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Sliedrecht W, Roozen HG, Witkiewitz K, de Waart R, Dom G. The Association Between Impulsivity and Relapse in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Literature Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:637-650. [PMID: 33382416 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Impulsivity has been identified as a key relapse risk factor in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD); however, the inherent characteristics of this relationship have been largely understudied. The heterogeneity of AUD and variation in impulsivity constructs require careful consideration to inform future work examining the relationship. This study sought to review empirical findings examining facets of impulsivity and AUD relapse. METHODS A systematic search strategy was employed to capture studies on impulsivity measures related to AUD relapse. Impulsivity measures were qualitatively organized in terms of 'trait impulsivity'-typically measured by self-report questionnaires-and 'behavioural impulsivity', i.e. 'motor impulsivity', 'impulsive choice' and 'reflection impulsivity, assessed with cognitive-behavioural tasks. RESULTS Seventeen peer-reviewed papers were identified. Relapse outcomes varied substantially in relation to impulsivity measures. Twelve papers included aspects of 'trait impulsivity', and nine studies included 'behavioural impulsivity' measures, from which five studies dealt with the 'impulsive choice' subcategory. The Barratt Impulsivity Scale was the self-report questionnaire that was most frequently used. CONCLUSIONS All three included facets of impulsivity ('trait-, motor- and impulsive choice impulsivity') were associated with AUD relapse, but none seemed to be superior to another. This study confirmed that research on the relation between impulsivity and AUD relapse is relatively scarce. Future research and treatment options are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco Sliedrecht
- De Hoop GGZ, Provincialeweg 70, 3329 KP Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G Roozen
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), The University of New Mexico (UNM), MSC 11 6280, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- The University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ranne de Waart
- Mentrum/Arkin, Domselaerstraat 126, 1093 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Assessment of Motor Planning and Inhibition Performance in Non-Clinical Sample-Reliability and Factor Structure of the Tower of London and Go/No Go Computerized Tasks. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111420. [PMID: 34827419 PMCID: PMC8615804 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In two studies, we examine the test-retest reliability and factor structure of the computerized Tower of London (TOL) and Go/No Go (GNG). Before analyses, raw results of variables that were not normally distributed were transformed. Study 1 examined the reliability of a broad spectrum of indicators (Initial Time Thinking, ITT; Execution Time, ET; Full Time, FT; Extra Moves, EM; No Go Errors, NGE; Reaction Time for Go Responses, RTGR) across an eight-week delay in a sample of 20 young adults. After correction for multiple comparisons and correlations, our results demonstrate that the tasks have ambiguous test-retest reliability coefficients (non-significant r for all indicators, and interclass correlation (ICC) for TOL; significant ICC for GNG; show lack of reliable change over time for all indicators in both tasks); moreover, ITT exhibits strong practice effects. Study 2 investigated both tasks’ factor structure and conducted a more detailed analysis of indicators for each trial (ITT, ET, EM) in the TOL task in the group of 95 young adults. Results reveal a satisfactory 2-factor solution, with the first factor (planning inhibition) defined by ITT, NGE, and RTGR, and the second factor (move efficiency) defined by EM and ET. The detailed analysis identified a 6-factor solution with the first factor defined by ITT for more difficult trials and the remaining five factors defined by EM and ET for each trial, reflecting move efficiency for each trial separately.
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Calcagnotto L, Huskey R, Kosicki GM. The Accuracy and Precision of Measurement. COMPUTATIONAL COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.5117/ccr2021.2.001.calc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Measurement noise differs by instrument and limits the validity and reliability of findings. Researchers collecting reaction time data introduce noise in the form of response time latency from hardware and software, even when collecting data on standardized computer-based experimental equipment. Reaction time is a measure with broad application for studying cognitive processing in communication research that is vulnerable to response latency noise. In this study, we utilized an Arduino microcontroller to generate a ground truth value of average response time latency in Asteroid Impact, an open source, naturalistic, experimental video game stimulus. We tested if response time latency differed across computer operating system, software, and trial modality. Here we show that reaction time measurements collected using Asteroid Impact were susceptible to response latency variability on par with other response-latency measuring software tests. These results demonstrate that Asteroid Impact is a valid and reliable stimulus for measuring reaction time data. Moreover, we provide researchers with a low-cost and open-source tool for evaluating response time latency in their own labs. Our results highlight the importance of validating measurement tools and support the philosophy of contributing methodological improvements in communication science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Huskey
- Cognitive Communication Science Lab, Department of Communication, University of California Davis. Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis
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Carr MM, Wiedemann AA, Macdonald-Gagnon G, Potenza MN. Impulsivity and compulsivity in binge eating disorder: A systematic review of behavioral studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110318. [PMID: 33794320 PMCID: PMC8222068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating disorder (BED) often includes impulsive and compulsive behaviors related to eating behavior and food. Impulsivity and compulsivity generally may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of multiple psychiatric disorders including BED. This review aimed to identify and synthesize available behavioral studies of impulsivity and compulsivity among individuals with BED. METHOD A systematic search was performed focusing on BED and specific facets of impulsivity (rapid response and choice) and compulsivity (set-shifting, cognitive flexibility, and/or habit learning). All case-control studies comparing adults with either full-threshold or subthreshold BED to individuals with normal weight, overweight/obesity, or other eating disorders (e.g., bulimia nervosa) were included. RESULTS Thirty-two studies representing 29 unique samples met inclusion criteria. Increased choice impulsivity was observed among individuals with BED relative to individuals with normal weight. There were mixed findings and/or a lack of available evidence regarding rapid response impulsivity and compulsivity. The presence of between-group differences was not dependent on sample characteristics (e.g., full or sub threshold BED diagnosis, or treatment-seeking status). Heterogeneity relating to covariates, task methodologies, and power limited conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Literature supports a postive association between choice impulsivity and BED. More research is needed to determine if individuals with BED demonstrate elevated levels of either rapid response impulsivity or types of compulsivity. Careful selection of covariates and consideration of task methodologies and power would aid future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Ashley A Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Grace Macdonald-Gagnon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, 100 Great Meadow Rd, Wethersfield, CT 06109, United States of America; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 230 S Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06519, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, One Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America.
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Hasegawa A, Somatori K, Nishimura H, Hattori Y, Kunisato Y. Depression, Rumination, and Impulsive Action: A Latent Variable Approach to Behavioral Impulsivity. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 155:717-737. [PMID: 34424143 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1956871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on the relationship between rumination and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because impulsivity was assessed by using individual tasks. This study examined the concurrent associations of a latent variable named impulsive action with rumination and depression to alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity. This study also examined whether stressors mediated the association between impulsive action and rumination. University students in Japan (N = 176) conducted three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action: the Go/No-Go Task, the Stop Signal Task, and the Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition. They also completed self-report measures of rumination, stressors, and depression. Results indicated that the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performance in these three tasks was positively associated with rumination. Moreover, stressors mediated this association. Also, impulsive action was positively associated with depression via the increase in stressors and rumination. These findings and those of previous studies examining associations between rumination and self-reported impulsivity suggest that impulsivity might be a determinant of rumination.
