51
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Dai L, Zheng T, Xu K, Han Y, Xu L, Huang E, An Y, Cheng Y, Li S, Liu M, Yang M, Li Y, Cheng H, Yuan Y, Zhang W, Ke C, Wong G, Qi J, Qin C, Yan J, Gao GF. A Universal Design of Betacoronavirus Vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS. Cell 2020; 182:722-733.e11. [PMID: 32645327 PMCID: PMC7321023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 and previously emerging MERS/SARS caused by coronavirus (CoV) infections. The CoV spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is an attractive vaccine target but is undermined by limited immunogenicity. We describe a dimeric form of MERS-CoV RBD that overcomes this limitation. The RBD-dimer significantly increased neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers compared to conventional monomeric form and protected mice against MERS-CoV infection. Crystal structure showed RBD-dimer fully exposed dual receptor-binding motifs, the major target for NAbs. Structure-guided design further yielded a stable version of RBD-dimer as a tandem repeat single-chain (RBD-sc-dimer) which retained the vaccine potency. We generalized this strategy to design vaccines against COVID-19 and SARS, achieving 10- to 100-fold enhancement of NAb titers. RBD-sc-dimers in pilot scale production yielded high yields, supporting their scalability for further clinical development. The framework of immunogen design can be universally applied to other beta-CoV vaccines to counter emerging threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China.
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yaling An
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingjie Cheng
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China.
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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52
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Saika K, Kato M, Sanada H, Matsushita S, Matsui M, Handa H, Kawano M. Induction of adaptive immune responses against antigens incorporated within the capsid of simian virus 40. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:853-862. [PMID: 32501197 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a monkey polyomavirus. The capsid structure is icosahedral and comprises VP1 units that measure 45 nm in diameter. Five SV40 VP1 molecules form one pentamer subunit, and a single icosahedral subunit comprises 72 pentamers; a single SV40 VP1 capsid comprises 360 SV40 VP1 molecules. In a previous study, we showed that an influenza A virus matrix protein 1 (M1) CTL epitope inserted within SV40 virus-like particles (VLPs) induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) without the need for an adjuvant. Here, to address whether SV40 VLPs induce adaptive immune responses against VLP-incorporated antigens, we prepared SV40 VLPs containing M1 or chicken ovalbumin (OVA). This was done by fusing M1 or OVA with the carboxyl terminus of SV40 VP2 and co-expressing them with SV40 VP1 in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intranasal administration of SV40 VLPs incorporating M1 induced the production of CTLs specific for the M1 epitope without the requirement for adjuvant. The production of antibodies against SV40 VLPs was also induced by i.p. administration of SV40 VLPs in the absence of adjuvant. Finally, the administration of SV40 VLPs incorporating OVA induced anti-OVA antibodies in the absence of adjuvant; in addition, the level of antibody production was comparable with that after i.p. administration of OVA plus alum adjuvant. These results suggest that the SV40 capsid incorporating foreign antigens can be used as a vaccine platform to induce adaptive immune responses without the need for adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikue Saika
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- R&I Business Development, Business Strategy Development, Sysmex Corporation, 1-1-2 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sanada
- R&I Business Development, Business Strategy Development, Sysmex Corporation, 1-1-2 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
| | - Sho Matsushita
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsui
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Chemical Biology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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53
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Berthier L, Brass O, Deleage G, Terreux R. Construction of atomic models of full hepatitis B vaccine particles at different stages of maturation. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 98:107610. [PMID: 32302938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B, one of the world's most common liver infections, is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Via the infected cells, this virus generates non pathogen particles with similar surface structures as those found in the full virus. These particles are used in a recombinant form (HBsAg) to produce efficient vaccines. The atomic structure of the HBsAg particles is currently unsolved, and the only existing structural data for the full particle were obtained by electronic microscopy with a maximum resolution of 12 Å. As many vaccines, HBsAg is a complex bio-system. This complexity results from numerous sources of heterogeneity, and traditional bio-immuno-chemistry analytic tools are often limited in their ability to fully describe the molecular surface or the particle. For the Hepatitis B vaccine particle (HBsAg), no atomic data are available so far. In this study, we used the principal well-known elements of HBsAg structure to reconstitute and model the full HBsAg particle assembly at a molecular level (protein assembly, particle formation and maturation). Full HBsAg particle atomic models were built based on an exhaustive experimental data review, amino acid sequence analysis, iterative threading modeling, and molecular dynamic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Berthier
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Brass
- Sanofi Pasteur, avenue Ch. Mérieux, F-69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Gilbert Deleage
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Raphaël Terreux
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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54
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Joe CCD, Chatterjee S, Lovrecz G, Adams TE, Thaysen-Andersen M, Walsh R, Locarnini SA, Smooker P, Netter HJ. Glycoengineered hepatitis B virus-like particles with enhanced immunogenicity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3892-3901. [PMID: 32284273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLP) represent biological platforms for the development of novel products such as vaccines and delivery platforms for foreign antigenic sequences. VLPs composed of the small surface antigen (HBsAgS) derived from the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the immunogenic components of a licensed, preventative vaccine, which contains aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. Herein, we report that glycoengineering of N-glycosylated HBsAgS to generate hyper-glycosylated VLPs display an enhanced immunogenicity relative to the wild type (WT) HBsAgS VLPs when expressed in FreeStyle HEK 293F cells. Comparative mass spectrometry-based N-glycan profiling, gel electrophoresis, and immunoassays demonstrated that WT and hyper-glycosylated HBsAgS VLPs contain the same type and distribution of N-glycan structures, but the latter shows a higher glycan abundance per protein mass. The antigenic integrity of the modified VLPs was also shown to be retained. To assess whether hyper-glycosylated VLPs induce an enhanced immune response in the presence of the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide, the anti-HBV surface antigen (anti-HBsAgS) antibody response was monitored in BALB/c mice, subcutaneously injected with different VLP derivatives. In the absence and presence of adjuvant, hyper-glycosylated VLPs showed an enhanced immunogenicity compared to WT VLPs. The ability of hyper-glycosylated VLPs to promote potent anti-HBsAgS immune responses compared to VLPs with a native N-glycan level as well as non-glycosylated, yeast-derived HBsAgS VLPs opens exciting avenues for generating more efficacious VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and improved HBsAgS VLP carrier platforms using glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C D Joe
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - George Lovrecz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Timothy E Adams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Renae Walsh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen A Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Peter Smooker
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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55
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Abstract
Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective strategy to control HBV infection. The first licensed hepatitis B vaccine was developed by the purification of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from plasma of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Then, the recombinant DNA technology enabled the development of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. A series of three doses vaccine can elicit long-term protection more than 30 y. Concurrent use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine has substantially reduced the mother-to-child transmission of HBV, nearly zero infection in children of carrier mother with negative hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 5-10% infection in children of HBeAg-positive mothers. By the end of 2018, 189 countries adopted universal hepatitis B vaccination program, which has dramatically reduced the global prevalence of HBsAg in children <5 y of age, from 4.7% in the prevaccine era to 1.3% in 2015. However, the implementation of universal hepatitis B vaccination in some regions is suboptimal and timely birth dose vaccine is not routinely administered in more than half of newborn infants. Optimal worldwide universal hepatitis B vaccination requires more efforts to overcome the social and economic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhou
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, China
