist: CPPs are often fast degraded by proteases and large concentration of CPPs required for cargo transporting can cause cytotoxicity. It was previously shown that restricting peptide flexibility can improve peptide stability against enzymatic degradation and limiting length of CPP peptide can lower cytotoxic effects. Here, we present peptides (30-mers) that efficiently penetrate cellular membranes by combining very short CPP sequences and collagen-like folding domains. The CPP domains are hexa-arginine (R6) or arginine/glycine (RRGRRG). Folding is achieved through multiple proline-hydroxyproline-glycine (POG [proline-hydroxyproline-glycine])n repeats that form a collagen-like triple helical conformation. The folded peptides with CPP domains are efficiently internalized, show stability against enzymatic degradation in human serum and have minimal toxicity. Peptides lacking correct folding (random coil) or CPP domains are unable to cross cellular membranes. These features make triple helical cell-penetrating peptides promising candidates for efficient transporters of molecular cargo across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shinde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, 90840, Canada
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65
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Zhao F, Li J, Zhou N, Sakai J, Gao Y, Shi J, Goldman B, Browdy HM, Luo HR, Xu B. De novo chemoattractants form supramolecular hydrogels for immunomodulating neutrophils in vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2116-22. [PMID: 25398017 PMCID: PMC4275169 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most immunomodulatory materials (e.g., vaccine adjuvants such as alum) modulate adaptive immunity, and yet little effort has focused on developing materials to regulate innate immunity, which get mentioned only when inflammation affects the biocompatibility of biomaterials. Traditionally considered as short-lived effector cells from innate immunity primarily for the clearance of invading microorganisms without specificity, neutrophils exhibit a key role in launching and shaping the immune response. Here we show that the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into a well-known chemoattractant-N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLF)-offers a facile approach to create a de novo, multifunctional chemoattractant that self-assembles to form supramolecular nanofibrils and hydrogels. This de novo chemoattractant not only exhibits preserved cross-species chemoattractant activity to human and murine neutrophils, but also effectively resists proteolysis. Thus, its hydrogel, in vivo, releases the chemoattractant and attracts neutrophils to the desired location in a sustainable manner. As a novel and general approach to generate a new class of biomaterials for modulating innate immunity, this work offers a prolonged acute inflammation model for developing various new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department
of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston
and Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Pathophysiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic
Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jiro Sakai
- Department
of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston
and Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bronia Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Hayley M. Browdy
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Hongbo R. Luo
- Department
of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston
and Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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66
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Otvos L, Knappe D, Hoffmann R, Kovalszky I, Olah J, Hewitson TD, Stawikowska R, Stawikowski M, Cudic P, Lin F, Wade JD, Surmacz E, Lovas S. Development of second generation peptides modulating cellular adiponectin receptor responses. Front Chem 2014; 2:93. [PMID: 25368867 PMCID: PMC4201147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis as an important endocrine organ that secretes a number of biologically active adipokines, including adiponectin. Recently we developed and characterized a first-in-class peptide-based adiponectin receptor agonist by using in vitro and in vivo models of glioblastoma and breast cancer (BC). In the current study, we further explored the effects of peptide ADP355 in additional cellular models and found that ADP355 inhibited chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell proliferation and renal myofibroblast differentiation with mid-nanomolar IC50 values. According to molecular modeling calculations, ADP355 was remarkably flexible in the global minimum with a turn present in the middle of the peptide. Considering these structural features of ADP355 and the fact that adiponectin normally circulates as multimeric complexes, we developed and tested the activity of a linear branched dimer (ADP399). The dimer exhibited approximately 20-fold improved cellular activity inhibiting K562 CML and MCF-7 cell growth with high pM-low nM relative IC50 values. Biodistribution studies suggested superior tissue dissemination of both peptides after subcutaneous administration relative to intraperitoneal inoculation. After screening of a 397-member adiponectin active site library, a novel octapeptide (ADP400) was designed that counteracted 10-1000 nM ADP355- and ADP399-mediated effects on CML and BC cell growth at nanomolar concentrations. ADP400 induced mitogenic effects in MCF-7 BC cells perhaps due to antagonizing endogenous adiponectin actions or acting as an inverse agonist. While the linear dimer agonist ADP399 meets pharmacological criteria of a contemporary peptide drug lead, the peptide showing antagonist activity (ADP400) at similar concentrations will be an important target validation tool to study adiponectin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Knappe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia Olah
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies Port St. Lucie, Florida, FL, USA
| | - Maciej Stawikowski
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies Port St. Lucie, Florida, FL, USA
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies Port St. Lucie, Florida, FL, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Surmacz
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandor Lovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University NE, USA
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67
