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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays important roles in regulating blood pressure and body fluid, which contributes to the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular/renal diseases. However, accumulating evidence has further revealed the complexity of this signal transduction system, including direct interactions with other receptors and proteins. This review focuses on recent research advances in RAAS with an emphasis on its receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Both systemically and locally produced angiotensin II (Ang II) bind to Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and elicit strong biological functions. Recent studies have shown that Ang II-induced activation of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) elicits the opposite functions to those of AT1R. However, accumulating evidence has now expanded the components of RAAS, including (pro)renin receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin 1-7, and Mas receptor. In addition, the signal transductions of AT1R and AT2R are regulated by not only Ang II but also its receptor-associated proteins such as AT1R-associated protein and AT2R-interacting protein. Recent studies have indicated that inappropriate activation of local mineralocorticoid receptor contributes to cardiovascular and renal tissue injuries through aldosterone-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Since the mechanisms of RAAS signal transduction still remain to be elucidated, further investigations are necessary to explore novel molecular mechanisms of the RAAS, which will provide alternative therapeutic agents other than existing RAAS blockers.
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Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was first identified as a single-transmembrane receptor in human kidneys and initially attracted attention owing to its potential role as a regulator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Subsequent studies found that the (P)RR is widely distributed in organs throughout the body, including the kidneys, heart, brain, eyes, placenta and the immune system, and has multifaceted functions in vivo. The (P)RR has roles in various physiological processes, such as the cell cycle, autophagy, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, embryonic development, T cell homeostasis, water balance, blood pressure regulation, cardiac remodelling and maintenance of podocyte structure. These roles of the (P)RR are mediated by its effects on important biological systems and pathways including the tissue RAS, vacuolar H+-ATPase, Wnt, partitioning defective homologue (Par) and tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, the (P)RR has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diabetic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity. Current evidence suggests that the (P)RR has key roles in the normal development and maintenance of vital organs and that dysfunction of the (P)RR is associated with diseases that are characterized by a disruption of the homeostasis of physiological functions.
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53
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Gatineau E, Gong MC, Yiannikouris F. Soluble Prorenin Receptor Increases Blood Pressure in High Fat-Fed Male Mice. Hypertension 2019; 74:1014-1020. [PMID: 31378099 PMCID: PMC6739191 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related hypertension is a major public health concern. We recently demonstrated that plasma levels of the soluble form of the prorenin receptor (sPRR) were elevated in obesity-associated hypertension. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the contribution of sPRR to blood pressure (BP) elevation in the context of obesity. High fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice were infused with vehicle or sPRR (30 µg/kg per day) via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump for 4 weeks. BP parameters were recorded using radiotelemetry devices. Male mice infused with sPRR exhibited higher systolic BP and mean arterial pressure and lower spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity than mice infused with vehicle. To define mechanisms involved in systolic BP elevation, mice were injected with an AT1R (Ang II [angiotensin II] type 1 receptor) antagonist (losartan), a muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine), a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and a ganglionic blocker (chlorisondamine). Losartan did not blunt sPRR-induced elevation in systolic BP. Chlorisondamine treatment exacerbated the decrease in mean arterial pressure in male mice infused with sPRR. These results demonstrated that sPRR induced autonomic nervous dysfunction. Interestingly, plasma leptin levels were increased in high fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice infused with sPRR. Overall, our results indicated that sPRR increased systolic BP through an impairment of the baroreflex sensitivity and an increase in the sympathetic tone potentially mediated by leptin in high fat-fed C57BL/6 male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gatineau
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ming C. Gong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Yamashita K, Morimoto S, Seki Y, Watanabe D, Ichihara A. Serum-soluble (pro)renin receptor concentration as a biomarker for organ damage in primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1951-1960. [PMID: 31409916 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by inappropriate overproduction of aldosterone by adrenal lesions and leads to hypertension. Excess aldosterone causes organ damage; therefore, finding a biomarker for organ damage risk is vital. The (pro)renin receptor regulates the tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The blood soluble (pro)renin receptor concentration is a candidate biomarker that reflects the activity of the tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This study investigated the relationships between serum soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations and indices of organ damage in patients with primary aldosteronism. We examined plasma aldosterone and serum soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations in patients with primary aldosteronism and evaluated the relationships between these values and organ damage indices, such as the cardio-ankle vascular index, urinary albumin excretion, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. We enrolled 121 patients with primary aldosteronism (46 males, 54.9 ± 12.2 years of age). Serum soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations were significantly positively correlated with the cardio-ankle vascular index, urinary albumin excretion, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rates, independent of other factors. Plasma aldosterone concentrations showed no significant relationships with these indices. In patients with primary aldosteronism, serum soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations, but not plasma aldosterone concentrations, showed significant associations with organ damage, suggesting that the serum soluble (pro)renin receptor level could be a high-risk biomarker of organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasufumi Seki
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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55
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(Pro)renin receptor contributes to renal mitochondria dysfunction, apoptosis and fibrosis in diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11667. [PMID: 31406124 PMCID: PMC6690878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that increased renal (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression in diabetes contributes to development of diabetic kidney disease. However, the exact mechanisms involving PRR activity and diabetic kidney dysfunction are unknown. We hypothesized that PRR is localized in renal mitochondria and contributes to renal fibrosis and apoptosis through oxidative stress-induced mitochondria dysfunction. Controls and streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were injected with scramble shRNA and PRR shRNA and followed for a period of eight weeks. At the end of study, diabetic mice showed increased expressions of PRR and NOX4 in both total kidney tissue and renal mitochondria fraction. In addition, renal mitochondria of diabetic mice showed reduced protein expression and activity of SOD2 and ATP production and increased UCP2 expression. In diabetic kidney, there was upregulation in the expressions of caspase3, phos-Foxo3a, phos-NF-κB, fibronectin, and collagen IV and reduced expressions of Sirt1 and total-FOXO3a. Renal immunostaining revealed increased deposition of PRR, collagen and fibronectin in diabetic kidney. In diabetic mice, PRR knockdown decreased urine albumin to creatinine ratio and the renal expressions of PRR, NOX4, UCP2, caspase3, phos-FOXO3a, phos-NF-κB, collagen, and fibronectin, while increased the renal mitochondria expression and activity of SOD2, ATP production, and the renal expressions of Sirt1 and total-FOXO3a. In conclusion, increased expression of PRR localized in renal mitochondria and diabetic kidney induced mitochondria dysfunction, and enhanced renal apoptosis and fibrosis in diabetes by upregulation of mitochondria NOX4/SOD2/UCP2 signaling pathway.
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Abstract
The epithelium of the kidney collecting duct (CD) is composed mainly of two different types of cells with distinct and complementary functions. CD principal cells traditionally have been considered to have a major role in Na+ and water regulation, while intercalated cells (ICs) were thought to largely modulate acid-base homeostasis. In recent years, our understanding of IC function has improved significantly owing to new research findings. Thus, we now have a new model for CD transport that integrates mechanisms of salt and water reabsorption, K+ homeostasis, and acid-base status between principal cells and ICs. There are three main types of ICs (type A, type B, and non-A, non-B), which first appear in the late distal convoluted tubule or in the connecting segment in a species-dependent manner. ICs can be detected in CD from cortex to the initial part of the inner medulla, although some transport proteins that are key components of ICs also are present in medullary CD, cells considered inner medullary. Of the three types of ICs, each has a distinct morphology and expresses different complements of membrane transport proteins that translate into very different functions in homeostasis and contributions to CD luminal pro-urine composition. This review includes recent discoveries in IC intracellular and paracrine signaling that contributes to acid-base regulation as well as Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ homeostasis. Thus, these new findings highlight the potential role of ICs as targets for potential hypertension treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Rao
- University of Southern California/University Kidney Research Organization, Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vivek Bhalla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Núria M Pastor-Soler
- University of Southern California/University Kidney Research Organization, Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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57
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Renin Activity in Heart Failure with Reduced Systolic Function-New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133182. [PMID: 31261774 PMCID: PMC6651297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the cause, symptomatic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (rEF) is characterized by pathological activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) with sodium retention and extracellular fluid expansion (edema). Here, we review the role of active renin, a crucial, upstream enzymatic regulator of the RAAS, as a prognostic and diagnostic plasma biomarker of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) progression; we also discuss its potential as a pharmacological bio-target in HF therapy. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that plasma renin activity is elevated with symptomatic HFrEF with edema in patients, as well as in companion animals and experimental models of HF. Plasma renin activity levels are also reported to be elevated in patients and animals with rEF before the development of symptomatic HF. Modulation of renin activity in experimental HF significantly reduces edema formation and the progression of systolic dysfunction and improves survival. Thus, specific assessment and targeting of elevated renin activity may enhance diagnostic and therapeutic precision to improve outcomes in appropriate patients with HFrEF.
