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Jespersen JC, Richert S, Cesar de Paula Dorigam J, Oelschlager ML, Dilger RN. Effects of lysine biomass supplementation on growth performance and clinical indicators in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100971. [PMID: 33516469 PMCID: PMC7936182 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of crystalline amino acids (AA) through microbial fermentation concomitantly provides an AA-enriched biomass that may serve as a cost-effective supplement for broiler chickens. We investigated the effects of feeding a fermentation biomass product containing approximately 62% Lys on growth performance, organ growth, and clinical outcomes of broilers. Beginning at 2 d post-hatch, a total of 360 Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments provided to 12 replicate cages of 6 birds. Practical corn-soybean meal-based dietary treatments included: negative control (NC; no supplementation of L-Lys, 1.01 and 0.86% standardized ileal digestible Lys in starter and grower phases, respectively), NC + 0.23% L-Lys HCl (positive control; PC), and NC supplemented with 0.30, 0.90, or 1.50% Lys biomass (LB) in both phases. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study. Individual bird and feeder weights were recorded on study day 0, 10, 21, and 35. At study conclusion, birds from each treatment were randomly selected to collect blood and tissue samples. The PC and 0.30% LB diets elicited similar overall (day 0–35) body weight gain and birds were heavier (P < 0.001) than the NC and other LB treatments. The PC, 0.30% LB, and 0.90% LB groups had better (P < 0.001) overall feed conversion ratio than NC. Some LB-supplemented treatments elicited increased (P < 0.001) relative spleen and ileum weight compared with NC and PC. Heterophils were increased (P < 0.001) in LB treatments compared with PC and NC. Lymphocytes were decreased (P < 0.001) in LB treatments compared with NC, and 1.50% LB was similar to PC. This resulted in an increased (P < 0.001) heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in some LB treatments, which may have resulted from general AA supplementation or the LB product. Collectively, these results suggest that addition of up to 0.30% LB restored growth performance when added to a Lys-deficient practical diet and elicited results identical to the Lys-adequate PC diet with no negative clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susann Richert
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Nutrition & Care, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | | | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
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Mao M, Wang X, Song Y, Sheng H, Han R, Lin W, Dai S. Novel Prognostic Scores Based on Plasma Prothrombin Time and Fibrinogen Levels in Patients With AFP-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820915520. [PMID: 32216575 PMCID: PMC7158590 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820915520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive tools for the prognosis of α-fetoprotein negative hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) are urgently needed. The present study proposed a prognostic
system based on preoperative plasma prothrombin time and fibrinogen (PT/Fbg
system). With respect to α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC, we compared the
prognostic value in PT/Fbg system, Glasgow Prognostic Score, and
aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio. The present study
retrospectively analyzed patient characteristics, clinicopathological factors,
and the level of pretreatment biomarkers in 628 patients with HCC. Patients with
increased PT and Fbg levels were allocated a score of 2, patients with only one
of these abnormalities were assigned score 1, and patients with neither of these
abnormalities were allocated a score of 0. The following distributions of the
PT/Fbg system scores were observed: 187 (29.78%) patients had a score of 0, 305
(30.65%) had a score of 1, and 134 (22.69%) patients had a preoperative score of
2. The prognostic significance of the PT/Fbg system was determined using
univariate and multivariate Cox hazard analyses in AFP-negative HCC.
Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with a higher PT/Fbg system
exhibited worse overall survival (OS) than patients with a lower PT/Fbg system.
Our study proposes preoperative evaluation of the plasma PT/Fbg system to
predict the OS of patients with AFP-negative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runkun Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqin Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Correlation between hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and systemic in vivo toxicity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13206. [PMID: 32764602 PMCID: PMC7414031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of non-standard toxicity models is a hurdle in the early development of antimicrobial peptides towards clinical applications. Herein we report an extensive in vitro and in vivo toxicity study of a library of 24 peptide-based antimicrobials with narrow spectrum activity towards veterinary pathogens. The haemolytic activity of the compounds was evaluated against four different species and the relative sensitivity against the compounds was highest for canine erythrocytes, intermediate for rat and human cells and lowest for bovine cells. Selected peptides were additionally evaluated against HeLa, HaCaT and HepG2 cells which showed increased stability towards the peptides. Therapeutic indexes of 50–500 suggest significant cellular selectivity in comparison to bacterial cells. Three peptides were administered to rats in intravenous acute dose toxicity studies up to 2–8 × MIC. None of the injected compounds induced any systemic toxic effects in vivo at the concentrations employed illustrating that the correlation between the different assays is not obvious. This work sheds light on the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of this class of promising compounds and provides insights into the relationship between the different toxicity models often employed in different manners to evaluate the toxicity of novel bioactive compounds in general.
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Wang B, Zhong F, Zhang H, An W, Liao M, Cao Y. Risk Factor Analysis and Nomogram Construction for Non-Survivors among Critical Patients with COVID-19. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:452-458. [PMID: 32611979 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, occurred in China in December 2019. This disease has caused more than 70,000 deaths worldwide. We intend to analyze the risk factors of death and establish a prognosis nomogram for critical patients with COVID-19. We analyzed the clinical data of COVID-19 patients in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University who were in the critical state before March 20, 2020. Data were collected on admission and compared between survivors and non-survivors and analyzed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Finally, 104 patients were included, 50 of whom died. Age (odds ratio, OR 5.73 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.14-28.81]), chest tightness (OR 5.50 [95% CI, 1.02-9.64]), AST (OR 6.57 [95% CI, 1.33-32.48]), and blood urea nitrogen (5.59 [95% CI, 1.05-29.74]) at admission were considered predictors of the risk of death in critical patients and were selected to construct the nomogram. Subsequently, we established a nomogram model and validated it. The sensitivity and specificity of the nomogram were 96.0% and 74.1%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.893 (95% CI, 0.807-0.980).
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Affiliation(s)
- Binchen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Feiyang Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Hanfei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Wenting An
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Meiyan Liao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Yiyuan Cao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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Wang X, Yuan B. Jaundice Occurrence After a Large Area Burn Is a Possible Indication to Delay Surgery. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41:727-730. [PMID: 31867601 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mortality of burn patients with sepsis is higher than that of trauma patients. Sepsis causes liver dysfunction, which is an independent risk factor for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis-induced death. We present the case of a 57-year-old female with burns covering 59% of her total body surface area and the presence of full-thickness burns. She was transferred to our burn center due to the appearance of fever and skin jaundice during the previous treatment. Based on the clinical manifestation, two main strategies were performed: debridement to remove necrotic wound tissue and treatment with a combination of drugs for liver protection. The patient's condition appeared stable for a period thereafter. Skin grafting to cover the wound was unexpectedly followed by a rapid deterioration in clinical manifestation. We can learn from this failed case that jaundice might be a sign of a systemic crisis. In such cases, surgery could aggravate the severity of the condition and cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Therefore, jaundice may be a sign that skin surgery is not the best option. The optimal treatment should enhance liver protection or provide artificial liver support systems to facilitate the recovery of the liver from severe sepsis. This case suggests that skin graft surgery should not be conducted until jaundice is resolved in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiao Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Li X, Zhang W, Xu K, Lu J. miR-34a promotes liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis via mediating Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152876. [PMID: 32089410 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research aimed to explore the correlation between miR-34a expression in peripheral blood and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) as well as the diagnostic and prognostic values of serum miR-34a in CHC. METHODS Serum samples of 41 CHC patients and 18 normal participants were collected to examine the expression levels of miR-34a using qRT-PCR. The changes of serum TBA, liver enzyme AST and ALT were also determined by enzyme colorimetry and rate method. The levels of serum fibrotic markers hyaluronic acid (HA), type III procollagen (PCIII), type IV collagen (IV-C) and laminin (LN) were detected by radioimmunoassay. Degree of liver fibrosis was examined by liver biopsy. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the expression of ac-p53, p53 and Sirt1 in the liver tissues of CHC patients. RESULTS MiR-34a was significantly increased in the serum of CHC patients than that in healthy participants, and serum miR-34a was correlated with liver fibrosis index. Serum TBA, AST and ALT levels, and AST/ALT ratios in patients with CHC were increased with increasing degree of fibrosis, and were positively associated with serum miR-34a. Furthermore, the liver tissues of CHC patients showed low Sirt1 protein expression and highly ac-p53 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Serum miR-34a in patients with CHC could promote liver fibrosis through mediating the Sirt1/p53 pathway and might function as pivotal biomarker on the prognosis and diagnosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- The Seventh Inpatient Area, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, No. 9, Fushun Road, Shibei District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- Department of Inspection, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, No. 9, Fushun Road, Shibei District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, No. 9, Fushun Road, Shibei District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Inspection, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, No. 9, Fushun Road, Shibei District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266033, China.