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56
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Nico D. The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History. Front Immunol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32210953 PMCID: PMC7068796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and curtailed with specific chemotherapy since 1940's. Although the use of CHMI for vaccination was relatively efficacious, it has some ethical limitations and was substituted by the use of injected recombinant vaccines expressing the main antigens of the parasite cycle, starting in 1980. Pre-erythrocytic (PEV), Blood stage (BSV), transmission-blocking (TBV), antitoxic (AT), and pregnancy-associated Malaria vaccines are under development. Currently, the RTS,S-PEV vaccine, based on the circumsporozoite protein, is the only one that has arrived at the Phase III trial stage. The “R” stands for the central repeat region of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP); the “T” for the T-cell epitopes of the CSP; and the “S” for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In Africa, this latter vaccine achieved only 36.7% vaccine efficacy (VE) in 5–7 years old children and was associated with an increase in clinical cases in one assay. Therefore, in spite of 35 years of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine against Malaria. In contrast, more progress has been achieved regarding prevention of leishmaniasis by vaccine, which also started with the use of live vaccines. For ethical reasons, these were substituted by second-generation subunit or recombinant DNA and protein vaccines. Currently, there is one live vaccine for humans licensed in Uzbekistan, and four licensed veterinary vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis: Leishmune® (76–80% VE) and CaniLeish® (68.4% VE), which give protection against strong endpoints (severe disease and deaths under natural conditions), and, under less severe endpoints (parasitologically and PCR-positive cases), Leishtec® developed 71.4% VE in a low infective pressure area but only 35.7% VE and transient protection in a high infective pressure area, while Letifend® promoted 72% VE. A human recombinant vaccine based on the Nucleoside hydrolase NH36 of Leishmania (L.) donovani, the main antigen of the Leishmune® vaccine, and the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT) from L. (L.) infantum has reached the Phase I clinical trial phase but has not yet been licensed against the disease. This review describes the history of vaccine development and is focused on licensed formulations that have been used in preventive medicine. Special attention has been given to the delay in the development and licensing of human vaccines against Protozoan infections, which show high incidence worldwide and still remain severe threats to Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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57
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Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030270. [PMID: 32121192 DOI: 10.3390/v12030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of the 20th century. All vaccines can be classified into different types, such as vaccines against infectious diseases, anticancer vaccines and vaccines against autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, recombinant technologies have enabled the design of experimental vaccines against a wide range of diseases using plant viruses and virus-like particles as central elements to stimulate protective and long-lasting immune responses. The analysis of recent publications shows that at least 97 experimental vaccines have been constructed based on plant viruses, including 71 vaccines against infectious agents, 16 anticancer vaccines and 10 therapeutic vaccines against autoimmune disorders. Several plant viruses have already been used for the development of vaccine platforms and have been tested in human and veterinary studies, suggesting that plant virus-based vaccines will be introduced into clinical and veterinary practice in the near future.
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58
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Gunasekaran B, Gothandam KM. A review on edible vaccines and their prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8749. [PMID: 31994600 PMCID: PMC6984374 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, vaccines have been the main mode of defense and protection against several bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. However, the process of production and purification makes them expensive and unaffordable to many developing nations. An edible vaccine is when the antigen is expressed in the edible part of the plant. This reduces the cost of production of the vaccine because of ease of culturing. In this article, various types of edible vaccines that include algal and probiotics in addition to plants are discussed. Various diseases against which research has been carried out are also reviewed. This article focused on the conception of edible vaccines highlighting the various ways by which vaccines can be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gunasekaran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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59
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Ho JKT, Jeevan-Raj B, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Subviral Particles as Protective Vaccines and Vaccine Platforms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020126. [PMID: 31973017 PMCID: PMC7077199 DOI: 10.3390/v12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B remains one of the major global health problems more than 40 years after the identification of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the causative agent. A critical turning point in combating this virus was the development of a preventative vaccine composed of the HBV surface (envelope) protein (HBsAg) to reduce the risk of new infections. The isolation of HBsAg sub-viral particles (SVPs) from the blood of asymptomatic HBV carriers as antigens for the first-generation vaccines, followed by the development of recombinant HBsAg SVPs produced in yeast as the antigenic components of the second-generation vaccines, represent landmark advancements in biotechnology and medicine. The ability of the HBsAg SVPs to accept and present foreign antigenic sequences provides the basis of a chimeric particulate delivery platform, and resulted in the development of a vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01, MosquirixTM), and various preclinical vaccine candidates to overcome infectious diseases for which there are no effective vaccines. Biomedical modifications of the HBsAg subunits allowed the identification of strategies to enhance the HBsAg SVP immunogenicity to build potent vaccines for preventative and possibly therapeutic applications. The review provides an overview of the formation and assembly of the HBsAg SVPs and highlights the utilization of the particles in key effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kha-Tu Ho
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In this issue, Marcandalli et al. (2019) report a self-assembling nanoparticle bearing an antigen from respiratory syncytial virus. This is the first time the structure, stability, and adjuvanticity of an antigen have been rationally designed at the atomic level and incorporated in one vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Rappuoli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; Imperial College, London, UK.
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61
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Li H, Yan L, Shi Y, Lv D, Shang J, Bai L, Tang H. Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:1-16. [PMID: 31741331 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus, belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family. It is a partially double-stranded DNA virus with a small viral genome (3.2 kb). Chronic HBV infection remains a global public health problem. If left untreated, chronic HBV infection can progress to end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In recent years, tremendous advances in the field of HBV basic and clinical research have been achieved, ranging from the HBV biological characteristics, immunopathogenesis, and animal models to the development of new therapeutic strategies and new drugs against HBV. In this overview, we begin with a brief history of HBV discovery and treatment milestones. We then briefly summarize the HBV research advances, which will be detailed in the following chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, USA
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63
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Abstract
With a yearly death toll of 880,000, hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major health problem worldwide, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine and well-tolerated, effective antivirals. HBV causes chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The viral genome persists in infected hepatocytes even after long-term antiviral therapy, and its integration, though no longer able to support viral replication, destabilizes the host genome. HBV is a DNA virus that utilizes a virus-encoded reverse transcriptase to convert an RNA intermediate, termed pregenomic RNA, into the relaxed circular DNA genome, which is subsequently converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the host cell nucleus. cccDNA is maintained in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte as a stable minichromosome and functions as the viral transcriptional template for the production of all viral gene products, and thus, it is the molecular basis of HBV persistence. The nuclear cccDNA pool can be replenished through recycling of newly synthesized, DNA-containing HBV capsids. Licensed antivirals target the HBV reverse transcriptase activity but fail to eliminate cccDNA, which would be required to cure HBV infection. Elimination of HBV cccDNA is so far only achieved by antiviral immune responses. Thus, this review will focus on possible curative strategies aimed at eliminating or crippling the viral cccDNA. Newer insights into the HBV life cycle and host immune response provide novel, potentially curative therapeutic opportunities and targets.