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Edgcumbe DR. Age Differences in Open-Mindedness: From 18 to 87-Years of Age. Exp Aging Res 2021; 48:24-41. [PMID: 34030607 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2021.1923330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As health care improves and more people work into later age, it is important to understand what impacts open-mindedness has on decision-making. This paper examined the role of aging on open-mindedness. METHODS Open-mindedness was measured across 12 studies before data amalgamation. The Actively Open-minded Thinking (AOT) scale and Actively Open-minded Thinking about Evidence (AOT-e) scale measured open-mindedness in this sample (n = 9010) of participants between 18 and 87-years of age. RESULTS Summary AOT positively correlated with AOT-e (r = 0.27). For two subfactors derived from factor analysis based on the AOT, scores for both subfactors positively correlated with AOT-e (subfactor-1: r = 0.17/subfactor-2: r = 0.31) but negatively correlated with age (subfactor-1: r = -0.01/subfactor-2: r = -0.16). Age negatively correlated with both AOT (r = -0.11) and AOT-e (r = -0.13). Regressions revealed that open-mindedness decreased with aging. Age marginally predicted the change in open-mindedness, and sex differences were not a predictor. CONCLUSION It is proposed that the observed differences are the result of a reluctance to change long-established values and ideas at the cognitive level and cortical changes that occur with aging. In an aging population where more adults work into later age, the decrease in open-mindedness could influence many areas of judgments of decision-making. Importantly, this demonstrates that open-mindedness varies across lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Edgcumbe
- Department of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
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Hagan KE, Jarmolowicz DP, Forbush KT. Reconsidering delay discounting in bulimia nervosa. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101506. [PMID: 33812126 PMCID: PMC8428544 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting measures one's preference for smaller-sooner versus larger-later reward and is a facet of impulsivity. Studying delay discounting in bulimia nervosa (BN) may enhance clinical understanding of BN, as BN is characterized by engagement in behaviors that provide immediate reward (i.e., binge eating, purging) at the expense of future well-being. Prior research suggests that individuals with BN prefer smaller amounts of money available sooner compared to psychiatrically healthy (HC) persons. Here, we aimed to replicate and extend previous work by studying delay discounting of both monetary and food reward in women with BN relative to HC women. We also compared delay discounting of monetary and food reward, and examined associations among delay discounting, trait impulsivity, and eating disorder symptom expression in women with BN. Participants were 20 women with sub- or full-threshold DSM-5 BN and 20 HC women who completed a diagnostic interview, paper-and-pencil measures of delay discounting of monetary and food commodities, and a measure of trait impulsivity. Contrary to previous work, we found that women with BN showed decreased delay discounting of monetary and food reward relative to HC women. Within-group analyses demonstrated that women with BN showed elevated delay discounting of food reward relative to monetary reward. Within women with BN, elevated delay discounting of food, but not money, was associated with elevated negative and positive urgency, two facets of trait impulsivity that relate to acting rashly when experiencing strong emotion. Results suggest that delay discounting may be more variable in BN than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Hagan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 98, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4001 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Boulevard, Fraser Hall Room 426, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Murray CH, Li J, Weafer J, de Wit H. Subjective responses predict d-amphetamine choice in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173158. [PMID: 33675838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is commonly believed that drugs, including stimulants, are used recreationally because of their ability to induce pleasurable subjective effects. However, recreational drug use sometimes occurs in the absence of positive subjective effects, suggesting that other factors contribute. Here, we examine the extent to which the direct subjective effects of amphetamine, a commonly misused stimulant, predict subsequent choice of the drug vs placebo. METHODS Healthy adults (N = 112) participated in a five-session amphetamine choice study. On the first four sessions, participants sampled either 20 mg d-amphetamine or placebo in color-coded capsules two times each. On the fifth session, they chose which color (d-amphetamine or placebo) they preferred. We examined the choice of drug vs placebo in relation to demographic characteristics, baseline mood states, personality and subjective and cardiovascular responses to acute administration of the drug. RESULTS Eighty-one participants chose amphetamine (Choosers) while 31 chose placebo (Non-choosers). Overall, amphetamine produced typical stimulant-like effects on subjective questionnaires, and it elevated heart rate and blood pressure vs placebo. Choosers reported greater positive mood, elation and stimulant-like effects following amphetamine compared to Non-choosers. The Choosers also exhibited a greater increase in systolic blood pressure, but not heart rate. The groups did not differ on demographic characteristics, mood states before drug administration or personality. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the idea that pleasurable subjective responses to amphetamine, including positive mood, elation, and stimulant-like effects influence behavioral choice of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jingfei Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Yeo D, Toh A, Yeo C, Low G, Yeo JZ, Aung MO, Rao J, Kaushal S. The impact of impulsivity on weight loss after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:425-438. [PMID: 32232777 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity has been shown to be associated with obesity through links to pathological eating behavior such as binge eating. The recent literature suggests that impulsivity is linked to poorer outcomes post-bariatric surgery. Impulsivity can be measured in various ways and comprises of three broad domains: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current evidence on the impact of impulsivity on post-bariatric surgery weight loss. METHODS A literature review was performed in February 2020. Original studies investigating the relationship between impulsivity and weight loss post-bariatric surgery were evaluated. RESULTS Ten studies with a total of 1246 patients were analyzed. There were four case-control, four prospective observational and two retrospective observational studies. The postoperative follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 12 years. Eight studies measuring trait impulsivity did not show any association with weight loss post-bariatric surgery, although two studies reported an indirect effect of impulsivity on weight loss mediated via pathological eating behavior. Assessment of impulsive action by two studies showed that post-bariatric surgery weight loss is affected by impulsive action. CONCLUSION Impulsivity may adversely affect postoperative outcomes after bariatric surgery. However, this may be specific to state impulsivity or impulsive action rather than trait impulsivity. Patients with a higher state impulsivity may benefit from closer follow-up post-bariatric surgery, as well as cognitive behavioral therapies targeting cognitive control over food. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yeo
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
| | - A Toh
- Department of Psychology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Yeo
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - G Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Z Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M O Aung
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - J Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - S Kaushal
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
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Haynes JM, Galizio A, Frye CCJ, Towse CC, Morrissey KN, Serang S, Odum AL. Discounting of food and water in rats shows trait- and state-like characteristics. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 115:495-509. [PMID: 33556201 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting is the loss in value of an outcome as a function of its delay. The present study focused on examining a trait-like characteristic of delay discounting in a preclinical animal model. Specifically, we were interested in whether there was a positive relation between discounting of 2 different outcomes in rats. That is, would rats that discount delayed food steeply also discount delayed water steeply? In addition, we examined how session-to-session variability in discounting could be attributed to differences between subjects (trait variability) and to differences within subjects (state variability). Finally, we measured discounting from early- to mid-adulthood, allowing us to examine changes in discounting as a function of age. Overall, we found a moderate, positive correlation between discounting of food and discounting of water in rats, providing further evidence that the relative consistency with which individuals discount different outcomes is a trait-like characteristic. In addition, we found a high degree of within-subject variability in discounting, indicating strong state-like differences from session to session. Finally, overall, discounting decreased as a function of age; however, individual-subject data showed variability in how discounting changed across time. Overall, our results show that differences in delay discounting between individuals reflect variability in both trait- and state-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Galizio
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy L Odum
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University
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Yazgan I, Hanson JL, Bates JE, Lansford JE, Pettit GS, Dodge KA. Cumulative early childhood adversity and later antisocial behavior: The mediating role of passive avoidance. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:340-350. [PMID: 32200772 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six percent of children experience a traumatic event by the age of 4. Negative events during childhood have deleterious correlates later in life, including antisocial behavior. However, the mechanisms that play into this relation are unclear. We explored deficits in neurocognitive functioning, specifically problems in passive avoidance, a construct with elements of inhibitory control and learning as a potential acquired mediator for the pathway between cumulative early childhood adversity from birth to age 7 and later antisocial behavior through age 18, using prospective longitudinal data from 585 participants. Path analyses showed that cumulative early childhood adversity predicted impaired passive avoidance during adolescence and increased antisocial behavior during late adolescence. Furthermore, poor neurocognition, namely, passive avoidance, predicted later antisocial behavior and significantly mediated the relation between cumulative early childhood adversity and later antisocial behavior. This research has implications for understanding the development of later antisocial behavior and points to a potential target for neurocognitive intervention within the pathway from cumulative early childhood adversity to later antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Yazgan
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Lansford
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gregory S Pettit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies / College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Fitzpatrick RE, Robinson AH, Rubenis AJ, Lubman DI, Verdejo-Garcia A. Lack of longitudinal changes in cognition in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder during the first 6 weeks after commencing treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:383-392. [PMID: 33524275 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1869243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) associates with cognitive impulsivity deficits. However, few studies have examined longitudinal changes in cognition, and it remains unclear if deficits resolve during early recovery.Objectives: To compare: (1) cognitive function of individuals with MUD at treatment onset and six-weeks later with controls tested over the same period; (2) cognitive changes in MUD-individuals who remained abstinent versus relapsed.Method: We recruited 108 participants meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for methamphetamine dependence (81 males) and 50 demographically matched controls (38 males); 77 methamphetamine- dependent participants (59 males) and 48 controls (36 males) were retained at follow-up. We administered response inhibition, delay discounting and uncertainty-based decision-making tests at both endpoints. Relapse was defined as methamphetamine concentrations >0.4 ng/mg at follow-up in hair toxicology.Results: We found a significant time-by-group interaction on uncertainty-based decision-making (effect size: η2 = .05), although post-hoc tests to disentangle this interaction yielded inconclusive results (p-range = .14-.40; BF10-range = 0.43-1.67). There were no significant time-by-group interactions on response inhibition or delay discounting, with the former likely a null effect (η2-interaction = .003 and .02; BFincl = 0.23 and 0.71). There were no significant differences in cognitive recovery between individuals who maintained abstinence (n = 12) versus relapsed (n = 65) (η2-range = .003-.04), although evidence was inconclusive toward whether findings reflected true null effects (BFincl-range = 0.33-0.75).Conclusion: We did not find evidence that MUD-related cognitive impulsivity deficits improve beyond practice effects over 6 weeks. Findings do not support previous, albeit conflicting, evidence of early recovery of cognitive deficits in MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Fitzpatrick