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Donnelly SR, Hinkle SN, Rawal S, Grunnet LG, Chavarro JE, Vaag A, Wu J, Damm P, Mills JL, Li M, Bjerregaard AA, Thuesen ACB, Gore-Langton RE, Francis EC, Ley SH, Hu FB, Tsai MY, Olsen SF, Zhang C. Prospective study of gestational diabetes and fatty liver scores 9 to 16 years after pregnancy. J Diabetes 2019; 11:895-905. [PMID: 31001915 PMCID: PMC6791726 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may be at an increased risk of liver complications because chronic hyperglycemia is a risk factor for liver fat accumulation and potential liver dysfunction. Large prospective studies examining liver fat accumulation following a GDM pregnancy are lacking. METHODS The Diabetes & Women's Health Study (2012-2014) examined the association between GDM and subsequent fatty liver scores among 607 women with and 619 women without GDM in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Nine to 16 years postpartum, a clinical examination was performed, with measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyl transferase, from which fatty liver scoring indices were calculated to assess liver fat score, fatty liver index, hepatic steatosis index, and liver fat percentage. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for elevated liver scoring indices by GDM status were assessed adjusting for major risk factors, including prepregnancy body mass index. RESULTS Women with prior GDM had higher adjusted ALT and AST levels than women without GDM (by 6.7% [95% CI 1.7-12.0] and 4.8% [95% CI 0.6-9.1], respectively). Women with GDM also had adjusted increased risks for elevated liver fat score (RR 2.34; 95% CI 1.68-3.27), fatty liver index (RR 1.59; 95% CI 1.27-1.99), and hepatic steatosis index (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.21-1.71). CONCLUSIONS Women with GDM during pregnancy were at an increased risk for fatty liver 9 to 16 years postpartum. Gestational diabetes mellitus may serve as another risk indicator for the early identification and prevention of liver fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Donnelly
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stefanie N Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shristi Rawal
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Louise G Grunnet
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan Vaag
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jing Wu
- Glotech, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Departments of Endocrinology and Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James L Mills
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mengying Li
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anne A Bjerregaard
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ellen C Francis
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Sylvia H Ley
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Hu
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Li X, Xu H, Gao P. Fibrosis Index Based on 4 Factors (FIB-4) Predicts Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Patients. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7243-7250. [PMID: 31558693 PMCID: PMC6784625 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although both hepatic fibrosis progression and hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, early detection of HCC remains challenging. Therefore, we evaluated clinical markers of fibrosis in HCV patients to improve early HCC diagnosis. Material/Methods Our retrospective study included 711 chronic HCV patients: 249 HCC patients and 462 non-HCC patients. To investigate the predictive ability of non-invasive scores for diagnosing HCC development, we compared 4 blood indices: fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet count ratio index (APRI), aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet count ratio (GPR). Results HCC patients had significantly higher scores for all fibrosis indices compared to chronic HCV patients without HCC. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of FIB-4 (area under curve, AUC: 0.961) was superior to that of APRI, AAR, and GPR (AUC: 0.636, 0.746, and 0.661, respectively) for prediction of HCC. FIB-4 also out-performed other indices in the prediction of cirrhotic cases, with an AUC of 0.775 compared to other scores, which ranged from an AUC of 0.597 to 0.671. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that FIB-4 is an appropriate diagnostic indicator of liver cirrhosis and HCC in chronic HCV patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Hongqin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland).,Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
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Duah A, Nkrumah KN, Tachi K. Non-invasive markers as predictors of oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patient in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Ghana Med J 2019; 53:142-149. [PMID: 31481810 PMCID: PMC6697776 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v53i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oesophageal variceal (OV) bleeding is a potentially fatal consequence of portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis. Upper GI endoscopy is recommended for screening for varices in cirrhotics for early detection and treatment, however, this is invasive. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive values of the noninvasive tests in detecting the presence of OV. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study involving 149 patients with liver cirrhosis was carried out at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from 1st November 2015 to 25th November 2016. Relevant clinical parameters assessed included Child-Pugh class, ascites and splenomegaly. Full blood count and liver function tests, abdominal ultrasound and gastroscopy were done for all the participants. Receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to determine the cut-off values for the best sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of the variables (serum albumin, platelet count (PC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT), PC/Spleen diameter( SD)) with regard to the presence of OV. Results On gastroscopy, 135 (90.60%) had OV and 14 patients (9.40%) had no OV. One hundred and eleven of the varices (82.22%) were large varices and the rest (17.78%) small varices. The overall mean of serum albumin, PC and PC/SD were not significant predictors of the presence of OV. However, the overall mean of AST/ALT significantly predicted the presence of OV. A PC/SD cut off value of ≤833.3 had 72.62% diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing all OV. Conclusion PC/SD cut-off could be used to screen cirrhotics for OV and treatment initiated in geographical areas lacking endoscopy facilities Funding None declared
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Affiliation(s)
- Amoako Duah
- Department of Medicine, St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia, Ghana
| | - Kofi N Nkrumah
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana
| | - Kenneth Tachi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana
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Zhai Q, Gong X, Wang C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Chen W. Food-borne patulin toxicity is related to gut barrier disruption and can be prevented by docosahexaenoic acid and probiotic supplementation. Food Funct 2019; 10:1330-1339. [PMID: 30741300 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin widely found in fruits and vegetables. Several reviews and studies have hypothesized that in vivo PAT toxicity is related to gut barrier dysfunction, but evidence for this is not substantial. The goal of the present study was to further demonstrate the role of the gut barrier in food-borne PAT toxicity. In vitro assays showed that PAT exposure induced significant cell death, inhibited the mRNA expressions of tight junction proteins and increased gut permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers. An acute PAT exposure animal trial reported for the first time an association between PAT-induced disruption of the gut barrier and endotoxemia in mice. Sub-chronic PAT exposure also inhibited the expression of ZO-1 in the gut and induced both intestinal and systematic inflammation in mice. Dietary supplements with previously reported protective effects on the gut barrier, such as docosahexaenoic acid and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610, were able to recover the PAT-induced gut barrier dysfunction and significantly alleviate PAT toxicity in vivo. Another L. plantarum strain, CCFM11, with poor gut barrier modulation ability, failed to exhibit identical protective effects against PAT toxicity to L. plantarum CCFM8610. Our results indicated that PAT-induced disruption of the gut barrier and bacterial translocation may be another toxic mechanism of PAT besides its inherent cytotoxicity. Gut barrier protection may be considered an important target for the prevention of PAT toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Estrada LD, Ahumada P, Cabrera D, Arab JP. Liver Dysfunction as a Novel Player in Alzheimer's Progression: Looking Outside the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:174. [PMID: 31379558 PMCID: PMC6650779 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) afflicts an estimated 20 million people worldwide and is the fourth-leading cause of death in the developed world. The most common cause of dementia in older individuals, AD is characterized by neuropathologies including synaptic and neuronal degeneration, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs). Amyloid plaques are primarily composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), which accumulates in the brains of patients with AD. Further, small aggregates termed Aβ oligomers are implicated in the synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration underlying early cognitive impairments. Whether Aβ accumulates in part because of dysregulated clearance from the brain remains unclear. The flow of substances (e.g., nutrients, drugs, toxins) in and out of the brain is mediated by the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB exhibits impairment in AD patients and animal models. The effect of BBB impairment on Aβ, and whether BBB function is affected by non-neurological pathologies that impair peripheral clearance requires further investigation. In particular, impaired peripheral clearance is a feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation and hepatocyte injury. NAFLD has reached epidemic proportions, with an estimated prevalence between 20% and 30% of the general population. This chronic condition may influence AD pathogenesis. This review article summarizes the current state of the literature linking NAFLD and AD, highlighting the role of the major Aβ efflux and clearance protein, the LRP-1 receptor, which is abundantly expressed in liver, brain, and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbell D. Estrada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Ahumada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Arab
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wahyuni RM, Utsumi T, Juniastuti, Yano Y, Murti IS, Amin M, Yamani LN, Istimagfiroh A, Purwono PB, Soetjipto, Lusida MI, Hayashi Y. Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype and gene mutation in patients with advanced liver disease in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:303-310. [PMID: 31086664 PMCID: PMC6489537 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are life-threatening conditions frequently associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Asian countries, including Indonesia. HBV genotypes and several specific mutations are associated with disease progression. To clarify the geographical variation in viral characteristics, HBV genotypes and gene mutations were investigated in patients with advanced liver disease (ALD) in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sera were collected from 41 patients with ALD at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital and HBV carriers from Red Cross Center blood bank in Samarinda, and screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e-antigen. Liver function data were obtained from the medical records from each patient. HBV genotype and gene mutations were determined by polymerase chain reaction sequencing. Analysis of HBV isolates indicated that genotype B was the most frequent genotype, at 85.4 and 97.8%, followed by C, at 14.6 and 2.2%, in patients with ALD and in HBV carriers, respectively. The C1505A mutation in X region, T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations in the basal core promoter region and C1858T in precore (PC) region were frequent and only detected in patients with ALD (28.9, 40, 73.5 and 17.6%, respectively), whereas the G1896A mutation in the PC region was frequently detected in HBV carriers. The presence of HBV genotype B and certain HBV gene mutations were characteristic of patients with ALD in East Kalimantan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rury Mega Wahyuni
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Takako Utsumi
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Juniastuti
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus A, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Yoshihiko Yano
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ignatia Sinta Murti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Amin
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Laura Navika Yamani
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Anittaqwa Istimagfiroh
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus A, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Soetjipto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus A, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus A, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Yoshitake Hayashi
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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Oluwajuyitan TD, Ijarotimi OS. Nutritional, antioxidant, glycaemic index and Antihyperglycaemic properties of improved traditional plantain-based ( Musa AAB) dough meal enriched with tigernut ( Cyperus esculentus) and defatted soybean ( Glycine max) flour for diabetic patients. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01504. [PMID: 31025013 PMCID: PMC6475862 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at determining nutritional, antioxidant and blood glucose lowering potentials of improved plantain-based dough meals enriched with defatted soybean and tigernut flour. The constituted dough meals [PSB (plantain 64.46, defatted soybean 35.54%), TNS (tigernut 59.83, defatted soybean 40.17%); PTS (plantain 51.07, tigernut, 11.50, defatted soybean, 37.43%); TNT (100% tigernuts); PLT (100% plantain) and CNT (a commercial flour)] were evaluated for nutritional, antioxidant and blood glucose concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetics rats. The improved dough meals contained appreciable amount of protein, energy value, and high in antioxidative activity than PLT. Blood glucose reducing potential of improved plantain-based dough meals (60.5-71.9%) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was higher than PLT, but comparable to acarbose (anti-diabetic drug) (69%). The present study established that improved traditional plantain-based dough meals (particularly PTS) was high in essential nutrients, antioxidative activities, and blood glucose reducing potentials. Hence, the dough-meals may be suitable for diabetes management.