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Kumar R, Kumar P. Yeast-based vaccines: New perspective in vaccine development and application. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5298404. [PMID: 30668686 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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Kumar R. Investigating the long-term stability of protein immunogen(s) for whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5049006. [PMID: 29982546 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even today vaccine(s) remains a mainstay in combating infectious diseases. Many yeast-based vaccines are currently in different phases of clinical trials. Despite the encouraging results of whole recombinant yeast and yeast display, the systematic study assessing the long-term stability of protein antigen(s) in yeast cells is still missing. Therefore, in the present study, I investigate the stability of heterologous protein antigen in the cellular environment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Escherichia coli surface protein (major curlin or CsgA). Present biochemical data showed that the stationary-phase yeast cells were able to keep the antigen stable for almost 1 year when stored at 2°C-8°C and 23°C-25°C. Further, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics of yeast whole cell lysate showed that the level of heterologous fusion protein was low in cells stored at 23°C-25°C compared to those at 2°C-8°C. In the end, I also proposed a workable strategy to test the integrity or completeness of heterologous protein in the yeast cell. I believe that the observations made in the present study will be really encouraging for those interested in the development of a whole recombinant yeast-based vaccine(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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66
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Balke I, Zeltins A. Use of plant viruses and virus-like particles for the creation of novel vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:119-129. [PMID: 30172923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the development of plant virology and genetic engineering techniques has resulted in the construction of plant virus-based vaccines for protection against different infectious agents, cancers and autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals. Interaction studies between plant viruses and mammalian organisms have suggested that plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are safe and noninfectious to humans and animals. Plant viruses with introduced antigens are powerful vaccine components due to their strongly organized, repetitive spatial structure; they can elicit strong immune responses similar to those observed with infectious mammalian viruses. The analysis of published data demonstrated that at least 73 experimental vaccines, including 61 prophylactic and 12 therapeutic vaccines, have been constructed using plant viruses as a carrier structure for presentation of different antigens. This information clearly demonstrates that noninfectious viruses are also applicable as vaccine carriers. Moreover, several plant viruses have been used for platform development, and corresponding vaccines are currently being tested in human and veterinary clinical trials. This review therefore discusses the main principles of plant VLP vaccine construction, emphasizing the physical, chemical, genetic and immunological aspects. Results of the latest studies suggest that several plant virus-based vaccines will join the list of approved human and animal vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
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Construction and Immunogenicity of Novel Chimeric Virus-Like Particles Bearing Antigens of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030254. [PMID: 30871190 PMCID: PMC6465995 DOI: 10.3390/v11030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two poultry pathogens seriously affecting the poultry industry. Here, IBV S1 and the ectodomain of NDV F proteins were separately linked with the trans-membrane and carboxy-terminal domain of IBV S protein (STMCT), composing rS and rF; thus, a novel chimeric infectious bronchitis-Newcastle disease (IB-ND) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine containing the rS, rF, and IBV M protein was constructed. Under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), VLPs possessing similar morphology to natural IBV were observed. To evaluate the immunogenicity of chimeric IB-ND VLPs, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with three increasing doses (50, 75, and 100 μg protein of VLPs). Results of ELISAs detecting IBV and NDV specific antibodies and IL-4 and IFN-γ T cell cytokines indicated that vaccination with chimeric IB-ND VLPs could efficiently induce humoral and cellular immune responses. In the challenge study, chimeric IB-ND VLPs (100 μg protein) provided 100% protection against IBV or NDV virulent challenge from death, and viral RNA levels in tissues and swabs were greatly reduced. Collectively, chimeric IB-ND VLPs are highly immunogenic and could provide complete protection from an IBV or NDV virulent challenge. Chimeric IB-ND VLPs are an appealing vaccine candidate and a promising vaccine platform bearing multivalent antigens.
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Reuschel E, Jilg W, Seelbach-Goebel B, Deml L. Comparative purification and characterization of hepatitis B virus-like particles produced by recombinant vaccinia viruses in human hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212800. [PMID: 30794666 PMCID: PMC6386438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the comparative expression and purification of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles produced upon infection of human primary hepatocytes and human hepatoma cell lines (HuH-7 and HepG2) with recombinant vaccinia viruses. The highest levels of HBsAg expression were found in HuH-7 hepatoma cells following infection with recombinant vaccinia viruses, which contain the S gene under control of a 7.5 k-promoter. Four different methods for purification of the HBsAg particles were examined: isopycnic ultracentrifugation, sucrose cushion sedimentation, isocratic column gel filtration, and binding to anti-HBs-coated microparticles. The highest degree of purity of HBsAg particles was reached by the method based on anti-HBs-coated microparticles. The resulting product was >98% pure. Biochemical analysis and characterization of purified HBsAg particles were performed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blotting, and electron microscopy. The HBsAg, purified from human hepatoma cell lines and from human primary hepatocytes, consisted of both the non-glycosylated (p25) and the glycosylated (gp27) form and assembled into typical 22-nm particles, and thus may be of great interest and importance for research, diagnostics, and medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Reuschel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Hospital of the Barmherzige Brueder, Clinic St Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Jilg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Seelbach-Goebel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Hospital of the Barmherzige Brueder, Clinic St Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Deml
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Kingston NJ, Kurtovic L, Walsh R, Joe C, Lovrecz G, Locarnini S, Beeson JG, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B virus-like particles expressing Plasmodium falciparum epitopes induce complement-fixing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein. Vaccine 2019; 37:1674-1684. [PMID: 30773400 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The repetitive structure of compact virus-like particles (VLPs) provides high density displays of antigenic sequences, which trigger key parts of the immune system. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines exploit the assembly competence of structural proteins, which are the effective immunogenic components of the prophylactic HBV and HPV vaccines, respectively. To optimize vaccine designs and to promote immune responses against protective epitopes, the "Asp-Ala-Asp-Pro" (NANP)-repeat from the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was expressed within the exposed, main antigenic site of the small HBV envelope protein (HBsAgS); this differs from the RTS,S vaccine, in which CSP epitopes are fused to the N-terminus of HBsAgS. The chimeric HBsAgS proteins are assembly competent, produce VLPs, and provide a high antigenic density of the NANP repeat sequence. Chimeric VLPs with four or nine NANP-repeats (NANP4 and NANP9, respectively) were expressed in mammalian cells, the HBsAgS- and CSP-specific antigenicity of the VLPs was determined, and the immunogenicity of the VLPs assessed in relation to the induction of anti-HBsAgS and anti-CSP antibody responses. The chimeric VLPs induced high anti-CSP titres in BALB/c mice independent of the number of the NANP repeats. However, the number of NANP repeats influenced the activity of vaccine-induced antibodies measured by complement fixation to CSP, one of the proposed effector mechanisms for Plasmodium neutralization in vivo. Sera from mice immunized with VLPs containing nine NANP repeats performed better in the complement fixation assay than the group with four NANP repeats. The effect of the epitope-specific density on the antibody quality may instruct VLP platform designs to optimize immunological outcomes and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Kingston
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 2004, Australia
| | - Renae Walsh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Carina Joe
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - George Lovrecz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 2004, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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70