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58
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Beitia M, Solano-Iturri JD, Errarte P, Calvete-Candenas J, Loizate A, Etxezarraga MC, Sanz B, Larrinaga G. (Pro)renin Receptor Expression Increases throughout the Colorectal Adenoma-Adenocarcinoma Sequence and It Is Associated with Worse Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E881. [PMID: 31238566 PMCID: PMC6627867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a protein that takes part in several signaling pathways such as Renin Angiotensin System and Wnt signalling. Its biological role has recently been related to cancer progression and in this study, we investigated its relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC). To that end, we analysed the immunohistochemical expression of PRR in adenomatous polyps and CRCs from the same patients (n = 42), and in primary tumours and nodal and liver metastases from advanced CRC patients (n = 294). In addition, the soluble fraction of PRR was measured by ELISA in plasma samples from 161 CRC patients. The results showed that PRR expression was gradually augmented along the uninvolved mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Besides, the stronger expression of PRR in primary tumours was markedly associated with local tumour extent and the onset of metastases. Moreover, PRR expression in both primary and distant metastases was associated with worse 5- and 10-year survival of CRC patients. Plasmatic PRR levels did not change with respect to controls and were not associated with CRC aggressiveness. These results suggest a key role of PRR in the development and progression of CRC and a potential use of this protein as a new prognostic biomarker and/or therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Beitia
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Peio Errarte
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | | | - Alberto Loizate
- Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Mari Carmen Etxezarraga
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Begoña Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
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59
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Lóry V, Balážová L, Kršková K, Horváthová Ľ, Olszanecki R, Suski M, Zórad Š. Obesity and aging affects skeletal muscle renin-angiotensin system and myosin heavy chain proportions in pre-diabetic Zucker rats. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:351-365. [PMID: 31197649 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a gap in the knowledge regarding regulation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in skeletal muscle during development of obesity and insulin resistance in vivo. This study evaluates the obesity- and age-related changes in the expression of local RAS components. Since RAS affects skeletal muscle remodelling, we also evaluated the muscle fibre type composition, defined by myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNAs and protein content. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR and/or Western blot analysis in musculus quadriceps of 3- and 8-month-old male obese Zucker rats and their lean controls. The enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase A (APA) was determined flourometrically. Activation of renin receptor (ReR)/promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) negative feedback mechanism was observed in obesity. The expression of angiotensinogen and AT1 was downregulated by obesity, while neutral endopeptidase and AT2 expressions were upregulated in obese rats with aging. Skeletal muscle APA activity was decreased by obesity, which negatively correlated with the increased plasma APA activity and plasma cholesterol. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) positively correlated with MyHC mRNAs characteristic for fast-twitch muscle fibres. The obesity- and age-related alterations in the expression of both classical and alternative RAS components suggest an onset of a new equilibrium between ACE/AngII/AT1 and ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas at lower level accompanied by increased renin/ReR/PLZF activation. Increased APA release from the skeletal muscle in obesity might contribute to increased plasma APA activity. There is a link between reduced ACE expression and altered muscle MyHC proportion in obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Lóry
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Balážová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kršková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horváthová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Rafal Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Štefan Zórad
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
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60
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Wang F, Xu C, Luo R, Peng K, Ramkumar N, Xie S, Lu X, Zhao L, Zuo CJ, Kohan DE, Yang T. Site-1 protease-derived soluble (pro)renin receptor targets vasopressin receptor 2 to enhance urine concentrating capability. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124174. [PMID: 30944256 PMCID: PMC6483716 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP), acting through its type 2 receptor (V2R) in the collecting duct (CD), critically controls urine concentrating capability. Here, we report that site-1 protease-derived (S1P-derived) soluble (pro)renin receptor (sPRR) participates in regulation of fluid homeostasis via targeting V2R. In cultured inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, AVP-induced V2R expression was blunted by a PRR antagonist, PRO20; a PRR-neutralizing antibody; or a S1P inhibitor, PF-429242. In parallel, sPRR release was increased by AVP and reduced by PF-429242. Administration of histidine-tagged sPRR, sPRR-His, stimulated V2R expression and also reversed the inhibitory effect of PF-429242 on the expression induced by AVP. PF-429242 treatment in C57/BL6 mice impaired urine concentrating capability, which was rescued by sPRR-His. This observation was recapitulated in mice with renal tubule-specific deletion of S1P. During the pharmacological or genetic manipulation of S1P alone or in combination with sPRR-His, the changes in urine concentration were paralleled with renal expression of V2R and aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Together, these results support that S1P-derived sPRR exerts a key role in determining renal V2R expression and, thus, urine concentrating capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renfei Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shiying Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chang-Jiang Zuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Donald E. Kohan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hypertension and Renal Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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61
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Kanda A, Ishida S. (Pro)renin receptor: Involvement in diabetic retinopathy and development of molecular targeted therapy. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:6-17. [PMID: 29575757 PMCID: PMC6319493 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a crucial regulator of systemic blood pressure (circulatory RAS), plays distinct roles in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in various organs (tissue RAS), such as diabetic microvascular complications. Using ocular clinical samples and animal disease models, we elucidated molecular mechanisms in which tissue RAS excites the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A responsible for retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, the two major pathological events in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, we showed the involvement of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction (e.g., extracellular signal-regulated kinase); namely, the (P)RR-induced dual pathogenic bioactivity referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system. Indeed, neovascular endothelial cells in the fibrovascular tissue collected from eyes with proliferative DR were immunoreactive for the receptor-associated prorenin system components including prorenin, (P)RR, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and VEGF-A. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR increased with its positive correlations with prorenin, renin enzymatic activity and VEGF in the vitreous of proliferative DR eyes, suggesting a close link between (P)RR and VEGF-A-driven angiogenic activity. Furthermore, we revealed an unsuspected, PAPS-independent role of (P)RR in glucose-induced oxidative stress. Recently, we developed an innovative single-strand ribonucleic acid interference molecule selectively targeting human and mouse (P)RR, and confirmed its efficacy in suppressing diabetes-induced retinal inflammation in mice. Our data using clinical samples and animal models suggested the significant implication of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of DR, and the potential usefulness of the ribonucleic acid interference molecule as a therapeutic agent to attenuate ocular inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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62
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Enzymatic sources and physio-pathological functions of soluble (pro)renin receptor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 27:77-82. [PMID: 29346132 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) belongs to type I transmembrane receptor family and binds both prorenin and renin, representing a potential regulator of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Soluble form of PRR (sPRR) is generated by intracellular protease-mediated cleavage of full-length PRR. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action and production of sPRR. RECENT FINDINGS It has recently been demonstrated that site-1-protease (S1P) plays a dominant role in the generation of sPRR. New evidence is also emerging to support a biological function of sPRR in the physiological regulation of fluid homeostasis as well as pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. SUMMARY sPRR is a 28 kDa product of PRR cleavage via S1P-mediated protease activity. Not only does sPRR regulate renal tubular water transport, but it also mediates pathogenic responses to renal cellular injury. sPRR is likely involved in a wide range of physio-pathological processes.