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alex H Robinson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam J Rubenis
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Turning Point, Eastern Health, Monash University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Monash University, Fitzroy, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Turning Point, Eastern Health, Monash University, Fitzroy, Australia
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Hook RW, Grant JE, Ioannidis K, Tiego J, Yücel M, Wilkinson P, Chamberlain SR. Trans-diagnostic measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity: A review of self-report tools. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 120:455-469. [PMID: 33115636 PMCID: PMC7116678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impulsivity and compulsivity are important constructs, relevant to understanding behaviour in the general population, as well as in particular mental disorders (e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder). The current paper provides a narrative review of self-report impulsivity and compulsivity scales. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the following terms: ("impulsivity" OR "compulsivity") AND ("self-report" OR "questionnaire" OR "psychometric" OR "scale"). RESULTS 25 impulsive and 11 compulsive scales were identified, which varied considerably in psychometric properties, convenience, and validity. For impulsivity, the most commonly used scales were the BIS and the UPPS-P, whilst for compulsivity, the Padua Inventory was commonly used. The majority of compulsivity scales measured OCD symptoms (obsessions and compulsions) rather than being trans-diagnostic or specific to compulsivity (as opposed to obsessions). Scales capable of overcoming these limitations were highlighted. DISCUSSION This review provides clarity regarding relative advantages and disadvantages of different scales relevant to the measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity in many contexts. Areas for further research and refinement are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne W Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, USA
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Neural Systems and Behaviour Lab, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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64
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Mathew GM, Strayer SM, Bailey DS, Buzzell K, Ness KM, Schade MM, Nahmod NG, Buxton OM, Chang AM. Changes in Subjective Motivation and Effort During Sleep Restriction Moderate Interindividual Differences in Attentional Performance in Healthy Young Men. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1117-1136. [PMID: 34285617 PMCID: PMC8286723 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s294409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of sleep restriction on subjective alertness, motivation, and effort vary among individuals and may explain interindividual differences in attention during sleep restriction. We investigated whether individuals with a greater decrease in subjective alertness or motivation, or a greater increase in subjective effort (versus other participants), demonstrated poorer attention when sleep restricted. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Fifteen healthy men (M±SD, 22.3±2.8 years) completed a study with three nights of 10-hour time in bed (baseline), five nights of 5-hour time in bed (sleep restriction), and two nights of 10-hour time in bed (recovery). Participants completed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) of sustained attention and rated alertness, motivation, and effort every two hours during wake (range: 3-9 administrations on a given day). Analyses examined performance across the study (first two days excluded) moderated by per-participant change in subjective alertness, motivation, or effort from baseline to sleep restriction. For significant interactions, we investigated the effect of study day2 (day*day) on the outcome at low (mean-1 SD) and high (mean+1 SD) levels of the moderator (N = 15, all analyses). RESULTS False starts increased across sleep restriction in participants who reported lower (mean-1 SD) but not preserved (mean+1 SD) motivation during sleep restriction. Lapses increased across sleep restriction regardless of change in subjective motivation, with a more pronounced increase in participants who reported lower versus preserved motivation. Lapses increased across sleep restriction in participants who reported higher (mean+1 SD) but not preserved (mean-1 SD) effort during sleep restriction. Change in subjective alertness did not moderate the effects of sleep restriction on attention. CONCLUSION Vigilance declines during sleep restriction regardless of change in subjective alertness or motivation, but individuals with reduced motivation exhibit poorer inhibition. Individuals with preserved subjective alertness still perform poorly during sleep restriction, while those reporting additional effort demonstrate impaired vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marie Mathew
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stephen M Strayer
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David S Bailey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Buzzell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kelly M Ness
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Margeaux M Schade
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole G Nahmod
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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65
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Ameral V, Palm Reed KM. Envisioning a future: Values clarification in early recovery from opioid use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 121:108207. [PMID: 33357601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High rates of relapse and overdose during early recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) highlight the importance of providing effective treatment during this crucial phase. While early treatment often focuses on managing urges and withdrawal symptoms, eliciting personally salient motivators may help to target predictors of treatment outcomes such as motivation and self-efficacy. This experimental study examined the effect of a brief values clarification exercise on motivation and self-efficacy for abstinence in a sample of n = 93 individuals in brief residential treatment for OUD. Participants were randomly assigned to values clarification or a time management control condition exercise. Self-efficacy for abstinence as measured by a validated single-item measure was higher for participants in the values condition (M = 8.7) compared to control (M = 7.8, p = .013), while motivation for abstinence as measured by the commitment to sobriety scale was similarly high for both the values clarification (M = 28.0) and control (M = 27.8, p = .642) groups. There were no group differences in delay discounting, the theorized mediator of these relationships. Taken together, these results suggest that even a brief values clarification exercise may increase self-efficacy for abstinence when added to early residential treatment for OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ameral
- Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA; VA Bedford Healthcare System, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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66
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Mason LA, Zimiga BM, Anders-Jefferson R, Paap KR. Autism Traits Predict Self-reported Executive Functioning Deficits in Everyday Life and an Aversion to Exercise. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:2725-2750. [PMID: 33043413 PMCID: PMC8254704 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Are Autism Quotient (AQ) scores related to executive functioning (EF)? We sampled 200 students of normal intelligence and examined the relationship between AQ scores and: (a) 5 self-ratings of EF, (b) 5 performance-based measures of EF, and (c) 5 types of activities or experiences that are assumed to recruit EF and sometimes enhance EF. Our findings reveal that as AQ scores increase, self-rated EF ability decreases. AQ scores and self-reported EF measures do not correlate with objective EF task performance. Furthermore, AQ scores were shown to be negatively associated with many specific types of physical activity. As AQ scores increase, individuals report fewer positive reasons for exercise and more rationalizations for not engaging in more exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Mason
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA USA
- Present Address: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155 USA
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67
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Assari S, Akhlaghipour G, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Parental Human Capital and Adolescents' Executive Function: Immigrants' Diminished Returns. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2020; 8:10.18103/mra.v8i10.2235. [PMID: 33251336 PMCID: PMC7695233 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i10.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic Blacks in the US, experience weaker effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) on tangible outcomes, a pattern called Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). These MDRs are frequently shown for the effects of family SEP on immigrant adolescents' school performance. As a result of these MDRs, immigrant adolescents from high SEP families show worse than expected cognitive outcomes, including but not limited to poor school performance. However, the existing knowledge is minimal about the role of executive function in explaining diminished returns of family SEP on adolescents' outcomes. To investigate racial differences in the effects of parental human capital on adolescents' executive function, we compared non-Hispanic White non-immigrant and immigrant adolescents for the effect of parental human capital on adolescents' executive function. This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 2,723 non-twin non-Hispanic White adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parental human capital (parental educational attainment), treated as a continuous measure with a higher score reflecting higher subjective socioeconomic status. The primary outcome was adolescents' executive function measured by the stop-signal task (SST). Age, sex, parental marital status, parental employment, family income, and financial difficulties. Immigration status was the effect modifier. Overall, high parental human capital was associated with higher task-based executive function. Immigration status showed statistically significant interactions with parental human capital on adolescents' executive function outcomes. This interaction term suggested that high parental human capital has a smaller effect on increasing immigrants' executive function compared to non-immigrant adolescents. The boosting effect of parental human capital on executive function is diminished for immigrants compared to non-immigrant adolescents. To minimize the inequalities in executive function-related outcomes such as school performance, we need to address the diminishing returns of existing resources for immigrants. Not only should we equalize groups based on their SEP but also equalize the marginal returns of their existing SEP. Such efforts require public policies that aim for equal processes. As such, social policies should address structural and societal barriers such as xenophobia, segregation, racism, and discrimination that hinder immigrant families' ability to effectively utilize their resources. In a fair society, immigrant and non-immigrant families should be equally able to leverage their SEP resources and turn them into tangible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Golnoush Akhlaghipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
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68