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Kelly HG, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK. Immunological basis for enhanced immunity of nanoparticle vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:269-280. [PMID: 30707635 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1578216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunization has been a remarkably successful public health intervention; however, new approaches to vaccine design are essential to counter existing and emerging infectious diseases which have defied traditional vaccination efforts to date. Nanoparticles (ordered structures with dimensions in the range of 1-1000 nm) have great potential to supplement traditional vaccines based upon pathogen subunits, or killed or attenuated microorganisms, as exemplified by the successful licensure of virus-like particle vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B. However, the immunological mechanisms that underpin the potent immunity of nanoparticle vaccines are poorly defined. AREAS COVERED Here, we review the immunity of nanoparticle immunization. The display of antigen in a repetitive, ordered array mimics the surface of a pathogen, as does their nanoscale size. These properties facilitate enhanced innate immune activation, improved drainage and retention in lymph nodes, stronger engagement with B cell receptors, and augmented T cell help in driving B cell activation. EXPERT OPINION In the near future, increasingly complex nanoparticle vaccines displaying multiple antigens and/or co-delivered adjuvants will reach clinical trials. An improved mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle vaccination will ultimately facilitate the rational design of improved vaccines for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Kelly
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia.,c Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases , Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
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71
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Yousefipour M, Khatami M, Javidanbardan A, Hosseini SN, Mehrnia M. Integration of size-exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation for purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen: An alternative method for immunoaffinity chromatography. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:158-166. [PMID: 30636487 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1550658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In purification process of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg), immunoaffinity chromatography (IAF) is one of the most important and effective steps in rHBsAg purification. However, the buffer composition and the interaction of ligands-rHBsAg often lead to disassembly, deformation, and clumping of a portion of these virus-like particles (VLPs). Besides, the expensive media, variable biospecific ligand density and the possibility of product contamination are other reported drawbacks of using IAF which makes the production process of rHBsAg more challenging. This study investigated the possibility of substituting IAF with purification methods of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ultracentrifugation. In the SEC, the efficacy of rHBsAg purification was examined by four different media in which Toyopearl HW 65S resin demonstrated the best results. By integrating Toyopearl HW 65S resin - with a bed height of 51 cm - and ultracentrifugation process at 47,000 rpm for 48 hr, 95% of protein impurities were removed. Compared to the IAF in rHBsAg production, the purified sample contained a higher percentage of multimeric rHBsAg particles without any noticeable monomer and aggregate forms. The result of this study indicates that the proposed integrated system could be an efficient mild purification alternative for conventional IAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Yousefipour
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine , Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran.,b School of Chemical Engineering , University College of Engineering, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Khatami
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine , Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amin Javidanbardan
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine , Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine , Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mehrnia
- b School of Chemical Engineering , University College of Engineering, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
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Current Research Method in Transporter Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:203-240. [PMID: 31571166 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. In recent years, various in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo methods have been established for studying transporter function and drug-transporter interaction. In this chapter, the major types of in vitro models for drug transport studies comprise membrane-based assays, cell-based assays (such as primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines), and transporter-transfected cell lines with single transporters or multiple transporters. In situ/ex vivo models comprise isolated and perfused organs or tissues. In vivo models comprise transporter gene knockout models, natural mutant animal models, and humanized animal models. This chapter would be focused on the methods for the study of drug transporters in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo. The applications, advantages, or limitations of each model and emerging technologies are also mentioned in this chapter.
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Gündüz Ergün B, Hüccetoğulları D, Öztürk S, Çelik E, Çalık P. Established and Upcoming Yeast Expression Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:1-74. [PMID: 30737734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeast was the first microorganism used by mankind for biotransformation of feedstock that laid the foundations of industrial biotechnology. Long historical use, vast amount of data, and experience paved the way for Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a first yeast cell factory, and still it is an important expression platform as being the production host for several large volume products. Continuing special needs of each targeted product and different requirements of bioprocess operations have led to identification of different yeast expression systems. Modern bioprocess engineering and advances in omics technology, i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, secretomics, and interactomics, allow the design of novel genetic tools with fine-tuned characteristics to be used for research and industrial applications. This chapter focuses on established and upcoming yeast expression platforms that have exceptional characteristics, such as the ability to utilize a broad range of carbon sources or remarkable resistance to various stress conditions. Besides the conventional yeast S. cerevisiae, established yeast expression systems including the methylotrophic yeasts Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha, the dimorphic yeasts Arxula adeninivorans and Yarrowia lipolytica, the lactose-utilizing yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and upcoming yeast platforms, namely, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida utilis, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, are compiled with special emphasis on their genetic toolbox for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gündüz Ergün
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Hüccetoğulları
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Öztürk
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Çelik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Çalık
- Biochemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Industrial Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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74
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Kis Z, Shattock R, Shah N, Kontoravdi C. Emerging Technologies for Low-Cost, Rapid Vaccine Manufacture. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800376. [PMID: 30537361 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To stop the spread of future epidemics and meet infant vaccination demands in low- and middle-income countries, flexible, rapid and low-cost vaccine development and manufacturing technologies are required. Vaccine development platform technologies that can produce a wide range of vaccines are emerging, including: a) humanized, high-yield yeast recombinant protein vaccines; b) insect cell-baculovirus ADDomer vaccines; c) Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) vaccines; d) RNA vaccines. Herein, existing and future platforms are assessed in terms of addressing challenges of scale, cost, and responsiveness. To assess the risk and feasibility of the four emerging platforms, the following six metrics are applied: 1) technology readiness; 2) technological complexity; 3) ease of scale-up; 4) flexibility for the manufacturing of a wide range of vaccines; 5) thermostability of the vaccine product at tropical ambient temperatures; and 6) speed of response from threat identification to vaccine deployment. The assessment indicated that technologies in the order of increasing feasibility and decreasing risk are the yeast platform, ADDomer platform, followed by RNA and GMMA platforms. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of each technology are discussed in detail, illustrating the associated development and manufacturing needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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75
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Cryo-EM structure of native spherical subviral particles isolated from HBV carriers. Virus Res 2018; 259:90-96. [PMID: 30391399 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains 3 types of particles, i.e., 22-nm-diameter spherical and tubular subviral particles (SVPs) and 44-nm-diameter Dane particles. The SVPs are non-infectious and present strong immunogenicity, while Dane particles are infectious. In this study, we isolated spherical SVPs from HBV carriers' sera and determined their 3D structure at the resolution of ∼30 Å by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle reconstruction. Our cryo-EM structure suggests that the native HBV spherical SVP is irregularly organized, where spike-like features are arranged in a crystalline-like pattern on the surface. Strikingly, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the native spherical SVPs folds as protrusions on the surface, as those on the native tubular SVPs and Dane particles, but is largely different from that in the recombinant octahedral SVPs. These results suggest a universal folding shape of HBsAg on the native HBV viral and subviral particles.