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63
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Yang KT, Yang T, Symons JD. Soluble (pro)renin receptor as a potential therapy for diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1416-F1421. [PMID: 30019932 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (VP) is produced by the hypothalamus and is stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary. VP acts via VP type 2 receptors (V2Rs) on the basolateral membrane of principal cells of the collecting duct (CD) to regulate fluid permeability. The VP-evoked endocrine pathway is essential in determining urine concentrating capability. For example, a defect in any component of the VP signaling pathway can result in polyuria, polydipsia, and hypotonic urine, collectively termed diabetes insipidus (DI). A lack of VP production precipitates central diabetes insipidus (CDI), which can be managed effectively by VP supplementation. A majority of cases of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) result from V2R mutations that impair receptor sensitivity. No specific therapy is currently available for management of NDI. Evidence is evolving that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of the renin-angiotensin system, is capable of regulating VP production and action. As such, PRR should be considered strongly as a therapeutic target for treating CDI and NDI. The current review will summarize recent advances in understanding the physiology of renal and central PRR as it relates to the two types of DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,College of Health, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - J David Symons
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,College of Health, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Decrease of Plasma Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor by Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Morbid Obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:174-182. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Mizuguchi Y, Yatabe M, Morishima N, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Buffering roles of (pro)renin receptor in starvation-induced autophagy of skeletal muscles. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13587. [PMID: 29488348 PMCID: PMC5828934 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process contributing to the regulation of nutrient homeostasis and cellular remodeling. Studies revealed that the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a key role in lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic pathways. The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a multifunctional protein playing a pivotal role in regulation of the tissue renin-angiotensin system and is known as an essential constituent of vacuolar H+ -ATPase, considered to be necessary for the autophagy-lysosome pathway. On the basis of these findings, we postulated that (P)RR may also contribute to the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy. In this study, starvation increased the expression of (P)RR and autophagy-related genes, especially, in the skeletal muscles of mice. In C2C12 mouse myoblast cells, starvation increased (P)RR expression and TFEB translocation, leading to the expression of autophagy-related genes. Knockdown of (P)RR enhanced both the TFEB translocation to the nucleus and the expression of autophagy-related genes during starvation. These results suggest that (P)RR plays a buffering role in starvation-induced autophagy by affecting the nuclear translocation of TFEB. Thus, (P)RR, which increases during starvation, is one of the important factors that control autophagy in the skeletal muscles. (P)RR may act as a buffer to reduce excessive TFEB-dependent autophagy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mizuguchi
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Midori Yatabe
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
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66
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Seki Y, Yatabe M, Suda C, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Elevated (Pro)renin Receptor Expression Contributes to Maintaining Aerobic Metabolism in Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:252-265. [PMID: 29594258 PMCID: PMC5836533 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) leads to obesity and may induce tissue hypoxia. As (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is reported to contribute to the aerobic metabolism by stabilizing pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), it may play a substantial role in GHD. Objective We aimed to investigate serum soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR] concentration, the origin of s(P)RR, and significance of (P)RR in GHD. Design, Setting, and Participants Serum s(P)RR concentration was examined in 72 patients with pituitary diseases, including 32 patients with severe GHD (SGHD) and after GH replacement in 16 SGHD patients. Leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice were treated with pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist, to explore the source of elevated serum s(P)RR in GHD. Adipocytes were cultured with 5% O2 to examine the effects of hypoxia. Results Serum s(P)RR concentration was higher in patients with SGHD than in those without SGHD. Obesity was the important determinant of s(P)RR concentration. Serum s(P)RR concentration significantly decreased after GH replacement in SGHD patients. (P)RR mRNA expression was increased specifically in the adipose tissue (AT) of pegvisomant-treated obese mice compared with that of control obese mice. Hypoxia in cultured adipocytes increased (P)RR expression without affecting the PDH E1 β subunit (PDHB) expression; however, with (P)RR knockdown by small interfering RNA, hypoxia significantly decreased the expression of PDHB. Conclusion GHD patients showed increased serum s(P)RR concentration, possibly caused by obesity and hypoxia. (P)RR expression in AT of GHD patients may be elevated to help maintain aerobic metabolism under hypoxia. Thus, the elevated serum s(P)RR level may reflect hypoxia in ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Seki
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yatabe
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikahito Suda
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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67
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Su J, Liu X, Xu C, Lu X, Wang F, Fang H, Lu A, Qiu Q, Li C, Yang T. NF-κB-dependent upregulation of (pro)renin receptor mediates high-NaCl-induced apoptosis in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C612-C620. [PMID: 29021196 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00068.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a component of the renin-angiotensin system, has emerged as a new regulator of collecting duct function. The present study was designed to investigate the role of PRR in high salt-induced apoptosis in cultured mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells, mIMCD-K2 cells. Exposure to high NaCl at 550 mosM/kgH2O increased PRR protein abundance, as did exposure to mannitol, sodium gluconate, or choline chloride. This was accompanied by upregulation of the abundance of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 protein. NF-κB inhibition with QNZ, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of NF-κB p65 attenuated high-NaCl-induced PRR upregulation. Exposure to high salt for 24 h induced apoptosis, as assessed by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry analysis of cleaved caspase-3 and flow cytometry analysis of the number of apoptotic cells. High-NaCl-induced apoptosis was attenuated by a PRR decoy inhibitor, PRO20, or siRNA-mediated silencing of NF-κB p65. These results show that induction of PRR expression by exposure to high NaCl occurs through activation of NF-κB, thus contributing to cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Su
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qixiang Qiu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
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68
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Fang H, Xu C, Lu A, Zou CJ, Xie S, Chen Y, Zhou L, Liu M, Wang L, Wang W, Yang T. (Pro)renin receptor mediates albumin-induced cellular responses: role of site-1 protease-derived soluble (pro)renin receptor in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C632-C643. [PMID: 28903918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00006.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinuria is a characteristic of chronic kidney disease and also a causative factor that promotes the disease progression, in part, via activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly discovered component of the RAS, binds renin and (pro)renin to promote angiotensin I generation. The present study was performed to test the role of soluble PRR (sPRR) in albumin overload-induced responses in cultured human renal proximal tubular cell line human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells. Bovine serum albmuin (BSA) treatment for 24 h at 20 mg/ml induced renin activity and inflammation, both of which were attenuated by a PRR decoy inhibitor PRO20. BSA treatment induced a more than fivefold increase in medium sPRR due to enhanced cleavage of PRR. Surprisingly, this cleavage event was unaffected by inhibition of furin or a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 19. Screening for a novel cleavage enzyme led to the identification of site-1 protease (S1P). Inhibition of S1P with PF-429242 or siRNA remarkably suppressed BSA-induced sPRR production, renin activity, and inflammatory response. Administration of a recombinant sPRR, termed sPRR-His, reversed the effects of S1P inhibition. In HK-2 cells overexpressing PRR, mutagenesis of the S1P, but not furin cleavage site, reduced sPRR levels. Together, these results suggest that PRR mediates albumin-induced cellular responses through S1P-derived sPRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chang-Jiang Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shiying Xie
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mi Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
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69
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Sugulle M, Heidecke H, Maschke U, Herse F, Danser AHJ, Mueller DN, Staff AC, Dechend R. Soluble (pro)renin receptor in preeclampsia and diabetic pregnancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:644-652. [PMID: 29050747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Women with preexisting or gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for developing preeclampsia. Diabetes and pregnancy are both characterized by very high prorenin levels and renin-angiotensin system activation. Prorenin bound to the (pro)renin receptor has enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that soluble (pro)renin receptor levels are elevated in high-risk pregnancies. Third trimester maternal blood samples from complicated pregnancies (n = 165), (preeclampsia [n = 76], diabetes mellitus [type I diabetes, n = 35; type II diabetes, n = 11; gestational diabetes mellitus, n = 43]), and healthy pregnancies (n = 49) were analyzed for prorenin, renin, and soluble (pro)renin receptor. There were no significant differences in prorenin or renin levels between the study groups in a multivariate model. In the group of women with gestational diabetes, soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations were significantly higher compared with healthy pregnancies or preeclampsia. Soluble (pro)renin receptor did not correlate with renin or prorenin levels for any of the study groups. Our results show that soluble (pro)renin receptor is dysregulated in pregnancies affected by diabetes mellitus, but not in preeclampsia. Alterations in circulating soluble (pro)renin receptor are unrelated to renin/prorenin in pregnancy, but may be of pathophysiological relevance in diabetic pregnancies in a renin-angiotensin system-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Sugulle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ulrike Maschke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik N Mueller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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70
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Takahashi K, Ohba K, Tajima K, Nishijima T, Sakurai S. Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Oxidative Stress in Brain? Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632190 PMCID: PMC5486134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional molecule that is related to both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), an ATP-dependent multi-subunit proton pump. Soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR), which consists of the extracellular domain of (P)RR, is present in blood and urine. Elevated plasma s(P)RR concentrations are reported in patients with chronic kidney disease and pregnant women with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. In addition, we have shown that plasma s(P)RR concentrations are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Interestingly, the levels are elevated in parallel with the severity of OSAS, but are not related to the presence of hypertension or the status of the circulating RAS in OSAS. It is known that v-ATPase activity protects cells from endogenous oxidative stress, and loss of v-ATPase activity results in chronic oxidative stress. We hypothesize that hypoxia and subsequent oxidative stress, perhaps in the brain, may be one of the factors that elevate plasma s(P)RR levels in OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tsuguo Nishijima
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-0850, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Sakurai
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-0850, Japan.