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Blum AP, Kammeyer JK, Yin J, Crystal DT, Rush AM, Gilson MK, Gianneschi NC. Peptides displayed as high density brush polymers resist proteolysis and retain bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15422-37. [PMID: 25314576 PMCID: PMC4227725 DOI: 10.1021/ja5088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for rendering peptides resistant to proteolysis by formulating them as high-density brush polymers. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by polymerizing well-established cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and showing that the resulting polymers are not only resistant to proteolysis but also maintain their ability to enter cells. The scope of this design concept is explored by studying the proteolytic resistance of brush polymers composed of peptides that are substrates for either thrombin or a metalloprotease. Finally, we demonstrate that the proteolytic susceptibility of peptide brush polymers can be tuned by adjusting the density of the polymer brush and offer in silico models to rationalize this finding. We contend that this strategy offers a plausible method of preparing peptides for in vivo use, where rapid digestion by proteases has traditionally restricted their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Blum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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68
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Howell SM, Fiacco SV, Takahashi TT, Jalali-Yazdi F, Millward SW, Hu B, Wang P, Roberts RW. Serum stable natural peptides designed by mRNA display. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6008. [PMID: 25234472 PMCID: PMC4168267 DOI: 10.1038/srep06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides constructed with the 20 natural amino acids are generally considered to have little therapeutic potential because they are unstable in the presence of proteases and peptidases. However, proteolysis cleavage can be idiosyncratic, and it is possible that natural analogues of functional sequences exist that are highly resistant to cleavage. Here, we explored this idea in the context of peptides that bind to the signaling protein Gαi1. To do this, we used a two-step in vitro selection process to simultaneously select for protease resistance while retaining function–first by degrading the starting library with protease (chymotrypsin), followed by positive selection for binding via mRNA display. Starting from a pool of functional sequences, these experiments revealed peptides with 100–400 fold increases in protease resistance compared to the parental library. Surprisingly, selection for chymotrypsin resistance also resulted in similarly improved stability in human serum (~100 fold). Mechanistically, the decreases in cleavage results from both a lower rate of cleavage (kcat) and a weaker interaction with the protease (Km). Overall, our results demonstrate that the hydrolytic stability of functional, natural peptide sequences can be improved by two orders of magnitude simply by optimizing the primary sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen V Fiacco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Terry T Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, 90089-1211
| | - Steven W Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Biliang Hu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, 90089-1211
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, 90089-1211
| | - Richard W Roberts
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States [2] Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, 90089-1211
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69
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Vallespí MG, Pimentel G, Cabrales-Rico A, Garza J, Oliva B, Mendoza O, Gomez Y, Basaco T, Sánchez I, Calderón C, Rodriguez JC, Markelova MR, Fichtner I, Astrada S, Bollati-Fogolín M, Garay HE, Reyes O. Antitumor efficacy, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies of the anticancer peptide CIGB-552 in mouse models. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:850-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel G. Vallespí
- Pharmaceutical Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Gilmara Pimentel
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales-Rico
- Synthetic Peptide Group, Chemistry-Physics Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Julio Garza
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Brizaida Oliva
- Pharmaceutical Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Osmani Mendoza
- Pharmaceutical Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Yolanda Gomez
- Pharmaceutical Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Tais Basaco
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Iraida Sánchez
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Carlos Calderón
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Juan C. Rodriguez
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology; 29 and F Street Vedado Havana Cuba
| | - Maria Rivera Markelova
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology; Berlin-Buch GmbH; Robert-Rössle-Str.10 D-13122 Berlin Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology; Berlin-Buch GmbH; Robert-Rössle-Str.10 D-13122 Berlin Germany
| | - Soledad Astrada
- Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur of Montevideo; Mataojo 2020 Montevideo 11400 Uruguay
| | | | - Hilda E. Garay
- Synthetic Peptide Group, Chemistry-Physics Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
| | - Osvaldo Reyes
- Synthetic Peptide Group, Chemistry-Physics Department; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; P.O. Box 6162 Havana 10600 Cuba
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70
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Doyle JR, Krishnaji ST, Zhu G, Xu ZZ, Heller D, Ji RR, Levy BD, Kumar K, Kopin AS. Development of a membrane-anchored chemerin receptor agonist as a novel modulator of allergic airway inflammation and neuropathic pain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13385-96. [PMID: 24659779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemerin receptor (CMKLR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor found on select immune, epithelial, and dorsal root ganglion/spinal cord neuronal cells. CMKLR1 is primarily coupled to the inhibitory G protein, Gαi, and has been shown to modulate the resolution of inflammation and neuropathic pain. CMKLR1 is activated by both lipid and peptide agonists, resolvin E1 and chemerin, respectively. Notably, these ligands have short half-lives. To expedite the development of long acting, stable chemerin analogs as candidate therapeutics, we used membrane-tethered ligand technology. Membrane-tethered ligands are recombinant proteins comprised of an extracellular peptide ligand, a linker sequence, and an anchoring transmembrane domain. Using this technology, we established that a 9-amino acid-tethered chemerin fragment (amino acids 149-157) activates both mouse and human CMKLR1 with efficacy exceeding that of the full-length peptide (amino acids 21-157). To enable in vivo delivery of a corresponding soluble membrane anchored ligand, we generated lipidated analogs of the 9-amino acid fragment. Pharmacological assessment revealed high potency and wash resistance (an index of membrane anchoring). When tested in vivo, a chemerin SMAL decreased allergic airway inflammation and attenuated neuropathic pain in mice. This compound provides a prototype membrane-anchored peptide for the treatment of inflammatory disease. A parallel approach may be applied to developing therapeutics targeting other peptide hormone G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Doyle
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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71