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76
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Boigard H, Cimica V, Galarza JM. Dengue-2 virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine elicits the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies when produced at reduced temperature. Vaccine 2018; 36:7728-7736. [PMID: 30377067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A dengue vaccine capable of rapidly eliciting a robust and balanced immunity against the four virus serotypes after only a few immunizations is greatly needed. We describe a new strategy to develop dengue vaccines based on the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) utilizing the structural proteins CprME together with a modified complex of the NS2B/NS3 protease, which enhances particle formation and yield. These VLPs are produced in mammalian cells and resemble native dengue virus as demonstrated by negative staining and immunogold labelling electron microscopy (EM). We found that VLPs produced at lower temperature (31 °C) were recognized by conformational monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 4G2, 3H5 and C10 whereas VLPs produced at higher temperature (37 °C) were not recognized by these MAbs. To investigate the significance of these conformational discrepancies in vaccine performance, we tested the immunogenicity of VLP vaccines produced at 31 °C or 37 °C. Mice immunized with the VLP vaccine produced at 31 °C (VLP-31 °C) elicited the highest titer of neutralizing antibodies when compared to those elicited by equivalent doses of the vaccine produced at 37 °C (VLP-37 °C), inactivated dengue virus vaccine or to the titer of a human anti-dengue-2 convalescence serum reference. Our results demonstrate that the conformation of the E protein displayed on the VLP vaccine plays a critical role in the induction of highly neutralizing antibodies. These findings will guide development of a tetravalent vaccine capable of eliciting a robust and balanced neutralizing response against the four-dengue serotypes regardless of background immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Boigard
- TechnoVax, Inc., 6 Westchester Plaza, 6E, Elmsford, NY 10523, United States
| | - Velasco Cimica
- TechnoVax, Inc., 6 Westchester Plaza, 6E, Elmsford, NY 10523, United States
| | - Jose M Galarza
- TechnoVax, Inc., 6 Westchester Plaza, 6E, Elmsford, NY 10523, United States.
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77
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Khalili S, Rasaee MJ, Bamdad T, Mard-Soltani M, Asadi Ghalehni M, Jahangiri A, Pouriayevali MH, Aghasadeghi MR, Malaei F. A Novel Molecular Design for a Hybrid Phage-DNA Construct Against DKK1. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:833-842. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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78
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Hosseini SN, Ghaisari P, Sharifnia S, Khatami M, Javidanbardan A. Improving the recovery of clarification process of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen in large-scale by optimizing adsorption-desorption parameters on Aerosil-380. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:490-497. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1466153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parisa Ghaisari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Sharifnia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Khatami
- Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Javidanbardan
- Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Protective immune response against Toxoplasma gondii elicited by a novel yeast-based vaccine with microneme protein 16. Vaccine 2018; 36:3943-3948. [PMID: 29793893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can invade all eukaryotic cells and infect all warm-blood animals, causing the important zoonosis toxoplasmosis. Invasion of host cells is the key step necessary for T. gondii to complete its life cycle and microneme proteins play an important role in attachment and invasion of host cells. Microneme protein 16 (TgMIC16) is a new protective protein in T. gondii and belongs to transmembrane microneme proteins (TM-MIC). The TM-MICs are released onto the parasite's surface as complexes capable of interacting with host cell receptors. In the present study, we expressed the TgMIC16 protein on the surface of Saccharomyce cerevisiae (pCTCON2-TgMIC16/EBY100) and evaluated it as a potential vaccine for BALB/c mice against challenge infection with the RH strain of T. gondii. We immunized BALB/c mice both orally and intraperitoneally. After three immunizations, the immune response was evaluated by measuring antibody levels, lymphocyte proliferative responses, percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, cytokine production, and the survival times of challenged mice. The results showed that the pCTCON2-TgMIC16/EBY100 vaccine stimulated humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, mice immunized with the pCTCON2-TgMIC16/EBY100 vaccine showed increased survival times compared with non-immunized controls. In summary, TgMIC16 displayed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae could be used as potential vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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Abstract
During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, subviral particles (SVP) consisting only of viral envelope proteins and lipids are secreted. Heterologous expression of the small envelope protein S in mammalian cells is sufficient for SVP generation. S is synthesized as a transmembrane protein with N-terminal (TM1), central (TM2), and hydrophobic C-terminal (HCR) transmembrane domains. The loops between TM1 and TM2 (the cytosolic loop [CL]) and between TM2 and the HCR (the luminal loop [LL]) are located in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, respectively. To define the domains of S mediating oligomerization during SVP morphogenesis, S mutants were characterized by expression in transiently transfected cells. Mutation of 12 out of 15 amino acids of TM1 to alanines, as well as the deletion of HCR, still allowed SVP formation, demonstrating that these two domains are not essential for contacts between S proteins. Furthermore, the oligomerization of S was measured with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. This approach demonstrated that the CL, TM2, and the LL independently contributed to S oligomerization, while TM1 and the HCR played minor roles. Apparently, intermolecular homo-oligomerization of the CL, TM2, and the LL drives S protein aggregation. Detailed analyses revealed that the point mutation C65S in the CL, the mutation of 13 out of 19 amino acids of TM2 to alanine residues, and the simultaneous replacement of all 8 cysteine residues in the LL by serine residues blocked the abilities of these domains to support S protein interactions. Altogether, specific domains and residues in the HBV S protein that are required for oligomerization and SVP generation were defined.IMPORTANCE The small hepatitis B virus envelope protein S has the intrinsic ability to direct the morphogenesis of spherical 20-nm subviral lipoprotein particles. Such particles expressed in yeast or mammalian cells represent the antigenic component of current hepatitis B vaccines. Our knowledge about the steps leading from the initial, monomeric, transmembrane translation product of S to SVP is very limited, as is our information on the structure of the complex main epitope of SVP that induces the formation of protective antibodies after vaccination. This study contributes to our understanding of the oligomerization process of S chains during SVP formation and shows that the cytoplasmic loop, one membrane-embedded domain, and the luminal loop of S independently drive S-S oligomerization.