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71
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72
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Nakagawa T, Suzuki-Nakagawa C, Watanabe A, Asami E, Matsumoto M, Nakano M, Ebihara A, Uddin MN, Suzuki F. Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor. J Biochem 2017; 161:369-379. [PMID: 28013223 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is cleaved to generate the soluble form of (P)RR [s(P)RR]. Multiple clinical studies have revealed the association between serum/plasma s(P)RR levels and certain diseases, thereby suggesting a potential role for s(P)RR as a disease biomarker. Here, we investigated whether site-1 protease (S1P) is responsible for cleaving (P)RR to generate s(P)RR. Reduction of endogenous S1P with siRNA attenuated s(P)RR generation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exogenously expressing human (P)RR with a C-terminal decahistidine tag [CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells]; conversely, overexpression of S1P by transient transfection increased s(P)RR generation. The S1P inhibitor PF429242 suppressed s(P)RR generation in CHO/h(P)RR-10His and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells; however, the ADAM inhibitor GM6001 had no effect. The furin inhibitor Dec-RVKR-CMK had no effect on the amount of s(P)RR, but caused a slight increase in the size of the s(P)RR. Moreover, the reversible vesicle-trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) enhanced the generation of large-sized s(P)RR; PF429242, but not Dec-RVKR-CMK, suppressed this BFA-induced s(P)RR formation. The size of s(P)RR generated during BFA treatment was reduced after removal of BFA; Dec-RVKR-CMK, but not PF429242, suppressed this conversion. Together, these results suggest that s(P)RR is generated by sequential processing by S1P and furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Chiharu Suzuki-Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Eriko Asami
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mizuki Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mami Nakano
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akio Ebihara
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Fumiaki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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73
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Sun Y, Danser AHJ, Lu X. (Pro)renin receptor as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:48-56. [PMID: 28532817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 15years ago stimulated ideas on prorenin being more than renin's inactive precursor. Indeed, binding of prorenin to the (P)RR induces a conformational change in the prorenin molecule, allowing it to display angiotensin-generating activity, and additionally results in intracellular signaling in an angiotensin-independent manner. However, the prorenin levels required to observe these angiotensin-dependent and -independent effects of the (P)RR are many orders above its in vivo concentrations, both under normal and pathological conditions. Given this requirement, the idea that the (P)RR has a function within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is now being abandoned. Instead, research is now focused on the (P)RR as an accessory protein of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), potentially determining its integrity. Acting as an adaptor between Frizzled co-receptor LRP6 and V-ATPase, the (P)RR appears to be indispensable for Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus explaining why (P)RR deletion (unlike renin deletion) is lethal even when restricted to specific cells, such as cardiomyocytes, podocytes and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the (P)RR may play important roles in lipoprotein metabolism and overall energy metabolism. In this review, we summarize the controversial RAS-related effects of the (P)RR, and critically review the novel non-RAS-related functions of the (P)RR, ending with a discussion on the potential of targeting the (P)RR to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xifeng Lu
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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74
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Yosypiv IV. Prorenin receptor in kidney development. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:383-392. [PMID: 27160552 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prorenin receptor (PRR), a receptor for renin and prorenin and an accessory subunit of the vacuolar proton pump H+-ATPase, is expressed in the developing kidney. Global loss of PRR is lethal in mice, and PRR mutations are associated with a high blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and X-linked mental retardation in humans. With the advent of modern gene targeting techniques, including conditional knockout approaches, several recent studies have demonstrated critical roles for the PRR in several lineages of the developing kidney. PRR signaling has been shown to be essential for branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB), nephron progenitor survival and nephrogenesis. PRR regulates these developmental events through interactions with other transcription and growth factors. Several targeted PRR knockout animal models have structural defects mimicking congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract observed in humans. The aim of this review, is to highlight new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which PRR may regulate UB branching, terminal differentiation and function of UB-derived collecting ducts, nephron progenitor maintenance, progression of nephrogenesis and normal structural kidney development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor V Yosypiv
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-37, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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76
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Xu C, Lu A, Lu X, Zhang L, Fang H, Zhou L, Yang T. Activation of Renal (Pro)Renin Receptor Contributes to High Fructose-Induced Salt Sensitivity. Hypertension 2016; 69:339-348. [PMID: 27993957 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-fructose diet is shown to induce salt-sensitive hypertension, but the underlying mechanism largely remains unknown. The major goal of the present study was to test the role of renal (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in this model. In Sprague-Dawley rats, high-fructose intake increased renal expression of full-length PRR, which were attenuated by allopurinol. High-fructose intake also upregulated renal mRNA and protein expression of sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 and Na/K/2Cl cotransporter, as well as in vivo Na/K/2Cl cotransporter activity, all of which were nearly completely blocked by a PRR decoy inhibitor PRO20 or allopurinol treatment. Parallel changes were observed for indices of intrarenal renin-angiotensin-system including renal and urinary renin and angiotensin II levels. Radiotelemetry demonstrated that high-fructose or a high-salt diet alone did not affect mean arterial pressure, but the combination of the 2 maneuvers induced a ≈10-mm Hg increase of mean arterial pressure, which was blunted by PRO20 or allopurinol treatment. In cultured human kidney 2 cells, both fructose and uric acid increased protein expression of soluble PRR in a time- and dose-dependent manner; fructose-induced PRR upregulation was inhibited by allopurinol. Taken together, our data suggest that fructose via uric acid stimulates renal expression of PRR/soluble PRR that stimulate sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 and Na/K/2Cl cotransporter expression and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system to induce salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Aihua Lu
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Linlin Zhang
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Hui Fang
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Li Zhou
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.)
| | - Tianxin Yang
- From the Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China (C.X., A.L., X.L., L.Z., H.F., L.Z., T.Y.); Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.X., X.L., T.Y.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (X.L., T.Y.).