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Regev A, Palmer M, Avigan MI, Dimick‐Santos L, Treem WR, Marcinak JF, Seekins D, Krishna G, Anania FA, Freston JW, Lewis JH, Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N. Consensus: guidelines: best practices for detection, assessment and management of suspected acute drug-induced liver injury during clinical trials in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:702-713. [PMID: 30761572 PMCID: PMC6593464 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last decade has seen a rapid growth in the number of clinical trials enrolling patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Due to the underlying chronic liver disease, patients with NASH often require different approaches to the assessment and management of suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) compared to patients with healthy livers. However, currently no regulatory guidelines or position papers systematically address best practices pertaining to DILI in NASH clinical trials. AIMS This publication focuses on best practices concerning the detection, monitoring, diagnosis and management of suspected acute DILI during clinical trials in patients with NASH. METHODS This is one of several papers developed by the IQ DILI Initiative, comprised of members from 15 pharmaceutical companies, in collaboration with DILI experts from academia and regulatory agencies. This paper is based on extensive literature review, and discussions between industry members with expertise in drug safety and DILI experts from outside industry to achieve consensus on common questions related to this topic. RESULTS Recommended best practices are outlined pertaining to hepatic inclusion and exclusion criteria, monitoring of liver tests, DILI detection, approach to a suspected DILI signal, causality assessment and hepatic discontinuation rules. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides a framework for the approach to assessment and management of suspected acute DILI during clinical trials in patients with NASH.
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Hong W, Kuang H, He X, Yang L, Yang P, Chen B, Aguilar ZP, Xu H. CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots Impaired the First Two Generations of Placenta Growth in an Animal Model, Based on the Shh Signaling Pathway. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020257. [PMID: 30769773 PMCID: PMC6409599 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity, especially the transgenerational toxicity of quantum dots (QDs) in vivo, is still scarcely understood in spite of great promising applications of QDs in biomedicine. In this study, the maternal status, pregnancy outcome, and fetus development of parental generation (P0) to offspring in three generations (F3) were investigated after Kunming mice perinatal (GD 13-PND 5) exposure to Cd containing QDs (CdSe/ZnS QDs) and CdCl2. The results show CdSe/ZnS QDs induced placenta injuries in P0 and diminished placenta diameters in F1 and F2. Bodyweight growth decreased in the CdSe/ZnS QDs treatment group in the F1 and F2 generation. Additionally, CdSe/ZnS QDs significantly altered the expression of key genes in the Shh signal pathway. Overall, this study exhibited that the CdSe/ZnS QDs exposure during perinatal period impaired placenta growth in the first two generations, but not on the third generation. The toxicological actions of the CdSe/ZnS QDs might be through the effects on the Shh signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuding Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Xingping He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Bolu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | | | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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66
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Lin S, Tang L, Jiang R, Chen Y, Yang S, Li L, Li P. The Relationship Between Aspartate Aminotransferase To Alanine Aminotransferase Ratio And Metabolic Syndrome In Adolescents In Northeast China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2387-2394. [PMID: 31819564 PMCID: PMC6873971 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s217127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship of the aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents in northeast China. METHODS A stratified cluster random sample of 935 students 11-16 years of age in a city in the northeast of China were enrolled in 2010-2011. Participants were given a physical examination and a laboratory evaluation, and 93 participants were followed-up after 5 years. RESULTS AST/ALT was negatively correlated with waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, uric acid, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance. It was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk of MetS was 6.02 times greater in adolescents with the lowest, compared with the highest, AST/ALT. Central obesity was the MetS component most closely associated with low AST/ALT [odds ratio (OR) =5.13, 95% CI: 2.83, 9.28]. Five years later, baseline AST/ALT was negatively correlated with WC (r=-0.21, P=0.046), BMI (r=-0.29, P=0.005) and fasting plasma glucose (r=-0.25, P=0.017). CONCLUSION In adolescents, AST/ALT was significantly associated with MetS and its components and predicted overweight/obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongyi Northeast International Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranhua Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaoyang Diabetes Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Ling Li Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang110004, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 18940251181Fax +86 02425944460 Email
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ping Li Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.39, Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang110022, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 18940255673 Email
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Sales RC, Medeiros PC, Spreafico F, de Velasco PC, Gonçalves FKA, Martín-Hernández R, Mantilla-Escalante DC, Gil-Zamorano J, Peres WAF, de Souza SAL, Dávalos A, Tavares do Carmo MG. Olive Oil, Palm Oil, and Hybrid Palm Oil Distinctly Modulate Liver Transcriptome and Induce NAFLD in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010008. [PMID: 30577497 PMCID: PMC6337378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. The most severe form is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Among risk factors for the development of NAFLD is excessive lipid intake. Since palm (P) oil is the most consumed oil in the world, we aimed to investigate the effects of high-fat diets made with P oil, hybrid palm (HP) oil, or olive (O) oil in liver. Twenty-four male mice (C57Bl/6J) were fed a high-fat diet (41% fat) containing P, HP, or O oils for 8 weeks and compared to a control (C) group fed a chow diet. Adiposity was measured with computed tomography. Body, adipose tissue, and liver weights, as well as liver fat (Bligh–Dyer), blood lipid profile, glucose, and liver enzymes were measured. Liver histology (hematoxylin–eosin) and transcriptome (microarray-based) were performed. ANOVA tests with Newman–Keuls were used. Body weight was increased in the P group (p < 0.001) and body fat in the O group (C vs. O p ≤ 0.01, P vs. O p ≤ 0.05, HP vs. O p ≤ 0.05). All high-fat diets disturbed the blood lipid profile and glucose, with marked effects of HP on very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase (p ≤ 0.001). HP had the highest liver fat (42.76 ± 1.58), followed by P (33.94 ± 1.13). O had a fat amount comparable to C (16.46 ± 0.34, 14.71 ± 0.70, respectively). P and HP oils induced hepatocyte ballooning. Transcriptome alterations of the O group were related to amino acid metabolism and fatty acid (FA) metabolism, the P group to calcium ion homeostasis, and HP oil to protein localization. Both P and HP oils induced NASH in mice via disturbed hepatocyte transcription. This raises concerns about the content of these oils in several industrialized foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Sales
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Priscylla C Medeiros
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil.