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Stanley M. Tumour virus vaccines: hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0268. [PMID: 28893935 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important human oncogenic viruses are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). HBV infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982; vaccination of neonates and infants is highly effective, resulting already in decreased rates of new infections, chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, HBV remains a global public health problem with high rates of vertical transmission from mother to child in some regions. Prophylactic HPV vaccines composed of virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L1 capsid protein have been licensed since 2006/2007. These target infection by the oncogenic HPVs 16 and 18 (the cause of 70% of cervical cancers); a new vaccine licensed in 2014/2015 additionally targets HPVs 31, 33, 45, 52, 58. HPV vaccines are now included in the national immunization programmes in many countries, with young adolescent peri-pubertal girls the usual cohort for immunization. Population effectiveness in women is now being demonstrated in countries with high vaccine coverage with significant reductions in high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (a surrogate for cervical cancer), genital warts and vaccine HPV type genoprevalence. Herd effects in young heterosexual men and older women are evident. Cancers caused by HBV and HPV should, in theory, be amenable to immunotherapies and various therapeutic vaccines for HPV in particular are in development and/or in clinical trial.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stanley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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David G, Fogeron ML, Schledorn M, Montserret R, Haselmann U, Penzel S, Badillo A, Lecoq L, André P, Nassal M, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Structural Studies of Self-Assembled Subviral Particles: Combining Cell-Free Expression with 110 kHz MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4787-4791. [PMID: 29457857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral membrane proteins are prime targets in combatting infection. Still, the determination of their structure remains a challenge, both with respect to sample preparation and the need for structural methods allowing for analysis in a native-like lipid environment. Cell-free protein synthesis and solid-state NMR spectroscopy are promising approaches in this context, the former with respect to its great potential in the native expression of complex proteins, and the latter for the analysis of membrane proteins in lipids. Herein, we show that milligram amounts of the small envelope protein of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) can be produced by cell-free expression, and that the protein self-assembles into subviral particles. Proton-detected 2D NMR spectra recorded at a magic-angle-spinning frequency of 110 kHz on <500 μg protein show a number of isolated peaks with line widths comparable to those of model membrane proteins, paving the way for structural studies of this protein that is homologous to a potential drug target in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume David
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | | | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis Germany, Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Penzel
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.,RD-Biotech, Recombinant Protein Unit, 3 rue Henri Baigue, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche, 5308, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis Germany, Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
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83
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David G, Fogeron M, Schledorn M, Montserret R, Haselmann U, Penzel S, Badillo A, Lecoq L, André P, Nassal M, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Strukturelle Untersuchung subviraler Partikel durch die Kombination von zellfreier Proteinherstellung mit 110 kHz MAS‐NMR‐Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume David
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | | | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department für Infektiologie Molekulare Virologie Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Abteilung Virus-assoziierte Karzinogenese Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Susanne Penzel
- Lab. für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
- RD-Biotech Recombinant Protein Unit 3 rue Henri Baigue 25000 Besançon Frankreich
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon Frankreich
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Frankreich
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France Laboratoire de Virologie Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse Hospices Civils de Lyon Lyon Frankreich
| | - Michael Nassal
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg Klinik für Innere Medizin II/ Molekulare Biologie Hugstetter Straße 55 79106 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department für Infektiologie Molekulare Virologie Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Abteilung Virus-assoziierte Karzinogenese Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Lab. für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
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84
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Chua BY, Sekiya T, Jackson DC. Opinion: Making Inactivated and Subunit-Based Vaccines Work. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:150-158. [PMID: 29369750 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirically derived vaccines have in the past relied on the isolation and growth of disease-causing microorganisms that are then inactivated or attenuated before being administered. This is often done without prior knowledge of the mechanisms involved in conferring protective immunity. Recent advances in scientific technologies and in our knowledge of how protective immune responses are induced enable us to rationally design novel and safer vaccination strategies. Such advances have accelerated the development of inactivated whole-organism- and subunit-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss ideal attributes and criteria that need to be considered for the development of vaccines and some existing vaccine platforms. We focus on inactivated vaccines against influenza virus and ways by which vaccine efficacy can be improved with the use of adjuvants and Toll-like receptor-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- 2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - David C Jackson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
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85
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Mojarrad Moghanloo GM, Khatami M, Javidanbardan A, Hosseini SN. Enhancing recovery of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen in lab-scale and large-scale anion-exchange chromatography by optimizing the conductivity of buffers. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 141:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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86
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Martinez-Gil L, Goff PH, Tan GS. The Role of Self-Assembling Lipid Molecules in Vaccination. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7147077 DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of vaccines represents one of the most significant advances in medical history. The protection provided by vaccines has greatly contributed in reducing the number of cases of infections and most notably to the eradication of small pox. A large number of new technologies and approaches in vaccine development are currently being investigated with the goal of providing the basis for the next generation of prophylactics against an ever-expanding list of emerging and reemerging pathogens. In this chapter, we will focus on the role of lipids and lipid self-assembling vesicles in new and promising vaccination approaches. We will start by describing how lipids can induce activation of the innate immune system and focus on some lipid-derived vaccine adjuvants. Next, we will review current lipid-based self-assembling particles used as vaccine platforms, specifically liposomes and virus-like particles, and how virus-like particles have facilitated research of highly pathogenic viruses such as Ebola.
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87
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Bracke A, Hoogewijs D, Dewilde S. Exploring three different expression systems for recombinant expression of globins: Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and Spodoptera frugiperda. Anal Biochem 2017; 543:62-70. [PMID: 29203135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globins are among the best investigated proteins in biological and medical sciences and represent a prime tool for the study of the evolution of genes and the structure-function relationship of proteins. Here, we explore the recombinant expression of globins in three different expression systems: Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and the baculovirus infected Spodoptera frugiperda. We expressed two different human globin types in these three expression systems: I) the well-characterized neuroglobin and II) the uncharacterized, circular permutated globin domain of the large chimeric globin androglobin. It is clear from the literature that E.coli is the most used expression system for expression and purification of recombinant globins. However, the major disadvantage of E. coli is the formation of insoluble aggregates. We experienced that, for more complex multi-domain globins, like the chimeric globin androglobin, it is recommended to switch to a higher eukaryotic expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Bracke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.
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88
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Abstract
This year's Lasker-DeBakey Prize for Clinical Research to Douglas Lowy and John Schiller celebrates the science behind one of the greatest advances in the history of cancer research: the development of vaccines that prevent infection and thus prevent tumor induction by pathogenic strains of human papilloma virus (HPV).
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89
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Mohsen MO, Zha L, Cabral-Miranda G, Bachmann MF. Major findings and recent advances in virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:123-132. [PMID: 28887001 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have made giant strides in the field of vaccinology over the last three decades. VLPs constitute versatile tools in vaccine development due to their favourable immunological characteristics such as their size, repetitive surface geometry, ability to induce both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as being safe templates with favourable economics. Several VLP-based vaccines are commercially available including vaccines against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) such as Cervarix®, Gardasil® & Gardasil9® and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) including the 3rd generation Sci-B-Vac™. In addition, the first licensed malaria-VLP-based vaccine Mosquirix™ has been recently approved by the European regulators. Several other VLP-based vaccines are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development. This review summarizes some of the major findings and recent advances in VLP-based vaccine development and technologies and outlines general principles that may be harnessed for induction of targeted immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Qatar Foundation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Lisha Zha
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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90
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Huzair F, Sturdy S. Biotechnology and the transformation of vaccine innovation: The case of the hepatitis B vaccines 1968-2000. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 64:11-21. [PMID: 28511068 PMCID: PMC5541201 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The approval, from 1986, of a series of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines was a landmark both in the growth of biotechnology and in the development of the vaccine innovation system. In this paper, we show how the early development of the hepatitis B vaccines was shaped by a political and economic context that newly favoured commercialisation of academic research, including the appropriation and management of intellectual property; we elucidate the contingent interests and motivations that led new biotechnology companies and established pharmaceutical businesses to invest in developing recombinant vaccines specifically against hepatitis B; and we show how these and other factors combined to make those vaccines an unexpected commercial success. Broadening the scope of our analysis to include not just North America and Europe but also low- and middle-income countries, we show how the development of the hepatitis B vaccines facilitated the emergence of a two-tier innovation system structured by tensions between the demands for commercial profitability on the one hand, and the expectation of public health benefit for low- and middle-income countries on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Huzair
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Steve Sturdy
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, Scotland, UK.