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Lubecka EA, Sikorska E, Marcinkowska A, Ciarkowski J. Conformational studies of neurohypophyseal hormones analogues with glycoconjugates by NMR spectroscopy. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:406-14. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia A. Lubecka
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Marcinkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdańsk Poland
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72
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Li Y, St Louis L, Knapp BI, Muthu D, Anglin B, Giuvelis D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R. Can amphipathic helices influence the CNS antinociceptive activity of glycopeptides related to β-endorphin? J Med Chem 2014; 57:2237-46. [PMID: 24576160 PMCID: PMC3983389 DOI: 10.1021/jm400879w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated β-endorphin analogues of various amphipathicity were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Opioid binding affinities of the O-linked glycopeptides (mono- or disaccharides) and unglycosylated peptide controls were measured in human receptors expressed in CHO cells. All were pan-agonists, binding to μ-, δ-, or κ-opioid receptors in the low nanomolar range (2.2-35 nM K(i)'s). The glycoside moiety was required for intravenous (i.v.) but not for intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) activity. Circular dichroism and NMR indicated the degree of helicity in H2O, aqueous trifluoroethanol, or micelles. Glycosylation was essential for activity after i.v. administration. It was possible to manipulate the degree of helicity by the alteration of only two amino acid residues in the helical address region of the β-endorphin analogues without destroying μ-, δ-, or κ-agonism, but the antinociceptive activity after i.v. administration could not be directly correlated to the degree of helicity in micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and BIO5, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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73
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Guéret SM, Meier P, Roth HJ. Cyclic carbo-isosteric depsipeptides and peptides as a novel class of peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2014; 16:1502-5. [PMID: 24571727 DOI: 10.1021/ol5003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly efficient cyclization method has been developed to access a new class of cyclic carbo-isosteric depsipeptides and carbo-isosteric peptides. Our strategy requires easily accessible C-terminal methyl ketone ester or amide functionalized linear precursors as starting materials. The well-known reductive amination has then been used to afford cyclic tetra- to octa-pseudopeptides via a selective intramolecular formation of a glycine peptidomimetic unit under moderate dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M Guéret
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Novartis International AG, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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74
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Wang J, Lei Y, Xie C, Lu W, Wagner E, Xie Z, Gao J, Zhang X, Yan Z, Liu M. Retro-inverso CendR peptide-mediated polyethyleneimine for intracranial glioblastoma-targeting gene therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:414-23. [PMID: 24506588 DOI: 10.1021/bc400552t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of nonviral gene delivery vectors offers the potential to provide effective treatment for glioblastoma in the form of gene therapy. Here, we report the use of retro-inverso C-end rule (CendR) peptide D(RPPREGR) as a targeting ligand to prepare a D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI gene vector. D(RPPREGR) peptide specifically recognized the neuropilin-1 receptor that was overexpressed on U87 glioma cells, and showed enhanced tumor spheroid penetration ability. Compared with parental RGERPPR, D(RPPREGR) possessed improved biological stability and had a higher affinity for U87 glioma cells; it also showed enhanced penetration of the tumor spheroid. mPEG-PEI/pDNA and D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI/pDNA complexes were prepared and MTT assay results revealed that the cytotoxicity of D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI complexes was significantly lower than that of PEI complexes, with cell survival rates above 80%. Qualitative and quantitative in vitro transfection results revealed that D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI complex transfection efficiencies were 1.9 times higher than those of mPEG-PEI. Fluorescent imaging and frozen sections of brain tissue demonstrated that the D(RPPREGR) modification improved the in vivo transfection efficiency of mPEG-PEI in nude mice bearing U87 gliomas. An antiglioblastoma assay revealed that D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI carrying the therapeutic gene pORF-hTRAIL significantly prolonged the survival time of intracranial U87 glioma-bearing mice from 25 to 30 days. Therefore, D(RPPREGR)-PEG-PEI appears to be suitable for use as a safe and efficient gene delivery vehicle with potential applications in glioblastoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery(Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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75
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The designer leptin antagonist peptide Allo-aca compensates for short serum half-life with very tight binding to the receptor. Amino Acids 2013; 46:873-82. [PMID: 24366600 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The leptin receptor antagonist peptide Allo-aca exhibits picomolar activities in various cellular systems and sub-mg/kg subcutaneous efficacies in animal models making it a prime drug candidate and target validation tool. Here we identified the biochemical basis for its remarkable in vivo activity. Allo-aca decomposed within 30 min in pooled human serum and was undetectable beyond the same time period from mouse plasma during pharmacokinetic measurements. The C max of 8.9 μg/mL at 5 min corresponds to approximately 22% injected peptide present in the circulation. The half-life was extended to over 2 h in bovine vitreous fluid and 10 h in human tears suggesting potential efficacy in ophthalmic diseases. The peptide retained picomolar anti-proliferation activity against a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line; addition of a C-terminal biotin label increased the IC50 value by approximately 200-fold. In surface plasmon resonance assays with the biotin-labeled peptide immobilized to a NeutrAvidin-coated chip, Allo-aca exhibited exceptionally tight binding to the binding domain of the human leptin receptor with ka = 5 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and kdiss = 1.5 × 10(-4) s(-1) values. Peptides excel in terms of high activity and selectivity to their targets, and may activate or inactivate receptor functions considerably longer than molecular turnovers that take place in experimental animals.