| | - Flavia Spreafico
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patrícia C de Velasco
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda K A Gonçalves
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Martín-Hernández
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diana C Mantilla-Escalante
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Judit Gil-Zamorano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wilza A F Peres
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sergio A L de Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria G Tavares do Carmo
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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Zhou Y, Vatsalya V, Gobejishvili L, Lamont RJ, McClain CJ, Feng W. Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Possible Risk Factor in the Development/Severity of Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:293-304. [PMID: 30766965 PMCID: PMC6357836 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection is frequently observed in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We examined a possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the development/progression and severity of disease in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH). Plasma specimens from 47 patients with AAH (16 moderate, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease [MELD] score <20]; 31 severe, MELD score >20) and 22 healthy controls (HCs) were collected. Clinical, drinking history (lifetime drinking history [LTDH]), and demographic data were collected. Antibody tests for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA against two P. gingivalis strains were performed. Between‐group comparisons and within‐group association analyses were carried out. Patients with severe AAH showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM against two P. gingivalis strains (W83 and 33277) compared to HCs. Patients with moderate AAH also had significantly elevated anti‐P. gingivalis IgA concentrations for both strains compared to HCs. Male patients with moderate AAH showed a significant inverse association in LTDH and anti‐P. gingivalis IgM. The aspartate aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio was positively associated with IgM of both strains in male patients with moderate AAH. Female patients with severe AAH showed a significant association between MELD scores and W83 IgM. Conclusion: Antibody response to P. gingivalis in AAH is elevated. Significantly elevated plasma anti‐P. gingivalis IgG, IgA, and IgM in severe AAH provide preliminary data that P. gingivalis could be a novel risk factor in the development/severity of AAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville KY
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Robley Rex VA Medical Center Louisville KY
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville Louisville KY
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases University of Louisville Louisville KY
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Robley Rex VA Medical Center Louisville KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville Louisville KY
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center University of Louisville Louisville KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville Louisville KY
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Nie H, Yu X, He H, Zhou L, Li Q, Song C, Wang D, Ren T, Chen Z, Huang H, Dai X, Zhou Y. Hepatocyte miR-33a mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatosteatosis by suppressing NDUFA5. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6285-6293. [PMID: 30324697 PMCID: PMC6237601 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for metabolic haemostasis of liver tissues. Among them, miR‐33a is supposed to modulate the cholesterol export and fatty acid oxidation, but whether miR‐33a involves in the process of fatty liver disease is unclear. To disclose the hypothesis, we utilized miR‐33a mimic and antisense to explore their effects in primary hepatocytes or high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Treatment with palmitic acid (PA) or HFD significantly increased the expression of miR‐33a in hepatocytes or liver tissues. In primary hepatocytes, miR‐33a mimic decreased mitochondrial function, including reduction of ATP production and oxygen consumption, whereas miR‐33a inhibition protected PA‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, miR‐33a selectively suppressed mitochondrial complex I activity and protein expression, but not other complexes. Through bioinformatics prediction, we found miR‐33a directly targeted on the 3′‐UTR of NDUFA5. Dual‐luciferase reporter analysis further confirmed the direct suppression of miR‐33a on NDUFA5 expression. More importantly, administration of miR‐33a antisense could effectively restore HFD‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction through up‐regulation of NDUFA5 levels. Mice treated with miR‐33a antisense also exhibited improved liver function and structural disorders under obese status. Taken together, miR‐33a was an important mediator of hepatocyte mitochondrial function, and the therapeutic benefits implied miR‐33a antisense had the potential clinical application in combating the fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhongrong Nie
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haihong He
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lintao Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Li
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Damin Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingyu Ren
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyan Chen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanlian Huang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Song S, Hua C, Zhao F, Li M, Fu Q, Hooiveld GJEJ, Muller M, Li C, Zhou G. Purified Dietary Red and White Meat Proteins Show Beneficial Effects on Growth and Metabolism of Young Rats Compared to Casein and Soy Protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9942-9951. [PMID: 30176144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of casein, soy protein (SP), red (RMP), and white meat (WMP) proteins on growth and metabolism of young rats. Compared to casein, the ratio of daily feed intake to daily body weight gain of rats was not changed by meat protein but reduced by SP by 93.3% ( P < 0.05). Feeding RMP and WMP reduced the liver total cholesterol (TC) contents by 24.3% and 17.8%, respectively ( P < 0.05). Only RMP increased plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations (by 12.7%, P < 0.05), whereas SP increased plasma triacylglycerol, TC, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations by 23.7%, 19.5%, and 61.5%, respectively ( P < 0.05). Plasma essential and total amino acid concentrations were increased by WMP (by 18.8% and 12.4%, P < 0.05) but reduced by SP (by 28.3% and 37.7%, P < 0.05). Twenty-five liver proteins were differentially expressed in response to different protein sources. Therefore, meat proteins were beneficial for growth and metabolism of young rats compared to casein and SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxin Song
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , 3601 Hongjing Road , Nanjing 211171 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hua
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , 3601 Hongjing Road , Nanjing 211171 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Fu
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , 3601 Hongjing Road , Nanjing 211171 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition , Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 HB , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Muller
- Norwich Medical School , University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 2QR , England
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
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Samawi HH, Sim HW, Chan KK, Alghamdi MA, Lee-Ying RM, Knox JJ, Gill P, Romagnino A, Batuyong E, Ko YJ, Davies JM, Lim HJ, Cheung WY, Tam VC. Prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: a comparison of five models in a large Canadian database. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2816-2825. [PMID: 29766659 PMCID: PMC6051235 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several systems (tumor-node-metastasis [TNM], Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC], Okuda, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program [CLIP], and albumin-bilirubin grade [ALBI]) were developed to estimate the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mostly prior to the prevalent use of sorafenib. We aimed to compare the prognostic and discriminatory power of these models in predicting survival for HCC patients treated with sorafenib and to identify independent prognostic factors for survival in this population. Patients who received sorafenib for the treatment of HCC between 1 January 2008 and 30 June 2015 in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, and two large cancer centers in Toronto, Ontario, were included. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to identify predictors of survival. The models were compared with respect to homogeneity, discriminatory ability, monotonicity of gradients, time-dependent area under the curve, and Akaike information criterion. A total of 681 patients were included. 80% were males, 86% had Child-Pugh class A, and 37% of patients were East Asians. The most common etiology for liver disease was hepatitis B (34%) and C (31%). In all model comparisons, CLIP performed better while BCLC and TNM7 performed less favorably but the differences were small. The utility of each system in allocating patients into different prognostic groups varied, for example, TNM poorly differentiated patients in advanced stages (8.7 months (m) (95% CI 6.5-11.5) versus 8.4 m (95% CI 7.0-9.6) for stages III and IV, respectively) while ALBI had excellent discrimination of early grades (15.6 m [95% CI 13.0-18.4] versus 8.3 m [95% CI 7.0-9.2] for grades 1 and 2, respectively). On multivariate analysis, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and prior hepatic resection were independently prognostic of better survival (P < 0.01). In conclusion, none of the prognostic systems was optimal in predicting survival in sorafenib-treated patients with HCC. Etiology of liver disease should be considered in future models and clinical trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider H Samawi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hao-Wen Sim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelvin K Chan
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Parneet Gill
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Yoo-Joung Ko
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janine M Davies
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard J Lim
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hu Y, Zhu X, Zhao R, Wang J, Song Y, Nie G, Tang H, Wang Y. Doxorubicin and paclitaxel carried by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) is superior than traditional drug-delivery methods. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018. [PMID: 29527969 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the advantages of nanomaterial methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) encapsulated doxorubicin (D/DOX) and paclitaxel (T/TAX; mPEG-PLGA-DT) over free form of DOX and TAX (DOX/TAX). MATERIALS & METHODS Metabonomics was conducted to characterize the systemic metabolic response of allograft breast cancer model mice to mPEG-PLGA-DT and DOX/TAX treatments. RESULTS Breast tumor growth induced metabolic reprogram in serum and multiple organs. DOX/TAX treatment could ameliorate the elevated energy and nucleotides demands in some organs while mPEG-PLGA-DT treatment showed outstanding therapeutic outcomes in restoring the metabolic phenotypes of serum and kidney from tumor-bearing mice to the healthy state. CONCLUSION This investigation proved the biological advantages of mPEG-PLGA-DT over DOX/TAX in molecular level through the comparison between their metabolic responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yipeng Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Huiru Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, Metabolomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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73
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Ranadive I, Patel S, Mhaske A, Uggini GK, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Evaluation of multikinase inhibitor LDN193189 induced hepatotoxicity in teleost fish Poecilia latipinna. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:565-576. [PMID: 29498548 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1441865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, scientists show keen interest in the drugs that inhibit multiple kinases, LDN193189, being an example. It combats certain cancers in vitro as well as in vivo, making it a prerequisite for researchers to study the toxic potential of this drug in animal models. As most of the drugs metabolized by liver cause hepatic injury, LDN193189-induced hepatotoxicity was examined using a teleost fish, Poecilia latipinna. As a prelude, calculation of LD50 showed a value of 95.22 mg/kg body weight and three doses were decided based on it for further evaluations. All these groups were tested for antioxidant enzyme levels and were significantly raised for mid- and high-dose group. Similar trend was recorded for ALP, AST, and ALT levels. Furthermore, some key indicators of drug metabolism in liver were tested for their expression in response to LDN193189 treatment. Among these, Cyt-C, CYP3A4, CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 were elevated in mid- and high dose, except CYP21A1, which declined remarkably. Moreover, histological profile of the liver reflected high degree of inflammation due to drug treatment, but this was found only at high dose. In summary, LDN193189, at 2.5 mg/kg body weight, did not cause any adverse hepatotoxicity, rendering it safe for use as an anti-proliferative agent - an activity for which it has already shown promising results in the same animal model. The low-dose group previously studied for its anti-proliferative property showed no adverse effect in liver, whereas the mid- and high dose induced moderate or severe hepatotoxicity in P. latipinna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ranadive