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91
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Jacob D, Ruffie C, Combredet C, Formaglio P, Amino R, Ménard R, Tangy F, Sala M. Yeast lysates carrying the nucleoprotein from measles virus vaccine as a novel subunit vaccine platform to deliver Plasmodium circumsporozoite antigen. Malar J 2017; 16:259. [PMID: 28662722 PMCID: PMC5492716 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yeast cells represent an established bioreactor to produce recombinant proteins for subunit vaccine development. In addition, delivery of vaccine antigens directly within heat-inactivated yeast cells is attractive due to the adjuvancy provided by the yeast cell. In this study, Pichia pastoris yeast lysates carrying the nucleoprotein (N) from the measles vaccine virus were evaluated as a novel subunit vaccine platform to deliver the circumsporozoite surface antigen (CS) of Plasmodium. When expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast, the N protein auto-assembles into highly multimeric ribonucleoparticles (RNPs). The CS antigen from Plasmodium berghei (PbCS) was expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast in fusion with N, generating recombinant PbCS-carrying RNPs in the cytoplasm of yeast cells. Results When evaluated in mice after 3–5 weekly subcutaneous injections, yeast lysates containing N-PbCS RNPs elicited strong anti-PbCS humoral responses, which were PbCS-dose dependent and reached a plateau by the pre-challenge time point. Protective efficacy of yeast lysates was dose-dependent, although anti-PbCS antibody titers were not predictive of protection. Multimerization of PbCS on RNPs was essential for providing benefit against infection, as immunization with monomeric PbCS delivered in yeast lysates was not protective. Three weekly injections with N-PbCS yeast lysates in combination with alum adjuvant produced sterile protection in two out of six mice, and significantly reduced parasitaemia in the other individuals from the same group. This parasitaemia decrease was of the same extent as in mice immunized with non-adjuvanted N-PbCS yeast lysates, providing evidence that the yeast lysate formulation did not require accessory adjuvants for eliciting efficient parasitaemia reduction. Conclusions This study demonstrates that yeast lysates are an attractive auto-adjuvant and efficient platform for delivering multimeric PbCS on measles N-based RNPs. By combining yeast lysates that carry RNPs with a large panel of Plasmodium antigens, this technology could be applied to developing a multivalent vaccine against malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1908-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Jacob
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS, UMR-3965, 28, Rue Du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Claude Ruffie
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS, UMR-3965, 28, Rue Du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS, UMR-3965, 28, Rue Du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Robert Ménard
- Institut Pasteur, Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS, UMR-3965, 28, Rue Du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Monica Sala
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS, UMR-3965, 28, Rue Du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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92
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Van Den Ende C, Marano C, Van Ahee A, Bunge EM, De Moerlooze L. The immunogenicity and safety of GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults: a systematic review of 30 years of experience. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:811-832. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1338568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayla Van Ahee
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline M. Bunge
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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93
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Collins KA, Snaith R, Cottingham MG, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS. Enhancing protective immunity to malaria with a highly immunogenic virus-like particle vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46621. [PMID: 28422178 PMCID: PMC5395940 DOI: 10.1038/srep46621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading malaria vaccine in development is the circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based particle vaccine, RTS,S, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It induces modest levels of protective efficacy, thought to be mediated primarily by CSP-specific antibodies. We aimed to enhance vaccine efficacy by generating a more immunogenic CSP-based particle vaccine and therefore developed a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine, called R21. The major improvement is that in contrast to RTS,S, R21 particles are formed from a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein, and this leads to a vaccine composed of a much higher proportion of CSP than in RTS,S. We demonstrate that in BALB/c mice R21 is immunogenic at very low doses and when administered with the adjuvants Abisco-100 and Matrix-M it elicits sterile protection against transgenic sporozoite challenge. Concurrent induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses was also achieved by combining R21 with TRAP-based viral vectors and protective efficacy was significantly enhanced. In addition, in contrast to RTS,S, only a minimal antibody response to the HBsAg carrier was induced. These studies identify an anti-sporozoite vaccine component that may improve upon the current leading malaria vaccine RTS,S. R21 is now under evaluation in Phase 1/2a clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Collins
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Snaith
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew G Cottingham
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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94
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Gallagher JR, Torian U, McCraw DM, Harris AK. Characterization of the disassembly and reassembly of the HBV glycoprotein surface antigen, a pliable nanoparticle vaccine platform. Virology 2017; 502:176-187. [PMID: 28061386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While nanoparticle vaccine technology is gaining interest due to the success of vaccines like those for the human papillomavirus that is based on viral capsid nanoparticles, little information is available on the disassembly and reassembly of viral surface glycoprotein-based nanoparticles. One such particle is the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (sAg) that exists as nanoparticles. Here we show, using biochemical analysis coupled with electron microscopy, that sAg nanoparticle disassembly requires both reducing agent to disrupt intermolecular disulfide bonds, and detergent to disrupt hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the nanoparticle. Particles were otherwise resistant to salt and urea, suggesting the driving mechanism of particle formation involves hydrophobic interactions. We reassembled isolated sAg protein into nanoparticles by detergent removal and reassembly resulted in a wider distribution of particle diameters. Knowledge of these driving forces of nanoparticle assembly and stability should facilitate construction of epitope-displaying nanoparticles that can be used as immunogens in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Gallagher
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Udana Torian
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dustin M McCraw
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Audray K Harris
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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95
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Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7151801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function. Newly available advanced nanomanufacturing techniques now allow very precise control of adjuvant particle size, shape, texture, and surface chemistry. Novel adjuvant concepts include self-assembling particles and targeted immune delivery. These individual concepts can be combined to create a single integrated vaccine nanoparticle-combining antigen, adjuvants, and DC-targeting elements. In the process, the concept of an adjuvant has broadened to include not only immune-stimulatory substances but also any design features that enhance the immune response against the relevant vaccine antigen. The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. It even includes purely physical processes such as texturing of particle surfaces to maximize immunogenicity. Looking forward, adjuvants will increasingly be seen not as separate add-on items but as wholly integrated elements of a complete vaccine delivery package. Hence, vaccine systems will increasingly approach the complexity and sophistication of pathogens themselves, incorporating highly specific particle properties, contents, and behaviors, all designed to maximize immune system recognition and drive the immune response in the specific direction that affords maximal protection.