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76
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Belair DG, Murphy WL. Specific VEGF sequestering to biomaterials: influence of serum stability. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8823-31. [PMID: 23816648 PMCID: PMC4149317 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was originally discovered as a tumor-derived factor that is able to induce endothelial cell behavior associated with angiogenesis. It has been implicated during wound healing for the induction of endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation and blood vessel remodeling. However, previous investigations into the biological effect of VEGF concluded that a particular range of growth factor concentrations are required for healthy vasculature to form, motivating recent studies to regulate VEGF activity via molecular sequestering to biomaterials. Numerous VEGF sequestering strategies have been developed, and they have typically relied on extracellular matrix mimicking moieties that are not specific for VEGF and can affect many growth factors simultaneously. We describe here a strategy for efficient, specific VEGF sequestering with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres, using peptides designed to mimic VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2). By immobilizing two distinct peptides with different serum stabilities, we examined the effect of serum on the specific interaction between peptide-containing PEG microspheres and VEGF. We addressed the hypothesis that VEGF sequestering in serum-containing solutions would be influenced by the serum stability of the VEGF-binding peptide. We further hypothesized that soluble VEGF could be sequestered in serum-containing cell culture media, resulting in decreased VEGF-dependent proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We show that soluble VEGF concentration can be effectively regulated in serum-containing environments via specific molecular sequestering, which suggests potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Belair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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77
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Novel glycosylated endomorphin-2 analog produces potent centrally-mediated antinociception in mice after peripheral administration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6673-6. [PMID: 24220171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a novel glycosylated analog of a potent and selective endogenous μ-opioid receptor (MOP) agonist, endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2, EM-2), obtained by the introduction in position 3 of the tyrosine residue possessing the glucose moiety attached to the phenolic function via a β-glycosidic bond. The improved blood-brain barrier permeability and enhanced antinociceptive effect of the novel glycosylated analog suggest that it may be a promising template for design of potent analgesics. Furthermore, the described methodology may be useful for increasing the bioavailability and delivery of opioid peptides to the CNS.
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78
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Purkayastha N, Eyer K, Robinson T, Dittrich PS, Beck AK, Seebach D, Kolesinska B, Cadalbert R. Enantiomeric and Diastereoisomeric (Mixed)L/ D-Octaarginine Derivatives - A Simple Way of Modulating the Properties of Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1165-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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79
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Rodriguez MC, Cudic M. Optimization of physicochemical and pharmacological properties of peptide drugs by glycosylation. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1081:107-136. [PMID: 24014437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-652-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many biological interactions and functions are mediated by glycans, leading to the emerging importance of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry in the design of novel drug therapeutics. In addition to direct effects on biological activity, sugar addition appears to alter many physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the peptide backbone. Consequently, glycosylation has been often used to improve various less than optimal features of peptide drug leads.In order to study the effects that naturally occurring and/or nonnatural glycans have on peptide drug solubility, conformation, proteolytic resistance, membrane permeability, and toxicity, it is essential to have convenient synthetic access toward synthesis of glycopeptide analogs. The crucial step in the synthesis of glycopeptides is the introduction of the carbohydrate group. The preformed glycosyl amino acid building block is the most commonly employed approach used in glycopeptide synthesis.In this review, we will describe various synthetic approaches to prepare N- and O-glycopeptides bearing simple monosaccharides as a tool to improve peptide therapeutic efficacy by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Rodriguez
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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80
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Laurencin M, Amor M, Fleury Y, Baudy-Floc’h M. De Novo Cyclic Pseudopeptides Containing Aza-β3-amino Acids Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10885-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Laurencin
- Université de Rennes 1, ICMV, UMR CNRS 6226, 263 Av. du Général
Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mosbah Amor
- Université de Rennes 1, ICMV, UMR CNRS 6226, 263 Av. du Général
Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Fleury
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire Universitaire de
Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Microbienne, EA 3882, F-29000
Quimper, France
| | - Michèle Baudy-Floc’h
- Université de Rennes 1, ICMV, UMR CNRS 6226, 263 Av. du Général
Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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81
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Ho H, Nero TL, Singh H, Parker MW, Nie G. PEGylation of a proprotein convertase peptide inhibitor for vaginal route of drug delivery: in vitro bioactivity, stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Peptides 2012; 38:266-74. [PMID: 23000303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Uterine proprotein convertase (PC) 6 is critical for embryo implantation in mice and women. It is also one of the PC family members that play a vital role in HIV infectivity. We hypothesized that inhibiting PC6 in the female reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and uterus), may protect women from both pregnancy and HIV infection. One key requirement to prove this concept in an animal model is a vaginally deliverable PC6 inhibitor. Nona-D-arginine (Poly R) is a potent peptide PC inhibitor and is able to inhibit HIV in cell culture. We modified Poly R by PEGylation with different strategies and determined their biochemical properties in vitro and in vivo. PEGylation at the C-terminus, regardless of the PEG size (30 kDa or 1239 Da) did not compromise the inhibitory potency of Poly R. In contrast, PEGylation at both termini (1239 Da) dramatically reduced its inhibitory activity. Poly R and C-PEGylated Poly Rs also showed equal potency in inhibiting a PC6-dependent cellular process critical for embryo implantation. Poly R and the equipotent C-PEGylated Poly Rs were further tested for their serum stability in vitro and pharmacokinetics in vivo following vaginal administration in mice. All Poly Rs were equally stable in mouse serum in vitro for 24h; C-PEGylated Poly Rs showed enhanced vaginal absorption and penetration across the vaginal mucosa/epithelium. This is the first report that C-terminal PEGylation significantly enhances the therapeutic properties of Poly R for vaginal drug delivery. Our findings also provide important insights into future design of Poly R derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Ho