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Sonam Patel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Abhilasha Mhaske
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Gowri Kumari Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Isha Desai
- Department of Biological Sciences, N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidhya Nagar, Anand, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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74
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Li R, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yung KKL, Su R, Li Z, Zhao L, Dong C, Cai Z. Effects of sub-chronic exposure to atmospheric PM 2.5 on fibrosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the livers of rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:271-282. [PMID: 30090581 PMCID: PMC6062260 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed that exposure to PM2.5 is linked to liver cancer. However, the hepatic toxicity and relevant molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 have not yet been fully described. Herein, we report on our investigation of the fibrosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in the livers of rats, caused by exposure to PM2.5 during summer and winter in Taiyuan, China. Male SD rats were sub-chronically exposed to PM2.5 (in summer: 0.2, 0.6, 1.5 mg per kg of b.w.; in winter: 0.3, 1.5, 2.7 mg per kg of b.w.) via intratracheal instillation once every 3 days for 60 days. The results showed that exposure to high dosages of PM2.5 caused the following: (1) hepatic histopathological changes and liver function decline through elevating the activities of AST, ALT, CYP450 and GST; (2) triggered liver fibrosis, in which TGF-β1, Col I, Col III, and MMP13 mRNA and protein expression were significantly upregulated, and enhanced inflammation with the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-6 and HO-1 versus the control; (3) induced liver ER stress and cell apoptosis via activating the GRP78/ATF6/CHOP/TRB3/caspase 12 pathway. The data also indicated that the liver injury induced by winter PM2.5 in Taiyuan was more serious compared to that induced by summer PM2.5. This work provides new insight into the mechanisms of PM2.5-induced liver injury, and aids the understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which PM2.5 might affect liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China . ; ; Tel: (+852)-34117070
| | - Ruijun Su
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Liping Zhao
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital , Taiyuan , PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science , Institute of Biotechnology Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China . ; ; Tel: (+852)-34117070
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75
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Raghu C, Ekena J, Cullen JM, Webb CB, Trepanier LA. Evaluation of potential serum biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in dogs with liver disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1009-1018. [PMID: 29485210 PMCID: PMC5980386 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum interleukin 6 (IL‐6), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and the ratio of aspartate transaminase to alanine transaminase (AST:ALT) have been correlated with fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in humans with various hepatopathies. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether increases in serum IL‐6, CCL2, CRP, or AST:ALT were associated with moderate to severe fibrosis or necroinflammatory activity in dogs with various hepatopathies. Animals Forty‐four client‐owned dogs with clinical evidence of liver disease and 10 healthy purpose‐bred dogs, all undergoing liver biopsies by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Methods Measurement of serum IL‐6, CCL2, CRP, AST, and ALT before scheduled liver biopsy and evaluation of liver histopathology using the METAVIR scoring system used in human medicine, blinded to clinical presentation. Results Median serum IL‐6 was approximately twice as high in dogs with high fibrosis scores (15.5 pg/mL; range, 1.4 to 235 pg/mL) compared to dogs with low fibrosis scores (7.6 pg/mL; range, 1.4 to 148.1 pg/mL), with marginal significance (P = .05). Median serum CCL2 was significantly higher in dogs with active necroinflammation (444 pg/mL; range, 144 to 896 pg/mL) compared to dogs without detectable necroinflammation (326 pg/mL; range, 59 to 1692 pg/mL; P = .008), but with considerable overlap between groups. Neither serum CRP nor AST:ALT ratios were significantly different based on fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Because of substantial variability among dogs, single measurements of IL‐6 and CCL2 have limited diagnostic utility for identifying fibrosis or necroinflammation, respectively, in dogs with various chronic liver diseases. The value of these biomarkers should be explored further in monitoring response to treatment in individual dogs with chronic hepatopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Raghu
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joanne Ekena
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John M Cullen
- Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Craig B Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lauren A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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76
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Dietary supplementation with hybrid palm oil alters liver function in the common Marmoset. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2765. [PMID: 29426919 PMCID: PMC5807430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid palm oil, which contains higher levels of oleic acid and lower saturated fatty acids in comparison with African palm oil, has been proposed to be somehow equivalent to extra virgin olive oil. However, the biological effects of its consumption are poorly described. Here we have explored the effects of its overconsumption on lipid metabolism in a non-human primate model, the common marmoset. Dietary supplementation of marmoset with hyperlipidic diet containing hybrid palm oil for 3 months did not modify plasma lipids levels, but increased glucose levels as compared to the supplementation with African palm oil. Liver volume was unexpectedly found to be more increased in marmosets consuming hybrid palm oil than in those consuming African palm oil. Hepatic total lipid content and circulating transaminases were dramatically increased in animals consuming hybrid palm oil, as well as an increased degree of fibrosis. Analysis of liver miRNAs showed a selective modulation of certain miRNAs by hybrid palm oil, some of which were predicted to target genes involved in cell adhesion molecules and peroxisomal pathways. Our data suggest that consumption of hybrid palm oil should be monitored carefully, as its overconsumption compared to that of African palm oil could involve important alterations to hepatic metabolism.
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77
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Scaccabarozzi D, Deroost K, Corbett Y, Lays N, Corsetto P, Salè FO, Van den Steen PE, Taramelli D. Differential induction of malaria liver pathology in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi AS or Plasmodium berghei NK65. Malar J 2018; 17:18. [PMID: 29316914 PMCID: PMC5761140 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria and severe anaemia are the most common deadly complications of malaria, and are often associated, both in paediatric and adult patients, with hepatopathy, whose pathogenesis is not well characterized, and sometimes also with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, two species of murine malaria, the lethal Plasmodium berghei strain NK65 and self-healing Plasmodium chabaudi strain AS which differ in their ability to cause hepatopathy and/or ARDS were used to investigate the lipid alterations, oxidative damage and host immune response during the infection in relation to parasite load and accumulation of parasite products, such as haemozoin. METHODS Plasma and livers of C57BL/6J mice injected with PbNK65 or PcAS infected erythrocytes were collected at different times and tested for parasitaemia, content of haemozoin and expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Hepatic enzymes, antioxidant defenses and lipids content and composition were also evaluated. RESULTS In the livers of P. berghei NK65 infected mice both parasites and haemozoin accumulated to a greater extent than in livers of P. chabaudi AS infected mice although in the latter hepatomegaly was more prominent. Hepatic enzymes and TNF were increased in both models. Moreover, in P. berghei NK65 infected mice, increased lipid peroxidation, accumulation of triglycerides, impairment of anti-oxidant enzymes and higher collagen deposition were detected. On the contrary, in P. chabaudi AS infected mice the antioxidant enzymes and the lipid content and composition were normal or even lower than uninfected controls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that in C57BL/6J mice, depending on the parasite species, malaria-induced liver pathology results in different manifestations, which may contribute to the different outcomes. In P. berghei NK65 infected mice, which concomitantly develop lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome, the liver tissue is characterized by an excess oxidative stress response and reduced antioxidant defenses while in P. chabaudi AS infected mice hepatopathy does not lead to lipid alterations or reduction of antioxidant enzymes, but rather to inflammation and cytokine burst, as shown earlier, that may favour parasite killing and clearance of the infection. These results may help understanding the different clinical profiles described in human malaria hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Scaccabarozzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katrien Deroost
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yolanda Corbett
- Department of Pharmacological and Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Natacha Lays
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Paola Corsetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausta Omodeo Salè
- Department of Pharmacological and Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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78
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Treviño LS, Katz TA. Endocrine Disruptors and Developmental Origins of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocrinology 2018; 159:20-31. [PMID: 29126168 PMCID: PMC5761605 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing epidemic worldwide, particularly in countries that consume a Western diet, and can lead to life-threatening conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With increasing prevalence of NAFLD in both children and adults, an understanding of the factors that promote NAFLD development and progression is crucial. Environmental agents, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which have been linked to other diseases, may play a role in NAFLD development. Increasing evidence supports a developmental origin of liver disease, and early-life exposure to EDCs could represent one risk factor for the development of NAFLD later in life. Rodent studies provide the strongest evidence for this link, but further studies are needed to define whether there is a causal link between early-life EDC exposure and NAFLD development in humans. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying development of NAFLD in the context of developmental EDC exposures may identify biomarkers for people at risk, as well as potential intervention and/or therapeutic opportunities for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S. Treviño
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tiffany A. Katz
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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79
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Malakouti M, Kataria A, Ali SK, Schenker S. Elevated Liver Enzymes in Asymptomatic Patients - What Should I Do? J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:394-403. [PMID: 29226106 PMCID: PMC5719197 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated liver enzymes are a common scenario encountered by physicians in clinical practice. For many physicians, however, evaluation of such a problem in patients presenting with no symptoms can be challenging. Evidence supporting a standardized approach to evaluation is lacking. Although alterations of liver enzymes could be a normal physiological phenomenon in certain cases, it may also reflect potential liver injury in others, necessitating its further assessment and management. In this article, we provide a guide to primary care clinicians to interpret abnormal elevation of liver enzymes in asymptomatic patients using a step-wise algorithm. Adopting a schematic approach that classifies enzyme alterations on the basis of pattern (hepatocellular, cholestatic and isolated hyperbilirubinemia), we review an approach to abnormal alteration of liver enzymes within each section, the most common causes of enzyme alteration, and suggest initial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Malakouti
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- *Correspondence to: Archish Kataria, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7878, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel: +1-210-665-7038, Fax: +1-210-567-4856, E-mail: ; Mazyar Malakouti, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7878, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel: +1-204-803-2523, Fax: +1-210-567-4856, E-mail:
| | - Archish Kataria
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- *Correspondence to: Archish Kataria, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7878, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel: +1-210-665-7038, Fax: +1-210-567-4856, E-mail: ; Mazyar Malakouti, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7878, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel: +1-204-803-2523, Fax: +1-210-567-4856, E-mail:
| | - Sayed K. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Steven Schenker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Liu C, Jia BS, Zou BW, Du H, Yan LN, Yang JY, Jiang L, Wen TF, Lu WS. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and aspartate-to-alanine aminotransferase ratios predict hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis after transarterial embolization. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8512. [PMID: 29137051 PMCID: PMC5690744 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflects the systematic inflammatory status, and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR) is a biomarker of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. These values can be conveniently obtained from routine blood tests; however, their combined clinical utility has not been extensively studied in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of NLR-AAR in patients with unresectable HCC undergoing TACE. Data for 760 patients with newly diagnosed HCC were retrospectively evaluated. The NLR-AAR was calculated as follows: patients in whom both the NLR and AAR were elevated according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were assigned a score of 2; patients showing an elevation in one or neither of these indicators were assigned a score of 1 or 0, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the clinicopathological variables associated with overall survival. An ROC curve was also generated and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the discriminatory ability of each index at 1, 3, and 5 years of follow-up, as well as overall. The NLR-AAR consistently had a greater AUC value at 1 year (0.669), 3 years (0.667), and 5 years (0.671) post-TACE compared with either NLR or AAR alone. The median survival times of patients with a NLR-AAR of 0, 1, and 2 were 31.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.0-38.0), 15.0 (95% CI 11.2-18.8), and 5.0 (95% CI 4.0-5.9) months, respectively (P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that the NLR-AAR, elevated total bilirubin level, and vascular invasion were independently associated with overall survival. NLR and AAR, when combined to produce an inflammation-based index and fibrosis score, is an independent marker of poor prognosis in patients with HCC receiving TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | | | - Bing-wen Zou
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Du
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | - Lu-nan Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | - Jia-yin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | - Tian-fu Wen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
| | - Wu-sheng Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre
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Korkmaz P, Demirturk N, Batırel A, Cem Yardimci A, Cagir U, Atakan Nemli S, Korkmaz F, Zeynep Akcam F, Sener Barut H, Bayrak B, Karakecili F, Tarakci H, Yulugkural Z, Yuksel E, Aktug Demir N, Ural O, Sumer S, Harman R, Kadanali A, Ozturk S, Cetin Akhan S, Eren Tulek N, Keten D, Sener A, Aygen B, Kocagul Celikbas A, Yilmaz Karadag F, Aydin G, Arslan E, Sacligil C, Akengin Ocal G, Tanoglu A, Ulcay A, Karagoz E, Saltoglu N, Sırmatel F, Akdeniz H, Aynıoglu A, Arslan Ozel S, Dirgen Caylak S, Celik I, Alpay Y, Bestepe Dursun Z, Bekcibasi M, Tuncer Ertem G, Tigli A, Sargin Altunok E, Avsar K, Suer K, Sayan M. Noninvasive Models to Predict Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: A Study from Turkey. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017; In Press. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.60266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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82
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Xie C, Ma B, Wang N, Wan L. Comparison of serological assessments in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1398-1404. [PMID: 28669222 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217718179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis assessment is essential to make a prognosis and to determine the appropriate anti-fibrosis treatment. Non-invasive serum markers are widely studied in patients to assess liver fibrosis due to the limitations of liver biopsy. When using animal models to study the mechanism and intervention of hepatic fibrosis, serum markers might be useful for the continuous assessment of liver fibrosis in individual animals, which could avoid the influence of biological differences between individuals. However, it is unclear whether serum markers can assess hepatic fibrosis in the animal model. In the present study, we evaluated and compared the ability of four serum markers to assess liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation mice. According to the stages of liver fibrosis assessed by pathological changes, mice in this study were divided into five groups (F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4). Subsequently, four serum markers, aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis index based on the 4 factors (FIB-4), and Forns Index, were calculated for each group. Furthermore, the correlations between serum markers and pathological stages and the ability of serological markers to evaluate liver fibrosis were analyzed. AAR, APRI, FIB-4, and Forns Index could significantly distinguish F0-2 from F3-4 mice. APRI, FIB-4, and Forns Index could detect F0-3 from F4 mice. Among these four markers, FIB-4 was the best able to distinguish ≥F2 and ≥F3, with area under the curve values of 0.882 and 0.92, respectively. Forns Index was best for diagnosing F4 with area under the curve value of 0.879. These results demonstrated that serum markers could be used for assessing liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation mice, and therefore, these markers might lead to more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic studies through continuous monitoring in individual animals. Impact statement The assessment of liver fibrosis is essential for making a prognosis and determining the appropriate anti-fibrosis treatment. In studies focusing on the mechanism and treatment of liver fibrosis using animal models, it would be more accurate to continuously evaluate liver fibrosis in a single animal to avoid individual biological differences. Unfortunately, it is difficult to perform continuous assessment through liver biopsy in the most commonly used rodent models. It is unclear whether serum markers, which have been used in hepatic fibrosis patients, could be used in animal models. Our results demonstrate that serum markers could be used for assessing liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation mice. This study might contribute to more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic studies through continuous monitoring in individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxia Xie
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Ma
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ning Wang
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Wan
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China.,2 Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
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83
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Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of saponin-enriched extract of Asparagus cochinchinensis in ICR mice. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:57-67. [PMID: 28747969 PMCID: PMC5527148 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of Asparagus cochinchinensis against inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), substance P and phthalic anhydride (PA) treatment were recently reported for some cell lines and animal models. To evaluate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of A. cochinchinensis toward the livers and kidneys of ICR mice, alterations in related markers including body weight, organ weight, urine composition, liver pathology and kidney pathology were analyzed in male and female ICR mice after oral administration of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight/day saponin-enriched extract of A. cochinchinensis (SEAC) for 14 days. The saponin, total flavonoid and total phenol levels were found to be 57.2, 88.5 and 102.1 mg/g in SEAC, respectively, and the scavenging activity of SEAC gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, body and organ weight, clinical phenotypes, urine parameters and mice mortality did not differ between the vehicle and SEAC treated group. Furthermore, no significant alterations were measured in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the serum creatinine (Cr) in the SEAC treated group relative to the vehicle treated group. Moreover, the specific pathological features induced by most toxic compounds were not observed upon liver and kidney histological analysis. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that SEAC does not induce any specific toxicity in the livers and kidneys of male and female ICR mice at doses of 600 mg/kg body weight/day.
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84
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Effects of coenzyme Q 10 on the antioxidant system in SD rats exposed to lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:24-31. [PMID: 28400836 PMCID: PMC5385279 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was performed to see the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on blood biochemical components and hepatic antioxidant system in rats exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced toxicity. A total of 24 rats were allocated to four groups: control (CON), 100 mg/kg BW of LPS (LPS), 100 mg of CoQ10/kg BW with LPS (LCQI) and 300 mg of CoQ10/kg BW with LPS (LCQII). The LPS and LCQI groups showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the relative spleen weight compared with the CON group without affecting body and liver weights. The blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in the LPS group was significantly (P<0.05) greater than that in the CON group, while supplementation with 100 or 300 mg CoQ10 to rats injected with LPS normalized the ALT level in the CON group. In antioxidant systems, the LPS group showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher mRNA and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than the CON group. The supplementation with CoQ10 to the LPS-treated group normalized the level of SOD, which was comparable to the level of the CON group. Both the mRNA expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase in the LCQI and LCQII groups were higher (P<0.05) than that of the LPS group. However, administration of LPS or CoQ10 unaffected the level of catalase and total antioxidant power. The level of lipid peroxidation in the LCQII group was lower (P<0.05) than that in the LPS group. In conclusion, CoQ10 exerted its favorable effect against liver damage by modulation of antioxidant enzymes in LPS treated rats.
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85
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Mei L, Liu Y, Xia C, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, He Q. Polymer–Drug Nanoparticles Combine Doxorubicin Carrier and Heparin Bioactivity Functionalities for Primary and Metastatic Cancer Treatment. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:513-522. [PMID: 28026951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunyu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug
Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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86
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Mobarak L, Omran D, Nabeel MM, Zakaria Z. Fibro markers for prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptian patients with chronic liver disease. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1062-1068. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Mobarak
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute; Cairo Egypt
| | - Dalia Omran
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepato-gastroenterology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Nabeel
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepato-gastroenterology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Zeinab Zakaria
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepato-gastroenterology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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87
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Wang BL, Tian L, Gao XH, Ma XL, Wu J, Zhang CY, Zhou Y, Guo W, Yang XR. Dynamic change of the systemic immune inflammation index predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016; 54:1963-1969. [PMID: 27010778 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the utility of the dynamic change and serial monitoring of the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), which was based on the numbers of patients' lymphocytes (L), platelets (P), neutrophils (N) and defined as P*N/L, for predicting prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative resection. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 163 patients with HCC who underwent curative resection at Zhongshan Hospital from January 2012 to May 2013. SII was calculated using data acquired before and approximately 1 month after surgery. An optimal cutoff value stratified patients into groups with high or low SII. Patients were classified into unfavorable and favorable groups using the dynamic change of the SII. Two groups that were further divided into four categories within the entire cohort and the low-risk subgroups were serially monitored for ≥6 months. Prognostic values of the SII and other factors were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method, the Cox proportional hazards model, and the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. RESULTS The favorable group was likely to have cirrhosis, and the unfavorable group was likely to have larger tumors and a higher recurrence rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size and dynamic change of the SII were independent risk factors for early recurrence. Moreover, the predictive value of the SII was retained in α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative and HBeAg-negative-HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL subgroups. Further, the serial changes of the SII for recurrence and no recurrence groups were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic change and serial monitoring of the SII represent new indicators for predicting the early recurrence of HCC determining advance optimal therapy in advance.