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Yeung MK, Chan AS. Executive function, motivation, and emotion recognition in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 105:103730. [PMID: 32682219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several neurocognitive theories have been put forward to explain autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the specificity of executive cognitive, motivational (i.e., reward-related), and emotion-recognition impairments in ASD, and the role of early language delay in these impairments remain largely unclear. AIM This study aimed to examine executive cognitive, motivational, and emotion-recognition functions while considering the potential effect of language delay in ASD. METHODS Twenty-two adolescents with high-functioning ASD (20 males) and 22 typically developing (TD) adolescents (16 males) aged 11-18 years were recruited. Each completed seven computerized tasks measuring executive cognitive (i.e., set-shifting, inhibition, updating, and access/generativity), motivational (i.e., flexible reinforcement learning and affective decision-making), and emotion-recognition functions (i.e., facial emotion recognition). RESULTS We found that ASD participants with early language delay (n = 10) had poorer executive cognitive, motivational, and emotion-recognition functioning than TD controls, and had poorer executive cognitive and motivational functioning than ASD participants without language delay (n = 12). ASD participants without language delay only had poorer emotion recognition than TD controls. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These preliminary findings suggest impairments in executive cognitive and motivational functions as well as emotion recognition in ASD with language delay, and impairment only in emotion recognition in ASD without language delay. They implicate a potential partial distinction in mental abilities between ASD with and without early language delay, highlighting the importance of considering language delay when evaluating executive cognitive and motivational functions in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Yeung
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Chanwuyi Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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69
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Dube SL, Sigmon S, Althoff RR, Dittus K, Gaalema DE, Ogden DE, Phillips J, Ades P, Potter AS. Association of self-reported executive function and mood with executive function task performance across adult populations. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:605-616. [PMID: 32744868 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1794869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) impacts behavior associated with health outcomes. EF can be measured using self-report and/or performance measures, but the correlations between these types of measures are mixed in the extant literature. This study examined self-report and performance-based measures of EF using data from 6 studies, including community and clinical populations (410 participants, ages 19-80, 71% female). Partial correlations revealed significant relationships between performance on the Trail making, Delay Discounting, and Stop Signal tasks with self-reported EF (p < .006 after controlling for age). Mood scores were significantly related to all self-reported domains of EF (p < .0001), and mood and EF scores were correlated over time. When also controlling for mood, correlations between delay discounting and stop signal tasks with self-reported EF remained significant (p < .006). Finally, examining EF scores in participants with and without clinically elevated mood scores showed a wider distribution of self-reported EF scores among those with clinically elevated mood symptoms than among those without. We conclude that self-reported EF is associated with tasks measuring delay discounting and response inhibition in our large, heterogenous population and that assessing EF may be particularly important for those with high levels of mood symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahjane L Dube
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Stacey Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Vermont Center for Children Youth and Families Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kim Dittus
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Doris E Ogden
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julie Phillips
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip Ades
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S Potter
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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70
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents' Attention: Blacks' Diminished Returns. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:children7080080. [PMID: 32718077 PMCID: PMC7464278 DOI: 10.3390/children7080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) in the US, experience weaker effects from their families' socioeconomic status on tangible outcomes, a pattern called the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory. These MDRs are frequently shown in the effects of the families' socioeconomic status (SES) on NHB adolescents' school performance. As a result of these MDRs, NHB adolescents from high SES families show a worse than expected school performance. The existing knowledge is, however, minimal about the role of attention in explaining the diminished returns of the families' SES with regard to the adolescents' outcomes. Aim: To investigate the racial differences in the effects of the subjective family SES on adolescents' attention, we compared non-Hispanic white (NHW) and NHB adolescents to assess the effect of the subjective family SES on adolescents' attention. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 4188 adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variable was the subjective family SES. The primary outcome was the adolescents' attention to be measured by the stop-signal task (SST). The attention domain of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was also measured. Results: Overall, a high subjective family SES was associated with a higher task-based and CBCL-based attention. Race showed statistically significant interactions with subjective family SES in terms of adolescents' attention outcomes. These interactions suggested that a high subjective family SES has smaller tangible effects on increasing the attention of NHB than NHW adolescents. Conclusion: The boosting effect of subjective family SES on attention is diminished for NHB rather than NHW adolescents. To minimize the racial gap in attention-related behaviors, such as school performance, we need to address the diminished returns of resources in the lives of NHB families. Not only should we equalize SES, but also increase the marginal returns of SES for racial minorities, particularly NHB families. Such efforts require public policies that empower NHB families to better leverage their SES resources and turn them into tangible outcomes. In addition, social policies should directly aim to alter the societal barriers that limit NHB families' ability to effectively utilize their resources. Discrimination, segregation, and racism should be targets of our policy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-232-0445; Fax: +1-734-615-8739
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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71
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García-Pérez Á, Vallejo-Seco G, Weidberg S, González-Roz A, Secades-Villa R. Long-term changes in delay discounting following a smoking cessation treatment for patients with depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108007. [PMID: 32370930 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting (DD) has been identified as a trans-disorder process underlying addictive behaviors, including smoking. Previous studies have evaluated how different treatments for drug dependence have affected DD, showing mixed results. Furthermore, no study has examined the effects of changes in depression on DD rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of treatment type: cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT), CBT + behavioral activation (BA), or CBT + BA + contingency management (CM), and changes in smoking status and depression on DD rates in long-term follow-up among a sample of treatment-seeking smokers with depression. METHODS Participants were 180 treatment-seeking smokers with depression who were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment conditions: CBT (n = 60), CBT + BA (n = 60), and CBT + BA + CM (n = 60). Depressive symptomatology and major depression diagnosis were evaluated through the BDI-II and the SCID-I of the DSM-IV-TR. DD rates were assessed using the DD task with hypothetical monetary rewards. Smoking status, DD, and depressive symptomatology were collected at baseline, at end-of-treatment and at one-, two-, three-, and six-month follow-ups. RESULTS CM for smoking cessation reduces DD rates (p = .0094). Smoking abstinence (p = .0024) and reduction in depressive symptoms (p = .0437) were associated with decreases in DD rates in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS CM interventions for smoking cessation, smoking abstinence, and the improvement of depression contribute to reductions in DD over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | - Sara Weidberg
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
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72
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Stevens AK, Blanchard BE, Talley AE, Brown JL, Halvorson MA, Janssen T, King KM, Littlefield AK. State-Level Impulsivity, Affect, and Alcohol: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Momentary Impulsivity Scale Across Two Intensive Longitudinal Samples. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020; 85:103914. [PMID: 32341603 PMCID: PMC7185258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We reexamined the psychometric properties of the Momentary Impulsivity Scale (MIS) in two young adult samples using daily diary (N=77) and ecological momentary assessment (N=147). A one-factor between- and within-person structure was supported, though "I felt impatient" loaded poorly within-person. MIS scores consistently related to emotion-driven trait impulsivity; however, MSSDs of MIS scores were unrelated to outcomes after accounting for aggregate MIS scores. We observed positive, within-person correlations with negative, but not positive, affect. Between-person MIS scores correlated with alcohol problems, though within-person MIS-alcohol relations were inconsistent. MIS scores were unrelated to laboratory-based impulsivity tasks. Findings inform the assessment of state-level impulsivity in young adults. Future research should prioritize expanding the MIS to capture the potential multidimensionality of state-level impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Stevens
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Brittany E. Blanchard
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Amelia E. Talley
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Ave, Suite 104, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | | | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kevin M. King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA
| | - Andrew K. Littlefield
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
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73
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Shope MM, Prows SD, Racine SE, Culbert KM. Examining associations between emotion-based rash action and dysregulated eating symptoms in men and women. Eat Behav 2020; 37:101379. [PMID: 32146161 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Negative urgency (NU: tendency to act rashly when distressed) is the facet of impulsive personality that has been most predictive of binge eating, but less is known about the relative role of positive urgency (PU: tendency to act rashly in response to positive emotions). In addition, most studies have exclusively focused on women and the examination of pathological eating outcomes, using a dimensional symptom approach, has been somewhat limited. This study aimed to replicate and extend upon prior work. We examined the extent to which NU and/or PU are uniquely associated with dysregulated eating, using a latent factor comprised of dimensional symptoms, and directly tested whether effects differ by sex. Two independent cross-sectional samples of women and men were used (Sample 1: Midwestern university, 437 females, 348 males; Sample 2: Southwestern university, 301 females, 236 males). NU and PU were assessed with the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, and dysregulated eating symptoms (i.e., binge eating, loss of control eating, eating concerns) were assessed with well-validated self-report questionnaires. Although both NU and PU showed significant positive associations with dysregulated eating, NU showed the strongest unique relationship with dysregulated eating in both samples. The relative role of PU was weakened in Sample 1 and completely attenuated in Sample 2 once its shared variance with NU was accounted for. All results were similar in men and women. Overall, findings continue to suggest that NU is the form of impulsivity that is most relevant to dysregulated eating in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Shope
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - Shelby D Prows
- School of Social Work, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | | | - Kristen M Culbert
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, United States of America.