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96
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Malecki M, Sabo C, Foorohar A, Tombokan X. Novel paradigm for immunotherapy of breast cancer by engaging prophylactic immunity against hepatitis B. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:32. [PMID: 27539579 PMCID: PMC4990520 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy of patients suffering from the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpressing (HER-2(+)) breast cancers with the anti-HER-2 antibodies results in increase of the patients' overall survival. However, no prophylactic vaccine is available against HER-2(+) breast cancers. Although, prophylactic vaccine for human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is very effective. SPECIFIC AIM The specific aim of this work was to design, synthesize, and test bio-molecules which would engage prophylactic immunity against hepatitis B virus towards killing breast cancers cells. METHODS AND RESULTS By biomolecular engineering, we have created a novel family of biomolecules: antibody (anti-HER-2) × vaccine (HBsAg) engineered constructs (AVEC: anti-HER-2 × HBsAg). These biomolecules were utilized for redirecting, accelerating, and amplifying of the vaccination-induced, prophylactic immunity originally targeted against HBV as therapeutic immunity, newly targeted against HER-2(+) breast cancers. Treatment of the HER-2(+) breast cancer cells with AVEC: anti-HER-2 × HBsAg in blood of the patients, vaccinated with HBsAg, rapidly increased efficacy of killing of HER-2(+) breast cancer cells over that attained with the naked anti-HER-2 antibodies. CONCLUSION Novel antibody-vaccine engineered constructs (AVEC) facilitate redirecting, accelerating, and amplifying of prophylactic, HBV vaccination-induced immunity as immunotherapy (RAAVIIT) of HER-2(+) breast cancer. We currently streamline this novel therapeutic paradigm into clinical trials of breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Malecki
- Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA USA
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility, National Institutes of Health, Madison, WI USA
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97
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Malecki M, Putzer E, Quach C, Dodivenaka C, Tombokan X. Novel paradigm for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer by engaging prophylactic immunity against hepatitis B virus. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:44. [PMID: 27905089 PMCID: PMC5130937 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only eight women out of one hundred diagnosed with ovarian epithelial cancers, which progressed to the clinical stage IV, survive 10 years. First line therapies: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy inflict very serious iatrogenic consequences. Passive immunotherapy of ovarian cancers offers only low efficacy. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for ovarian cancers are not available. Interestingly, prophylactic vaccines for Hepatitis B Viruses (HBV) are very effective. SPECIFIC AIM The specific aim of this work was to design, synthesize, and administer biomolecules, which would engage prophylactic, vaccination-induced immunity for HBV towards killing of ovarian cancer cells with high specificity and efficacy. PATIENTS Tissue biopsies, ascites, and blood were acquired from the patients, whose identities were entirely concealed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, pursuant to the Institutional Review Board approval, and with the Patients' informed consent. METHODS AND RESULTS By biomolecular engineering, we have created a novel family of biomolecules: antibody × vaccine engineered constructs (AVEC: anti-HER-2 × HBsAg). We have collected the blood from the volunteers, and measured the titers of anti-HBV antibodies resulting from the FDA approved and CDC scheduled HBV vaccinations. We have acquired tumor biopsies, ascites, and blood from patients suffering from the advanced ovarian cancers. We have established cultures of HER-2 over-expressing epithelial ovarian cancers: OV-90, TOC-112D, SKOV-3, as well as human ovary surface epithelial (HOSE) and human artery endothelial (HAE) cells. Treatment of the HER-2+ ovarian cancer cells with AVEC: anti-HER-2 × HBsAg, accompanied by administration of blood drawn from patients with high titers of the anti-HBV antibodies, resulted in much higher therapeutic efficacy as compared to treatment with the naked anti-HER-2 antibodies alone and/or with the relevant isotype antibodies. This treatment had practically no effect upon the HOSE and HAE cells. DISCUSSION Herein, we report attaining the great improvement in eradication efficacy of ovarian epithelial cancer cells' by engaging prophylactic immunity against HBV; thus creating a novel paradigm for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. We have accomplished that by designing, synthesis, and administration of AVEC. Therefore, the HBV vaccination acquired immunity mounts immune response against the vaccine, but AVEC redirect, accelerate, and amplify this immune response of all the elements of the native and adaptive immune system against ovarian cancer. Our novel paradigm of immunotherapy is currently streamlined to clinical trials also of other cancers, while also engaging prophylactic and acquired immunity. CONCLUSION Novel antibody-vaccine engineered constructs (AVEC) create the solid foundation for redirected, accelerated, and amplified prophylactic, HBV vaccination-induced immunity immunotherapy (RAAVIIT) of ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Malecki
- Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA USA
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility, National Institutes of Health, Madison, WI USA
| | - Emily Putzer
- District of Columbia, Department of Health, Washington, DC USA
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98
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Legastelois I, Buffin S, Peubez I, Mignon C, Sodoyer R, Werle B. Non-conventional expression systems for the production of vaccine proteins and immunotherapeutic molecules. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:947-961. [PMID: 27905833 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1260795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for recombinant vaccine antigens or immunotherapeutic molecules calls into question the universality of current protein expression systems. Vaccine production can require relatively low amounts of expressed materials, but represents an extremely diverse category consisting of different target antigens with marked structural differences. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies, by definition share key molecular characteristics and require a production system capable of very large outputs, which drives the quest for highly efficient and cost-effective systems. In discussing expression systems, the primary assumption is that a universal production platform for vaccines and immunotherapeutics will unlikely exist. This review provides an overview of the evolution of traditional expression systems, including mammalian cells, yeast and E.coli, but also alternative systems such as other bacteria than E. coli, transgenic animals, insect cells, plants and microalgae, Tetrahymena thermophila, Leishmania tarentolae, filamentous fungi, cell free systems, and the incorporation of non-natural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Buffin
- a Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
| | - Isabelle Peubez
- a Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
| | | | - Régis Sodoyer
- b Technology Research Institute Bioaster , Lyon , France
| | - Bettina Werle
- b Technology Research Institute Bioaster , Lyon , France
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99
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Diethard M, Gasser B, Egermeier M, Marx H, Sauer M. Industrial Microorganisms: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand other Yeasts. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattanovich Diethard
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Egermeier
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Hans Marx
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
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100
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Karch CP, Burkhard P. Vaccine technologies: From whole organisms to rationally designed protein assemblies. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 120:1-14. [PMID: 27157411 PMCID: PMC5079805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been the single most significant advancement in public health, preventing morbidity and mortality in millions of people annually. Vaccine development has traditionally focused on whole organism vaccines, either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. While successful for many different infectious diseases whole organisms are expensive to produce, require culture of the infectious agent, and have the potential to cause vaccine associated disease in hosts. With advancing technology and a desire to develop safe, cost effective vaccine candidates, the field began to focus on the development of recombinantly expressed antigens known as subunit vaccines. While more tolerable, subunit vaccines tend to be less immunogenic. Attempts have been made to increase immunogenicity with the addition of adjuvants, either immunostimulatory molecules or an antigen delivery system that increases immune responses to vaccines. An area of extreme interest has been the application of nanotechnology to vaccine development, which allows for antigens to be expressed on a particulate delivery system. One of the most exciting examples of nanovaccines are rationally designed protein nanoparticles. These nanoparticles use some of the basic tenants of structural biology, biophysical chemistry, and vaccinology to develop protective, safe, and easily manufactured vaccines. Rationally developed nanoparticle vaccines are one of the most promising candidates for the future of vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Allergy and Immunology/history
- Allergy and Immunology/trends
- Animals
- Antigens/adverse effects
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/therapeutic use
- Biopharmaceutics/history
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Biopharmaceutics/trends
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Communicable Disease Control/history
- Communicable Disease Control/trends
- Communicable Diseases/immunology
- Communicable Diseases/veterinary
- Drug Delivery Systems/adverse effects
- Drug Delivery Systems/trends
- Drug Delivery Systems/veterinary
- Drug Design
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Nanoparticles/adverse effects
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Protein Engineering/trends
- Protein Engineering/veterinary
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Vaccines/adverse effects
- Vaccines/chemistry
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Veterinary Drugs/adverse effects
- Veterinary Drugs/chemistry
- Veterinary Drugs/immunology
- Veterinary Drugs/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Peter Burkhard
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 93 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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