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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82
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Green BR, Klein BD, Lee HK, Smith MD, Steve White H, Bulaj G. Cyclic analogs of galanin and neuropeptide Y by hydrocarbon stapling. Bioorg Med Chem 2012. [PMID: 23176753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon stapling is an effective strategy to stabilize the helical conformation of bioactive peptides. Here we describe application of stapling to anticonvulsant neuropeptides, galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), that are implicated in modulating seizures in the brain. Dicarba bridges were rationally introduced into minimized analogs of GAL and NPY resulting in increased α-helical content, in vitro metabolic stability and n-octanol/water partitioning coefficient (logD). The stapled analogs retained agonist activities towards their respective receptors and suppressed seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad R Green
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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83
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Liu M, Mountford SJ, Zhang L, Lee IC, Herzog H, Thompson PE. Synthesis of BVD15 Peptide Analogues as Models for Radioligands in Tumour Imaging. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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84
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Lee HS, Shin KH, Ryu GS, Chi GY, Cho IS, Kim HY. Synthesis of Small Molecule-Peptide Conjugates as Potential Whitening Agents. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.9.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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85
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Lalatsa A, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu* IF. Nanostructures Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier: Physiological Considerations and Mechanistic Issues. NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMATERIALS FOR OVERCOMING BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735292-00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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86
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Krasniqi B, Scruten E, Piller J, Lee J, Napper S. Stability, toxicity and biological activity of retro, inversed and retro-inversed glucagon isomers. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:519-26. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Krasniqi
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E3 Canada
| | - Jaret Piller
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Jeremy Lee
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E3 Canada
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87
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Bionda N, Stawikowski M, Stawikowska R, Cudic M, López-Vallejo F, Treitl D, Medina-Franco J, Cudic P. Effects of cyclic lipodepsipeptide structural modulation on stability, antibacterial activity, and human cell toxicity. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:871-82. [PMID: 22392790 PMCID: PMC3500847 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, identifying novel antibacterial targets and new antibacterial agents capable of treating infections by drug-resistant bacteria is of vital importance. The structurally simple yet potent fusaricidin or LI-F class of natural products represents a particularly attractive source of candidates for the development of new antibacterial agents. We synthesized 18 fusaricidin/LI-F analogues and investigated the effects of structure modification on their conformation, serum stability, antibacterial activity, and toxicity toward human cells. Our findings show that substitution of an ester bond in depsipeptides with an amide bond may afford equally potent analogues with improved stability and greatly decreased cytotoxicity. The lower overall hydrophobicity/amphiphilicity of amide analogues in comparison with their parent depsipeptides, as indicated by HPLC retention times, may explain the dissociation of antibacterial activity and human cell cytotoxicity. These results indicate that amide analogues may have significant advantages over fusaricidin/LI-F natural products and their depsipeptide analogues as lead structures for the development of new antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
- Department of Chemistry and BIochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 (USA)
| | - Maciej Stawikowski
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Maré Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Fabian López-Vallejo
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Daniela Treitl
- Department of Chemistry and BIochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 (USA)
| | - José Medina-Franco
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
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88
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Gil J, Cabrales A, Reyes O, Morera V, Betancourt L, Sánchez A, García G, Moya G, Padrón G, Besada V, González LJ. Development and validation of a bioanalytical LC–MS method for the quantification of GHRP-6 in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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89
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Otvos L, Kovalszky I, Scolaro L, Sztodola A, Olah J, Cassone M, Knappe D, Hoffmann R, Lovas S, Hatfield MPD, Beko G, Zhang S, Wade JD, Surmacz E. Peptide-based leptin receptor antagonists for cancer treatment and appetite regulation. Biopolymers 2011; 96:117-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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90
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Park SC, Kim JY, Lee JK, Yoo S, Kim H, Seo CH, Nah JW, Hahm KS, Park Y. Synthetic diastereomeric-antimicrobial peptide: Antibacterial activity against multiple drug resistant clinical isolates. Biopolymers 2011; 96:130-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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91