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74
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Odum AL, Becker RJ, Haynes JM, Galizio A, Frye CCJ, Downey H, Friedel JE, Perez DM. Delay discounting of different outcomes: Review and theory. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 113:657-679. [PMID: 32147840 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Steep delay discounting is characterized by a preference for small immediate outcomes relative to larger delayed outcomes and is predictive of drug abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and other maladaptive behaviors. Nancy M. Petry was a pioneer in delay discounting research who demonstrated that people discount delayed monetary gains less steeply than they discount substances with abuse liability. Subsequent research found steep discounting for not only drugs, but other nonmonetary outcomes such as food, sex, and health. In this systematic review, we evaluate the hypotheses proposed to explain differences in discounting as a function of the type of outcome and explore the trait- and state-like nature of delay discounting. We found overwhelming evidence for the state-like quality of delay discounting: Consistent with Petry and others' work, nonmonetary outcomes are discounted more steeply than monetary outcomes. We propose two hypotheses that together may account for this effect: Decreasing Future Preference and Decreasing Future Worth. We also found clear evidence that delay discounting has trait-like qualities: People who steeply discount monetary outcomes steeply discount nonmonetary outcomes as well. The implication is that changing delay discounting for one outcome could change discounting for other outcomes.
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75
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Allen KJD, Sammon MM, Fox KR, Stewart JG. Emotional Response Inhibition: A Shared Neurocognitive Deficit in Eating Disorder Symptoms and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E104. [PMID: 32075254 PMCID: PMC7071419 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorder (ED) symptoms often co-occur with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This comorbidity is consistent with evidence that trait negative urgency increases risk for both of these phenomena. We previously found that impaired late-stage negative emotional response inhibition (i.e., negative emotional action termination or NEAT) might represent a neurocognitive mechanism for heightened negative urgency among people with NSSI history. The current study evaluated whether relations between negative urgency and ED symptoms similarly reflect deficits in this neurocognitive process. A total of 105 community adults completed an assessment of ED symptoms, negative urgency, and an emotional response inhibition task. Results indicated that, contrary to predictions, negative urgency and NEAT contributed independent variance to the prediction of ED symptoms, while controlling for demographic covariates and NSSI history. Worse NEAT was also uniquely associated with restrictive eating, after accounting for negative urgency. Our findings suggest that difficulty inhibiting ongoing motor responses triggered by negative emotional reactions (i.e., NEAT) may be a shared neurocognitive characteristic of ED symptoms and NSSI. However, negative urgency and NEAT dysfunction capture separate variance in the prediction of ED-related cognitions and behaviors, distinct from the pattern of results we previously observed in NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. McLean Sammon
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1024, USA;
| | - Kathryn R. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210-4638, USA;
| | - Jeremy G. Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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76
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Johnson SL, Elliott MV, Carver CS. Impulsive Responses to Positive and Negative Emotions: Parallel Neurocognitive Correlates and Their Implications. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:338-349. [PMID: 31668478 PMCID: PMC7012660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Theory about the conceptual basis of psychiatric disorders has long emphasized negative emotionality. More recent ideas emphasize roles for positive emotionality and impulsivity as well. This review examines impulsive responses to positive and negative emotions, which have been labeled as urgency. Urgency is conceptually and empirically distinct from other forms of impulsivity. A large body of work indicates that urgency is more robustly related to psychopathology than are other forms of impulsivity. Researchers have considered 4 neurocognitive models of urgency: excessive emotion generation, poor emotion regulation, risky decision making, and poor cognitive control. Little evidence supports emotion generation or risky decision making as the core issues driving urgency. Rather, urgency appears related to dysfunction in key hubs implicated in the integration of cognitive control and emotion regulation (e.g., the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula), expressed as response inhibition deficits that emerge most robustly in high arousal contexts. These neurocognitive processes appear remarkably parallel for positive and negative urgency. We provide methodological suggestions and theoretical hypotheses to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Matthew V Elliott
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Charles S Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
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77
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Land MA, Ramesh D, Miller AL, Pyles RB, Cunningham KA, Moeller FG, Anastasio NC. Methylation Patterns of the HTR2A Associate With Relapse-Related Behaviors in Cocaine-Dependent Participants. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32587535 PMCID: PMC7299072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse during abstinence in cocaine use disorder (CUD) is often hastened by high impulsivity (predisposition toward rapid unplanned reactions to stimuli without regard to negative consequences) and high cue reactivity (e.g., attentional bias towards drug reward stimuli). A deeper understanding of the degree to which individual biological differences predict or promote problematic behaviors may afford opportunities for clinical refinement and optimization of CUD diagnostics and/or therapies. Preclinical evidence implicates serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission through the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) as a driver of individual differences in these relapse-related behaviors. Regulation of 5-HT2AR function occurs through many mechanisms, including DNA methylation of the HTR2A gene, an epigenetic modification linked with the memory of gene-environment interactions. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that methylation of the HTR2A may associate with relapse-related behavioral vulnerability in cocaine-dependent participants versus healthy controls. Impulsivity was assessed by self-report (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BIS-11) and the delay discounting task, while levels of cue reactivity were determined by performance in the cocaine-word Stroop task. Genomic DNA was extracted from lymphocytes and the bisulfite-treated DNA was subjected to pyrosequencing to determine degree of methylation at four cytosine residues of the HTR2A promoter (-1439, -1420, -1224, -253). We found that the percent methylation at site -1224 after correction for age trended towards a positive correlation with total BIS-11 scores in cocaine users, but not healthy controls. Percent methylation at site -1420 negatively correlated with rates of delay discounting in healthy controls, but not cocaine users. Lastly, the percent methylation at site -253 positively correlated with attentional bias toward cocaine-associated cues. DNA methylation at these cytosine residues of the HTR2A promoter may be differentially associated with impulsivity or cocaine-associated environmental cues. Taken together, these data suggest that methylation of the HTR2A may contribute to individual differences in relapse-related behaviors in CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Land
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Divya Ramesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Aaron L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Richard B Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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78
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Schäfer L, Schmidt R, Müller SM, Dietrich A, Hilbert A. The Cards and Lottery Task: Validation of a New Paradigm Assessing Decision Making Under Risk in Individuals With Severe Obesity. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:690. [PMID: 32765324 PMCID: PMC7378783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research demonstrated impaired executive functions in individuals with severe obesity, including increased sensitivity to reward and impulsive decision making under risk conditions. For the assessment of decision making in patients with severe obesity, studies widely used the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or the Delay Discounting Task (DDT), which cover short-term or long-term consequences of decisions only. A further development originating from the field of addiction research is the Cards and Lottery Task (CLT), in which each decision made has conflicting immediate and long-term consequences at the same time. The present study aimed to validate the CLT in individuals with severe obesity. METHODS Patients with severe obesity (N = 78, 67% women, 42.9 ± 10.4 years old, body mass index of 48.1 ± 8.3 kg/m2) were included. Convergent validity was evaluated using the computerized Delay Discounting Task and well-established self-report questionnaires assessing different aspects of impulsivity. For discriminant validity, CLT performance was compared between symptom groups characterized by high versus low impulsivity. The task's clinical validity was evaluated based on associations with general and eating disorder psychopathology, and body mass index. Test-retest reliability was determined by administering the CLT in n = 31 participants without weight-loss treatment one year later. The task's sensitivity to change due to weight loss was evaluated by retesting n = 32 patients one year after receiving obesity surgery. RESULTS The number of advantageous decisions in the CLT was significantly positively associated with delay discounting and effortful control, and significantly negatively correlated with behavioral impulsivity. CLT performance differed significantly between individuals with and without symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and between samples with severe obesity and healthy controls. Clinically, CLT performance was significantly associated with general, but not eating disorder psychopathology. The CLT showed moderate test-retest reliability after one year in weight-stable individuals and was sensitive to change in those undergoing obesity surgery. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the CLT to be a highly promising, new complex measure of short- and long-term decision making with good reliability and validity in individuals with severe obesity. Future studies should assess its association with the IGT and predictive value for real-life health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Research Unit Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Research Unit Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke M Müller