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88
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Sheptulina A, Shirokova E, Nekrasova T, Blum H, Ivashkin V. Platelet count to spleen diameter ratio non-invasively identifies severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1956-1962. [PMID: 27059170 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-invasive markers are essential to assess the progression of chronic liver diseases to fibrosis/ cirrhosis and the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of non-invasive markers to identify significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). METHODS Seventy-six patients with AIH were enrolled in the study and analyzed for the following parameters of liver fibrosis: Fibrosis 4 score (FIB-4), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR), AST to platelet count ratio (APRI), and platelet count to spleen diameter (PC/SD) ratio. All patients underwent liver biopsy. The diagnostic accuracy of tests was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS Among the 76 AIH patients, 55 (72.3%) had significant fibrosis (≥ F2), 37 (48.7%) had severe fibrosis (≥ F3), and 29 (38.2%) had cirrhosis (F4). PC/SD ratio (AUROC = 0.840) was superior to AAR (AUROC = 0.756), FIB-4 (AUROC = 0.702), and APRI (AUROC = 0.626) in discriminating between mild and significant fibrosis (≥ F2). The AUROCs of PC/SD ratio, FIB-4, AAR, and APRI were 0.884, 0.742, 0.731, and 0.707, respectively, for severe fibrosis (≥ F3); 0.968, 0.795, 0.744, and 0.723, respectively, for cirrhosis (F4). PC/SD ratio correctly identified 85.1% of patients with severe fibrosis, and 89.6% of patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS PC/SD ratio proved to be a simple non-invasive tool to correctly identify AIH patients with severe fibrosis and cirrhosis, thereby reducing the need for a liver biopsy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sheptulina
- Department of Hepatology, V.H. Vasilenko Clinic of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Department of Hepatology, V.H. Vasilenko Clinic of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Nekrasova
- Department of Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hubert Blum
- Clinic of Medicine II, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Hepatology, V.H. Vasilenko Clinic of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation
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89
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Anastasiou OE, Büchter M, Baba HA, Korth J, Canbay A, Gerken G, Kahraman A. Performance and Utility of Transient Elastography and Non-Invasive Markers of Liver Fiibrosis in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Single Centre Experience. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e40737. [PMID: 28070199 PMCID: PMC5203728 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.40737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a relatively rare cause of hepatic dysfunction, which can lead to acute liver failure (ALV) and cirrhosis if not treated. The performance of transient elastography (TE) compared to liver biopsy has been evaluated in many liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of TE and other non-invasive markers for liver fiibrosis in patients with biopsy-proven AIH. METHODS Fifty-three patients who were treated at the department of gastroenterology and hepatology of the University Clinic Essen from 2008 to 2013 included in this retrospective study. Laboratory parameters were used to calculate non-invasive markers for liver fiibrosis. Every patient underwent a liver biopsy within 6 months of the liver stiffness measurement. RESULTS Transient elastography score, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fiibrosis score, Fiibrosis 4 score (FIB-4), and FibroQ were associated with the stage of fiibrosis, whereas other non-invasive markers of liver fiibrosis (aspartate transaminase (AST) to alanine transaminase (ALT) ratio, and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI)) did not demonstrate a significant correlation. NAFLD fiibrosis score and FibroQ performed slightly better in ROC curve analysis than TE in differentiating mild to moderate from severe fiibrosis (AUC 0.895 and 0.773 vs. 0.739; P < 0.001 and = 0.01, respectively), while TE performed slightly better, but still not adequate, in differentiating mild from all other stages of fiibrosis compared to NAFLD fiibrosis score and FibroQ (AUC 0.779 vs. 0.752 and 0.684; P = 0.051 and 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Transient elastography, NAFLD fiibrosis score, and FibroQ are valuable non-invasive markers for the evaluation of liver fiibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis but they cannot replace liver biopsy, especially in differentiating mild from more advanced stages of fiibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia E Anastasiou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
- Corresponding Author: Olympia E. Anastasiou, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany. Tel: +49-20172383797, Fax: +49-2017235655, E-mail:
| | - Matthias Büchter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg Essen, Germany
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90
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Zoppini G, Cacciatori V, Negri C, Stoico V, Lippi G, Targher G, Bonora E. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4821. [PMID: 27787357 PMCID: PMC5089086 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR) has been widely used as a marker of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Increased AAR was also shown to be significantly associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the AAR and mortality risk in a well-characterized cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.A cohort of 2529 type 2 diabetic outpatients was followed-up for 6 years to collect cause-specific mortality. Cox regression analyses were modeled to estimate the independent association between AAR and the risk of all-cause and CV mortality.Over the 6-year follow-up period, 12.1% of patients died, 47.5% of whom from CV causes. An increased AAR, but not its individual components, was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause (adjusted-hazard risk 1.83, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.14-2.93, P = 0.012) and CV (adjusted-hazard risk 2.60, CI 95% 1.38-4.90, P < 0.003) mortality after adjustment for multiple clinical risk factors and potential confounding variables.The AAR was independently associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and CV mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that an increased AAR may reflect more systemic derangements that are not simply limited to liver damage. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological implications of an increased AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zoppini
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
- Correspondence: Giacomo Zoppini, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Piazzale Stefani, 1, 37126 Verona, Italy (e-mail: )
| | | | - Carlo Negri
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Vincenzo Stoico
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
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Wyss PP, Lamichhane S, Rauber M, Thomann R, Krämer KW, Shastri VP. Tripod USPIONs with high aspect ratio show enhanced T2 relaxation and cytocompatibility. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1017-30. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We synthesized ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) with tripod morphology and studied the effect of the aspect ratio (AR) of the tripod arms on mass magnetization, T2 relaxation and cytocompatibility in human cell lines. Materials & methods: Tripods were prepared by controlling the temperature during the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5, and their magnetic properties were characterized by superconducting quantum interference device, and NMR. Citric acid stabilized USPIONs were used to assess cytocompatibility. Results: T2 relaxivity of tripods showed dependency on AR of the tripod arm. Liver enzyme levels in presence of tripods were comparable to spherical USPIONs, and surprisingly tripods induced lower levels of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: Tripod USPIONs with high AR arms possess excellent magnetic properties and cytocompatibility for further exploration as MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep P Wyss
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Surya Lamichhane
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Rauber
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Life Science, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl W Krämer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhou D, Liang J, Xu LI, He F, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Chen M. Derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts prognosis for patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma following transarterial chemoembolization. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2987-2994. [PMID: 27123051 PMCID: PMC4840749 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) has been proposed as an easily determinable prognostic factor for cancer patients, but the prognostic significance of the dNLR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. The present study aimed to validate the prognostic power of the NLR and dNLR in HCC patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). The data of 279 consecutive patients who underwent TACE for unresectable HBV-associated HCC between September 2009 and November 2011 at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China) were retrieved from a prospective database. The cut-off values for the NLR and dNLR were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The association between the NLR and dNLR and the clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS) rates and times of patients was analyzed. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the NLR and dNLR. The median follow-up period was 446 days, the 1, 2 and 3-year OS rates were 38.8, 18.5 and 11.1% respectively, and the median OS time was 264 days. The cut-off values were determined as 2.6 and 1.8 for the NLR and dNLR, respectively. The NLR and dNLR were each associated with patient age, presence of vascular invasion, tumor size, AST level and ALP level. Multivariate analysis showed that the NLR, dNLR, ALT level and AFP level were independent prognostic factors for OS. An elevated NLR or dNLR was associated with a poor prognosis (P=0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). The prognostic power of NLR [AUC=0.539; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.423-0.656] and dNLR (AUC=0.522; 95% CI, 0.406-0.638) was similar. Elevated dNLR predicted poor prognosis for patients with HBV-associated HCC undergoing TACE, with similar prognostic power to NLR. The dNLR may be used as an alternative to the NLR, as it is easily available and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Department of Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Liang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - L I Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fengying He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhongguo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yaojun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Minshan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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93
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Associations Between Hepatic Functions and Plasma Amyloid-Beta Levels—Implications for the Capacity of Liver in Peripheral Amyloid-Beta Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2338-2344. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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94
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Binder C, Knibbe K, Kreissl A, Repa A, Thanhaeuser M, Greber-Platzer S, Berger A, Jilma B, Haiden N. Does acute alcohol intoxication cause transaminase elevations in children and adolescents? Alcohol 2016; 51:57-62. [PMID: 26992701 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several long-term effects of alcohol abuse in children and adolescents are well described. Alcohol abuse has severe effects on neurodevelopmental outcome, such as learning disabilities, memory deficits, and decreased cognitive performance. Additionally, chronic alcohol intake is associated with chronic liver disease. However, the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on liver function in children and adolescents are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine if a single event of acute alcohol intoxication has short-term effects on liver function and metabolism. All children and adolescents admitted to the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine between 2004 and 2011 with the diagnosis "acute alcohol intoxication" were included in this retrospective analysis. Clinical records were evaluated for age, gender, alcohol consumption, blood alcohol concentration, symptoms, and therapy. Blood values of the liver parameters, CK, creatinine, LDH, AP, and the values of the blood gas analysis were analyzed. During the 8-year study period, 249 children and adolescents with the diagnosis "acute alcohol intoxication" were admitted, 132 (53%) girls and 117 (47%) boys. The mean age was 15.3 ± 1.2 years and the mean blood alcohol concentration was 0.201 ± 0.049%. Girls consumed significantly less alcohol than boys (64 g vs. 90 g), but reached the same blood alcohol concentration (girls: 0.199 ± 0.049%; boys: 0.204 ± 0.049%). The mean values of liver parameters were in normal ranges, but AST was increased in 9.1%, ALT in 3.9%, and γGT in 1.4%. In contrast, the mean value of AST/ALT ratio was increased and the ratio was elevated in 92.6% of all patients. Data of the present study showed significant differences in the AST/ALT ratio (p < 0.01) in comparison to a control group. Data of the present study indicate that there might be an effect of acute alcohol intoxication on transaminase levels. The AST/ALT ratio seems to reflect the damage in hepatocytes after intensive alcohol consumption. The present study indicates a sex-specific difference in alcohol metabolism and effects between girls and boys: girls need less alcohol than boys to achieve the same blood alcohol levels than boys, and are more prone to loss of consciousness.