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McLeod BJ, Zhang H, Huang L, Thompson EG, Butt AG, Tucker IG. Anin situsingle-pass perfusion model for assessing absorption across the intestinal mucosa of the brushtail possum. N Z Vet J 2011; 53:234-41. [PMID: 16044182 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop an in situ animal model for assessing absorption of molecules across the intestinal mucosa of possums. METHODS A surgical preparation was used to perfuse known concentrations of reference compounds (fluorescein and luteinising hormone-releasing hormone; LHRH) through measured sections of selected regions (jejunum, caecum, proximal colon) of the intestinal tract of 19 possums, over a 2-h period. Plasma concentrations of the compounds, which were perfused either with or without co-administration of a permeation enhancer (sodium deoxycholic acid; SDA), were determined in the perfusion effluent, peripheral and in some instances in the pre-hepatic circulation by spectrofluorometry (fluorescein) or radioimmunoassay (LHRH). Pharmacokinetic parameters of both compounds in the possum were determined over a period of up to 4 h in a further 30 animals (fluorescein, n = 6; LHRH n = 24), from their plasma profiles following intravenous (I/V) administration of a bolus dose. RESULTS In animals perfused with 25 mg/ml fluorescein (Perfusion Experiment (PE) 1), the mean plasma concentration was 2.8 (SE 0.12) microg/ml in post-hepatic blood samples. When possums were perfused with 2.5 mg/ml fluorescein and 7 microg/ml LHRH (PE 2), mean plasma concentrations were 0.3 (SE 0.01) and 7.8 (SE 1.64) microg/ml fluorescein and 0.1 (SE 0.02) and 6.3 (SE 0.45) ng/ml LHRH, in the absence and presence of permeation enhancer, respectively. There was a poor correlation between pre-hepatic and post-hepatic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The single-pass in situ perfusion technique provided a useful model for investigating basic information on the absorption of biocontrol agents across the intestinal tract of possums, but had limitations that must be recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McLeod
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, PO Box 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand.
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92
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Liu WX, Wang R. Endomorphins: potential roles and therapeutic indications in the development of opioid peptide analgesic drugs. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:536-80. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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93
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Muttenthaler M, Andersson A, de Araujo AD, Dekan Z, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF. Modulating Oxytocin Activity and Plasma Stability by Disulfide Bond Engineering. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8585-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100989w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Asa Andersson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Aline D. de Araujo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Zoltan Dekan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Paul F. Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, 4072 St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland
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94
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Nguyen LT, Chau JK, Perry NA, de Boer L, Zaat SAJ, Vogel HJ. Serum stabilities of short tryptophan- and arginine-rich antimicrobial peptide analogs. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844765 PMCID: PMC2937036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several short antimicrobial peptides that are rich in tryptophan and arginine residues were designed with a series of simple modifications such as end capping and cyclization. The two sets of hexapeptides are based on the Trp- and Arg-rich primary sequences from the “antimicrobial centre” of bovine lactoferricin as well as an antimicrobial sequence obtained through the screening of a hexapeptide combinatorial library. Methodology/Principal Findings HPLC, mass spectrometry and antimicrobial assays were carried out to explore the consequences of the modifications on the serum stability and microbicidal activity of the peptides. The results show that C-terminal amidation increases the antimicrobial activity but that it makes little difference to its proteolytic degradation in human serum. On the other hand, N-terminal acetylation decreases the peptide activities but significantly increases their protease resistance. Peptide cyclization of the hexameric peptides was found to be highly effective for both serum stability and antimicrobial activity. However the two cyclization strategies employed have different effects, with disulfide cyclization resulting in more active peptides while backbone cyclization results in more proteolytically stable peptides. However, the benefit of backbone cyclization did not extend to longer 11-mer peptides derived from the same region of lactoferricin. Mass spectrometry data support the serum stability assay results and allowed us to determine preferred proteolysis sites in the peptides. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that the peptides all had weak interactions with albumin, the most abundant protein in human serum. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, the results provide insight into the behavior of the peptides in human serum and will therefore aid in advancing antimicrobial peptide design towards systemic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T. Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johnny K. Chau
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Perry
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leonie de Boer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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95
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Saludes JP, Natarajan A, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. The remarkable stability of chimeric, sialic acid-derived alpha/delta-peptides in human blood plasma. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:455-60. [PMID: 20486931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are labile toward proteolytic enzymes, and structural modifications are often required to prolong their metabolic half-life and increase resistance. One modification is the incorporation of non-alpha-amino acids into the peptide to deter recognition by hydrolytic enzymes. We previously reported the synthesis of chimeric alpha/delta-peptides from glutamic acids (Glu) and the sialic acid derivative Neu2en. Conformational analyses revealed these constructs adopt secondary structures in water and may serve as conformational surrogates of polysialic acid. Polysialic acid is a tumor-associated polysaccharide and is correlated with cancer metastasis. Soluble polysialic acid is rapidly cleared from the blood limiting its potential for vaccine development. One motivation in developing structural surrogates of polysialic acid was to create constructs with increased bioavailability. Here, we report plasma stability profiles of Glu/Neu2en alpha/delta-peptides. DOTA was conjugated at the peptide N-termini by solid phase peptide synthesis, radiolabeled with (111)In, incubated in human blood plasma at 37 degrees C, and their degradation patterns monitored by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and radioactivity counting. Results indicate that these peptides exhibit a long half-life that is two- to three-orders of magnitude higher than natural alpha-peptides. These findings provide a viable platform for the synthesis of plasma stable, sialic acid-derived peptides that may find pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonel P Saludes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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96