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Research Unit Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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79
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Li X, Pan Y, Fang Z, Lei H, Zhang X, Shi H, Ma N, Raine P, Wetherill R, Kim JJ, Wan Y, Rao H. Test-retest reliability of brain responses to risk-taking during the balloon analogue risk task. Neuroimage 2019; 209:116495. [PMID: 31887425 PMCID: PMC7061333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) provides a reliable and ecologically valid model for the assessment of individual risk-taking propensity and is frequently used in neuroimaging and developmental research. Although the test-retest reliability of risk-taking behavior during the BART is well established, the reliability of brain activation patterns in response to risk-taking during the BART remains elusive. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and evaluated the test-retest reliability of brain responses in 34 healthy adults during a modified BART by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Dice’s similarity coefficients (DSC). Analyses revealed that risk-induced brain activation patterns showed good test-retest reliability (median ICC = 0.62) and moderate to high spatial consistency, while brain activation patterns associated with win or loss outcomes only had poor to fair reliability (median ICC = 0.33 for win and 0.42 for loss). These findings have important implications for future utility of the BART in fMRI to examine brain responses to risk-taking and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Li
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hui Lei
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Raine
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reagan Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junghoon J Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Wan
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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80
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Miglin R, Bounoua N, Goodling S, Sheehan A, Spielberg JM, Sadeh N. Cortical Thickness Links Impulsive Personality Traits and Risky Behavior. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120373. [PMID: 31847131 PMCID: PMC6955970 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive personality traits are often predictive of risky behavior, but not much is known about the neurobiological basis of this relationship. We investigated whether thickness of the cortical mantle varied as a function of impulsive traits and whether such variation also explained recent risky behavior. A community sample of 107 adults (ages 18–55; 54.2% men) completed self-report measures of impulsive traits and risky behavior followed by a neuroimaging protocol. Using the three-factor model of impulsive traits derived from the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, analysis of the entire cortical mantle identified three thickness clusters that related to impulsive traits. Sensation seeking was negatively related to thickness in the right pericalcarine cortex, whereas impulsive urgency was positively associated with thickness in the left superior parietal and right paracentral lobule. Notably, follow-up analyses showed that thickness in the right pericalcarine cortex also related to recent risky behavior, with the identified cluster mediating the association between sensation seeking and risky behavior. Findings suggest that reduced thickness in the pericalcarine region partially explains the link between sensation seeking and the tendency to engage in risky behavior, providing new insight into the neurobiological basis of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickie Miglin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (N.B.); (A.S.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (N.B.); (A.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Shelly Goodling
- Department of Psychology, York College of Pennsylvania, York, PA 17403, USA;
| | - Ana Sheehan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (N.B.); (A.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Spielberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (N.B.); (A.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Naomi Sadeh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (N.B.); (A.S.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (N.S.)
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81
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for short and validated questionnaires to evaluate dietary patterns (DPs) and mental distress in clinical and research settings is increasing. AIM The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Food-Mood Questionnaire (FMQ) to assess DPs in relation to mental distress. METHOD A standard validation protocol that included item development, pilot-testing, test-retesting, and a series of statistical validation analyses was used. Content, face, internal, construct and external validity as well as reliability were confirmed. Content and face validity were evaluated qualitatively. RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) for construct validity generated five sub-scales which reflected internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.70) and internal reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ranged between 0.619 and 0.884; p < 0.01; confidence interval 95%). External validity was also confirmed. A total of 563 participants from four different continents completed the survey online. PCA generated five different subscales. Mental distress was associated with regular consumption of fast-food, a DP known to induce anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION The FMQ is a validated and a reliable tool with many potential applications that could be used with prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Begdache
- Department of Health and Wellness Studies, Binghamton University, NY, USA
| | - Rani Marhaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, NY, USA
| | - Maher Chaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Binghamton University, NY, USA
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82
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Steenbergen L, Colzato LS, Maraver MJ. Vagal signaling and the somatic marker hypothesis: The effect of transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation on delay discounting is modulated by positive mood. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 148:84-92. [PMID: 31734442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling impulsivity and delaying gratifications are key features of effective self-control. Delay Discounting (DD) indexes the ability to delay rewards and previous research has shown that discounting is influenced by affective states such as mood. According to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH), afferent somatic signals, such as mood, are carried by the vagus and can influence decision making. In the current study, we employed transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that stimulates the auricular branch of the afferent vagus nerve (located in the outer ear), to assess its effects on decision impulsivity, while taking into account individuals' mood and resting-state HRV as a possible confounding factor. Employing a within-subjects cross-over design, 94 participants received active or sham tVNS while performing delay discounting in two separate sessions. As compared to sham, active tVNS increased discounting, but only for individuals reporting lower positive mood, regardless of the level of negative mood reported. We evidence that the effect of tVNS on reward discounting depends on the level of positive mood. This result suggests that positive mood state might be a proxy of task-relevant arousal, likely influencing the effectiveness of afferent vagal stimulation on self-control processes, as temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Steenbergen
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - María J Maraver
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Lisbon, Faculty of Psychology & Research Center for Psychological Science, Lisbon, Portugal
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83
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Delanoeije J, Verbruggen M. The Use of Work-Home Practices and Work-Home Conflict: Examining the Role of Volition and Perceived Pressure in a Multi-Method Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2362. [PMID: 31695648 PMCID: PMC6818467 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the rising number of individuals who have to combine work and home responsibilities, organizations increasingly offer work-home practices. These are HR-practices such as telework and part-time work that can help employees to combine work and home roles. However, extant research on the relationship between work-home practice use and both work-to-home conflict (i.e., work interfering with private life) and home-to-work conflict (i.e., private life interfering with work) shows inconsistent results. In this study, we posit that employees' work-home conflict does not so much depend on whether or not they use a specific work-home practice, but rather on (1) the degree to which their (non-)use of this practice is in line with their preference (i.e., volition) and (2) the pressure they experience from the work and/or the home environment to act in another way than they prefer (i.e., perceived work pressure and perceived home pressure). Hypotheses are tested for two specific work-home practices (i.e., home-based telework and part-time work) in both a field study and an experimental between-subject vignette study. Results show that work-home conflict is affected by volition, perceived work pressure and perceived home pressure; yet, some differences were found between the two types of work-home conflict (i.e., work-to-home and home-to-work conflict) and between the two types of work-home practices. Our results nuance the dichotomy between users and non-users of work-home practices that has been dominantly used in the work-home practice literature to date and point to similar predictors of work-home conflict among both the group of users and the group of non-users. These findings may encourage researchers to examine characteristics of employees' work-home practice use (e.g., volition, perceived pressure) in addition to the mere use of these practices when studying their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Delanoeije