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Xu C, Fang H, Zhou L, Lu A, Yang T. High potassium promotes mutual interaction between (pro)renin receptor and the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rat inner medullary collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C686-C695. [PMID: 27534754 PMCID: PMC5129751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00128.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is predominantly expressed in the collecting duct (CD) with unclear functional implication. It is not known whether CD PRR is regulated by high potassium (HK). Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of HK on PRR expression and its role in regulation of aldosterone synthesis and release in the CD. In primary rat inner medullary CD cells, HK augmented PRR expression and soluble PPR (sPRR) release in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by PRR small interfering RNA (siRNA), eplerenone, and losartan. HK upregulated aldosterone release in parallel with an increase of CYP11B2 (cytochrome P-450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2) protein expression and upregulation of medium renin activity, both of which were attenuated by a PRR antagonist PRO20, PRR siRNA, eplerenone, and losartan. Similarly, prorenin upregulated aldosterone release and CYP11B2 expression, both of which were attenuated by PRR siRNA. Interestingly, a recombinant sPRR (sPRR-His) also stimulated aldosterone release and CYP11B2 expression. Taken together, we conclude that HK enhances a local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to increased PRR expression, which in turn amplifies the response of the RAAS, ultimately contributing to heightened aldosterone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and .,Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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78
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Kanda A, Ishida S. Receptor-associated prorenin system contributes to development of inflammation and angiogenesis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:22. [PMID: 29259695 PMCID: PMC5725647 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a potential role in the development of end-organ damage, and tissue RAS activation has been suggested as a risk factor of several diseases including diabetes. So far, using animal disease models, we have shown molecular mechanisms, in which tissue RAS stimulates retinal angiogenesis, and the critical roles of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction, referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS). Moreover, we recently reported that the protein levels of prorenin and soluble (P)RR increased in the vitreous fluids obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), suggesting the association of (P)RR with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-driven angiogenic activity in human PDR, and also showed a close relationship between the vitreous renin activity and VEGF-induced pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Our data using animal disease models and human clinical samples suggest that both vitreous RAS and retinal RAPS play critical roles in the molecular pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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79
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Xu C, Lu A, Wang H, Fang H, Zhou L, Sun P, Yang T. (Pro)Renin receptor regulates potassium homeostasis through a local mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 313:F641-F656. [PMID: 27440776 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is highly expressed in the distal nephron, but it has an unclear functional implication. The present study was conducted to explore a potential role of renal PRR during high K+ (HK) loading. In normal Sprague-Dawley rats, a 1-wk HK intake increased renal expression of full-length PRR and urinary excretion of soluble PRR (sPRR). Administration of PRO20, a decoy peptide antagonist of PRR, in K+-loaded animals elevated plasma K+ level and decreased urinary K+ excretion, accompanied with suppressed urinary aldosterone excretion and intrarenal aldosterone levels. HK downregulated Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) expression but upregulated CYP11B2 (cytochrome P-450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2), renal outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK), calcium-activated potassium channel subunit α1 (α-BK), α-Na+-K+-ATPase (α-NKA), and epithelial Na+ channel subunit β (β-ENaC), all of which were blunted by PRO20. After HK loading was completed, urinary, but not plasma renin, was upregulated, which was blunted by PRO20. The same experiments that were performed using adrenalectomized (ADX) rats yielded similar results. Interestingly, spironolactone treatment in HK-loaded ADX rats attenuated kaliuresis but promoted natriuresis, which was associated with the suppressed responses of β-ENaC, α-NKA, ROMK, and α-BK protein expression. Taken together, we discovered a novel role of renal PRR in regulation of K+ homeostasis through a local mechanism involving intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and coordinated regulation of membrane Na+- and K+-transporting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; .,Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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80
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Wang F, Lu X, Peng K, Fang H, Zhou L, Su J, Nau A, Yang KT, Ichihara A, Lu A, Zhou SF, Yang T. Antidiuretic Action of Collecting Duct (Pro)Renin Receptor Downstream of Vasopressin and PGE2 Receptor EP4. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3022-3034. [PMID: 27000064 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the kidney, the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is predominantly expressed in the collecting duct (CD), particularly in intercalated cells, and it is regulated by the PGE2 receptor EP4 Notably, EP4 also controls urinary concentration through regulation of aquaporin 2 (AQP2). Here, we tested the hypothesis that sequential activation of EP4 and PRR determines AQP2 expression in the CD, thus mediating the antidiuretic action of vasopressin (AVP). Water deprivation (WD) elevated renal PRR expression and urinary soluble PRR excretion in rats. Intrarenal infusion of a PRR decoy peptide, PRO20, or an EP4 antagonist partially prevented the decrease in urine volume and the increase in urine osmolality and AQP2 expression induced by 48-hour WD. In primary cultures of rat inner medullary CD cells, AQP2 expression induced by AVP treatment for 24 hours depended on sequential activation of the EP4 receptor and PRR. Additionally, mice lacking PRR in the CD exhibited increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality under basal conditions and impaired urine concentrating capability accompanied by severe volume loss and a dangerous level of plasma hyperosmolality after WD. Together, these results suggest a previously undescribed linear AVP/PGE2/EP4/PRR pathway in the CD for regulation of AQP2 expression and urine concentrating capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Su
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Adam Nau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin T Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah;
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81
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Soluble (pro)renin receptor via β-catenin enhances urine concentration capability as a target of liver X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1898-906. [PMID: 26984496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602397113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is cleaved to produce a soluble (pro)renin receptor (sPRR) that is detected in biological fluid and elevated under certain pathological conditions. The present study was performed to define the antidiuretic action of sPRR and its potential interaction with liver X receptors (LXRs), which are known regulators of urine-concentrating capability. Water deprivation consistently elevated urinary sPRR excretion in mice and humans. A template-based algorithm for protein-protein interaction predicted the interaction between sPRR and frizzled-8 (FZD8), which subsequently was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. A recombinant histidine-tagged sPRR (sPRR-His) in the nanomolar range induced a remarkable increase in the abundance of renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2) protein in primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells. The AQP2 up-regulation relied on sequential activation of FZD8-dependent β-catenin signaling and cAMP-PKA pathways. Inhibition of FZD8 or tankyrase in rats induced polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperosmotic urine. Administration of sPRR-His alleviated the symptoms of diabetes insipidus induced in mice by vasopressin 2 receptor antagonism. Administration of the LXR agonist TO901317 to C57/BL6 mice induced polyuria and suppressed renal AQP2 expression associated with reduced renal PRR expression and urinary sPRR excretion. Administration of sPRR-His reversed most of the effects of TO901317. In cultured collecting duct cells, TO901317 suppressed PRR protein expression, sPRR release, and PRR transcriptional activity. Overall we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that sPRR exerts antidiuretic action via FZD8-dependent stimulation of AQP2 expression and that inhibition of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes insipidus induced by LXR agonism.