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Development of PACAP38 analogue with improved stability: physicochemical and in vitro/in vivo pharmacological characterization. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:85-93. [PMID: 20585898 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38), one of the major peptide transmitters, has emerged as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, on the basis of previous structure-activity relationships, a new PACAP38 derivative, [R(15, 20, 21), L(17)]-PACAP38, was chemically synthesized with the aim of enhancing the therapeutic potential of PACAP38. The solution structure of the new derivative was almost identical to that of PACAP38 as evaluated by circular dichroic spectroscopy, and both PACAP38 and the new derivative stimulated adenylate cyclase in rat insulinoma RIN-m5F cells with EC(50) values of 4.6 and 5.5 nM, respectively. Stability studies revealed the gradual degradation of PACAPs in rat serum, although there appeared to be a 42% reduction in degradation kinetics for [R(15, 20, 21), L(17)]-PACAP38 compared with that of PACAP38. The novel derivative also exhibited more potent protective effects against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced apoptotic death of RIN-m5F cells, possibly due to the enhanced stability. The n0-STZ model, in which neonatal rats were injected with STZ at birth, developed a typical diabetic condition; however, chronic administration of [R(15, 20, 21), L(17)]-PACAP38 resulted in protection of pancreatic islets, followed by the improvement of glycemic control. Thus, the chemical modification of PACAP38 led to the development of a new promising derivative with enhanced stability and biological activity, and early administration of [R(15, 20, 21), L(17)]-PACAP38 might be of help for preventing the development of diabetes in type 2 diabetic model rats.
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97
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Oppegård C, Rogne P, Kristiansen PE, Nissen-Meyer J. Structure analysis of the two-peptide bacteriocin lactococcin G by introducing d-amino acid residues. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:1883-1889. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of 3D structuring in the N- and C-terminal ends of the two peptides (39-mer LcnG-α and 35-mer LcnG-β) that constitute the two-peptide bacteriocin lactococcin G was analysed by replacing residues in the end regions with the corresponding d-isomeric residues. When assayed for antibacterial activity in combination with the complementary wild-type peptide, LcnG-α with four d-residues in its C-terminal region and LcnG-β with four d-residues in either its N- or its C-terminal region were relatively active (two- to 20-fold reduction in activity). 3D structuring of the C-terminal region in LcnG-α and the C- and N-terminal regions in LcnG-β is thus not particularly critical for retaining antibacterial activity, indicating that the 3D structure of these regions is not vital for interpeptide interactions or for interactions between the peptides and cellular components. The 3D structure of the N-terminal region in LcnG-α may be more important, as LcnG-α with four N-terminal d-residues was the least active of these four peptides (10- to 100-fold reduction in activity). The results are consistent with a proposed structural model of lactococcin G in which LcnG-α and -β form a transmembrane parallel helix–helix structure involving approximately 20 residues in each peptide, starting near the N terminus of LcnG-α and at about residue 13 in LcnG-β. Upon expressing the lactococcin G immunity protein, sensitive target cells became resistant to all of these d-residue-containing peptides. The end regions of the two lactococcin G peptides are consequently not involved in essential structure-dependent interactions with the immunity protein. The relatively high activity of most of the d-residue-containing peptides suggests that bacteriocins with increased resistance to exopeptidases may be generated by replacing their N- and C-terminal residues with d-residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Oppegård
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Rogne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Eugen Kristiansen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Nissen-Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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98
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Pudney VA, Metheringham RL, Gunn B, Spendlove I, Ramage JM, Durrant LG. DNA vaccination with T-cell epitopes encoded within Ab molecules induces high-avidity anti-tumor CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:899-910. [PMID: 20039301 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of high-avidity CTL responses is essential for effective anti-tumor and anti-viral vaccines. In this study we have demonstrated that a DNA vaccine incorporating CTL epitopes within an Ab molecule results in high-avidity T-cell responses to both foreign and self epitopes. The avidity and frequency was superior to peptide, peptide-pulsed DC vaccines or a DNA vaccine incorporating the epitope within the native Ag. The DNA Ab vaccine was superior to an identical protein vaccine that can only cross-present, indicating a role for direct presentation by the DNA vaccine. However, the avidity of CTL responses was significantly reduced in Fc receptor gamma knockout mice or if the Fc region was removed suggesting that cross presentation of Ag via Fc receptor was also important in the induction of high-avidity CTL. These results suggest that generation of high-avidity CTL responses by the DNA vaccine is related to its ability to both directly present and cross-present the epitope. High-avidity responses were capable of efficient anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates a vaccine strategy to generate high-avidity CTL responses that can be used in anti-tumor and anti-viral vaccine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Pudney
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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99
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Peccerella T, Lukan N, Hofheinz R, Schadendorf D, Kostrezewa M, Neumaier M, Findeisen P. Endoprotease Profiling with Double-Tagged Peptide Substrates: A New Diagnostic Approach in Oncology. Clin Chem 2010; 56:272-80. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.133462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The measurement of disease-related proteolytic activity in complex biological matrices like serum is of emerging interest to improve the diagnosis of malignant diseases. We developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based functional proteomic profiling approach that tracks degradation of artificial endoprotease substrates in serum specimens.