- Work and Organization Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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84
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Davis-Reyes BD, Campbell VM, Land MA, Chapman HL, Stafford SJ, Anastasio NC. Profile of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression associates with inherent motor impulsivity in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:204-213. [PMID: 31295463 PMCID: PMC6733662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multifaceted behavioral manifestation with implications in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Glutamate neurotransmission through the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an important brain region in decision-making and goal-directed behaviors, plays a key role in motor impulsivity. We discovered that inherent motor impulsivity predicted responsiveness to D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDAR agonist, which prompted the hypothesis that inherent motor impulsivity is associated with the pattern of expression of cortical NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B), specifically the protein levels and synaptosomal trafficking of the NMDAR subunits. Outbred male Sprague-Dawley rats were identified as high (HI) or low (LI) impulsive using the one-choice serial reaction time task. Following phenotypic identification, mPFC synaptosomal protein was extracted from HI and LI rats to assess the expression pattern of the NMDAR subunits. Synaptosomal trafficking and stabilization for the GluN2 subunits were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation for postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and synapse associated protein 102 (SAP102). HI rats had lower mPFC GluN1 and GluN2A, but higher GluN2B and pGluN2B synaptosomal protein expression versus LI rats. Further, higher GluN2B:PSD95 and GluN2B:SAP102 protein:protein interactions were detected in HI versus LI rats. Thus, the mPFC NMDAR subunit expression pattern and/or synaptosomal trafficking associates with high inherent motor impulsivity. Increased understanding of the complex regulation of NMDAR balance within the mPFC as it relates to inherent motor impulsivity may lead to a better understanding of risk factors for impulse-control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionna D Davis-Reyes
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Veronica M Campbell
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle A Land
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Holly L Chapman
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Susan J Stafford
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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85
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Preuss H, Leister L, Pinnow M, Legenbauer T. Inhibitory control pathway to disinhibited eating: A matter of perspective? Appetite 2019; 141:104297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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Molleman L, Kurvers RH, van den Bos W. Unleashing the BEAST: a brief measure of human social information use. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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87
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Schell SE, Brassard SL, Racine SE. Extending the Acquired Preparedness model of binge eating: Testing the indirect effects of high-risk personality traits on binge eating via positive and negative reinforcement expectancies. Appetite 2019; 140:206-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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88
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Borges AM, Leyro TM, Rosen RL, Zvolensky MJ, Farris SG. Negative urgency and ad-libitum smoking topography. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 201:220-226. [PMID: 31252356 PMCID: PMC6631337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative urgency (NU), the tendency to act rashly in response to distress, is associated with negative reinforcement smoking expectancies. The study examined whether NU was associated with behavioral smoking reinforcement in the context of self-reported distress. METHOD Non-treatment seeking daily smokers (n = 124) completed an ad-libitum smoking trial. Puff topography, including puff volume, duration, velocity, and inter-puff interval, was averaged across the cigarette and evaluated at the puff level. RESULTS Multilevel models revealed a significant interaction of NU and distress as reported on the Subjective Units of Distress scale over the course of smoking in relation to puff duration and inter-puff interval. There was a significant effect of quadratic time x NU x distress on duration (b=-0.00004, p = 0.04). Smokers lower in NU reporting lower baseline distress evidenced a puff duration that decreased at a faster rate over the course of a cigarette following a quadratic function. Persistently elevated puff durations over the course of a cigarette were observed among smokers with elevated NU, regardless of basal distress. There was also a linear time x NU x distress interaction on inter-puff interval (b=-0.01, p = 0.04). Lower NU smokers, regardless of acute distress, exhibited increasing inter-puff intervals that stabilized over the course of a cigarette. Smokers with elevated NU in the context of low distress also demonstrated linearly increasing inter-puff intervals, while they demonstrated increasing intervals followed by decreasing intervals in the context of higher distress. DISCUSSION Trait NU in the context of acute distress may contribute to differences in puff topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Borges
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rachel L Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Anxiety and Health Research Laboratory and Substance Use Treatment Clinic, USA
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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89
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Vonder Haar C, Martens KM, Bashir A, McInnes KA, Cheng WH, Cheung H, Stukas S, Barron C, Ladner T, Welch KA, Cripton PA, Winstanley CA, Wellington CL. Repetitive closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) injury in rats increases impulsivity, decreases dopaminergic innervation in the olfactory tubercle and generates white matter inflammation, tau phosphorylation and degeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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90
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Strickland JC, Alcorn JL, Stoops WW. Using behavioral economic variables to predict future alcohol use in a crowdsourced sample. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:779-790. [PMID: 30789298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119827800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical perspectives at the intersection of behavioral economics and operant theory have resulted in numerous advances for addiction science. Three mechanisms (i.e. behavioral economic demand [consumption-price relationships], delay discounting [reinforcer devaluation with delay], and proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement [relative reinforcement attributable to alcohol]) are proposed to contribute to problematic alcohol use. Limited research has evaluated the unique contribution of these mechanisms for predicting future alcohol consumption. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive relationship between these mechanisms and self-reported alcohol use frequency, quantity, and severity. METHODS Participants (n=223) sampled from the crowdsourcing website Amazon Mechanical Turk completed a survey containing behavioral economic measures. Weekly reports of daily alcohol use were then collected for 18 weeks. Unadjusted and adjusted models determined the association between behavioral economic variables and alcohol use. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Behavioral economic measures were associated with alcohol and soda use at baseline in a stimulus-selective manner (e.g. alcohol demand associated with alcohol, but not soda, variables). Predictive models adjusted for Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores indicated that increased proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement and behavioral economic demand were uniquely and incrementally associated with frequency (e.g. adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.54 for proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement, p<0.05) and quantity-severity measures (e.g. AOR=7.58 for alcohol demand intensity, p<0.001), respectively. Test-retest reliability was generally acceptable (rxx=0.42-0.76) with the exception of proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement (rxx=0.29). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These findings indicate the unique, predictive, and incremental validity of behavioral economic measures for evaluating future alcohol consumption, supporting their continued use in addiction science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- 2 Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,4 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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91
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Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:999-1009. [PMID: 31097052 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Difficulties with emotion regulation can take many forms, including increased sensitivity to emotional cues and habitual use of maladaptive cognitive or behavioral regulation strategies. Despite extensive research on emotion regulation and youth adjustment, few studies integrate multiple measures of emotion regulation. The present study evaluated the underlying structure of emotion regulation processes in adolescence using both task- and survey-based measures and determined whether differences in these emotion regulation latent factors mediated the association between peer victimization and internalizing psychopathology. Adolescents aged 16-17 years (n = 287; 55% female; 42% White) recruited in three urban centers in the United States completed baseline and follow-up assessments 4 months apart. Three models of emotion regulation were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. A three-factor model fit the data best, including cognitive regulation, behavioral regulation, and emotional reactivity latent factors. Task-based measures did not load onto these latent factors. Difficulties with behavioral regulation mediated the association between peer victimization and depression symptoms, whereas cognitive regulation difficulties mediated the association with anxiety symptoms. Findings point to potential targets for intervention efforts to reduce risk for internalizing problems in adolescents following experiences of peer victimization.