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82
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Danser AHJ. The Role of the (Pro)renin Receptor in Hypertensive Disease. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1187-96. [PMID: 25890829 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin (together denoted as (pro)renin). Since tissue renin levels are usually higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), discovered in 2002, appeared a promising candidate, although its nanomolar affinity for renin/prorenin is many orders of magnitude above their levels in blood. This review discusses (P)RR-related research since its discovery. First, encouraging in vitro findings supported detrimental effects of (pro)renin-(P)RR interaction, even resulting in angiotensin-independent signaling. Moreover, the putative (P)RR blocker "handle region peptide" (HRP) yielded beneficial effects in various cardiovascular animal models. Then doubt arose whether such interaction truly occurs in vivo, and (P)RR deletion unexpectedly turned out to be lethal. Moreover, HRP results could not be confirmed. Finally, it was discovered that the (P)RR actually is a component of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase, a multisubunit protein found in virtually every cell type which is essential for vesicle trafficking, protein degradation, and coupled transport. Nevertheless, selective (P)RR blockade in the brain with the putative antagonist PRO20 (corresponding with the first 20 amino acids of prorenin's prosegment) reduced blood pressure in the deoxycorticosteroneacetate (DOCA)-salt model, and (P)RR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms associate with hypertension. To what degree this relates to (pro)renin remains uncertain. The concept of (P)RR blockade in hypertension, if pursued, requires rigorous testing of any newly designed antagonist, and may not hold promise given the early death of tissue-specific (P)RR knockout animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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83
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Thomason J, Reyes M, Allen SR, Jones RO, Beeram MR, Kuehl TJ, Suzuki F, Uddin MN. Elevation of (Pro)Renin and (Pro)Renin Receptor in Preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1277-84. [PMID: 25767135 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia (preE), a syndrome of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, has many elusive triggers. The renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in preE pathogenesis. In this study, we test the hypothesis that (pro)renin levels are increased in preE patients and that levels of (pro)renin and (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) are elevated in a rat model of preE. METHODS We recruited 30 preE and 43 normal pregnant consenting patients. We used normally pregnant rats (NP, n = 10) and pregnant rats receiving weekly injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate and whose drinking water was replaced with 0.9% saline (preE, n = 10). Plasma and placental levels of (pro)renin were assayed by ELISA. Placental and kidney (P)RR was measured both by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mean plasma (pro)renin of 27.1±5.2 in preE patients differs from that in patients without preE: 14.8±5.2 ng Ang I/ml/hour (P < 0.0001). In rats, both plasma (NP: 22.7±4.3 and preE: 49.2±10.0 ng Ang I/ml/hour) and placental (NP: 152±24 and preE: 302±39 ng/g tissue) levels of (pro)renin were higher (P < 0.001) in preE compared to NP rats. (P)RR expression was greater (P < 0.05) in placental tissue of preE rats, while kidney (P)RR expression was similar. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of circulating (pro)renin have been observed in preE patients and in a rat model of preE. We also found the increased expression of placental (P)RR in preE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Thomason
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Madhava R Beeram
- Department of Pediatrics, Scott & White Healthcare/Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | | | - Fumiaki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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84
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Regulation of growth hormone secretion by (pro)renin receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10878. [PMID: 26039928 PMCID: PMC4454151 DOI: 10.1038/srep10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) has a single transmembrane domain that co-purifies with the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). In addition to its role in cellular acidification, V-ATPase has been implicated in membrane fusion and exocytosis via its Vo domain. Results from the present study show that PRR is expressed in pituitary adenoma cells and regulates growth hormone (GH) release via V-ATPase-induced cellular acidification. Positive PRR immunoreactivity was detected more often in surgically resected, growth hormone-producing adenomas (GHomas) than in nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. GHomas strongly expressing PRR showed excess GH secretion, as evidenced by distinctly high plasma GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, as well as an elevated nadir GH in response to the oral glucose tolerance test. Suppression of PRR expression in rat GHoma-derived GH3 cells using PRR siRNA resulted in reduced GH secretion and significantly enhanced intracellular GH accumulation. GH3 treatment with bafilomycin A1, a V-ATPase inhibitor, also blocked GH release, indicating mediation via impaired cellular acidification of V-ATPase. PRR knockdown decreased Atp6l, a subunit of the Vo domain that destabilizes V-ATPase assembly, increased intracellular GH, and decreased GH release. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a pivotal role for PRR in a pituitary hormone release mechanism.
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85
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Lian H, Wang X, Wang J, Liu N, Zhang L, Lu Y, Yang Y, Zhang L. Heart-specific overexpression of (pro)renin receptor induces atrial fibrillation in mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 184:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roy A, Al-bataineh MM, Pastor-Soler NM. Collecting duct intercalated cell function and regulation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 10:305-24. [PMID: 25632105 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08880914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intercalated cells are kidney tubule epithelial cells with important roles in the regulation of acid-base homeostasis. However, in recent years the understanding of the function of the intercalated cell has become greatly enhanced and has shaped a new model for how the distal segments of the kidney tubule integrate salt and water reabsorption, potassium homeostasis, and acid-base status. These cells appear in the late distal convoluted tubule or in the connecting segment, depending on the species. They are most abundant in the collecting duct, where they can be detected all the way from the cortex to the initial part of the inner medulla. Intercalated cells are interspersed among the more numerous segment-specific principal cells. There are three types of intercalated cells, each having distinct structures and expressing different ensembles of transport proteins that translate into very different functions in the processing of the urine. This review includes recent findings on how intercalated cells regulate their intracellular milieu and contribute to acid-base regulation and sodium, chloride, and potassium homeostasis, thus highlighting their potential role as targets for the treatment of hypertension. Their novel regulation by paracrine signals in the collecting duct is also discussed. Finally, this article addresses their role as part of the innate immune system of the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Roy
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine; and
| | | | - Núria M Pastor-Soler
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine; and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A.R. and M.M.A. contributed equally to this work.
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Bokuda K, Ichihara A. Possible contribution of (pro)renin receptor to development of gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:912-916. [PMID: 25512796 PMCID: PMC4265880 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a receptor for renin and prorenin, was first cloned in 2002. Since then, the pathophysiological roles of (P)RR have been growing concerns. (P)RR binds renin and prorenin, with two important consequences, nonproteolytic activation of prorenin, leading to the tissue renin-angiotensin system activation and the intracellular signalings. It is now also known to play an important role as vacuolar H+-ATPase associated protein, involving in Wnt signaling, main component of embryonic development. Extracellular domain of full-length (P)RR is cleaved in golgi-complex forming soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR]. The s(P)RR is now possible to be measured in human blood and urine. It is now measured in different pathophysiological states, and recent study showed that elevated plasma s(P)RR levels in the early stage of pregnancies are associated with higher incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus later in the pregnancies. Plasma s(P)RR levels of neonates are known to be higher than that of adults. It was also shown that, increased s(P)RR concentrations in cord blood, associated with a lower small for gestational age birth likelihood. These data suggests the involvement of (P)RR in embryo’s growth. In this review article, we attempt to figure out the possible pathophysiological roles of the (P)RR in maternal glucose intolerance and embryo’s growth, through reviewing previous studies.