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95
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Tie D, Guan R, Liu H, Cipriano A, Liu Y, Wang Q, Huang Y, Hort N. An in vivo study on the metabolism and osteogenic activity of bioabsorbable Mg-1Sr alloy. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:455-467. [PMID: 26577986 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that local delivery of strontium effectively increased bone quality and formation around osseointegrating implants. Therefore, implant materials with long-lasting and controllable strontium release are avidly pursued. The central objective of the present study was to investigate the in vivo biocompatibility, metabolism and osteogenic activity of the bioabsorbable Mg-1Sr (wt.%, nominal composition) alloy for bone regeneration. The general corrosion rate of the alloy implant as a femoral fracture fixation device was 0.55±0.03mm·y(-1) (mean value±standard deviation) in New Zealand White rabbits which meet the bone implantation requirements and can be adjusted by material processing methods. All rabbits survived and the histological evaluation showed no abnormal physiology or diseases 16 weeks post-implantation. The degradation process of the alloy did not significantly alter 16 primary indexes of hematology, cardiac damage, inflammation, hepatic functions and metabolic process. Significant increases in peri-implant bone volume and direct bone-to-implant contact (48.3%±15.3% and 15.9%±5.6%, respectively) as well as the expressions of four osteogenesis related genes (runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen, type I, alpha 1) were observed after 16 weeks implantation for the Mg-1Sr group when compared to the pure Mg group. The sound osteogenic properties of the Mg-1Sr alloy by long-lasting and controllable Sr release suggesting a very attractive clinical potential. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Sr (strontium) has exhibited pronounced effects to reduce the bone fracture risk in osteoporotic patients. Nonetheless, long-lasting local Sr release is hardly achieved by traditional methods like surface treatment. Therefore, a more efficient Sr local delivery platform is in high clinical demand. The stable and adjustable degradation process of Mg alloy makes it an ideal Sr delivery platform. We combine the well-known osteogenic properties of strontium with magnesium to manufacture bioabsorbable Mg-1Sr alloy with stable Sr release based on our previous studies. The in vitro and in vivo results both showed the alloy's suitable degradation rate and biocompatibility, and the sound osteogenic properties and stimulation effect on bone formation suggest its very attractive clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tie
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Renguo Guan
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| | - Aaron Cipriano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| | - Yili Liu
- Surgery Center, Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yuanding Huang
- Magnesium Innovation Center, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Norbert Hort
- Magnesium Innovation Center, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
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96
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Shi C, He J, Wang J, Yu J, Yu B, Mao X, Zheng P, Huang Z, Chen D. Effects of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and serum parameters in growing pigs. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:557-63. [PMID: 26434567 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (body weight = 40.8 ± 2.1 kg) were used in feeding trials, lasting for up to 42 days, and were randomly allotted to one of three diets, including a corn-soybean meal control diet as well as two experimental diets containing 10% unfermented rapeseed meal (RSM) or 10% FRSM. The results showed that average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed FRSM were superior (P < 0.05) to that of pigs fed unfermented RSM and did not differ from the control. Pigs fed control diet had higher (P < 0.05) total tract apparent digestibility for dry matter, protein, calcium and phosphorus than pigs fed unfermented RSM diet and did not differ from the FRSM diet. Pigs fed FRSM had lower levels (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate transaminase compared to unfermented RSM. In conclusion, solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger may improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of RSM for pigs and FRSM is a promising alternative protein for pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Shi
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute and Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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97
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Feng L, Sun K, Zhang J, Feng G, Zhao Y. A novel non-invasive index using AFP and APTT is associated with liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008032. [PMID: 26391629 PMCID: PMC4577926 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A liver biopsy is the 'reference standard' for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis but with many disadvantages. Therefore, developing a non-invasive index for predicting fibrosis is very valuable. We developed and validated a novel non-invasive index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING Chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients were recruited in the Department of Infectious Disease in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. PARTICIPANTS A total of 506 patients were enrolled, and patients were randomly divided into estimation (n=253) and validation (n=253) cohorts. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients were studied retrospectively using routine parameters. A novel index was developed from an estimation cohort and validated in another cohort. Liver histology was assessed for fibrosis according to the Xi'an Meeting Scoring System. The novel index using α-fetal protein (AFP) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT; denoted AA index) was compared with 10 other indices using receiving operating characteristics curves. Multivariate forward stepwise regression analysis revealed that AFP and APTT were significantly associated with the Xi'an Meeting Scoring System, and were used to calculate the AA index (log index=-9.164+0.114×AFP+0.236×APTT). RESULTS The AA index predicted significant fibrosis with an area under the curve of 0.822, exhibited a significantly higher area compared with the other 10 indices in the estimation cohort, and was validated in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS The AA index can be used to predict significant fibrosis, and may decrease the need for liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofang Feng
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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98
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Song MH, Shin EC, Hwang DY, Jang IS. Effects of lutein or lutein in combination with vitamin C on mRNA expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes and status of the antioxidant system in SD rats. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:117-24. [PMID: 26472964 PMCID: PMC4602078 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lutein alone or in combination with vitamin C on the antioxidant defense system in rats. A total of 18 eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to three groups for 4 weeks: control (CON), lutein (LUT, 50 mg lutein/kg BW) and lutein plus vitamin C (LVC, 50 mg lutein/kg BW+1,000 mg vitamin C/kg BW). No differences in body weight, relative live weight or plasma biochemical profiles were observed among treatment groups. In the hepatic antioxidant defense systems, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the LUT and LVC groups was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the CON group, whereas the mRNA level of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was not affected by the administration of antioxidants. SOD and GST activities in the LUT and LVC groups were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the CON group, whereas GPX, CAT and lipid peroxidation did not differ among groups. In addition, the LVC group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma and hepatic total antioxidant power (TAP) relative to the CON group. Overall, administration of lutein in combination with vitamin C improved the status of the total antioxidant defense system in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hae Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology and the Regional Animal Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eu-Chul Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dae-Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - In-Surk Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology and the Regional Animal Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
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99
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Go J, Kim JE, Koh EK, Song SH, Seung JE, Park CK, Lee HA, Kim HS, Lee JH, An BS, Yang SY, Lim Y, Hwang DY. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from Galla Rhois in ICR mice. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:101-10. [PMID: 26472962 PMCID: PMC4602076 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.3.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of Galla Rhois (GR) toward the liver and kidney of ICR mice, alterations in related markers including body weight, organ weight, urine composition, liver pathology and kidney pathology were analyzed after oral administration of 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day of gallotannin-enriched extract of GR (GEGR) for 14 days. GEGR contained 68.7±2.5% of gallotannin, 25.3±0.9% of gallic acid and 4.4±0.1% of methyl gallate. Also, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was decreased with 19% in the serum of high dose GEGR (HGEGR)-treated mice. The body and organ weight, clinical phenotypes, urine parameters and mice mortality did not differ among GEGR-treated groups and the vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, no significant increase was observed in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the serum creatinine (Cr) in the GEGR-treated group relative to the vehicle-treated group. Moreover, the specific pathological features induced by most toxic compounds such as CCl4 were not observed upon liver and kidney histological analysis. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that GEGR does not induce any specific toxicity in liver and kidney organs of ICR at doses of 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day, indicating that this is no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Go
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Koh
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Seung
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Chan-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hong-Sung Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yong Lim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Nursing and Healthcare Science, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae-Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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100
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Age impacts ability of aspartate-alanine aminotransferase ratio to predict advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1825-31. [PMID: 25708897 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM While histological differences have been reported between pediatric and adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), potential age-related changes in serum transaminases and liver histology remain largely unexplored. Our study sought to investigate the clinical and histological characteristics of NAFLD across age. METHODS This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 502 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. Clinical data were evaluated and compared among different age groups; group A (ages 18-44), B (ages 45-64), and C (≥ ages 65). RESULTS 34.9, 56.0, and 9.1 % of the cohort were distributed among group A, B, and C, respectively. While the prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was comparable across age groups, the prevalence of advanced fibrosis increased with age (p = 0.000). Although the mean ALT progressively decreased with age; 87, 64, 56 U/L in group A, B, and C, respectively (p = 0.000), there was no difference in mean AST (p = 0.939) across age. The AST:ALT ratio (AAR) progressively increased from 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 in group A, B, and C, respectively (p = 0.000). In group C, an AAR ≥ 1 was found in 74 and 40 % of patients with and without advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION With advancing age, ALT levels progressively declined while AST levels remained stable, leading to a higher AAR. Although higher AAR is often used as a surrogate measure of advanced fibrosis, advancing age can also contribute to increased AAR. In fact, an AAR ≥ 1 was found in significant number of elderly patients without advanced fibrosis. Consequently, an increased AAR may be a function of decreasing ALT with age in addition to progressive fibrosis.
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