Methods: The synthetic reporter peptides that are cleaved by tumor-associated endopeptidases were systematically optimized with regard to flanking affinity tags, linkers, and stabilizing elements. Serum specimens were incubated with reporter peptides under standardized conditions and the peptides subsequently extracted with affinity chromatography before MS. In a pilot study an optimized reporter peptide with the cleavage motif WKPYDAADL was added to serum specimens from colorectal tumor patients (n = 50) and healthy controls (n = 50). This reporter peptide comprised a known cleavage site for the cysteine-endopeptidase “cancer procoagulant.”
Results: Serial affinity chromatography using biotin- and 6xHis tags was superior to the single affinity enrichment using only 6xHis tags. Furthermore, protease-resistant stop elements ensured signal accumulation after prolonged incubation. In contrast, signals from reporter peptides without stop elements vanished completely after prolonged incubation owing to their total degradation. Reporter-peptide spiking showed good reproducibility, and the difference in proteolytic activity between serum specimens from cancer patients and controls was highly significant (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The introduction of a few structural key elements (affinity tags, linkers, d-amino acids) into synthetic reporter peptides increases the diagnostic sensitivity for MS-based protease profiling of serum specimens. This new approach might lead to functional MS-based protease profiling for improved disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Peccerella
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadine Lukan
- III. Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Hofheinz
- III. Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Findeisen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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100
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Jia L, Gu Y, Zeng E, Linnik MD, Jones DS. Pharmacokinetics of LJP 993, a tetrameric conjugate of domain 1 of beta2-glycoprotein I for antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2009; 19:130-7. [PMID: 19919973 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309348982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
beta2-glycoprotein I is the best-characterized antigenic target for antiphospholipid autoantibodies. We synthesized a tetrameric conjugate of the domain 1 of beta2-glycoprotein I (LJP 993) aimed at developing the conjugate as a Toleragen to suppress antiphospholipid syndrome. The present studies focused on determining the stability, tissue distribution, plasma concentration-time profile and excretion of the LJP 993 in mice. The stability of LJP 993 in mouse plasma was quantitatively evaluated using strong cation-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. ( 125)I-labeled LJP 993 was intravenously injected to mice, and levels of (125)I-labeled LJP 993 in plasma, tissues, urine and feces were determined at known intervals. Incubation of LJP 993 with mouse serum at 37 degrees C for 8 h resulted in a decrease by 34% of LJP 993 concentration. No degradation fragment was observed during the incubation. After a single intravenous administration of (125)I-LJP 993 (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) to mice, both C(max) and area-under-curve values increased in a dose-proportional manner, and blood radioactivity disappeared in a bi-exponential manner with the distribution half-lives equal to 1.7 min, and the elimination half-lives 188 and 281 min, respectively. The (125)I-LJP 993 was moderately distributed into organs and tissues with the exception that brain level of ( 125)I-LJP 993 was negligible. The major sites of (125)I-LJP 993 uptake were the kidney (at 30 min post dosing), and kidney, lung, liver, heart, spleen, skin, muscle and fat tissues (at 4 h post dosing). Cumulative urinary and fecal radioactivity for 0-48 h post dosing accounted for 44.7% and 4.2% of the administered dose, respectively, with the fast rate of urinal excretion occurring within the first 8 h. In summary, LJP 993 was fairly stable in mouse plasma. After administration to mice, (125)I-LJP 993 was taken up mainly by kidney and then distributed extensively to tissues except brain. Both C(max) and area-under-curve values increased in a dose-proportional manner. It was predominantly excreted in the urine with an elimination half-life longer than 3 h. Kidney is a major route to excrete the tetrameric conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jia
- La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, San Diego CA, USA.
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