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88
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Narumi K, Hirose T, Sato E, Mori T, Kisu K, Ishikawa M, Totsune K, Ishii T, Ichihara A, Nguyen G, Sato H, Ito S. A functional (pro)renin receptor is expressed in human lymphocytes and monocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F487-99. [PMID: 25503726 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00206.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in inflammation. The signaling via the ANG II type 1 receptor in human lymphocytes and monocytes, which play key roles in pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis (GN), can enhance inflammation. However, the role of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a component of the RAS, in inflammatory reactions is unknown. We assessed whether (P)RR is expressed in human lymphocytes and monocytes by RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, and whether (P)RR functions in inflammation. (P)RR mRNA and protein were expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Flow cytometric analysis revealed high expression of (P)RR on monocytes. (P)RR was present on PBMCs, infiltrating lymphocytes, and macrophages around glomeruli with a crescent in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated GN. Renin stimulation of PBMCs from healthy subjects in the presence of the ANG II type 1 receptor and ANG II type 2 receptor blockers induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and release of IL-6 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The increases in cytokine release and COX-2 expression were inhibited in the presence of an ERK1/2 inhibitor. (P)RR knockdown by small interfering RNA in U937 cells, a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line, significantly decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation after renin stimulation. Thus (P)RR expressed in human inflammatory cells might contribute to inflammation in ANCA-associated GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Narumi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Emiko Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan;
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ishikawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Totsune
- Department of Social Welfare, Faculty of Synthetic Welfare, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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89
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Oshima Y, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Roles of the (pro)renin receptor in the kidney. World J Nephrol 2014; 3:302-307. [PMID: 25374826 PMCID: PMC4220365 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prorenin receptor (PRR) is a multi-functioning protein possessing at least four different roles: (1) working as a receptor for renin and prorenin producing angiotensin I from angiotensinogen thus enhancing the tissue renin-angiotensin system; (2) inducing intracellular signals when a ligand binds to PRR; (3) participating in the functions of vacuolar proton ATPase; and (4) constituting the Wnt signaling receptor complex. Here, the roles of PRR in kidney physiology and diabetic conditions as well as recent findings regarding a soluble form of PRR are discussed. We also propose the possible mechanism concerning diabetic nephropathy as “trade-off hypothesis” from a PRR point of view. In brief, under hyperglycemic conditions, injured podocytes degrade degenerated proteins and intracellular organelles which require V-ATPase and PRR for vesicle internal acidification. Sustained hyperglycemia overproduces PRR molecules, which are transported to the transmembrane and bind to increased serum prorenin in the diabetic condition. This enhances tissue renin-angiotensin system and PRR-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signals, resulting in increased injurious molecules such as transforming growth factor-β, cyclooxygenase2, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α ending in diabetic nephropathy progression. Although many findings led us to better PRR understanding, future works should elucidate which PRR functions, of the four discussed here, are dominant in each cell and kidney disease context.
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90
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Suzuki-Nakagawa C, Nishimura M, Noda M, Iwata H, Hattori M, Ebihara A, Suzuki F, Nakagawa T. Intracellular retention of the extracellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor in mammalian cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1187-90. [PMID: 25229855 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As a component of the renin-angiotensin system, the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] activates prorenin along with intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, the glutathione S-transferase-fused extracellular domain of (P)RR expressed in mammalian cells was recovered in the detergent phase in detergent-based two-phase separation experiments, and intracellular localization was observed by immunocytochemistry, suggesting retention inside the cell through stable membrane association.
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91
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Yosypiv IV. Renin-angiotensin system in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis: implications for kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:609-20. [PMID: 24061643 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Failure of normal branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB), a key ontogenic process that controls organogenesis of the metanephric kidney, leads to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in children. Recent studies have revealed a central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the cardinal regulator of blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, in the control of normal kidney development. Mice or humans with mutations in the RAS genes exhibit a spectrum of CAKUT which includes renal medullary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, renal hypodysplasia, duplicated renal collecting system and renal tubular dysgenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that severe hypoplasia of the inner medulla and papilla observed in angiotensinogen (Agt)- or angiotensin (Ang) II AT 1 receptor (AT 1 R)-deficient mice is due to aberrant UB branching morphogenesis resulting from disrupted RAS signaling. Lack of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the UB in mice causes reduced UB branching, resulting in decreased nephron endowment, marked kidney hypoplasia, urinary concentrating and acidification defects. This review provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that aberrant signaling of the intrarenal RAS during distinct stages of metanephric kidney development contributes to the pathogenesis of the broad phenotypic spectrum of CAKUT. As aberrant RAS signaling impairs normal renal development, these findings advocate caution for the use of RAS inhibitors in early infancy and further underscore a need to avoid their use during pregnancy and to identify the types of molecular processes that can be targeted for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor V Yosypiv
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA,
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92
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Serum soluble (pro)renin receptor levels in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:642-8. [PMID: 24646643 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is expressed in several tissues including kidney, heart and brain, and is thought to regulate the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) through the non-proteolytic activation of prorenin. (P)RR is cleaved by furin to generate soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR), which is secreted into the extracellular space. s(P)RR is a candidate biomarker reflecting the status of the tissue RAS. Here, we investigated the relationship between background factors and serum s(P)RR levels. We measured s(P)RR levels in 122 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and assessed the relationships between background factors and s(P)RR levels. Serum s(P)RR levels were 19.0±4.9 ng ml(-1). Single regression analyses showed that age (r=0.251, P<0.01), serum creatinine levels (r=0.229, P<0.05) and urinary angiotensinogen excretion (r=0.196, P<0.05) were positively correlated with s(P)RR levels, whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r=-0.337, P<0.001) were negatively correlated. Multiple regression analyses of age, blood pressure (BP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and s(P)RR levels revealed that age and s(P)RR levels were negatively correlated with the eGFR (P<0.05). In patients with EH, serum s(P)RR levels correlated positively with renal function independent of age, BP and HbA1c. These findings support s(P)RR as a useful biomarker that reflects the status of the tissue RAS.
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93
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Abstract
A decade ago, the (P)RR [(pro)renin receptor] was discovered and depicted as a potential activator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. For this reason, the role of the (P)RR in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has been particularly studied. However, the discovery of embryonic lethality after (P)RR gene deletion in mouse and zebrafish paved the way for additional roles of (P)RR in cell homoeostasis. Indeed, the (P)RR has been shown to associate with vacuolar H+-ATPase, hence its other name ATP6ap2. Developmental studies in Xenopus and Drosophila have revealed an essential role of this association to promote the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways, whereas studies with tissue-specific gene deletion have pointed out a role in autophagy. The present review aims to summarize recent findings on the cellular functions of (P)RR emerging from various mutated and transgenic animal models.