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92
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Schmidt SL, Simões EDN, Novais Carvalho AL. Association Between Auditory and Visual Continuous Performance Tests in Students With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:635-640. [PMID: 27864429 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716679263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) are known to measure inattention and impulsivity in students with ADHD. Many CPTs utilize a visual format. It is accepted that auditory tasks reflect attentional demand more closely in the classroom. Thus, the association between deficits found by auditory and visual CPTs needs to be studied. We hypothesized that impulsivity would be dependent on sensory modality and inattention would be a unitary cross-modal construct. METHOD Forty-four students with ADHD performed two CPTs (visual and auditory). We analyzed correlations between the variables examined by the two tasks. RESULTS There were strong correlations between variables measuring inattention. Correlations between auditory and visual measures of impulsivity were weak. CONCLUSION Inattention is partially independent of modality. In contrast, response inhibition is modality-specific. Although ADHD is defined regardless of modality, hyperactive students may exhibit deficits in the auditory modality but not in the visual modality or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Luís Schmidt
- 1 Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,2 Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,3 State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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93
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Morrison KL, Smith BM, Ong CW, Lee EB, Friedel JE, Odum A, Madden GJ, Ledermann T, Rung J, Twohig MP. Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Impulsive Decision-Making. Behav Modif 2019; 44:600-623. [PMID: 30854874 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519833041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the transdiagnostic effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on impulsive decision-making in a community sample. A total of 40 adults were randomized to eight individual sessions of ACT or an inactive control. Participants completed pre-, mid-, and post-assessments for psychological symptoms; overall behavior change; valued living; delay discounting; psychological flexibility; and distress tolerance. Data were analyzed with multilevel modeling of growth curves. Significant interaction effects of time and condition were observed for psychological flexibility, distress tolerance, psychological symptoms, and the obstruction subscale of valued living. No significant interaction effect was found for two delay discounting tasks nor the progress subscale of valued living. The ACT condition had a significantly larger reduction of problem behavior at post-assessment. The results support use of ACT as a transdiagnostic treatment for impulsive behaviors. The lack of change in delay discounting contrasts previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Morrison
- Utah Center for Evidence Based Treatment, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Utah State University, Logan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Odum
- Utah State University, Logan, USA
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94
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Bernhardt N, Obst E, Nebe S, Pooseh S, Wurst FM, Weinmann W, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Acute alcohol effects on impulsive choice in adolescents. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:316-325. [PMID: 30676200 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118822063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental and alcohol-induced changes in decision-making have been proposed to critically influence impulsive behaviour in adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study tested the influence of acute alcohol administration on impulsive choice in adolescents. METHODS Fifty-four males aged 18-19 years were tested in a single-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design. During alcohol administration (infusion resulting in an arterial blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg%) and placebo condition (saline infusion), participants performed a task battery providing estimates of delay discounting, probability discounting for gains, for losses and loss aversion, and also rated subjectively experienced alcohol effects. Additionally, baseline alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, blood phosphatidylethanol levels), motives (Drinking Motive Questionnaire, Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale), family history and self-report measures of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Substance Use Risk Profile Scale) were provided. RESULTS No overall effects of treatment on choice behaviour were found. However, individual differences were observed. In the alcohol condition, more impulsive choice tendencies for delay discounting were associated with higher subjectively experienced alcohol effects. Further, higher risk aversion for probabilistic gains and higher loss aversion during alcohol condition were related to higher levels of real-life alcohol consumption and a family history of alcohol problems, respectively. Finally, the time to make a decision was substantially shortened for choices involving negative prospects. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to common beliefs, acute alcohol intoxication did not generally incite impulsive decision-making. It rather appears that alcohol-induced behavioural changes in adolescents vary considerably depending on prior experiences and subjective effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Bernhardt
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Obst
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Nebe
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,2 Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shakoor Pooseh
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,3 Freiburg Centre for Data Analysis and Modelling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich M Wurst
- 4 Psychiatric University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,5 Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- 6 Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Smolka
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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95
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Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Predicting contingency management treatment outcomes for adolescent smokers. Addict Behav 2019; 90:334-340. [PMID: 30508743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral measures of impulsive behavior include the dimensions of behavioral disinhibition, decision-making, and lapses of attention. These behaviors are associated with a range of risky activities during adolescence, including cigarette smoking; however, few studies have evaluated their associations with tobacco treatment outcomes. The current study examined the relationship between impulsive behavior and contingency management treatment outcomes for adolescent smokers. METHODS Data from two contingency management smoking cessation trials were combined (N = 189 adolescents). Participants provided breath carbon monoxide (CO) samples with incentives delivered contingent (i.e., active treatment [AT] condition) or non-contingent (i.e., control treatment [CT] condition) on CO level. Dimensions of impulsive behavior were assessed pre- and post-treatment using the Go/Stop Task, a measure of delay discounting, a continuous performance task, while self-reported impulsivity was assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Adolescent. Relationships between impulsive behavior and treatment outcomes (efficacy and adherence) were assessed using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Participants in the AT condition had significantly lower program CO levels at each treatment phase. Delay discounting in the AT condition predicted CO levels, with those discounting the most lowering their breath CO levels the least. Delay discounting also predicted program adherence across both conditions. CONCLUSIONS Delay discounting may be the most relevant dimension of impulsive behavior to predict outcomes for adolescent smokers completing CM programs, both in terms of successful reductions in smoking and program adherence. Suggestions are made to reduce the effects of delay discounting for adolescent smokers using this treatment approach.
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96
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Shaked D, Faulkner LMD, Tolle K, Wendell CR, Waldstein SR, Spencer RJ. Reliability and validity of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:478-487. [PMID: 30793982 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1570199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Conners' Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition (CCPT-2) is a widely used measure of attention and impulsivity, however, only a minimal amount is known about its reliability. To clarify the psychometric properties of the CCPT-2, we assessed its performance stability and related it to criterion measures. A total of 91 undergraduate students completed the CCPT-2, the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and reported on sleep during two sessions approximately one week apart. They completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) at session one and the Stroop Color and Word Test at session two. Findings indicated that the CCPT-2 had strong internal consistency, adequate test-retest reliability for commission errors and response time, poor test-retest reliability for omission errors, and practice effects for omission and commission errors. The CCPT-2 was largely unrelated to the BRIEF-A, Stroop Color and Word Test, and the STPI. More sleep was related to a quicker response time and more commission errors on the CCPT-2, and the BRIEF-A's Behavior Regulation Index was positively related to commission errors. Relative to the omission error component of the CCPT-2, commission errors and response time may be useful and stable measures of sustained attention and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Shaked
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M. D. Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Tolle
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrington R. Wendell
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari R. Waldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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97
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Chowdhury NS, Livesey EJ, Harris JA. Individual differences in intracortical inhibition during behavioural inhibition. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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98
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Nguyen R, Brooks M, Bruno R, Peacock A. Behavioral measures of state impulsivity and their psychometric properties: A systematic review. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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99
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Jauregi A, Kessler K, Hassel S. Linking Cognitive Measures of Response Inhibition and Reward Sensitivity to Trait Impulsivity. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2306. [PMID: 30546331 PMCID: PMC6279859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is regarded as a multifaceted construct that comprises two dimensions: rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity. It is unclear, however, which aspects of trait impulsivity, as assessed by self-report measures are related to rapid-response impulsivity and/or to reward-delay impulsivity, as different results have been reported in studies using both self-report and cognitive measures. This study aimed to directly relate self-report measures of impulsivity to cognitive measures of impulsivity in individuals at low- or high-levels on two impulsivity dimensions, specifically rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity. Participants were classified into high- or low-impulsivity groups based on (1) level of rapid-response impulsivity (determined by BIS-11 Motor subscale scores); (2) level of reward-delay impulsivity (determined by BIS/BAS subscale scores); and (3) a combination of rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity levels. Impulsivity was assessed using Go/No-Go, Stop-Signal and Delay-Discounting tasks and self-report measures. The high rapid-response impulsivity group showed significantly higher reward-delay impulsivity on both, the Delay-Discounting tasks and on self-report measures assessing reward-delay impulsivity, than the low-risk group. Based on the level of reward-delay impulsivity, the high reward-delay impulsivity group scored significantly higher on task-based (cognitive) and self-report measures assessing rapid-response inhibition than the low reward-delay impulsivity group. Combining both dimensions of impulsivity showed that the high-impulsivity group performed significantly worse in rapid-response paradigms and temporally discounted significantly more impulsively than the low-impulsivity group. Thus, combined impulsivity factors provide better assessment of impulsivity than each dimension alone. In conclusion, robust differences in impulsivity can be identified in non-clinical young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Jauregi
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Kessler
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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100
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Shaw DJ, Czekóová K, Pennington CR, Qureshi AW, Špiláková B, Salazar M, Brázdil M, Urbánek T. You ≠ me: individual differences in the structure of social cognition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:1139-1156. [PMID: 30324265 PMCID: PMC7239802 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the structure of social cognition, and how it is influenced by personality; specifically, how various socio-cognitive capabilities, and the pattern of inter-relationships and co-dependencies among them differ between divergent personality styles. To measure social cognition, a large non-clinical sample (n = 290) undertook an extensive battery of self-report and performance-based measures of visual perspective taking, imitative tendencies, affective empathy, interoceptive accuracy, emotion regulation, and state affectivity. These same individuals then completed the Personality Styles and Disorders Inventory. Latent Profile Analysis revealed two dissociable personality profiles that exhibited contrasting cognitive and affective dispositions, and multivariate analyses indicated further that these profiles differed on measures of social cognition; individuals characterised by a flexible and adaptive personality profile expressed higher action orientation (emotion regulation) compared to those showing more inflexible tendencies, along with better visual perspective taking, superior interoceptive accuracy, less imitative tendencies, and lower personal distress and negativity. These characteristics point towards more efficient self-other distinction, and to higher cognitive control more generally. Moreover, low-level cognitive mechanisms served to mediate other higher level socio-emotional capabilities. Together, these findings elucidate the cognitive and affective underpinnings of individual differences in social behaviour, providing a data-driven model that should guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Shaw
- Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - K Czekóová
- Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - C R Pennington
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - A W Qureshi
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - B Špiláková
- Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Salazar
- Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Brázdil
- Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Urbánek
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
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