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94
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Suzuki-Nakagawa C, Nishimura M, Tsukamoto T, Aoyama S, Ebihara A, Suzuki F, Nakagawa T. Participation of the extracellular domain in (pro)renin receptor dimerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:461-6. [PMID: 24472541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] induces the catalytic activation of prorenin, as well as the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway; as such, it plays an important regulatory role in the renin-angiotensin system. (P)RR is known to form a homodimer, but the region participating in its dimerization is unknown. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) as a carrier protein and a GST pull-down assay, we investigated the interaction of several (P)RR constructs with full-length (FL) (P)RR in mammalian cells. GST fusion proteins with FL (P)RR (GST-FL), the C-terminal M8-9 fragment (GST-M8-9), the extracellular domain (ECD) of (P)RR (GST-ECD), and the (P)RR ECD with a deletion of 32 amino acids encoded by exon 4 (GST-ECDd4) were retained intracellularly, whereas GST alone was efficiently secreted into the culture medium when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed prominent localization of GST-ECD to the endoplasmic reticulum. The GST pull-down analysis revealed that GST-FL, GST-ECD, and GST-ECDd4 bound FLAG-tagged FL (P)RR, whereas GST-M8-9 showed little or no binding when transiently co-expressed in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, pull-down analysis using His-tag affinity resin showed co-precipitation of soluble (P)RR with FL (P)RR from a stable CHO cell line expressing FL h(P)RR with a C-terminal decahistidine tag. These results indicate that the (P)RR ECD participates in dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misa Nishimura
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sho Aoyama
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akio Ebihara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Suzuki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakagawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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95
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Kirsch S, Schrezenmeier E, Klare S, Zaade D, Seidel K, Schmitz J, Bernhard S, Lauer D, Slack M, Goldin-Lang P, Unger T, Zollmann FS, Funke-Kaiser H. The (pro)renin receptor mediates constitutive PLZF-independent pro-proliferative effects which are inhibited by bafilomycin but not genistein. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:795-808. [PMID: 24424509 PMCID: PMC3976126 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is crucial for cardio-renal pathophysiology. The distinct molecular mechanisms of this receptor are still incompletely understood. The (P)RR is able to interact with different signalling proteins such as promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and Wnt receptors. Moreover, domains of the (P)RR are essential for V-ATPase activity. V-ATPase- and Wnt-mediated effects imply constitutive, i.e., (pro)renin-independent functions of the (P)RR. Regarding ligand-dependent (P)RR signalling, the role of prorenin glycosylation is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of constitutive (P)RR activity to its cellular effects and the relevance of prorenin glycosylation on its ligand activity. We were able to demonstrate that high glucose induces (P)RR signal transduction whereas deglycosylation of prorenin abolishes its intrinsic activity in neuronal and epithelial cells. By using siRNA against (P)RR or PLZF as well as the PLZF translocation blocker genistein and the specific V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin, we were able to dissect three distinct sub-pathways downstream of the (P)RR. The V-ATPase function is ligand-independently associated with strong pro-proliferative effects whereas prorenin causes moderate proliferation in vitro. In contrast, PLZF per se [i.e., in the absence of (pro)renin] does not interfere with cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kirsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Klare
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Zaade
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schmitz
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Bernhard
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Goldin-Lang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank S Zollmann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Funke-Kaiser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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96
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Schiffmacher AT, Padmanabhan R, Jhingory S, Taneyhill LA. Cadherin-6B is proteolytically processed during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions of the cranial neural crest. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:41-54. [PMID: 24196837 PMCID: PMC3873892 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly coordinated process underlying both development and disease. Premigratory neural crest cells undergo EMT, migrate away from the neural tube, and differentiate into diverse cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis. Adherens junction disassembly within premigratory neural crest cells is one component of EMT and, in chick cranial neural crest cells, involves cadherin-6B (Cad6B) down-regulation. Whereas Cad6B transcription is repressed by Snail2, the rapid loss of Cad6B protein during EMT is suggestive of posttranslational mechanisms that promote Cad6B turnover. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate Cad6B proteolysis during neural crest cell EMT, which generates a Cad6B N-terminal fragment (NTF) and two C-terminal fragments (CTF1/2). Coexpression of relevant proteases with Cad6B in vitro shows that a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) ADAM10 and ADAM19, together with γ-secretase, cleave Cad6B to produce the NTF and CTFs previously observed in vivo. Of importance, both ADAMs and γ-secretase are expressed in the appropriate spatiotemporal pattern in vivo to proteolytically process Cad6B. Overexpression or depletion of either ADAM within premigratory neural crest cells prematurely reduces or maintains Cad6B, respectively. Collectively these results suggest a dual mechanism for Cad6B proteolysis involving two ADAMs, along with γ-secretase, during cranial neural crest cell EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Schiffmacher
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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97
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Kinouchi K, Ichihara A, Sano M, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Ochi H, Fukuda T, Bokuda K, Kurosawa H, Yoshida N, Takeda S, Fukuda K, Itoh H. The role of individual domains and the significance of shedding of ATP6AP2/(pro)renin receptor in vacuolar H(+)-ATPase biogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78603. [PMID: 24223829 PMCID: PMC3817224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATPase 6 accessory protein 2 (ATP6AP2)/(pro)renin receptor (PRR) is essential for the biogenesis of active vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). Genetic deletion of ATP6AP2/PRR causes V-ATPase dysfunction and compromises vesicular acidification. Here, we characterized the domains of ATP6AP2/PRR involved in active V-ATPase biogenesis. Three forms of ATP6AP2/PRR were found intracellularly: full-length protein and the N- and C-terminal fragments of furin cleavage products, with the N-terminal fragment secreted extracellularly. Genetic deletion of ATP6AP2/PRR did not affect the protein stability of V-ATPase subunits. The extracellular domain (ECD) and transmembrane domain (TM) of ATP6AP2/PRR were indispensable for the biogenesis of active V-ATPase. A deletion mutant of ATP6AP2/PRR, which lacks exon 4-encoded amino acids inside the ECD (Δ4M) and causes X-linked mental retardation Hedera type (MRXSH) and X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity (XPDS) in humans, was defective as a V-ATPase-associated protein. Prorenin had no effect on the biogenesis of active V-ATPase. The cleavage of ATP6AP2/PRR by furin seemed also dispensable for the biogenesis of active V-ATPase. We conclude that the N-terminal ECD of ATP6AP2/PRR, which is also involved in binding to prorenin or renin, is required for the biogenesis of active V-ATPase. The V-ATPase assembly occurs prior to its delivery to the trans-Golgi network and hence shedding of ATP6AP2/PRR would not affect the biogenesis of active V-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ochi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fukuda
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Bokuda
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kurosawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Kanda A, Ishida S. The vitreous renin–angiotensin system is mediated by soluble (pro)renin receptor in diabetic retinopathy: A new implication of the receptor-associated prorenin system. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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99
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Zaade D, Schmitz J, Benke E, Klare S, Seidel K, Kirsch S, Goldin-Lang P, Zollmann FS, Unger T, Funke-Kaiser H. Distinct signal transduction pathways downstream of the (P)RR revealed by microarray and ChIP-chip analyses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57674. [PMID: 23469216 PMCID: PMC3587649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) signaling is involved in different pathophysiologies ranging from cardiorenal end-organ damage via diabetic retinopathy to tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is an adaptor protein of the (P)RR. Furthermore, recent publications suggest that major functions of the (P)RR are mediated ligand-independently by its transmembrane and intracellular part, which acts as an accessory protein of V-ATPases. The transcriptome and recruitmentome downstream of the V-ATPase function and PLZF in the context of the (P)RR are currently unknown. Therefore, we performed a set of microarray and chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip experiments using siRNA against the (P)RR, stable overexpression of PLZF, the PLZF translocation inhibitor genistein and the specific V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin to dissect transcriptional pathways downstream of the (P)RR. We were able to identify distinct and overlapping genetic signatures as well as novel real-time PCR-validated target genes of the different molecular functions of the (P)RR. Moreover, bioinformatic analyses of our data confirm the role of (P)RŔs signal transduction pathways in cardiovascular disease and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zaade
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, CCR/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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100
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Santovito D, Mandolini C, Marcantonio P, De Nardis V, Bucci M, Paganelli C, Magnacca F, Ucchino S, Mastroiacovo D, Desideri G, Mezzetti A, Cipollone F. Overexpression of microRNA-145 in atherosclerotic plaques from hypertensive patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:217-23. [PMID: 23339529 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.745512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, short, single-stranded RNAs and represent a new class of gene regulators. Recent evidence supports a role for miRNAs in cardiovascular pathophysiology and atherosclerosis development. We have previously demonstrated that miR-145 is widely expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and its downregulation has been correlated with vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation, a cardinal step in the development of atherosclerosis. However, no evidences are available at this time about modulation of miR-145 in the setting of hypertension. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of miR-145 in complicated hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 22 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Plaques were subdivided into hypertension (n = 15) and control (n = 7) groups according to the presence or absence of hypertension (as defined by blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg or current antihypertensive treatment). In study plaques, miR-145 values were evaluated using real-time PCR. The level of induction has been tested by using ΔΔ cycle threshold method. RESULTS We found that miR-145 was significantly more expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of hypertensive patients than in control plaques (1.201 ± 0.260 vs 0.483 ± 0.148 fold induction ± SE; p = 0.026). Moreover, a post-hoc analysis showed that treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers may be associated with the maximum increase in miR-145 levels, although these data did not show any statistical significance probably due to the limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration that hypertension may upregulate miR-145 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques. Future investigations will be necessary to establish the molecular readout of miR-145 upregulation in atherosclerotic lesions in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- G. d'Annunzio University, European Center of Excellence on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, and Clinical Research Center, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), Via dei Vestini, 66, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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